GENERAL MYOLOGY (Muscles - an active part of the locomotor system) General function of muscle *produces movement in sites of skeletal junctions *changes shapes and dimensions of various body cavities and openings *gives important information about the body position in three-dimensional space *important role during thermoregulation *helps to blood and lymph circulation * verbal and non verbal comunication * about 600 muscles (♂ 35%, ♀ 32%) * logistic system (supports respiration, digestion…) On the basis of structure and physiological characteristics we distinguish: 1) Striated (skeleton) muscles – musculi sceleti (form muscles of limbs, work under control of our will, easy fatigued, spend a lot of energy, produce heat) + skin muscles (musculi cutanei) 2) Cardiac muscles (myocardium) Non-striated: 3) Visceral (smooth) muscles – forming an integral part of some hollow organs and cavities - work without our will, without fatigue). Muscle tissue Striated muscle tissue Heart muscle tissueSmooth muscle tissue Striated fibres – endomysium Primary and secondary muscle bundles – perimysium internum Surface of muscle perimysium externum – fascia propria musculi Caput (head) Venter (belly) Cauda (tail) Common structure of muscle Origo (origin) Fascia Tendo, aponeurosis Insertio (insertion) INSERTIO ORIGO tendo fascia Structure of muscle fibrous membrane – fascia – separates the muscles (or groups) from adjacent structures. Vessels and nerves enter into muscle by its hilus (rich ramification) Tendons are attached to the bones by Sharpey´s fibres Vessels and nerves of the muscles Hilus – vessels and nerves Sensory innervation – muscle and tendon spindles Motor innervation – motor plate Auxiliary facilities of muscles Fascias – allow to move one muscle against the other Synovial bursae – protect muscle tendons against friction Tendons, aponeurosis Muscular trochleae – fibrous loops keeping tendon to bone, permit change of direction of muscle pulling Sesamoid bones – at the places of pressure Tendon sheats – vaginae tendinum Auxiliary facilities – tendon sheaths = vaginae tendinum Along the tendons, closed, increasing sliding capacity of tendons Fibrous layer = stratum fibrosum (Osteofibrous canal) Synovial layer = stratum synoviale (ext. and int. layer with mesotenonium for penetration of vessels into tendon) Division of muscles according to the shape •long type (predominantly limb muscles) • flat type of muscles (abdominal wall muscles) •short type of muscles (circumarticular muscles) •Composed: •biceps, begins with two heads (triceps, quadriceps) •digastric muscle – musculus digastricus (multi-bellied muscle) •orbicular muscles, mm. orbiculares (various types of sphincters) •unipennate muscles or multipennate muscles Division of muscles according to the function synergists x antagonists flexors x extensors f. eg. biceps of brachium x triceps of brachium abductors x adductors f. eg. abductor pollicis brevis x adductor pollicis dilatators x sfincters f. eg. dilatator pupillae x sphincter pupillae Cranial nerves ( III. – XII.) Spinal nerves (31 pairs) Dorsal branches Ventral branches (form plexus) Innervation of muscles (motor, sensory) Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Intercostal nerves Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Muscles of head Muscles of neck Muscles of thorax Muscles of abdomen Muscles of diaphragma pelvis Muscles of back Muscles of the upper limb Muscles of the lower limb Division of muscles according to topography SPECIAL MYOLOGY Description of the muscle: Origo - origin Insertio - insertion Functio – function/action Inervatio - innervation SPECIAL MYOLOGY Mm. capitis (Muscles of the head) 1) MUSCULI MASTICATORII (MASTICATORY MUSCLES) Innervation - n. trigeminus = V. cranial nerve 2) MUSCULI FACIALES (MUSCLES of FACIAL EXPRESION) Innervation - n. facialis = VII. cranial nerve NO FASCIA! Musculi masticatorii (innervation by n. trigeminus = V. cranial nerve) (origin from the 1st branchial arch) 1. M. temporalis (temporal muscle) 2. M. masseter (masseter muscle) 3. M. pterygoideus medialis (medial pterygoid muscle) 4. M. pterygoideus lateralis (lateral pterygoid muscle) Origin: linea temporalis inferior, fascia temporalis Insertion: processus coronoideus of mandible function: elevation of mandible (retraction) Innervation: trigeminal nerve (n. V.) Musculus temporalis (temporal muscle) Musculus masseter (masseter muscle) Origin: corpus ossis