A Model
Public Service
Broadcasting Law
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS SERIES
A Model
Public Service
Broadcasting Law
ARTICLE 19
June 2005
ARTICLE 19, London
ISBN [1-902598-71-7]
ARTICLE 19, 6-8 Amwell Street., London, EC1R 1UQ, UK Tel. +44 20 7278 9292 law@article19.org www.article19.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Model Public Service Broadcasting Law was drafted by Toby Mendel, Law
Programme Director, ARTICLE 19. It is the product of a long process of study, analysis
and consultation overseen by ARTICLE 19 and drawing on extensive experience and
work with partner organisations in many countries around the world. Comments on the
draft were provided by a large number of experts and interested individuals who
contributed greatly to the final product.
ARTICLE 19 would like to thank the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO),
which provided full funding for the development and publication of A Model Public
Service Broadcasting Law. The position taken in this document does not necessarily
reflect the views of the FCO.
ARTICLE 19, London
ISBN [1-902598-71-7]
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be photocopied, recorded or otherwise
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form by any electronic or
technical means without prior permission of the
copyright owner and publisher.
A MODEL PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING LAW
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
PART I
DEFINITIONS AND PURPOSE
Section
1. Definitions............................................................................................................................. 5
2. Purpose.................................................................................................................................. 6
PART II
ESTABLISHMENT AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
3. Establishment........................................................................................................................ 6
4. Guiding Principles ................................................................................................................ 7
PART III
STRUCTURE
5. Board of Directors................................................................................................................. 8
6. Appointment of the Board .................................................................................................... 8
7. Independence of Members.................................................................................................... 9
8. Tenure ................................................................................................................................... 9
9. Remuneration of the Board................................................................................................. 10
10. Role of the Board................................................................................................................ 10
11. Rules of Procedure.............................................................................................................. 10
12. Appointment of Senior Staff............................................................................................... 11
13. Staffing................................................................................................................................ 11
PART IV
SERVICES
14. Public Service Channels ..................................................................................................... 12
15. Additional Channels............................................................................................................ 12
16. Other Services..................................................................................................................... 12
17. Competitive Rules............................................................................................................... 12
PART V
FUNDING
18. Funding Mechanisms.......................................................................................................... 13
19. The Public Broadcasting Fee .............................................................................................. 13
20. Direct Public Subsidies....................................................................................................... 13
21. Advertisements ................................................................................................................... 14
22. Sponsorship......................................................................................................................... 14
PART VI
ACCOUNTABILITY
23. Annual Report..................................................................................................................... 14
24. Annual Review of Managing Director................................................................................ 15
25. Public Review..................................................................................................................... 15
26. Complaints Procedure......................................................................................................... 15
PART VII
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
27. Archives .............................................................................................................................. 16
28. Political Advertisements..................................................................................................... 17
29. Enforcement by Broadcast Regulator................................................................................. 17
PART VIII
TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
30. Existing Laws and Regulations........................................................................................... 17
31. Institutional Arrangements.................................................................................................. 18
32. Short Title and Commencement ......................................................................................... 18
- 1 -
INTRODUCTION
Most countries around the world, with a few notable exceptions, have a national
publicly funded broadcaster. These broadcasting organisations can make an important
contribution to the public's right to a diversity of information and viewpoints, and the
free flow of information and ideas. However, the extent to which they in fact make
this contribution depends on a number of factors, including the legal environment in
which they exist. A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law seeks to provide guidance
as to how the law may be used to help promote genuine public service broadcasting.
A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law envisages an independent national public
service broadcaster, although other models for providing public interest broadcasting
exist. It is based on best international practice, as reflected in the ARTICLE 19
publication, Access to the Airwaves: Principles on Freedom of Expression and
Broadcast Regulation,1
as well as in the decisions of both international and national
courts, treaties and other authoritative statements of international law,2
and a number
of public broadcasting laws from around the world.
These international standards have important implications for public broadcasters of
which the most important, without a doubt, is that public broadcasters must be
protected against political or commercial interference, that is to say that they must be
independent and that their editorial independence must be respected. Furthermore,
their programming should serve the public interest and, in particular, be balanced and
impartial. Broadcasters which meet these conditions of independence and impartiality
are often referred to as "public service broadcasters".
