I. Nervus olfactorius – the olfactory nerve
II. Nervus opticus – the optic nerve
III. Nervus oculomotorius – the oculomotor nerve
IV. Nervus trochlearis – the trochlear nerve
V. Nervus trigeminus – the trigeminal nerve
VI. Nervus abducens – the abducens nerve
VII. Nervus facialis – the facial nerve
VIII.Nervus vestibulocochlearis – the vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Nervus glossopharyngeus – the glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Nervus vagus – the vagus nerve
XI. Nervus accessorius – the accessory nerve
XII. Nervus hypoglossus – the hypoglossal nerve
THE CRANIAL NERVES(nervi craniales)
THE CRANIAL NERVES(nervi craniales)
The outputs from the brain
I. – the cerebrum
II. – the diencephalon
III.-XII. – the brainstem
IV. – dorsally !!!
III.
IV.
V.
VI. VII. VIII.
IX., X., XI.
XII.
III.IV.
V. VI.
VII.
VIII.
XII. IX., X., XI.
Te outputs
from the
skull
I. = The olfactory nerve
• special sensory nerve: smell, part of the olfactory tract
• cavitas nasi  lamina cribrosa  cavitas crani anterior
• Superior area of the nasal cavity in range of concha
nasalis superior, on the wall, roof and septum
The function of the nerve
sensory
• it carries information from the olfactory receptor into the
CNS
II. = The optic nerve
• It hasn´t the nuclei– centre is in the occipital lobe
• special sensory nerve: vision, part of visual tracts
• orbita  canalis opticus  cavitas cranii media
The function of the nerve
sensory
• it carries information from
visual receptor into the CNS
The extraocular muscles
• mm. recti (bulbi)
– superior, inferior, medialis, lateralis
• mm. obliqui (bulbi)
– inferior, superior
• m. levator palpebrae superior
• inervation: n. III., IV., VI.
Movements of the eyeball
The extraocular muscles innervation:
• Through sinus cavernosus and fissura orbitalis
superior, they enter the orbit
• III. The oculomotor nerve
-fossa interpeduncularis (sulcus nervi oculomotorii)
motor – 5 extraocular muscles
+ parasympatethic fibers for innervation of smooth
muscles of the iris - m. sphincter pupillae – pupil
constriction (miosis) and of corpus ciliare- m. ciliaris –
accommodation of the lens
• IV. The trochlear nerve
- Posterior surface of the brainstem
purely motor  1 muscle = m. obliquus superior
• VI. The abducens nerve
- sulcus bulbopontinus
purely motor  1 muscle - m. rectus lateralis
IV III
VI
n.III.
n.IV.
n.VI.
Palsy of n. III
• divergent strabismus
• Pupil dilatation- mydriasis
• Accommodation disorder
• falling of the upper eyelid -
ptosis
• double vision- diplopia
Palsy of n. IV and n.VI
• convergent strabismus)
V. = The trigeminal nerve
V1 = n. ophthalmicus = ophthalmic nerve (sensory)
V2 = n. maxillaris = maxillary nerve (sensory)
V3 = n. mandibularis = mandibular nerve (mixed)
Radix motoria = somatomotor branch
for the masticatory muscles and other
4 muscles- fibers only within V3 !!!
• ganglion trigeminale (located within cavum trigeminale) -
sensory
n.V.
N. V
• V1 = N. ophthalmicus
• V2 = N. maxillaris
• V3 = N. mandibularis
V1 = N. ophthalmicus
- fissura orbitalis superior into orbit – to the frontal region
- Skin of the upper part of face(forehead, upper eyelids,
dorsum nasi), content of the orbit, part of mucosa of nasal
cavity and paranasal sinuses)
• n. frontalis
• n. lacrimalis
• n. nasociliaris
n. supraorbitalis – sensitivity to
palpation
• n. frontalis: r.supraorbitalis (r. medialis et lateralis), r.
supratrochlearis (skin of forehead till interauricular line)
• n. lacrimalis (lacrimal gland, upper eyelid)
• n. nasociliaris-branches: nn. ciliares longi, n. ethmoidalis
posterior, n. ethmoidalis anterior, n. infratrochlearis (sinus
sphenoidalis, nasal cavity, sensory fibres into the eye)
V2 = N. maxillaris
• foramen rotundum - branches out behind the maxilla- fossa
pterygopalatina
• skin of middle part of face (lower eyelid, upper lip, nasal
wings and upper half of cheek), teeth of maxilla, part of
mucosa of nasal and oral cavity
• n. zygomaticus: n. zygomaticofacialis, n.
