AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions:
Contraction and relaxation of
smooth muscles
Function of all exocrine glands
Heart rate
Some metabolic processes







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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
qsympathetic NS
§ncl. intermediolateralis in
T1 – L2 segments of spinal cord
= thoracolumbar system
§paravertebral ganglia
(tr. sympathicus) and
prevertebral ganglia
§neurotransmitters
Øpregangl. – acetylcholine
Øpostgangl. – norepinephrin
    (ex. sweat glands and
     piloerector muscle)
qparasympathetic NS
§ parasympathetic nuclei
     of CN III, VII, IX, X
§ segments S2 – S4
     = craniosacral system
§ ganglia near the target
     organ
§ neurotransmitter
     acetylcholine

•Sympathetic system
•Catabolic reaction (activities that are mobilized during emergency and stress situations, “fight,
fright and flight” responses)
Parasympathetic system
Anabolic reactions (activities associated with
conservation and restoration of body resources,
“rest and digest” responses)

The sympathetic system stimulates those activities that are mobilized by the organism during stress
situations.
Increased activity of the sympathetic and following release of adrenergic neurotransmitters
prepares the organism for FFF.

http://images.slideplayer.com/1/273836/slides/slide_26.jpg






Central autonomic network (CAN)



Paraventricular nucleus



Textové pole: PVN in CAN
PVN in CAN
DN of CN X
rVLM
sIMLN
cSN of CN V
NTS

Other hypothalamic nuclei in CAN:
Dorsomedial nucleus
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Mammillary nucleus
Lateral hypothalamic area - cardiovascular control, control of feeding, satiety and insulin release

Extrahypothalamic structures in CAN:
Control of symp. outflow
Locus coeruleus
Rostral and caudal VLM
Raphe nuclei
Control of parasymp. outflow
Central ncl. of amygdala
Dorsal ncl. of CN X
Raphe nuclei
PAG
Parabrachial ncl.

Limbic cortex – control of both autonomic outflows
Cingulate c.
Orbitofrontal c.
Insula
Rhinal c.
Hippocampus

Modulation of ANS
q from brain cortex
§tr. corticoreticularis → tr. reticulospinalis → preganglionic neurons
qfrom hypothalamus
§tr. hypothalamotegmentalis
§tr. mammillotegmentalis
qfrom hypothalamus and limbic forebrain
§FLD → dorsolateral tegmentum
qfrom amygdalar complex
§→ hypothalamus
§→ PAG – coordination of somatic and autonomic response to
behavior and defensive reaction → preganglionic neurons of    S and PS divisions

Descendent modulatory pathways
q fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis (FLD)
q
q fasciculus telencephalicus medialis (medial forebrain
     bundle MFB)
q tr. mammillotegmentalis

Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis



Fasciculus telencephalicus medialis



Tractus mammillotegmentalis









Hypothalamus
Nuclei of the anterior part
q ncl. paraventricularis
q stimulation of parasympathetic system
q
Stimulation of the anterior part of hypothalamus
q miosis
q decrease in heart rate and blood pressure
q dilation of cutaneous arteries
q increase in peristalsis and secretion in the GIT

Hypothalamus
Nuclei of the posterior part
q ncl. mammillaris and hypothalamicus post.
q stimulation of sympathetic system
q
Stimulation of the posterior part of hypothalamus
q mydriasis
q increase in heart rate and blood pressure
q constriction of cutaneous arteries
q decrease in peristalsis and secretion in the GIT
q erection of hairs

PUPILARY LIGHT REFLEX
q a reflex that controls the diameter
     of the pupil, in response to the
     intensity of light (luminance) that
     falls on the retina of the eye
q mydriasis: dilation of the pupil
q
q miosis: constriction of the pupil

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/giphys/review/plr.gif



ACCOMMODATION
http://163.178.103.176/fisiologia/neurofisiologia/objetivo_3/Clayman91c.jpg


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7V9ti http://img.youtube.com/vi/RiLX-rbxBKA/0.jpg
Near reflex triad: convergence
                             accommodation of the lens
                             pupillary constriction

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/refractorymediaofeyes4march10-100313063054-phpapp01/95/refractory-me
dia-of-eye-s4-march-10-23-728.jpg?cb=1268461914


Illustrations were copied from:
Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience
Electronic Textbook
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
University of Texas Medical School at Houston