¡80 – 90 % of tumors are caused by external factors: ¡smoking – 30 % ¡nutritional factors and diet – 35 % ¡alcohol – 5 % ¡infections, especially viral – 5-10 % ¡low physical activity – 5 % ¡solar radiation, pollution ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡Occupational cancer is caused wholly or partly by exposure to a cancer causing agent (carcinogen) at work, or by a particular set of circumstances at work. ¡It is estimated that 5% of tumors are caused by exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. ¡Men are affected more often. ¡ ¡New cases of cancer: > 2 million/year ¡ ¡Cancer mortality: > 1 million/year ¡ ¡In the EU, 23 % of the workforce exposed to carcinogens on a daily basis ¡ ¡Occupational cancer: 5-8 %, probably higher among male workers ¡ ¡It is estimated that occupational cancers are a leading cause of work-related death in Europe (and also worldwide) ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡Occupational cancer is caused by exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. ¡Carcinogens are agents that cause the development or increase the incidence of cancer. ¡There are three different types of occupational carcinogens: ¡ -Biological carcinogens ¡ -Physical carcinogens ¡ -Chemical carcinogens ¡some micro-organisms such as viruses have been known to cause cancer: üby damaging cells directly üby decreasing the body's ability to control abnormal cells ¡for example Hepatitis B, C, ¡ HIV viruses and so on ¡ (hepatocellular carcinoma ¡ in response to HBV, HCV) http://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/hepatitis-s1-liver-hepatitis-virus.jpg http://www.safety-online.co.nz/image/cache/data/QSI-3507-700x700.jpg ¡agents such as ionising and ¡ ultraviolet (UV) radiation have ¡ the potential to cause cancer ¡ionising radiation: X-rays, alpha, beta and gamma, neutron radiation (skin cancer, leukemia…) ¡UV radiation can be divided into a number of bands such as UV-B, UV-C etc, some of which are known to cause skin cancer (historically - sailors) ¡a number of chemicals are known to be carcinogenic ¡these chemicals may occur naturally, such as asbestos, be manufactured like vinyl chloride, or be by-products of industrial processes, for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons http://stavokonstrukt.cz/getFile/id:16821/lastUpdateDate:2013-12-03+16%3A36%3A22 ¡Radioactive substances (radon) ¡Asbestos ¡Coke oven gases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ¡Aromatic amines and nitro compounds ¡Benzene ¡Vinyl chloride monomer ¡Silica dust ¡Wood dust ¡Others: solar radiation, passive smoking, diesel engine exhausts, formaldehyde, chromium, arsenic etc. ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon France ¡www.iarc.fr ¡official institute to declare a certain substance or factor as proven human carcinogen ¡4 groups of factors + TARGET ORGANS ¡ ¡1. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity to humans (118) – (benzen, VCM, aromatic amines, crude mineral oils, alcohol, ionising radiation…) ¡2. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity ¡ 2A) Probably carcinogenic to humans (79) - ¡ (acrylamide, cisplatin…) ¡ 2B) Possibly carcinogenic to humans (290) - ¡ (lead,…) ¡3. Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (501) – (cholesterol, caffeine, toluene,…) ¡4. Probably not carcinogenic to humans – only one chemical! (caprolactam - production of polyamide fibers - nylon) ¡Lung ¡Urinary bladder ¡Nasal cavity ¡Liver (angiosarcoma) ¡Mesothelioma ¡Leukemia ¡Non-melanocytic skin cancer ¡Cancers associated with occupational exposure include: ¡bladder cancer (arsenic; aromatic amines; coal tars and pitched, diesel engine exhaust; work as a hairdresser or barber; metalworking fluids and mineral oils; work as a painter; work in the rubber industry) ¡bone cancer (ionising radiation) ¡brain and other central nervous system cancers (ionising radiation) ¡breast cancer (ionising radiation; ethylene oxide; shift (night) work) ¡colon and rectal cancer (asbestos, ionising radiation) ¡kidney cancer (arsenic, cadmium; coke