A key purpose of the Model Law is to give legal form to some leading principles
relating to public service broadcasting. Four central themes, each in tension with the
other, define the key challenges for a public service broadcasting law: the types of
programming to be provided; the means by which independence is guaranteed; the
1
(London: ARTICLE 19, 2002). Available at: http://www.article19.org.
2
For example, Recommendation No. R(96)10 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
to member states on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting, adopted 11
September 1996 and the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, adopted by the
- 2 sources
of funding; and promoting accountability to the public. These are addressed
briefly in turn below.
Detailed guidelines are provided in the Model Law as to the type of programming that
is expected from the public service broadcaster and provision is made for the purchase
of material from independent producers to ensure that programming overall reflects a
wide variety of views and perspectives. The precise number of public television and
radio channels to be broadcast is left open, given that this is highly context dependent,
although it is envisaged that these would be specified. At least one national free-to-air
channel is envisaged for each of television and radio, and other regional and/or local
channels may also be specified.
In terms of structure, the public service broadcaster is governed by a Board of
Directors, appointed by the lower house of parliament (or its equivalent), upon
nomination by civil society and professional organisations, in a process that is
transparent and that allows for public participation. There is a specific guarantee of the
independence of members of the Board and their tenure is protected, although narrow
grounds for dismissal are provided for. Furthermore, individuals with strong political
connections or with vested interests in broadcasting are prohibited from being appointed
to the Board. The Board appoints, by a two-thirds majority vote, the Managing
Director, and sets all of its own rules of procedure, other than those specified directly in
the Model Law.
The primary source of funding for the public service broadcaster comes from public
sources, primarily the Public Broadcasting Fee, levied on the electricity bill.3
The
Model Law also envisages other sources of funding, including advertising, sponsorship
and direct public subsidies, although the uses that may be made of the latter are
restricted, to reduce the risk of this subsidy being abused to influence programming.
Accountability to the public is ensured primarily through the governing board. A key
accountability mechanism is the provision of a public Annual Report, along with
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights at its 32nd Session, 17-23 October 2002.
3
This is simply one option for a direct public broadcasting levy and reliance on it herein is not intended
to suggest that this approach is necessarily superior to any other one.
- 3 audited
accounts, to the lower house of parliament, and some detail is provided as to
what should be included in this Annual Report. The Model Law also, however,
envisages direct public oversight through both ongoing public review and an internal
complaints mechanism (in addition, of course, to any external complaints mechanisms
that may be in place).
The Model Law does not address certain issues. For example, it does not address issues
which are properly dealt with in laws of general application, such as copyright, the right
of journalists to protect their confidential sources of information and broadcasting
during elections. Certain issues ­ such as whether public service broadcasters should
have privileged access to certain sporting events or whether they are covered by any
code of conduct binding on other broadcasters ­ are also not included because, although
they do directly affect public service broadcasting, they are more properly addressed in
a general broadcasting law. The Model Law does not address the question of whether
the new broadcaster establishes, replaces, or transforms an existing State broadcaster.
Often, the establishment of a public service broadcaster does represent an attempt at
transformation but the main goal of the Model Law, as noted, is to elaborate the
principles which should guide public broadcasting, not to address technical details
relating to transformation which, furthermore, may vary considerably from one context
to another.
The term `model' is not used here to suggest that all countries should take this as a fixed
template for their own legislation, or even that the approach taken here is necessarily
the best way to approach this issue in every country. Many issues concerning public
service broadcasting, notably the appointment of the governing board and the funding
structure, are quintessentially pragmatic in nature and admit of different approaches.
What will work best in any particular country will depend on its history, political
structures, development of civil society, the overall broadcasting and media
environment and so on. Furthermore, it may be noted that formal legal implementation
­ for example, as regards the system by which laws come into force ­ will vary from
country-to-country. Rather, the term `model' signifies that this Law incorporates
provisions that are designed to protect the principles noted above, namely by
safeguarding the independence of the public broadcaster within a framework of
- 4 accountability,
and by encouraging programming that serves the public interest and
promotes the free flow of information and ideas.
As noted above, a key issue for public service broadcasting is how to ensure
independence and, in turn, how members of the governing board should be appointed.
There are different models for this, the two key ones being a parliamentary
appointments process with safeguards for independence and direct appointments or
nominations by different sectors of civil society. The Model Law adopts a hybrid
approach whereby parliament is responsible for appointments but civil society
nominates members.
Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses; two points bear on the question of
the choice of system in any particular context. First, laws do not work in a vacuum and
even the finest public service broadcasting law will fail to achieve the desired objective
of quality, impartial programming in the context of an undemocratic setting or where
civil society is unable to hold government to account. On the other hand, there are
examples of laws which do little to protect independence or promote quality
programming but, due to other supportive conditions, there is an excellent public
broadcaster. Second, while safeguarding independence is key, this must not be done at
the expense of ensuring accountability to the public; a challenge for even leading public
service broadcasters.
- 5 A
MODEL PUBLIC SERVICE
BROADCASTING LAW
An Act to promote quality public service broadcasting and the free flow of
information in the public interest.
Be it enacted by [insert relevant body, such as the parliament] as follows:
PART I: DEFINITIONS AND PURPOSE
Definitions
1. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires: (a)
"advertisement" is any public announcement intended to promote the sale,
purchase or rental of a product or service, to advance a cause or idea or to
bring about some other effect desired by the advertiser, for which
broadcasting time has been given up to the advertiser for remuneration or
similar consideration;
(b) "broadcasting service" is a defined service which consists in the broadcasting
of television or sound material to the public, sections of the public or
subscribers to such service;
(c) "code of broadcasting practice" is a set of standards relating to programme
content and broadcast practices;
(d) "independent producer" is an individual or company who produces
programmes for radio or television and who is independent of any particular
broadcaster;
(e) "ethnic/minority programming service" is a unit within a broadcaster devoted
to a certain language or ethnic group and which provides news services and
other programming by and for that group, in its language, and reflecting its
culture and interests;
(f) "programme schedule" is a plan indicating the general types of programmes
proposed to be broadcast, along with the percentage of broadcasting time to
be devoted to such programmes and to advertising, and the target audience;
- 6 (g)
"public broadcasting fee" is a levy on the electricity bill for purposes of
providing financial support to public broadcasting; and
(h) "sponsorship" is the participation of a natural or legal person, who is not
engaged in broadcasting activities or the production of audiovisual works, in
the direct or indirect financing of a programme with a view to promoting the
name, trademark or image of that person.
Purpose
2. The purposes of this Act are: (a)
to promote the provision of high-quality broadcast programming to the public
at large;
(b) to promote and guarantee the independence of the public service broadcaster
from political or commercial interference within a framework of
accountability to the public; and
(c) to ensure stable financial provision for the public service broadcaster.
PART II: ESTABLISHMENT AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Establishment
3. (1) The Broadcasting Corporation of [insert name of State] (hereinafter called "
[insert initial of State followed by BC; for purposes of this law, SBC will be used]")
is hereby established as a non-profit public service broadcasting organisation with its
seat in [insert city, normally the capital city] and serving the whole of [insert name of
State]. SBC is a public institution which is accountable to the public through [insert
name of (lower chamber of) parliament].
(2) SBC shall enjoy operational and administrative autonomy from any other
person or entity, including the government and any of its agencies, and no person or
entity shall seek to influence the members or staff of SBC in the discharge of their
duties, or to interfere with the activities of SBC, except as specifically provided for by
law. This autonomy shall be respected at all times.
(3) SBC shall have all powers, direct or incidental, as are necessary to undertake
its functions as provided for in this law. In particular, it shall have full legal
personality, including the power to acquire, hold and dispose of property.
- 7 Guiding
Principles
4. (1) SBC has an overall mandate to provide a wide range of programming for the
whole territory of [insert name of State] that informs, enlightens and entertains, and
that serves all the people of [insert name of State], taking into account ethnic, cultural
and religious diversity.
(2) SBC shall provide innovative and high quality broadcasting, which reflects
the range of views and perspectives held in society, satisfies the needs and interests of
the general public in relation to informative broadcasting, and complements
programming provided by private broadcasters.
(3) To fulfil its public service broadcasting role, SBC shall strive to provide a
broadcasting service that: (a)
is independent of governmental, political or economic control, reflects
editorial integrity and does not present the views or opinions of SBC;
(b) includes comprehensive, impartial and balanced news and current affairs
programming, including during prime time, covering national and
international events of general public interest;
(c) contributes to a sense of national identity, while reflecting and recognising
the cultural diversity of [insert name of State];
(d) gives a voice to all ethnic groups and minorities, including through the
establishment of Ethnic/Minority Programming Services and the provision of
programming in ethnic/minority languages;
(e) strikes a balance between programming of wide appeal and specialised
programmes that serve the needs of different audiences;
(f) provides appropriate coverage of the proceedings of key decision-making
bodies, including the [insert name(s) of the house(s) of parliament];
(g) includes programmes that are of interest to different regions;
(h) ensures the diffusion of important public announcements;
(i) provides a reasonable proportion of educational programmes and
programmes oriented towards children;
(j) promotes programme production within [insert name of State]; and
(k) contributes to informed debate and critical thought.
