Exam Questions   DIA 2017/2018   Exam questions of Diagnostic imaging consist of the general part, the special part and of the clinical problems. A single question from each question group will be randomly assigned to the student. When answering questions from a special section, it is important to list the examination modalities, the diagnostic procedure and the basic pathology. In the part of clinical problems examiners will assess the correct indication of investigative methods for solving the clinical problem, the accuracy of the methods and contraindications. I. General section – radiology and nuclear medicine. 1. Radiography and X-rays - principle, radiation load, indications, contraindications 2. Fluoroscopy - principles, radiation exposure, indication, contraindication 3. Ultrasound imaging principles - principle, basic indications 4. CT imaging principles - principle, basic indications, contraindications 5. MR imaging principle - principle, basic indications, contraindications 6. Angiography and DSA principles- principle, basic indications 7. Interventional Radiology - division, meaning the method, spectrum of procedures 8. Contrast Agents for X-ray Examination - principle, examples of use, side effects 9. Contrast agents in Ultrasound and MR imaging - principles, examples of use, side effects 10. Adverse reactions following administration of contrast agents, their prevention and treatment 11. Digitization in radiology and nuclear medicine - principles, the ability to store and share images, 3D reconstruction (various types), virtual imaging, and image transmission and archiving 12. Detection of ionizing radiation - interaction with matter - ionizing radiation detectors - shielding, electronic evaluation apparatus 13. Radioactive conversion - alpha, beta-, beta +, gamma 14. Nuclear medicine measuring instruments - scintillation probe, scintillation camera 15. Imaging techniques in nuclear medicine - scintigraphy static and dynamic, planar and tomography - principles, practical use 16. Emission Tomography - SPECT, PET (principles and practical application of methods) PET preparation of the patient, radiopharmaceuticals 17. Radiopharmaceuticals - definition, pharmaceutical forms, requirements for radiopharmaceuticals, their control 18. Sources of radionuclides - principles of nuclear reactor, accelerators and generators (practical examples of radionuclides) 19. The hybrid imaging systems (SPECT / CT, PET / CT, PET / MR) - principles, practical use 20. Radiation load, dosimetry, protective equipment in nuclear medicine     II. Special section- the position of imaging techniques in the diagnostic algorithm 1. Headache 2. Stroke 3. Head and neck trauma 4. Hypogastrium pain 5. Epigastrium pain 6. Pancreatitis 7. Expansion in the abdominal cavity 8. Peritoneal irritation 9. Renal colic 10. Hematuria 11. Polytrauma 12. Shortness of breath 13. Chest pain 14. Lower limb pain 15. Lymphadenopathy 16. Injury of the esophagus 17. Enteritis and colitis 18. Elevation of obstructive enzymes 19. Acute back pain 20. Scrotal pain   III. Radiology - Special section   1. Traumatology - axial skeleton - diagnostic methods, types of fractures 2. Traumatology - long bones - diagnostic methods, types of fractures 3. Traumatology - Specifics of childhood (types of fractures, abused child) 4. Imaging of the esophagus - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 5. Heart imaging- diagnostic methods, basic pathology 6. Chest - possibilities of different diagnostic methods 7. Imaging possibilities of non-traumatic diseases of the skeleton – basic pathology 8. Imaging possibilities of soft tissue diseases (trauma, inflammation, tumors) - diagnostic methods 9. Tumors of the lung, pleura and mediastinum expansion - diagnostic methods 10. Chest imaging - specifics of childhood 11. Imaging of the arterial system - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 12. Imaging of the venous system - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 13. Imaging of digestive tract - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 14. Liver imaging - diagnostic methods, basic pathology (focal and diffuse lesions) 15. Gall bladder and biliary tract imaging - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 16. Pancreas imaging - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 17. Gastrointestinal tract imaging - childhood specifics 18. Uroradiology - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 19. Head and neck imaging incl. imaging methods in dentistry - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 20. Neuroradiology - specifics of childhood 21. Imaging of spinal cord - diagnostic methods, basic pathology 22. Breast imaging 23. Interventional diapeutic (diagnostic-therapeutic) procedures of the vascular system 24. Interventional diapeutic (diagnostic-therapeutic KE) procedures of the urinary system 25. Interventional diapeutic (diagnostic-therapeutic) procedures of the gastrointestinal system 26. Intervention diapeutic (diagnostic and therapeutic) procedures of the central nervous system - 27. Interventional Oncology – spectrum of methods and their practical use 28. Percutaneous drainage of collection and abscesses - principles, examples of pathological conditions suitable for drainage 29. Imaging of sex organs in men and women - diagnostic algorithm, basic pathology 30. Gynecology and obstetrics imaging - diagnostic algorithm, basic pathology   IV. Nuclear medicine - special section 1. Palliative treatment of bone metastases with radionuclides, clinical significance 2. Special features in children's examination - application of radiopharmaceuticals, amount of applied substance, differences in organ distribution 3. Diagnosis with 99m Tc-MIBI 4. Bone scintigraphy, the importance of hybrid methods in focal bone leasions - principle, radiopharmaceuticals, methods of clinical significance 5. Radiation synovectomy, principle, clinical use 6. Diagnosis using 123 I - MIBG, clinical use 7. Perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy and ventilation - principle of the method, radiopharmaceuticals, indication and evaluation 8. Scintigraphy of the esophagus, radionuclid diagnosis of functional gastrointestinal disorders, clinical significance, indication 9. Myocardial perfusion - principle, radiopharmaceuticals, stress tests 10. Radioisotope flebography and evidence of pulmonary embolization 11. Detection of bleeding into GIT and ectopic gastric mucosa 12. Dynamic Cholescintigraphy - Principle, Radiopharmaceuticals, Evaluation, Indication and Differential Diagnosis of Cholestasis Causes 13. Radionuclide diagnosis of gastro-entero pancreatic tumors 14. Dynamic renal scintigraphy - principle, radiopharmaceuticals, indications 15. Diagnostic options for prostate cancer and its metastases by nuclear medicine, including PET 16. Possibilities of using radionuclide methods in endocrinology 17. Diagnosis and therapy of thyroid disease, thyroid carcinoma - differences in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures - Thyroid scintigraphy, the use of radioiodine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes 18. Possibilities of Nuclear Medicine in epileptology , neuroreceptor scintigraphy in CNS (DaTSCAN) - principle, examples of receptors and importance in practice 19. Brain perfusion scintigraphy - conditions for application and importance of the method for clinical practice 20. Diagnosis of sentinel nodes by radionuclides 21. Radionuclide lymphography 22. PET in oncology - indications, contraindications, diagnostic methods of nuclear medicine in oncology and comparison with other imaging methods 23. Nuclear Medicine Therapy - 131 I-MIBG, Receptor Analogs and Antibodies 24. Determination of brain death by radionuclides and comparison with other imaging methods 25. Diagnosis of inflammation by nuclear medicine methods and comparison with other imaging methods