BRACHIAL PLEXUS Spinal nerve Plexus brachialis (C4-Th1) • within fissura scalenorum • Senzory innervation: skin of the upper limb • Motor innervation: muscles of the upper extremity and some muscles of the back and thorax Plexus brachialis (C4-Th1) The primary bundles - trunks/trunci: Truncus superior (C4) C5+6 Truncus medius C7 Truncus inferior C8+Th1 The secondary bundles – cords/fasciculi: Fasciculus posterior:connection of all three posterior branches Fasciculus lateralis: connection of anterior branches of truncus superior and medius Fasciculus medialis: anterior branch of truncus inferior The particular nerves arise from the cords: FP: n. radialis, n. axillaris FL: n. musculocutaneus + part of n. medianus FM: n. ulnaris + part of n. medianus Result: there are axons from more segments within one nerve– by injury of the root, there can be paralysis of more muscles • scalenus syndrome (fissura scalenorum) • Costoclavicular syndrome (1th rib and clavicle) • Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injuries (the nerves are actually teraed out of the spinal cord) Pars supraclavicularis plexus brachialis • Innervation: some back muscles (spinohumeral) + some thoracic muscles + muscles of scapula nervus dorsalis scapulae (C5-6) • m. levator scapulae et mm. rhomboidei nervus thoracicus longus (C5-7) • m. serratus anterior nervus thoracicus longus (C5-7) nervus thoracicus longus (C5-7) • scapula alata nervus subclavius C4-6 • m. subclavius nervus suprascapularis (C4-6) • m. supraspinatus, m. infraspinatus, sensory innervation of articular capsule of the shoulder joint nervi subscapulares C5-7 • m. subscapularis, m. teres major nervus pectoralis lateralis C5-7 • m. pectoralis major et minor nervus pectoralis medialis C8-Th1 • m. pectoralis major et minor nervus thoracodorsalis C6-8 • m. latissimus dorsi Pars infraclavicularis plexus brachialis • Innervation: motor innervation of muscles of the upper limb, sensory innervation of skin of the upper limb Pars infraclavicularis plexus brachialis • fasciculus lateralis • fasciculus medialis • fasciculus posterior Fasciculus lateralis n. musculocutaneus (mixed) (C5–7) rr. musculares (m. coracobrachialis, m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis) n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis vulnerable place - fossa cubiti radix lateralis n. mediani Fasciculus medialis radix medialis n. mediani n. cutaneus brachii medialis (C8–Th1) • Connections with nn. intercostales II., (III.) – nn. intercostobrachiales n. cutaneus antebrachii medialis (C8–Th1) (it passes through hiatus basilicus into the subcutaneous tissue and it continues distally onto the antebrachium) r. anterior et r. ulnaris n. ulnaris n. ulnaris - (mixed) (C8–Th1) - It runs on the medial side of the arm, then within sulcus nervi ulnaris, between m. flexor carpi ulnaris and m. flexor digitorum profundus together with a. ulnaris and further toward the palm on the surface of retinaculum flexorum • rr. articulares • rr. musculares • r. dorsalis n. ulnari - nn. digitales dorsales • r. palmaris n. ulnaris N. ulnaris divides within the palm into: • r. superficialis - r. muscularis (m. palmaris brevis) - 2 nn. digitales palmares communes et proprii • r. profundus - rr. musculares Motor innervation: m. flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flexor digitorum profundus (for 4th and 5th finger), muscles of hypothenar, m. adductor pollicis and m. flexor pollicis brevis (caput profundum), mm. interossei, mm. lumbricales (III. and IV.) Sensory innervation: on the palm: 5th and half of 4th finger on dorsum: 5th, 4th and half of 3rd finger Canalis cubitalis -Cubital tunelle syndrome (lesion of n. ulnaris within sulcus nervi ulnaris) Guyon´s canal (between os pisiforme and hamulus ossis hamati) Claw hand n. medianus mixed(C5–Th1) – radix med. (C8–Th1), radix lat. (C6-8) it passes along a. brachialis, between m. pronator teres and flexor digitorum superficialis and then between the deep and superficial flexor (into the palm below retinaculum flexorum) • rr. musculares, rr. articulares • n. interosseus antebrachii anterior • r. palmaris Within the palm: • r. communicans cum nervo ulnari (at the level of canalis carpi) • r. thenaris (rr. musculares) • nn. digitales palmares comm.- nn. digitales palmares proprii Motor innervation: muscles of the anterior group of forearm (except m. flexor carpi ulnaris and part of m. flexor digitorum profundus), m. abductor pollicis brevis , m. opponens pollicis, m. flexor pollicis brevis (caput superficiale) Sensory innervation: thenar part of the palm and palmar part of fingers till the borderline which lies in the middle of 4th finger Hand of benediction (inability of oposition of thumb and flexion of 2nd and 3rd finger) Ape hand Oposition of thumb stagnates The injury of the nerve: • suicide attempts (gashes) • patological changes within carpal tunnel • gripping movement is missing Fasciculus posterior n. axillaris foramen humerotricipitale (mixed) (C5–6) • rr. musculares • rr. articulares • n. cutaneus brachii lat. sup. Motor innervation: m. deltoideus, m. teres minor Sensory innervation: the area around the shoulder The injury of the nerve (luxation, fracture of collum chirurgicum) • supionation and abduction of the arm till horizontal are missing n. radialis (mixed) (C5–Th1) • n. cutaneus brachii posterior • n. cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior • rr. musculares • n. cutaneus antebrachii posterior Branching within cubital area(between m. brachialis and m. brachioradialis) • r. profundus (muscles of the dorsal group of forearm) n. interosseus antebrachii posterior (sensory nerve) • r. superficialis (below m. brachioradialis onto dorsum manus) nn. digitales dorsales Motor innervation: m. triceps brachii, lateral group of forearm muscles, m. supinator, muscles of the posterior side of forearm Sensory innervation: dorsal surface of wrist and 1st, 2nd and half of 3rd finger Canalis supinatorius Drop wrist The injury of the nerve: on the arm (fractures) • palsy of extensors of hand – it drops in palmar direction • Obrázky: • Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 • Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. • Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. • Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. • Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010 Thank you for your attention!