Topics for the examination in immunology (third year 2013/2014)


 1. Mechanisms of the innate immunity: overview, PAMPs, PRR
 2. Phagocytosis. Cells involved in the process of phagocytosis. Stages of phagocytic process.
 3. The complement system. Classic and alternative pathways of activation of the complement system.
Clinical significance of the complement system.
 4. Inflammation. Initiation, regulation, consequences for the organism. Treatment of
inflammation.
 5. Interleukins and other cytokines.
 6. Antigen. The basis of antigenicity and immunogenity. Epitope, Hapten.
 7. Antigens of medical importance: Antigens of microorganisms. Allergens. Auto-, allo-, and xeno-
antigens. Superantigens
 8. HLA system, structure, genetic aspects, clinical significance.
 9. The role of the HLA system in immune reactions.
10. Primary and secondary immune reaction. Adjuvants.
11. Cells involved in the immune response.
12. Primary and secondary organs of the immune system.
13. Clonal selection theory. Rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes
14. B-lymphocytes, production of antibodies, isotype switching
15. T-lymphocytes, Th-cell subsests, their effector function
16. CD8+ cells, effector function
17. NK cells
18. Interferon
19. Immunoglobulins, structure, function. Isotypes,  idiotypes.
20. Monoclonal antibodies. Production, properties, therapeutic and diagnostic use.
21. Reaction of antigen and antibody in vivo. Consequences of this  reaction in.vivo.
22. Mucosal immunity.
23. Regulation of the immune system. Th, Treg cells, Idiotype-antiidiotype network,
24. Immunity to viruses. Mechanisms of the host defence. Immunopathological consequences of the
reactions against invading organism.
25. Immunity to bacteria. Mechanisms of the host defence. Immunopathological consequences of the
reactions against invading organism.
26. Vaccines, vaccination.
27. Primary defects of antibody production, T-cell deficiencies, SCID. Clinical manifestation,
diagnosis, treatment.
28. Deficiencies of the complement and phagocytic system. Hereditary angioedema. Wiskott-Aldrich
syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment.
29. Non-AIDS secondary immune deficiencies.
30. HIV-disease, pathogenesis.
31. HIV disease – clinical manifestation, diagnosis
32. Passive immunisation. Immunoglobulin derivates.
33. Anaphylactic shock. Immunopathological mechanisms, diagnosis, principles of treatment.
34. Atopy. The role of IgE. Mediators of the allergic reaction. Early and late phase of  type-I
immunopathological reaction.
35. Diagnosis and therapy of atopic diseases.
36. Delayed-type of hypersensitivity. Tuberculin test.  In vivo testing of T-lymphocyte function.
37. Immune complex-mediated immunopathological diseases.
38. Autoimmune reactions: mechanisms of triggering the autoimmune reaction. Genetic and
environmental influences.
39. Immune tolerance.
40. Laboratory tests for the detection of autoantibodies. Antinuclear and other clinically
important autoantibodies.
41. Transplantation immunology. Organ transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation.
42. Immunological aspects of blood transfusion. Polysaccharide and protein blood group antigens.
Adverse reactions to transfusion.
43. Immune interactions between mother and fetus. Immunology of reproduction.
44. Immune system and tumors. Protective mechanism against tumors. Immunological diagnosis and
treatment in oncology.
45. Immunity in childhood and in elderly.
46. Manipulation with the immune system - immunopotentiation, immunosuppressive agents.
47. Serum. Classic serological reactions: Agglutination, precipitation.
48. Immunoassays: ELISA, RIA, Immunofluorescence.
49. Lymphocyte subsets determination
50. Paraproteins, detection, clinical significance