zygomaticotemporalis, r. communicans cum nervo
zygomatico (skin of cheek)
• n. infraorbitalis (teeth of maxilla, sinus maxilaris, mucosa of
nasal cavity, palate, nasopharynx)
V3 = N. mandibularis
• foramen ovale – branches out behind ramus mandibulaefossa
infratemporalis
– skin of inferior part of face (lower lip, inferior half of cheek,
chin), teeth of mandibula, part of mucosa of oral cavity
– masticatory muscles, muscles of neck
n. mandibularis
somatomotor branches:
• Masticatory muscles
• suprahyoid muscles
• m. tensor veli palatini
• m. tensor tympani
somatosensory branches:
• n. alveolaris inferior (teeth)
• n. lingualis (mucosa of
bottom of oral cavity, gingiva,
front 2/3 of tongue)
– chorda tympani from n. VII
• n. buccalis (skin and mucosa
of cheek)
• n. auriculotemporalis (auricle
and temporal region)
• parasympathetic ganglion
submandibulare + ganglion
oticum (small salivary glands
of tongue and bottom of oral
cavity)
• n. mentalis – sensitivity to
palpation
• Branches for masticatory
muscles
• n. buccalis
• n. lingualis (n. sublingualis,
rr. linguales)
• n. alveolaris inferior (n.
mylohyoideus)
• n. auriculotemporalis (r.
meningeus, r. communicans
cum ganlio otico)
VII. = The facial nerve
• mixed nerve
• 2 basis
- n. facialis – motor (facial muscles)
- n. intermedius - visceromotor + taste + sensory
n. VII.
inside canalis nervi facialis
• n. petrosus major –
parasympathetic into ggl.
pterygopalatinum
• n. stapedius – m. stapedius
• chorda tympani
– parasympathetic into glandula
submandibularis
– taste  into front 2/3 of
tongue
outside the skull
• n. auricularis posterior –motor
nerve to rudimentary muscles of
auricle
• nn. into m. stylohyoideus +
venter post. m. digastrici
• plexus intraparotideus (facial
muscles: rr. temporales, rr.
zygomatici, rr. bucales, r.
marginalis mandibulae, r. colli)
somatosensory – auricle and external auditory canal
sensory – from gustatory cells of front 2/3 of tongue
somatomotor – facial muscles, musculus platysma, musculus
stapedius, m.stylohyoideus, m.digastricus- posterior belly
visceromotor – parasympathetic fibres for secretion of
lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual gland
VIII. – The vestibulocochlear nerve
• special sensory nerve– hearing + balance
Common output of
• n.IX., X., XI.
IX. The glossopharyngeal nerve
• Arises from the medulla
oblongata
• Passes through foramen
jugulare
• Branches out under the
base of skull
• Branches: n.
tympanicus→n. petrosus
minor, rr. pharyngei,
tonsillares, linguales
n. IX.
• Motor in.: soft palate muscles (except tensor), m.
stylopharyngeus, muscles of pharynx
• Parasympathetic in.: mucosa of tympanic cavity and
glandula parotide (through ganglion oticum)
• Sensory in.: pharynx, back third of tongue, tonsil
• Gustatory in.: back third of tongue
X. The vagus nerve
• arises from medulla
oblongata
• Passes through foramen
jugulare
• Descends caudally ans
passes together with arteria
carotis interna (lower arteria
carotis communis) and vena
jugularis interna, it attaches
to the esophagus and along
it descends through thoracic
cavity till abdominal cavity
(in male till scrotum)
n. X.
r. auricularis (sensory branch for wall of ear canal)
rr. pharyngei (muscles of pharynx)
n. laryngeus superior
n. laryngeus recurrens- n.laryngeus inferior
(muscles of larynx)
Organs within thoracic and abdominal cavity:
rr. cardiaci - plexus cardiacus
rr. bronchiales- plexus pulmonalis
rr. oesophagei- plexus oesophagus
rr. gastrici
rr. hepatici
rr. coeliaci - plexus coeliacus
rr. renales
• sensory in.:part of skin of the auricle and
ear canal
• viscerosensory in.: organs of thoracic and
most of abdominal cavity
• somatomotor in.: striated muscles of
pharynx and larynx
• visceromotor in.: smooth muscle of
respiratory tract and most of alimentary
tract, smooth muscle of appropriate
vessels and myocardium
XI. The accessory nerve
• arises from the medulla
oblongata
• passes through foramen
jugulare
• name is abbreviation of the
original name„nervus
accessorius ad vagum“
(because part of its fibers
joins with nervus vagus
and below it separates
again and innervates
muscles of larynx)
• Nerve branches out after
leaving the cranial cavity
n. XI.
n.XI.
Radices craniales
Radices spinales
Ramus internus- joints n.X.
(muscles of larynx)
Ramus externus
motor – part of musculus
sternocleidomastoideus and
musculus trapezius
XII. The hypoglossal nerve
• Arises from the medulla
oblongata - sulcus
anterolateralis
• Through canalis nervi
hypoglossi
• Directs to the tongue,
where it branches out
n. XII.
N. hypoglossus
Motor nerve: innervation of striated muscle of the tongue
ansa cervicalis profunda- infrahyoid muscles (plexus
cervicalis)
Obrázky:
• Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und
Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993
• Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy.
• Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009.
• Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III.
• Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010