Physiology: spring semester 2016 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles 2. Transport across membranes. 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Functions of the nerve cell 9. Functional morphology of synapses 10. Generation of resting membrane potential 11. Local response of membrane potential. Action potential 12. Excitability and refractoriness 13. Excitation-contraction coupling 14. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 15. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of various types of muscle 16. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 17. Neuromuscular junction 18. Energy metabolism and its measurement 19. Physiological role of calcium 20. Vitamins 21. Regulation of food intake and its disorders 22. Hypoxia and ischemia 23. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 24. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement. Dead space. 25. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 26. Respiratory quotient 27. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 28. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 29. Physiological regulations (overview) 30. Homeostasis 31. Functional morphology of nephron 32. Tubulary processes, tubulary reabsorption and secretion, urine formation 33. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 34. Glomerular filtration, principals and regulation. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 35. Renal sodium, potassium, chlorid transports, their regulation 36. Urea formation 37. Water resorption, hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 38. Osmotic, water and pressure diuresis 39. Examination of renal function. Clearance 40. Micturition 41. Metabolic and endocrine renal function 42. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 43. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 44. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 45. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of CO[2] 46. Regulation of ventilation 47. Respiratory responses to irritants 48. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of saliva 49. Formation, composition, functions and regulation secretion of gastric secretion 50. Functions of the stomach 51. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of pancreatic juice 52. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 53. Co-ordination of GIT segments 54. Liver functions 55. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of bile 56. Digestion and resorption in the small intestine 57. Functions of colon 58. Sympathetic nervous system (overview) 59. Parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 60. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 61. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives 4. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 5. Mechanism of innate immunity 6. Acquired immunity 7. Blood groups antigens 8. Function of platelets 9. Hemocoagulation 10. Anticlotting mechanism 11. Conduction system of the heart 12. Cardiac automaticity 13. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront. Electric vector of the heart 14. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 15. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 16. ECG leads. ECG record in different leads 17. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 18. Cardiac contractility and its determination 19. Differences between left and right heart 20. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 21. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 22. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 23. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 24. Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 25. Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 26. Heart rate 27. Regulation of heart function 28. Coronary circulation. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 29. Cardiovascular system – general principles 30. Vascular resistance 31. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 32. Arterial elasticity – significance 33. Arterial pulse, pulse wave 34. Physiological role of endothelium. Vasoactive substances 35. Micro-circulation 36. Venous pressure. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 37. Lymphatic system 38. Pulmonary circulation 39. Cerebral circulation 40. Skin circulation 41. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 42. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 43. Placental and faetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth 44. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 45. General principles of endocrine regulation 46. Chemical characteristics of hormones 47. Effect of hormones on target cells 48. Second messengers 49. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 50. Prolaktin. 51. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 52. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 53. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 54. Thyroid hormones. Regulation and dysregulation. 55. Endocrine pancreas 56. Insulin and mechanism of its action 57. Glycaemia, its regulation and dysregulation 58. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 59. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 60. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis and degradation of catecholamines. 61. Bone formation and resorption. Regulation of calcaemia. 62. Natriuretic peptides 63. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 64. Puberty and menopause 65. Cyclic changes in non-pregnant women 66. Physiology of pregnancy 67. Physiology of parturition and lactation 68. Principals of hormonal contraception 69. Endocrine functions of testes, its regulation 70. Regulation of body fluid volume 71. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure