pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT_en Zápatí prezentace 1 Prepositional phrases for lawyers, high-frequency word pairs in the law www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Zápatí prezentace 2 Prepositional phrases for lawyers nThese prepositional phrases are fundamental for any type of legal writing: 1.Under 2.Pursuant to 3.According to www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Under nUse under rather than pursuant to or according to when referring to substantive or procedural law, whether domestic or international. This includes statutory as well as administrative law: nUnder this regulation nUnder the statute nUnder the appeal procedure nUnder Czech contract law nUnder European patent law nUnder the investment treaty regime Zápatí prezentace 3 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Under nUse under when reffering to case law, or to any interpretations, doctrines, rules derived from case law: nUnder recent case law nUnder this interpretation nUnder the effects doctrine nUnder + name of any case nUnder Eco Swiss Case nUnder with following fixed legal expression: nUnder these facts Zápatí prezentace 4 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Pursuant to nUse pursuant to when referring to legal documents, such as wills or contracts: nPursuant to Sale of Goods Contract dated May 20, 2010, the buyer will pay… n nUse pursuant to when referring to terms of legal documents, such as contracts or treaties nPursuant to the terms of the sales contract, the buyer is liable for all damages arising out of… Zápatí prezentace 5 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Pursuant to nNote that you can use the phrase pursuant to or under before the noun „terms“ nUnder the terms of the sales contract, the buyer is liable for all damages arising out of… Zápatí prezentace 6 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 According to nUse according to when referring to testimony and reports nAccording to the police report, the driver was drunk… nAccording to the witness, there were three men standing over the body after the gunshot. nAccording to testimony presented to… nAccording to the sworn statements of three experts… nAccording to the expert testimony at trial… nAccording V. Klaus, President of the Czech Republic… nAccording to the report submitted by the Ministry of Justice at the end of last term Zápatí prezentace 7 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Stating the rule nWhen sumarizing the the provisions of a law in English, do not say: nThe law is about… nThe regulation talks about… nThe statute discusses… nInstead, use one of these words: nThe law … nProvides that nSets forh nGoverns nRegulates n Zápatí prezentace 8 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Provide that nIf you are giving giving a detailed summary, or nearly repeating the words of the law, use provide (s) that“ nThe law provides that trademark holders must use their trademarks. nThe regulations provide that… n Zápatí prezentace 9 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Seth forth nUse set forth followed by words such as rights, duties, obligations, and procedures: nArticle 2 and 3 of the contrast set forth the rights of the buyer. nChapter 7 of the regulation sets forth the procedure to file for an exemption. Zápatí prezentace 10 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Govern, regulate nThe verbs govern and regulate are frequently followed by the noun conduct. nThis provisions governs the conduct required of all parties to contract. nThese statutes regulate the conduct of… nGovern and regulate are also folowed by words such as form, procedure: nThe regulations govern the forms you have to submit, and the order in which you have to submit them. nThat sub-section regulates all the procedures you have to follow… Zápatí prezentace 11 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nRights – Granted nThe law grants rights to all those who… nThe treaty grants most-favored nation rights to… n nRights nAlienable(you may transfer them from one to another)/inalienable nAssignable/unassinable Zápatí prezentace 12 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nRights may be nAsserted nClaimed nViolated nRights nA contract right/contract rights nProperty rights nHuman rights/natural rights (the U.S. Constitution) nCivil rights Zápatí prezentace 13 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nDuties – Imposed nDuty is also a countable noun. You can count the number of duties imposed by any given law. nThe contract impose a duty to pay contractual price on the buyer. nOther key expressions using „duty“ (you can use also obligation) nDuty of care nDuty od loyalty nFiduciary duty (fiduciary – zmocněnec) Zápatí prezentace 14 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nBurden – Imposed nBurden – countable noun – like rights, duties, parties nThe company argued that the regulations imposed an unresonable burden on state economy. nBurden of nProof nProduction npersuasion Zápatí prezentace 15 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nParties to nAll the parties to the dispute have a statutory duty to… nThey were not parties to the original contract. n nDisputes and Issues – Arise (not occur!) nUnder these facts, an issue arises as to whether defendant broke the sales contract. Zápatí prezentace 16 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nMotions (návrhy) nGranted or denied (by the court) nFiled or brought (by lawyers) nThe court denied defendant‘s motion to dismiss for insufficiency of process. nThe appelate court upheld the court decision to grant motion in favor of plaintiff. nDefendant brought a motion to dismiss claiming that the court lacked personal jurisdicion over her. nPlaintiff filed a motion to amend the complaint. § Zápatí prezentace 17 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nEvidence – Admitted or Excluded nEvidence is not a countable noun, it follows the rules for advice and information. n„Piece of evidence“. The pieces (such as a witness‘s testimony, document, gun) can be counted. The evidence itself, can only be weighted (by the court or jury). Zápatí prezentace 18 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 High-frequency word pairs in the law nInjunctions (soudní příkaz/zákaz) nIssue/(are) issued n(are) lifted n(are) stayed n(are) entered nVerb form of injunction – enjoin nPlaintiffs requested that the court enjoin the defendant from dumping any further contamiantions in the water. nThe court enjoined the alleged infringer from using the trademark. Zápatí prezentace 19