production; trichloroethylene) ¡laryngeal cancer (asbestos; work in the rubber industry: strong inorganic acid mists including sulphuric acids) ¡leukaemia (benzene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, ionising radiation, non-arsenical insecticides) ¡liver and biliary cancer (ionising radiation; trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride) ¡lung cancer (arsenic; asbestos; beryllium; cadmium; chromium; coal tar and pitches, cobalt; coke production, diesel engine exhaust, dioxins; inorganic lead; iron and steel foundry work, mineral oils; nickel; work as a painter; natural radon in workplaces; ionising radiation, rubber production; silica; work as a welder…) ¡melanoma of the eye (welding) ¡mesothelioma (asbestos) ¡nasal and sinus cancer (chromium, formaldehyde, leather dust, nickel, textile industry, wood dust) ¡non-hodgkin’s disease (work as a hairdresser or barber, non-arsenical insecticides, work as a painter, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene) ¡non-melanoma skin cancer (coal tars and pitches, mineral oils, solar radiation) ¡oesophageal cancer (soots; tetrachloroethylene) ¡pharyngeal cancer (asbestos) ¡stomach cancer (asbestos) ¡is the most common occupational cancer in the Czech Republic ¡miners of uranium mines ¡etiology: ¡ radon and its ¡ radioactive decay ¡ products ¡ (alpha radiation) ¡ http://img.medscape.com/news/2015/is_150112_lung_cancer_800x600.jpg ¡is created by the radioactive decay of radium and uranium ¡emissions from uranium ore ¡inert gas, great diffusion capability ¡natural decay (T 3,8 day) → radioactive decay products of radon (T s-min) → binding the particles to dust → ¡ radioactive aerosol → inhalation and deposition in the airways to the surface of the epithelial lining, decay and emission of alpha radiation with high biological activity → ¡ radiated energy is absorbed in the basal ¡ cells of the bronchial epithelium → ¡ bronchogenous carcinoma ¡ ¡ ¡ http://unitednuclear.com/images/sign4.jpg ¡lung or larynx cancer caused by asbestos in connection with asbestosis or pleural plaques ¡malignant mesothelioma (pleural – most common, peritoneal) ¡ovarian cancer caused by asbestos http://larynxcancer.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Larynx-cancer.png http://segal-law.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mesothelioma2.jpg ¡silicate, fibrous minerals ¡in nature in two forms: oserpentine - chrysotile oamphibole – amosite, ¡ crocidolite, actinolite, tremolite ¡asbestos fibers are extremely durable and resistant to fire and most chemical reactions ¡strength and flexibility → used for many years in various industrial branches (roofing shingles, pipeline, textile protective equipment…) ¡ ¡ ¡ http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/e6ffb6c50bc1424ab10ecf09e063cd63/azbest03_z.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg ¡biological effects of asbestos: fibrogenic and carcinogenic (amphibole) ¡exposure to this mineral can be linked to a number of lung and respiratory diseases → ¡asbestos is now strictly regulated! ¡ ¡ ¡ http://vtm.e15.cz/files/imagecache/dust_filerenderer_normal/upload/story_press/147/eternit_n_mo_n_c i_a_plicn__n_dory__49885ea50d.jpg http://i.wp.pl/a/f/jpeg/33527/azbest_eternit_utylizacja_paparch600.jpeg http://www.zdravie.sk/images/library_original/people/azbest_praca_strecha_robotnik.jpg http://ekomix.pl/images/galeria/2.jpg http://media.novinky.cz/718/447187-original1-nox9r.jpg http://www.otrrecycling.cz/wp-content/blogs.dir/4/files/demoliceno/fotky-050.jpg http://media.novinky.cz/718/447185-original1-xwtl4.jpg Bezpečná likvidace azbestové zátěže http://st.depositphotos.com/1737959/1272/i/950/depositphotos_12724635-Asbestos-pipes-for-drian-in-c onstruction-site.jpg http://www.uz.all.biz/img/uz/catalog/63000.jpeg http://removal.cz/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/P51701461.