Physiology 2013 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and organelles. 2. Passive transport across membranes. Co-transport 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Second messengers 9. Functions of the nerve cell 10. Functional morphology of synapses 11. Synthesis and break down of transmitters 12. Generation of resting membrane potential 13. Local response of membrane potential 14. Action potential 15. Up- and down-regulation of receptors 16. Excitability and refractoriness 17. Excitation-contraction coupling 18. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 19. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle 20. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 21. Neuromuscular junction 22. Energy production and conservation 23. Caloric content of food. Direct calorimetry. Energy balance. Indirect calorimetry. 24. Physiological role of calcium 25. Vitamins – overview 26. Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses 27. Basal metabolism 28. Glycaemia 29. Acid-base balance 30. Hypoxia and ischemia 31. Hormone-receptor complex 32. Invasive assessment of blood pressure 33. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 34. Measurement of cardiac output 35. ECG leads 36. ECG record in different leads 37. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 38. Cardiac contractility, ejection fraction, heart failure 39. Polygraphic methods 40. Electromyography 41. External signs of breathing 42. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement 43. Dead space, measurement 44. Resistance of airways, measurement 45. Pneumography and pneumotachography 46. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 47. pH measurement (Astrup method) 48. Clearance 49. Special methods of ECG and blood pressure examination (vectocardiography, 24-hour-monitoring,His bundle electrogram) 50. Reaction of circulatory system on bleeding 51. Reflex reactions of circulatory system (diving reflex, Valsalva manouvre, Müller manouvre) 52. Respiratory quotient 53. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 54. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 55. Chemical characteristics of hormones 56. Sympathetic alpha- and beta-receptors 57. Sex differentiation 58. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis 59. Hormonal contraception 60. Puberty and menopause 61. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 62. Physiological regulations (overview) 63. Homeostasis 64. Regulation of constant pH 65. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 66. Regulation of cardiac output 67. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 68. Regulation of ventilation 69. Regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion 70. Co-ordination of GIT segments 71. Thermoregulation 72. Regulation of renal functions 73. General principles of endocrine regulation 74. Sympathetic nervous system (overview) 75. Parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 76. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 77. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives 4. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 5. Cellular immunity 6. Humoural immunity 7. Histocompatibility (MHC) 8. Blood groups antigens (ABO group, Rh group) 9. Function of platelets 10. Hemostasis 11. Anticlotting mechanism 12. Conduction system of the heart 13. Cardiac automaticity 14. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront 15. Electric vector of the heart. Vectocardiography. 16. Heart as a pump 17. Differences between left and right heart 18. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 19. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 20. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 21. Stroke volume and cardiac output 22. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 23. Autoregulation of cardiac contraction: Starling principle 24. Autoregulation of cardiac contraction: frequency effect 25. Heart rate 26. Arrhythmias 27. Coronary circulation 28. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 29. Cardiovascular system – general principles 30. Vascular resistance 31. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 32. Arterial elasticity – significance 33. Arterial pulse wave 34. Physiological role of endothelium 35. Micro-circulation 36. Venous pressure 37. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 38. Lymphatic system 39. Pulmonary circulation 40. Cerebral circulation 41. Skin circulation 42. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 43. Placental and faetal circulation Circulatory adjustments at birth 44. Intrapulmonary and pleural pressure. Pneumothorax. 45. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 46. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. 47. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 48. Transport of O2. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. 49. Transport of CO2 50. Herring-Breuer reflexes 51. Respiratory responses to irritants 52. Formation, composition and functions of saliva 53. Gastric production of HCl 54. Functions of the stomach 55. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 56. Composition and function of pancreatic juice 57. Liver functions 58. Formation, composition and functions of bile 59. Digestion in the small intestine 60. Functions of colon 61. Resorption of lipids in the small intestine Resorption of minerals and water in small intestine 62. Intermediary metabolism (overview) Nitrogen balance 63. Metabolism of cholesterol. Aterosclerosis. 64. Metabolism of iron 65. Functional morphology of nephron 66. Urine formation 67. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 68. Glomerular filtration 69. Function of renal tubules 70. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 71. Renal sodium transport, aldosterone 72. Passive transport in kidneys 73. Transport of glucose in kidneys 74. Urea formation 75. Hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 76. Osmotic and water diuresis 77. Micturition 78. Effects of thyroid hormones 79. Metabolism of iodine; Thyroid hormones synthesis 80. Hyper- and hypothyroidism 81. Endocrine pancreas 82. Insulin – mechanism of action 83. Hyper- and hypoglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus. 84. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 85. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 86. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis of catecholamines. 87. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 88. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 89. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 90. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 91. Hypothalamic releasing hormones 92. Parathormone, vitamin D and calcitonin 93. Vasopressin and natriuretic hormone 94. Ovarian cycle and its control 95. Uterine cycle 96. Physiology of pregnancy 97. Physiology of parturition and lactation 98. Endocrine functions of testes 99. Regulation of body fluid volume 100. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure 101. Regulation of calcium metabolism 102. Regulation of glycemia 103. Regulation of adrenal cortex