Adobe Systems
Physiology department
1
Arterial stiffness.

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
2
Oral exam questions
̶Arterial elasticity – significance
̶Arterial pulse, pulse wave

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
3
Factors of arterial stiffness changes
̶Elastin degradation
̶Collagen deposition
̶Endothelial dysfunction
!

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Physiology department
4
Complications of the higher arterial stiffness

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Physiology department
5
Pulse wave
Reflected wave
Forward systolic wave
t [s]
P[mmHg]
t [s]
P[mmHg]
SBP/P1
P2
DBP
PP=SBP – DBP
mBP=DBP+1/3PP
AP=P2 – P1
SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, P1 – pressure at peak of systolic
flow, P2 – pressure of the reflected wave, PP – pulse pressure, mBP – mean blood pressure, AP –
augmented pressure

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Physiology department
6
Pulse wave at different vascular segments

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Physiology department
7
Sex differences in mechanisms of arterial stiffness
ECM - extracellular matrix; VSMC - vascular smooth muscle cell; eNOS - endothelial NOS; NADPH - NAD
phosphate oxidase; BH(4) - tetrahydrobiopterin; SMC‐MR - smooth muscle cell mineralocorticoid
receptor; AT1R - angiotensin II type 1 receptor; EC‐MR - endothelial cell mineralocorticoid
receptor; ENaC - epithelial sodium channel.

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Physiology department
8
Pressure wave reflection

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Physiology department
9
Pressure wave reflection

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Physiology department
10
Ultrasound measurement
age
IMTR (mm)
IMTL (mm)

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Physiology department
11
PWV measurement
A highly compliant aorta has a relatively low PWV (< 6 m/s)

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Physiology department
12
Ultrasound measurement (β – index).

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Physiology department
13
CAVI measurement

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Physiology department
14
CAVI measurement

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Physiology department
15
Thank you for your attention
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Physiology department
16