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Asbestos_mask.jpg ¡increase in the incidence 15-30 years after the beginning of exposure ¡the effect of asbestos and smoking are synergistic ¡indistinguishable from lung cancer ¡ from other causes ¡ Soubor:Asbestosis - Fibrous pleural plaque (7468458430).jpg Fibrous pleura plaque (asbestosis) http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VALu5uIMxc4/VQoXXqb5CAI/AAAAAAAAADg/zUUVpTEcMr8/s1600/asbestos-cancer.jpg ¡is a rare but aggressive form of asbestos cancer for which the only known cause is exposure to asbestos ¡anamnesis: exposure to asbestos in the past ¡long latency period (30-45 years)→ it remains silent in the body for decades, finally appearing via symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, chest pain and fatigue ¡prognosis: 6-12 month ¡ http://www.epainassist.com/images/Article-Images/mesothelioma1.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xi_oRgHbMIM/Uwc5i2ybwwI/AAAAAAAAAW8/1l-OUhR5S0o/s1600/mesothelioma+life+s pan.png http://floridamesotheliomahelps.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3.png peritoneal mesothelioma ¡workers in high risk jobs such as foundry work, stonecutting, rock drilling, quarry work and tunneling http://cancer.cytoluminator.com/images/Stage-2-Lung-Cancer.jpg http://www.mineral-cesko.com/Files/Lomy/lomy_polsko/Grzedy.jpg ¡production of coke, coal gasification, coal tar, crude mineral oil, soot ¡polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – benzopyrene ¡ ¡ More effective screening of people at high risk of lung cancer is needed, many agree. Some researchers offer a suggestion. https://steelplantech.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/cdqmodel_en.png http://www.paulwurth.com/var/paulwurth/storage/images/site-principal/our-activities/introduction/37 5-8-eng-GB/Introduction.jpg http://news.images.itv.com/image/file/792861/stream_img.jpg ¡especially adenocarcinomas ¡exposure to hardwood dust (oak, beech, exotic wood) ¡furniture and cabinet making, sawmill works and carpentry ¡long latency http://ic.pics.livejournal.com/ifihad30seconds/40494590/8306/8306_original.jpg http://www.aboutcancer.com/maxilla_stage_asco.gif http://headandneckcancerguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/47_sinuses_Tstages1.jpg http://www.romtd.com/upload/1/bd/1bd3a088b9cf3903.jpg http://www.lifemartini.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/wood-dust1.jpg http://www.bcforestsafe.org/files/images/dusthazard.jpg ¡Occupation accounts for all or part of the tumor process in 5 per cent of cancers ¡Long latency - induction times for cancer ¡As a general rule, cancers that are of occupational origin are not distinguishable from non-occupational cancers whether in clinical features, natural history, pathological findings or other special investigations ¡Occupational cancer may present earlier than the non-occupational varieties ¡Movement of workers between jobs, work areas or industries ¡Rare tumors may be an indicator ¡Multiple exposures ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡First of all, the material which is defined as carcinogen should be forbidden in industry. ¡Therefore, a substitute for this material should be researched. ¡If there is a need of working by carcinogens, taking measures of decreasing exposure as minimum is mandatory. ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡producing and carrying of carcinogens inside a closed system ¡measuring exposures in working atmosphere and worker’s biological system ¡well working ventilation system ¡personal protective equipment ¡prohibiting of smoking cigarettes and eating on workplace ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡https://www.iosh.co.uk/Books-and-resources/Our-OH-toolkit/Occupational-cancer.aspx ¡http://www.iarc.fr/ ¡http://www.ttl.fi/en/pages/default.aspx ¡http://www.ttl.fi/en/chemical_safety/carex/countries/pages/default.aspx ¡http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet ¡http://www.mesothelioma.com/asbestos-cancer/what-is-asbestos.htm ¡https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/crystalline-factsheet.pdf ¡http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/nasal-paranasal/risks/?region=on ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