Skull cavities LECTURE 6 DENTISTRY AUTUMN 2017 RNDr. Michaela Račanská, Ph.D. Calvaria Basis cranii frons, vertex, occiput sutura sagittalis, coronalis, lambdoidea, squamosa tubera frontalia, parietalia linea temporalis superior et inferior, foramina parietalia Calvaria impressiones gyrorum juga cerebralia foveolae granulares sulci arteriosi sulcus sinus sagitalis superior sulcus sinus transversi Basis cranii interna Basis cranii externa Fossa cranii anterior Fossa cranii media Fossa cranii posterior BASIS CRANII INTERNA BASIS CRANII EXTERNA Fossa cranii anterior Fossa cranii media Fossa cranii posterior FOSSAE CRANII FOSSA TEMPORALIS FOSSA INFRATEMPORALIS FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA ORBITA CAVITAS NASI OSSEA CAVUM ORIS Fossa temporalis Medial wall linea temporalis superior (os frontale, os parietale) facies temporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis pars squamosa ossis temporalis Ventral wall facies temporalis ossis zygomatici (processus frontalis) processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis Lateral wall arcus zygomaticus crista infratemporalis Content m. temporalis + nerves + vessels Conections orbita fissura orbitalis inferior fossa infratemporalis Fossa infratemporalis Roof Crista infratemporalis Facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis Medial wall Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Lateral wall Ramus mandibulae Ventral wall Facies infratemporalis corporis maxillae (tuber maxillae) Content mm. pterygoidei + nerves + vessels Openings foramen ovale foramen spinosum foramen mandibulare fissura orbitalis inferior Roof Facies maxillaris alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis Medial wall Lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini Ventral wall tuber maxillae Dorsal wall Processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis Content Vessels and nerves (ganglion pterygopalatinum) Fossa pterygopalatina Fossa pterygopalatina – openings and communications foramen rotundum fossa cranii media canalis palatinus major cavum oris fissura orbitalis inferior orbita foramen sphenopalatinum cavum nasi osseum canalis pterygoideus basis cranii externa Fossa pterygopalatina Aditus orbitae (base) margo supraorbitalis, infraorbitalis Apex Canalis opticus Roof pars orbitalis ossis frontalis ala minor ossis sphenoidalis (fovea trochlearis, fossa glandulae lacrimalis) Orbita Floor facies orbitalis corporis maxillae (sulcus & canalis infraorbitalis) facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici processus orbitalis ossis palatini Lateral wall facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici facies orbitalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis openings: fissura orbitalis superior fissura orbitalis inferior foramen zygomaticoorbitale Medial wall processus frontalis maxillae os lacrimale lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis (fossa sacci lacrimalis) ala minor ossis sphenoidalis openings: foramen ethmoidale anterius foramen ethmoidale posterius Apertura piriformis Choanae Cavitas nasi ossea Roof Floor (palatum durum) Medial wall (septum nasi) Lateral wall (3 layers) Roof: ossa nasalia, pars nasalis ossis frontalis, lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis, corpus ossis sphenoidalis Floor: (palatum durum) processus palatini maxilae lamina horizontalis ossis palatini (os incisivum) Medial wall (septum nasi) lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis vomer Lateral wall Middle layer os lacrimale lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini Lateral layer processus frontalis maxillae corpus maxillae lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Medial layer concha nasalis inferior labyrinthus ethmoidalis (concha nasalis superior et media, bulla ethmoidalis, processus uncinatus) Meatus nasi: Meatus nasi superior: -Above concha nasalis media celullae ethmoidales posteriores sinus sphenoidalis Meatus nasi medius: -between concha nasalis media and concha nasalis inferior sinus frontalis sinus maxillaris celullae ethmoid. ant. et med Meatus nasi inferior: -bellow concha nasalis inferior Meatus nasi communis: -Between margines of conchae and septal part Meatus nasopharyngeus -Behind posterior margines of conchae and choanas Cavum oris osseum Roof (palatum durum) processus palatinus maxillae os incisuvum lamina horizontalis ossis palatini Lateral and anterior walls processus alveolares maxillae and mandibulae Floor Muscles!!!!!!! Newborn skull Neurocranium : Splanchnocranium 8 : 1 Newborn skull • capacity 370 ccm • circumference 34 cm • length 11-12 cm, width 9-10 cm • big neurocranium • fonticuli (major- anterior (dissapeares 1-2 year), minor - posterior (dissap. around 3 month), sphenoidalis, mastoideus) • low splanchnocranium • without processus alveolares (maxillae et mandibulae) • without paranasal sinuses • sutura frontalis (sutura metopica) • anulus tympanicus • symphysis menti • mandibular angle 150 - 170o Males 1350 cm3 Females 1250 cm3 Mikrocephaly (below 1000 cm3) Makrocephaly (over 1800 cm3) Skull capacity Mikrocephaly (355 ccm) Makrocephaly (6840 ccm) Anencephaly (frog kids) Lenght of the skull glabella (g) – opisthocranion (op) g op Craniometry Width of the skull euryon (eu) – euryon (eu) eu eu Width of the skull (eu-eu) Lenght of the skull (g-op) Cranial / cephalic / width-length - index x 100 = Categories of the cranial index Brachycranial (short heads) 80 – x Mesocranial (middle heads) 75 – 79,9 Dolichocranial (long heads) x – 74.9 craniometer / cefalometer Craniometry n Gn zy zy Height of the face: nasion – gnathion Lenght of the face: zygion – zygion Gender differences of the skull glabella, arcus superciliares tubera frontalia and parietalia processus mastoideus protuberantia occipitalis externa (regio nuchae) protuberantia mentalis tuberositas masseterica processus alveolares X-ray of the head Head axial projection sagittal suture lambdoid suture frontal sinus ethmoidal air cells nasal septum mastoid air cells maxillary sinus superior orbital fissure angle of mandible zygomatic arch cribriform plate superior border of petrous bone ramus of mandible maxilla inferior nasal concha right orbit fronto-zygom. suture mandibular canal mastoid process roof of right orbit nasal septum nasal aperture supraorbital margin tooth Head lateral projection frontal sinus palatine process of maxilla maxillary sinus sphenoid sinus hypoglossal fossa external/internal acoustic meatus coronal suture lambdoid suture nasal bone body of mandible mandibular canal condylar process angle of mandible ramus of mandible ant. nasal spine dorsum sellae C2 compact bone (lamina ext. et int.) spongy bone (diploe) petrosal bone The pictures used in this lecture were taken from following sources: Putz, R. (2008): Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books. Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley (2005): Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Williams and Wilkins. Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992): Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 4th edition. Čihák, R. (1987): Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství. Netter, F. H. (1997): Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. Novartis, USA.