I. General Pathology 1. Biopsy and cytology: techniques of obtaining tissue samples, various kinds of bioptical/cytological specimens incl. clinical implications, tissue processing, frozen sections 2. Histological methods, stainings, light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology and other special techniques 3. Autopsy, its importance, the autopsy protocol and its parts 4. Disease, pathogenesis and structural manifestations, complications, sequelae 5. Death and postmortal changes 6. Necrosis - types, causes and further evolution. Apoptosis. 7. Atrophy - types, causes and further evolution. Hypoplasia. 8. Inborn and acquired disorders of protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 9. Amyloidosis 10. Pathology of pigments and pigmentations 11. Icterus, types and causes 12. Pathological calcifications, concrements. 13. Pathology of nutrition 14. Hypertrophy, hyperplasia 15. Regeneration, repair 16. Metaplasia, dysplasia 17. Edema, its types, causes and consequences. 18. Focal disorders of blood supply, ischemia, infarction, hyperemia, venous congestion 19. Haemorrhage 20. Thrombosis incl. DIC 21. Embolisation, metastasis 22. Shock, its causes and shock changes in the organs 23. Heart failure - types, causes, complications 24. Inflammation - microscopic and macroscopic changes, mediators of inflammation, classification and morphologic patterns of inflammation 25. Granulomatous inflammation and its examples (leprosy, sarcoidosis, rhinoscleroma, etc.) 26. Tuberculosis: general morphology, preimmune type 27. Tuberculosis: organ tuberculosis of adult type 28. Syphilis 29. Pathological immune reactions and their morphological manifestations 30. Autoimmune diseases 31. Transplantations, incl. posttransplantation reactions 32. Immunodeficiency, causes and morphological manifestations 33. HIV, AIDS 34. Bacteriemia, sepsis, pyemia 35. Skin infections 36. Respiratory system infections 37. Gastrointestinal system infections 38. Genitourinary system infections 39. Nervous system infections 40. Staphylococcal infections 41. Streptococcal infections 42. Infectious hepatitis 43. Injury by physical agents, esp. radiation disease 44. Injury by chemical agents II. Oncology 1. Definitions, preneoplastic lesions, pseudotumors 2. Classifications of tumors 3. Structure, growth of tumors + invasion and metastases 4. Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors 5. Intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ (+ examples) 6. Carcinogenesis, etiology of tumors 7. Effects of tumor on host 8. Grading and staging of tumors, tumor prognosis 9. Fibroma, fibromatoses, synovial sarcoma, myxoma, lipoma, (+ sarcomas). 10. Chondroma, osteoma (+sarcomas, incl. clinical characteristics) 11. Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma 12. Myeloproliferative disordes (CML and Ph negative disorders) 13. Myelodysplastic syndome (MDS) and acute leukemias. 14. Hodgkin lymphoma 15. Non-Hodgkin‘s lymphomas of B lineage (incl. precursor lymphoma/leukemia) excl. plasma cells 16. Plasma cell tumors, esp. plasma cell myeloma incl. clinical characteristics 17. Non Hodgkin ´s lymphomas of T lineage (incl. precursor lymphoma/leukemia) 18. Tumors of the squamous stratified epithelium 19. Benign tumors of the glandular epithelium + malignant tumors of the glandular epithelium (+ examples) 20. Neuroendocrine tumors 21. Tumors of the CNS: specific features and symptoms 22. Tumors of the CNS: astrocytic, oligodendroglial tumors and ependymal tumors 23. Tumors of the CNS of childhood (embryonal tumors, esp. medulloblastoma). Chordoma. 24. Tumors of the meninges, tumors of the peripheral nervous system 25. Tumors of melanocytes 26. Germinal tumors. Choriocarcinoma 27. Mesothelial tumors, tumors of the heart 28. Tumors of the blood and lymphatic vessels 29. Tumors of the lymph nodes 30. Tumors of the upper respiratory tract 31. Bronchopulmonary tumors 32. Tumors of the oral cavity, incl. salivary glands and odontogenic tumors 33. Tumors of the esophagus and stomach 34. Neoplasms of the small and large intestine 35. Tumors of the liver and biliary tract 36. Tumors of the pancreas 37. Tumors of the kidney 38. Tumors of the urinary tract 39. Testicular tumors 40. Tumors of the prostate 41. Tumors of the penis, vulva and vagina 42. Tumors of the uterine cervix 43. Tumors of the uterine body 44. Tumors of the ovary 45. Tumors of the breast 46. Tumors of the hypophysis and adrenal glands 47. Tumors of the thyroid gland 48. Tumors of the parathyroid glands and endocrine pancreas 49. Epithelial skin tumors. 