Ist Institute of Pathology TOPICS FOR STUDY Important concluding remark: These are general topics for study, but pathology as the whole will be the subject of final exam, incl. the parts perhaps not mentioned here. No excuse „it wasn’t in the topics“ will be valid. I. General Pathology 1. Methods of Pathology Biopsy: techniques of obtaining tissue samples, various kinds of bioptical specimens, tissue processing (incl. fixation), frozen sections Cytology: techniques of obtaining tissue samples, various kinds of cytological specimens Autopsy, its importance, the autopsy protocol and its parts Histological methods, stainings, light and electron microscopy Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and other special techniques 2. Responses to Cellular Injury, Metabolic and Degenerative Disorders, Disorders of Growth Disease and its causes Death and postmortal changes Necrosis - types, causes and further evolution Atrophy - types, causes and further evolution Intracellular accumulations of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, single-gene inborn disorders Amyloidosis Pigments and pigmentations Icterus Pathologic calcifications, stones Pathology of nutrition Hypertrophy, hyperplasia Regeneration, reparation Metaplasia, dysplasia 3. Hemodynamic Disorders Edema Hyperemia, venous congestion Focal disorders of blood supply, ischemia, infarction Haemorrhage Thrombosis incl. DIC Embolisation, metastasis Shock Heart failure - types, causes, complications 4. Inflammation Causes of inflammation Pathophysiology of inflammation Inflammation - microscopic and macroscopic changes Classification and morphologic patterns of inflammation Granulomatous inflammation Tuberculosis Syphilis 5. Disorders of the Immune System Immune system and its functions Immune reactions Transplantation Primary and secondary immunodeficiency Autoimmune diseases HIV, AIDS 6. The Response to Infections Mechanisms of bacteria and virus-induced injury Bacteriemia, sepsis, pyemia Skin infections Respiratory system infections Gastrointestinal system infections Genitourinary system infections Nervous system infections Staphylococcal infections Streptococcal infections Infectious hepatitis 7. Environmental Diseases Environmental pollution Injury by physical agents Injury by chemical agents Nutritional diseases 8. Ageing and Death II. Oncology 1. General Oncology Definitions, preneoplastic lesions, pseudotumors Classification of tumors Structure, growth of tumors Invasion and metastases Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors Intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ Carcinogenesis, etiology of tumors Effects of tumor on host Grading and staging of tumors, tumor prognosis Fibroma, myxoma, lipoma, angioma (+ sarcomas) Chondroma, chordoma, osteoma (+sarcomas) Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma Neoplastic disorders of bone marrow Hodgkin´s malignant lymphoma Non-Hodgkin‘s malignant lymphomas Tumors of the squamous stratified epithelium Tumors of transitional epithelium Benign tumors of the glandular epithelium Malignant tumors of the glandular epithelium Neuroendocrine tumors Neuroectodermal tumors of the CNS Tumors of the meninges and peripheral nervous system Tumors of melanocytes Mixed tumors, germinal tumors Choriocarcinoma, mesothelioma 2. Special Oncology Tumors of the heart + vessels Tumors of the lymph nodes Tumors of the upper respiratory tract Bronchopulmonary tumors Tumors of the oral cavity, incl. salivary glands and odontogenic tumors Tumors of the esophagus and stomach Neoplasms of the small and large intestine Tumors of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas Tumors of the kidney and urinary tract Testicular tumors Tumors of the prostate and penis Vulvar, vaginal and cervical tumors Tumors of the endometrium and myometrium Tumors of the ovary Tumors of the breast Intracranial tumors Tumors of the endocrine system Tumors of the musculoskeletal system Skin tumors and pseudotumorous lesions III. Special Pathology 1. Pathology of the Heart, Blood and Lymphatic Vessels Congenital heart disease Pericardial disease Endocarditis Acquired heart disease (vitia cordis acquisita) Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy Ischemic heart disease Hypertension Atherosclerosis and other arterial regressive changes Vasculitis, arteritis and other arterial inflammatory diseases Aneurysms Pathology of the veins and lymphatic vessels 2. Pathology of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems Posthemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia Anemias of diminished erythropoesis, polycytemia Bleeding disorders Pathology of the spleen Nonneoplastic disorders of white cells Pathology of the thymus 3. Pathology of the Respiratory System Nose and paranasal cavities Larynx and trachea Pediatric lung diseases Bronchitis, asthma Bronchiectasia, localised obstructive airways disease Emphysema, atelectasis Venous congestion. Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Acute and chronic interstitial lung diseases Classification of pulmonary infections, lobar pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Primary atypical pneumonias, fungal infections Pulmonary tuberculosis Pleura 4. Pathology of the Digestive System Diseases of the oral cavity Pathology of salivary glands Pathology of the esophagus Gastritis Peptic ulcers Developmental disorders, diverticulosis Intestinal vascular disorders Inflammatory diseases, obstructive disease, ileus Enteritis, appendicitis, colitis Malabsorption syndrome Pathology of the peritoneum Liver: metabolism of the bilirubin, jaundice, hepatic failure Hereditary disorders of bilirubin metabolism, pediatric liver disease Circulatory disorders of the liver Chronic hepatitis, incl. viral; autoimmune disorders Drug- and toxin-induced liver disease Liver cirrhosis Hemochromatosis, Wilson´s disease, alpha- 1- antitrypsin deficiency Cholangitis, liver abscess, other infections Pathology of biliary tract incl. cholecystitis, cholelithiasis Pathology of exocrine pancreas 5. Pathology of the Genitourinary System Kidney - malformation, renal cysts Blood supply disorders of the kidney Glomerular diseases, pathogenesis and classification Primary and secondary glomerular disease Tubulointerstitial disorders incl. nephritis Acute tubular and diffuse cortical necrosis Hydronephrosis, renal stones, reflux Pathology of the renal pelvis, urether, urinary bladder, urethra Pathology of the penis, scrotum and prostate Pathology of the testis, epididymis, cord Pathology of the vulva and vagina Pathology of the cervix uteri, endometritis, endometriosis Dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometrial hyperplasia Pathology of Fallopian tubes and ovaries Pathology of the pregnancy Inflammations and proliferative disorders of the breast 6. Pathology of the Nervous System Inborn defects Age related defects, degenerative disorders incl. dementia Demyelinating and metabolic disorders, epilepsy Intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema, hydrocephalus Intracranial nontraumatic hemorrhage, ischemia Intracranial injuries Ischemic cerebral disease Pachymeningitis, leptomeningitis Viral and other encephalitis Pathology of the peripheral nervous systém Pathology of the eye Pathology of the ear 7. Pathology of the Endocrine System Pathology of the pituitary, pineal gland Pathology of the thyroid gland Pathology of the parathyroid glands Pathology of the endocrine pancreas, diabetes mellitus Pathology of the adrenal glands 8. Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System Skeletal muscle pathology Hereditary diseases of the musculoskeletal system Metabolic, traumatic, degenerative and others disorders of the musculoskeletal system Inflammatory disorders incl. osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, m. Paget Joint pathology Connective tissue diseases 9. Pathology of the Skin Eczema/dermatitis, bullous disorders Infections and non-infectious inflammatory lesions of the skin Granulomatous lesions, vascular lesions of the skin Skin adnexa Pathology of the dermal connective tissue, nerves