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Why study bones ? study of fossil man
racial classification in prehistory
 biological comparison of prehistoric
 peoples with the  present living
descendents
burial patterns

ancient diseases
causes of death
forensic cases

Physical anthropology
Forensic anthropology
variation
evolution

forensic pathologists
forensic odontologists
homicide investigators
positive identification

Anthropometry Somatometry
Cephalometry
Osteometry
Craniometry

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Frankfort Horizontal (Plane)


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X-rays Facial reconstruction



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Superprojection (superimposition)



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Determination of sex



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Stature estimation



Age estimation Subadult age estimation:
Tooth eruption
Epiphyseal closure
Length of long bones
without epiphyses

Adult age estimation:
Pubic symphysis
Radiographical study
Sternal surface of clavicule
Skull sutures
Teeth occlusion

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Disadvantages of "classical" forensic anthropology Great variability
Unability to identify
 fragmental skeleton
Great subjectivity