50. Mesenchymal skin tumors 51. Tumors of the childhood III. Systematic Pathology 1. Congenital heart disease 2. Pericardial disease 3. Endocarditis 4. Acquired valvular heart disease 5. Myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart transplanation 6. Ischemic heart disease – acute coronary syndromes 7. Chronic ischemic heart disease 8. Hypertension and its impact on organs 9. Atherosclerosis and other arterial regressive changes 10. Vascular inflammatory diseases 11. Aneurysms 12. Pathology of the veins and lymphatic vessels 13. Posthemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia 14. Anemias of diminished erythropoesis, polycytemia 15. Disorders of blood coagulation and haemostasis 16. Pathology of the spleen 17. Nonneoplastic lymphadenopathy 18. Pathology of the thymus 19. Pathology of the nose and paranasal cavities 20. Pathology of the larynx and trachea 21. Pediatric respiratory tract diseases 22. Bronchiectasis, localised obstructive airways disease 23. COPD. Emphysema. Lung collapse. 24. Bronchitis – acute, chronic. Asthma 25. Venous congestion and pulmonary edema 26. Pulmonary embolism 27. Pulmonary hypertension 28. Acute and chronic interstitial lung diseases 29. Classification of pulmonary infections incl. bronchiolitis, lobar pneumonia 30. Bronchopneumonia 31. Primary atypical (interstitial) pneumonias incl. non-infective, fungal infections 32. Pulmonary tuberculosis 33. Pathology of pleura 34. Diseases of the oral cavity incl. teeth 35. Pathology of salivary glands 36. Pathology of the esophagus 37. Gastritis 38. Peptic ulcers 39. Intestinal developmental disorders, diverticulosis 40. Intestinal vascular disorders, obstructive GIT disease, ileus 41. Inflammatory bowel disease 42. Acute enteritis, appendicitis, colitis incl. infections 43. Malabsorption syndromes 44. Pathology of the peritoneum, hernias 45. Hereditary metabolic disorders (hemochromatosis, Wilson‘s disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency), pediatric liver disease 46. Circulatory disorders of the liver, liver in systemic diseases 47. Chronic hepatitis incl. viral 48. Drug- and toxin-induced liver disease + acute liver failure 49. Liver cirrhosis, chronic liver failure, liver transplantation 50. Autoimmune liver and biliary tract diseases 51. Cholangitis and liver abscess 52. Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholesterolosis 53. Congenital disorders of exocrine pancreas, cystic fibrosis 54. Acute and chronic pancreatitis 55. Kidney – congenital diseases, renal cysts 56. Blood supply disorders of the kidney 57. Glomerular diseases, pathogenesis and classification 58. Glomerular diseases with nephritic syndrome 59. Glomerular diseases with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome 60. Pyelonephritis 61. Acute tubular necrosis, renal failure, renal transplantation 62. Hydronephrosis, renal stones, metabolic nephropathy 63. Pathology of the renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder 64. Pathology of the penis, scrotum and prostate 65. Pathology of the testis, epididymis and cord. Male infertility. 66. Pathology of the vulva and vagina 67. Pathology of the cervix uteri, endometritis, adenomyosis 68. Causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia 69. Pathology of Fallopian tubes and ovaries incl. ectopic pregnancy 70. Pathology of the intrauterine pregnancy 71. Inflammatory and proliferative conditions of the breast 72. Congenital abnormalities of the CNS, hydrocephalus 73. Intracranial nontraumatic hemorrhage. Intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema 74. Intracranial trauma 75. Cerebrovascular hypoxic/ischemic disease 76. Demyelinating conditions. Epilepsy. 77. Meningitis 78. Brain infections incl. encephalitis, prion diseases 79. Metabolic disorders. Degenerative diseases - classification, motor neurone and Parkinson‘s disease 80. Dementias incl. Alzheimer‘s disease 81. Pathology of the pituitary 82. Pathology of the thyroid gland 83. Pathology of the parathyroid glands 84. Pathology of the endocrine pancreas, diabetes mellitus 85. Pathology of the adrenal glands 86. Peripheral nervous system pathology. Skeletal muscle pathology 87. Hereditary and metabolic diseases of the osteoarticular system 88. Osteomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, m. Paget, fibrous dysplasia, hypertrophic osteoathropathy. Fractures. 89. Osteoarthritis, suppurative arthritis, rheumatoid disease, spondyloarthropathias 90. Pathology of the eye and ear 91. Infections and non-infectious inflammatory lesions of the skin 92. Bullous skin disorders. Adnexal, vascular lesions of the skin 93. Pathology of the connective tissues, esp. SLE.