(4) To encourage and promote programme production within [insert name of
State], and to ensure that its programmes reflect a wide variety of views and
perspectives, SBC shall work towards the goal of obtaining 20% of its total
broadcasting from independent producers based in [insert name of State].4
4
The figure of 20% is simply indicative and is not presented as a best practice figure. What is
- 8 PART
III: STRUCTURE
Board of Directors
5. (1) SBC shall be governed by a Board of Directors (hereinafter called "the
Board") with overall responsibility for SBC's accountability, through the [insert name
of (lower chamber of) parliament], to the people of [insert name of State].
(2) The Board shall be composed of nine (9) members who shall have some
relevant expertise, by virtue of their education or experience, including in the fields of
broadcasting, policy, law, technology, journalism and/or business.
Appointment of the Board
6. (1) Members of the Board shall be appointed by the [insert name of (lower
chamber of) parliament], in accordance with the following: (a)
the process shall be open and transparent;
(b) only candidates nominated by civil society and professional organisations
shall be considered for appointment;5
(c) a shortlist of candidates shall be published in advance and the public shall be
given an opportunity to make representations concerning these candidates;
(d) a candidate shall be appointed only if he or she receives two-thirds of the
votes cast;
(e) membership of the Board as a whole shall, to the extent that this is reasonably
possible, represent a broad cross-section of [insert name of State] society;
(2) No one shall be appointed to the Board if he or she: (a)
is employed in the civil service or any other branch of government;
(b) holds an official office in, or is an employee of, a political party;
(c) holds an elected position at any level of government;
(d) holds a position in, receives payment from or has, directly or indirectly,
significant financial interests in broadcasting or telecommunications; or
(e) has been convicted, after due process in accordance with internationally
accepted legal principles, of a violent crime and/or a crime of dishonesty or
appropriate will depend on a number of factors, including the development of the independent
production sector and the number of other available channels.
5
In practice, the law should provide more detail as to the process by which this is done. However, this
will depend on the specific civil society and professional structures that exist in society and, in the
absence of a specific societal context, it is not possible to provide this detail in the Model Law.
- 9 theft,
for which he or she has not been pardoned, unless five years have
passed since the sentence was discharged;
provided that individuals who have been shortlisted pursuant to sub-section (1)(c)
shall be given an adequate opportunity to take any necessary steps to remove a barrier
to their appointment under this sub-section.
Independence of Members
7. (1) All members of the Board shall be independent and impartial in the exercise
of their functions and shall, at all times, seek to promote the Guiding Principles set
out in section 4.
(2) Board members shall neither seek nor accept instruction in the performance
of their duties from any authority, except as provided by law.
(3) Board members shall act at all times in the overall public interest and shall
not use their appointment to advance their personal interests, or the personal interests
of any other party or entity.
Tenure
8. (1) Members shall serve on the Board for six (6) years and may be re-elected to
serve a maximum of two (2) terms.
(2) Notwithstanding sub-section (1), from among the first group of appointees to
the Board three (3) individuals shall be identified by lot whose initial term of office
shall be just two (2) years and another three (3) individuals whose initial term of
office shall be just four (4) years and, for these individuals, their first term shall count
as a full term.
(3) The [insert name of (lower chamber of) parliament] may remove a member
from the Board only after a hearing and where that individual: (a)
becomes, by virtue of section 6(2), ineligible for appointment to the Board;
(b) is no longer able to perform his or her duties effectively; or
(c) fails, without valid excuse, to attend meetings of the Board for a period of
more than six (6) months.
(4) Where a Board member has been removed pursuant to sub-section (3), he or
she shall have the right to appeal such removal to the courts.
- 10 Remuneration
of the Board
9. (1) Members of the Board shall not receive remuneration for their work.
(2) Members of the Board shall be compensated for actual expenses, including
travel, accommodation and subsistence, incurred as a result of their duties as
members of the Board.
