Adobe Systems
Physiology department
1
Evaluation of the nutrition state

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
2
Adipose tissue
̶White (for storing dietary energy as TAGs)
̶Brown (for ability to convert chemical energy into heat)
̶Beige = harbored

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
3
Fat tissue functions
̶Thermogenesis
̶Lactation
̶Immune responses
̶Fuel for metabolism
̶

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
4
Structure of adipose tissue
̶Adipocytes
̶Non-fat cells:
̶inflammatory cells (macrophages)
̶immune cells
̶preadipocytes
̶fibroblasts
̶Connective tissue matrix
̶Vascular tissue
̶Neural tissue

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
5
Abdominal fat
The abdominal fat is present in two main depots:
̶Subcutaneous (80% of all body fat)
̶Intra-abdominal (10–20% of total fat in men and 5–8% in women)

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
6
Adipocytes
̶New smaller adipocytes act as a buffers. They are more insulin-sensitive and have high avidity for
FFAs and TGs uptake, preventing their deposition in non-adipose tissue (SCAT)
̶Large adipocytes are insulinresistant, hyperlipolytic and resistant to anti-lipolytic effect of
insulin (VAT)

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
7
Clinical and prognostic differences
̶Metabolic risks
̶Metabolic syndrome
̶Vascular risk and cardiovascular events
̶Prediction of mortality
̶

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
8
Anthropometric indexes of abdominal  adipose tissue mass
̶WHR
̶Waist circumference
̶Abdominal sagittal diameter*
008
Waist circumference (cm)
Category
Men
Women
Normal value
≤ 94
≤ 80
Necessity to decrease body mass
95–102
81–90
Medical assistance with decreasing of body mass necessary
> 102
> 90
WHR: for women < 0.80
            for men           < 1.00

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
9
Imaging techniques
̶Computed tomography (CT)
̶Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
̶Ultrasound (US)*

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
10
Imaging techniques
̶Computed tomography (CT)
Abdominal sagittal diameter*
̶L4 – L5 region
̶V/S ratio
̶V/S≥0.4 (V group)
̶V/S<0.4 (SC group)

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
11
Bioimpedance measuring
̶Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
̶Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Adobe Systems
Physiology department
12
Indexes calculated from anthropometric parameters
Obesity degree
% ideal body mass
mild
115–129
moderate
130–149
severe
150–199
morbid
> 200
BMI (kg.m-2)
Category
Men
Women
Underweight
< 20
< 19
Healthy
20–24,9
19–23,9
Overweight
25–29,9
24–28,9
Obesity
30–39,9
29–38,9
Morbid obesity
> 40
> 39