Role of the Board
10. (1) The Board has overall responsibility for the determination of internal policy,
for ensuring compliance with all policies and the Guiding Principles set out in section
4, for ensuring that SBC meets the highest standards of probity and value for money,
for appointment of senior staff, including the Managing Director, and for setting the
overall strategy of SBC.
(2) The Board shall not interfere with the day-to-day management of SBC or
with the editorial independence of the Managing Director and his or her staff,
although it does have responsibility for ensuring that, overall, editorial policy respects
the Guiding Principles set out in section 4.
(3) The Board shall, after consultation with the Managing Director, approve the
Statutes of SBC, which shall, in accordance with this law and other relevant
legislation, establish policies, operational guidelines and procedures.
(4) The Board shall, after consultation with the Managing Director, prepare an
Annual Report and budget for SBC, which shall be presented to the [insert name of
(lower chamber of) parliament] for its approval.
Rules of Procedure
11. (1) The Board shall appoint its own Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson, and shall
adopt such rules, in relation to meetings and other matters, as it considers necessary
and appropriate to enable it to perform its functions.
(2) The Board shall meet as often as it deems necessary and shall, in any case,
meet at least once in every month. Meetings of the Board shall be convened by the
Chairperson, provided that the Chairperson shall be required to convene a meeting at
the request of not less than three (3) members. The quorum for meetings of the Board
shall be five (5).
(3) The Managing Director shall attend Board meetings as a non-voting member,
except where the Board has specifically ruled otherwise.
- 11 (4)
Except as otherwise provided, the Board shall take decisions on the basis of a
majority vote of those members present, provided that in case of an equal vote, the
Chairman shall have a deciding vote.
Appointment of Senior Staff
12. (1) The Board shall, as soon as is practical after its establishment and by a vote
of at least two-thirds of its members present and voting, appoint a Managing Director
for SBC and may, by a similar vote, remove the Managing Director from office,
provided that it agrees at the same time on a replacement.
(2) The provisions of section 6(2) and section 7 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to
the Managing Director.
(3) The Board shall not exercise its power to remove the Managing Director from
office under sub-section (1) unless the Managing Director has breached the
provisions of section 6(2) or he or she has committed a serious violation of his or her
responsibilities under this law, including by failing to respect the Guiding Principles
set out in section 4 or to advance the interests of SBC.
(4) A Managing Director shall have the right to appeal any removal from office
under this section to the courts.
(5) The Managing Director shall be appointed for a five (5) year period and may
be reappointed. If no successor has been appointed at the end of the tenure of a
Managing Director, that person shall remain in office for up to an additional three (3)
months until a new Managing Director has been appointed.
(6) The Managing Director shall, subject to section 10, be responsible for day-today
management and, along with his or her editorial staff, editorial policy.
(7) The Board shall appoint other senior staff, in accordance with a list set out in
the Statutes, upon nomination by the Managing Director.
Staffing
13. (1) The Managing Director shall, in accordance with the approved budget,
appoint staff as required.
(2) The Managing Director and staff shall neither seek nor accept instruction in
the performance of their duties from any authority other than the Board, except as
provided by law.
(3) The Managing Director and staff shall not use their appointments for personal
benefit, or for the benefit of any party or entity other than SBC.
- 12 PART
IV: SERVICES
Public Service Channels
14. (1) SBC shall, at a minimum, broadcast [insert appropriate number and
specify reach ­ e.g. national, regional or local] free-to-air terrestrial public
service television channels and [insert appropriate number and specify reach e.g.
national, regional or local] free-to-air terrestrial public service radio
channels.
(2) SBC shall be guaranteed frequencies appropriate to its broadcasting
obligations as provided for in sub-section (1).
Additional Channels
15. SBC shall be entitled to broadcast channels additional to those specified in
section 14, whether this be via terrestrial broadcasting, satellite, cable or any
other technical means, whether or not these channels are public service in
nature, provided that where such broadcasting is otherwise licensed, SBC shall
also be required to obtain a license in the prescribed manner.
Other Services
16. SBC may engage in other activities, such as publishing, producing videos or
providing teletext services, or otherwise disseminating content, including over
the Internet, that are related to its general mandate, as long as these activities
are consistent with the Guiding Principles set out in section 4.
Competitive Rules
17. SBC may not use its public funding to subsidise any commercial services it
provides, although it may subsidize its public service operations with profits
from its commercial services.
- 13 PART
V: FUNDING
Funding Mechanisms
18. (1) SBC may obtain funding from the Public Broadcasting Fee, from direct
public subsidies, from advertisements, from sponsorship and other commercial
activities, and from donations.
(2) The Board shall formally present a proposed budget for SBC for the coming
year, along with the Annual Report and externally audited accounts, to the [insert
name of (lower chamber of) parliament] for approval.
The Public Broadcasting Fee6
19. (1) Every household, business and other establishment in [insert name of State]
receiving electricity shall pay a supplementary fee, to be know as the Public
Broadcasting Fee, as part of their electricity bill.
(2) The level of the Public Broadcasting Fee shall be proposed by the Board to
the [insert name of (lower chamber of) parliament], which shall in turn approve a
specific fee tariff. The [insert name of electricity corporation] shall collect this fee
and provide it to SBC under an agreement to be concluded between these two bodies,
provided that were they cannot reach agreement, the [insert the name of the
independent broadcast regulator] shall have the power to set terms.
(3) The Fee may either be a flat rate per household/business or be levied as a
percentage of the electricity bill.
Direct Public Subsidies
20. (1) Where the approved budget for SBC includes a direct public subsidy, this
shall be paid for out of general public funds.
(2) Any direct public subsidy shall not be used to fund programme production
but shall instead be used to defray infrastructure and other technical costs.
6
In this Model Law, the public broadcasting fee is levied on the electricity bill. There are a range of
other options for this, including a levy on television and/or radio sets, and a levy on other services, such
as water or mobile phones. Which option is most appropriate will depend on all of the circumstances.
One advantage of a levy on an existing service, such as electricity, is that it minimizes additional
collection costs.
- 14 -
Advertisements
21. (1) SBC may carry advertisements, provided that it shall not: (a)
broadcast advertisements which exceed 7% of the total broadcast time
during any given day or 10% of any given hour or programme;7
(b) obtain more than 25% of its total revenues from advertising and other
commercial activities;8
or
(c) rely on the Public Broadcasting Fee or any other public financing to directly
subsidise or unfairly promote its advertising.
(2) All advertisements shall be clearly identifiable as such.
(3) Advertisements shall be fair and honest, and shall not be misleading or
prejudice the interests of consumers.
(4) Advertisers shall not seek to influence programming.
Sponsorship
22. (1) Sponsored programmes shall be clearly identified as such by credits at the
beginning and end of the programme.
(2) Sponsorship shall in no way affect the content or scheduling of a programme.
(3) News and current affairs programmes shall not be sponsored.
PART VI: ACCOUNTABILITY
Annual Report
23. (1) The Board shall publish and distribute widely an Annual Report, along with
externally audited accounts, for SBC. Each Annual Report shall include the following
information: (a)
a summary of the externally audited accounts, along with an overview of
income and expenditure for the previous year;
7
The figures in this sub-section are indicative only. What is appropriate will depend on a number of
factors including the size of the advertising market, the competition for advertisers, the size of the
public broadcasting fee and so on. The idea, however, is to ensure that the public broadcaster has less
access to advertising than commercial broadcasters for a number of reasons including that excessive
advertising directly undermines public interest programming, as a quid pro quo for receiving public
funding and to be fair to commercial broadcasters, and to limit the extent to which it is dependent on
advertising revenues.
8
The figure of 25% is, as with other numbers, indicative. The idea is to limit the overall influence of
advertising revenue as a way of ensuring that markets do not exert a dominant influence over
programming.
- 15 (b)
information on any company or enterprise that is wholly or partly owned,
whether directly or indirectly, by SBC;
(c) the budget for the following year;
(d) information relating to finance and administration;
(e) the objectives of SBC for the previous year, the extent to which they have
been met and its objectives for the upcoming year;
(f) editorial policy of SBC;
(g) a description of the activities undertaken by SBC during the previous year;
(h) the Programme Schedule and any planned changes to it;
(i) a list of programmes broadcast by SBC that were prepared by independent
producers, including the names of the producers or production companies
responsible for each independent production;
(j) recommendations concerning public broadcasting; and
(k) information on complaints by viewers.
(2) The Board shall formally place the Annual Report and externally audited
accounts before the [insert name of (lower chamber of) parliament] for their
consideration.
Annual Review of Managing Director
24. (1) The Board shall conduct an annual review of the Managing Director with a
view to assessing his or her performance and to providing feedback on it.
(2) The annual review referred to in sub-section (1) shall be published and
widely disseminated.
Public Review
25. In order to ensure transparency and to improve its service in the public interest, SBC
shall make an effort to ensure that it remains under constant review by the public,
including by holding public meetings and seminars to look at ways it might better
serve the public interest.
Complaints Procedure
26. (1) SBC shall develop a Code of Broadcasting Practice in consultation with
interested stakeholders which shall govern its broadcasting practices and programme
content.
(2) The Code referred to in sub-section (1) shall, among other things, address the
following issues: ­
- 16 (a)
accuracy, balance and fairness;
(b) privacy, harassment and subterfuge;
(c) protection of children and scheduling;
(d) portrayal of sexual conduct and violence, and the use of strong language;
(e) treatment of victims and those in grief;
(f) portrayal of criminal or anti-social behaviour;
(g) advertising;
(h) financial issues such as payment for information and conflicts of interest;
(i) discrimination; and
(j) leaked material and the protection of sources.
(3) Individuals may lodge a complaint against SBC for breach of the Code
referred to in sub-section (1) and such complaints shall be dealt with by SBC in a fair
and balanced manner.
(4) To give effect to sub-section (3), SBC shall establish an internal procedure
for processing complaints.
(5) The procedure provided for in sub-section (4) shall provide for a range of
remedies appropriate to any breach including rectification of any false statements of
fact, a right of reply and apologies.
(6) Lodging an internal complaint shall not preclude an individual from pursuing
any other remedies which may be available.
PART VII: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Archives
27. (1) SBC shall to keep a master recording of all programmes broadcast for at least
twenty-eight (28) days after they have been broadcast.
(2) Where specific broadcast material is the subject of a dispute or complaint,
SBC shall keep a master recording of that broadcast material until the matter has been
fully resolved.
(3) SBC shall establish a broadcasting archive, maintaining a store of material
that is likely to be of historical interest to the people of [insert name of State].
(4) SBC shall, within its resources, endeavour to make as much of this archival
material as possible available over the Internet.
- 17 Political
Advertisements
28. Except in accordance with [insert name of law governing elections and/or any rules
promulgated by the body responsible for overseeing elections], SBC shall not carry any
advertisement for or on behalf of any political party or candidate for election to political
office.
Enforcement by Broadcast Regulator
29. (1) The [insert name of independent general broadcast regulator] shall monitor
whether or not SBC has complied with its obligations under the following
provisions:(a)
section 4(4), dealing with programming from independent producers;
(b) section 17, dealing with anti-competitive behaviour;
(c) section 21, dealing with advertising;
(d) section 22, dealing with sponsorship;
(e) section 25, dealing with public review of SBC;
(f) section 26, dealing with complaints;
(g) section 27, dealing with archives; and
(h) section 28, dealing with political advertising.
(2) Where [insert name of independent general broadcast regulator] has
reasonable grounds to believe that SBC is in breach of one of the obligations
specified in sub-section (1), it shall refer the matter to the Board, along with any
views it may have as to the manner in which the breach should be addressed.
(3) Where a period of more than three months has passed since [insert name of
independent general broadcast regulator] has referred a matter to the Board pursuant
to sub-section (2), and steps have not been put in place with a view to addressing the
breach, the [insert name of independent general broadcast regulator] shall have the
power to refer the matter to the courts.
PART VIII: TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
Existing Laws and Regulations
30. Any laws or regulations which affect, or institutions with responsibility over,
broadcasting shall not be affected by the coming into force of this Law, provided that any
such laws, regulations or institutions are, at that time, deemed to be amended, repealed or
- 18 terminated
to the extent that they have been superseded, supplanted or contradict provisions in
this Law.
Institutional Arrangements
31. (1) The Board shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Law
within six (6) months of its coming into force.
(2) All other institutional arrangements specified in this law shall be made within
six (6) months of its coming into force.
Short Title and Commencement
32. (1) This Act may be cited as the Public Service Broadcasting Act [insert relevant
year].
(2) This Act shall come into effect on a date proclaimed by [insert relevant
individual, such as president, prime minister or minister] provided that it shall
automatically come into effect six months after its passage into law if no such
proclamation is forthcoming.9
9
The precise way in which an act comes into force will differ from country to country.