zygomatici, arcus zygomaticus Insertion: tuberositas masseterica (angulus mandibulae) Function: elevation and protraction of mandible Innervation: trigeminal nerve (n. V.) Musculus pterygoideus medialis (medial pterygoid muscle) origin: fossa pterygoidea and tuber maxillae insertion: tuberositas pterygoidea of mandible function: elevation of mandible and movements to the sides innervation: trigeminal nerve (n.V.) Musculus pterygoideus lateralis (lateral pterygoid muscle) origin: facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis and lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei insertion: fovea pterygoidea +(discus and articular capsule of temporomandibular joint) function: protraction of mandible, chewing movements innervation: trigeminal nerve (n.V.) Mm. faciales (mimic muscles) (facial nerve – n.VII.) (origin from the 2st branchial arch) Muscles of the scalp Muscles of the orbit region Muscles of the nasal region Muscles of the mouth region Their contraction causes shift of the skin (folds or wrinkles) – it is the basis of facial expression. They have no fascias! Muscles of the scalp M. epicranius M. occipitofrontalis with frontal and occipital bellies (venter) o: venter occipitalis from highest nuchal line (linea nuchae suprema) to the galea aponeurotica and frontal belly from here to the skin of eyebrow and glabellar region f: wrinkles in the forehead, lift the eyebrow (astonishment) M. temporoparietalis Rudimentary muscle, from galea aponeurotica to auricular cartilage Muscles of the orbital region M. orbicularis oculi Palpebral part, orbital part, lacrimal part Firmly closure the eyelid, palpebral part concerned with blink reflex, radial folds in lateral angle (expression of worry and concern) M. corrugator supercilii Produces a vertical wrinkles Expression of attention M. procerus Transverse folds across the root of nose M. nasalis Pulls the nasal wings (nostrils) downward and backward and reduce size of nostrils. Gives impression of desire, pleasure. Muscles of the mouth region M. orbicularis oris M. buccinator M. zygomaticus major M. zygomaticus minor M. levator labii superioris M. levator anguli oris M. risorius M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi M. depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris M. mentalis M. orbicularis oris Labial and marginal parts Closes lips, protrudes in the sucking, function during eating and drinking, speaking, purse lips. M. buccinator Facial compression to processus alveolares, blows air out of mouth (trumpeter), pulls the angle of mouth laterally and keeps away the mucous membrane of the cheeks from the teeth Expression of satisfaction Ductus parotideus M. zygomaticus major F: lifts angle of the mouth upward and laterally Facial expression of laugth or pleasure M. zygomaticus minor M. risorius „laughing muscle“ M. levator labii superioris M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi M. levator anguli oris Expression of self-confidence M. depressor anguli oris Expression of sadness M. depressor labii inferioris Expression of perseverance M. mentalis Expression of scorn 1. Fascia temporalis – superior temporal line to the arcus zygomaticus – superficial and deep layer 2. Fascia masseterica (fascia parotideomasseterica) 3. Fascia buccopharyngea Fasciae of the head Muscles of the neck (mm. colli) Superficial layer m. platysma m. sternocleidomastoideus mm. suprahyoidei mm. infrahyoidei mm. scaleni Deep layer mm. praevertebrales Muscles of the neck (mm. colli) Superficial layer m. platysma O: fascia thoracica i: face and masseteric fascia inn: facial nerve F: moves by skin of neck Without fascia! m.sternocleidomastoideus o: sternal and clavicular parts i: processus mastoideus, superior nuchal line inn: XI. cranial nerve, cervical plexus f: unilateral action turns the head to the opposite side and bends, bilateral lifts head, accessory muscle od the respiration Muscles of the neck (mm. colli) Infrahyoid muscles m. sternohyoideus m. sternothyroideus m. thyrohyoideus m. Omohyoideus Innervation from the ansa cervicalis profunda – cervical plexus Muscles of the neck (mm. colli) Suprahyoid muscles m. digastricus m. mylohyoideus m. geniohyoideus m. stylohyoideus Suprahyoid muscles (m. geniohyoideus, m. mylohyoideus) Suprahyoid muscles m. digastricus m. stylohyoideus Suprahyoid muscles Muscles of the neck Mm.scaleni: m. scalenus anterior from tbc.ant.3-6C to the 1st rib m. scalenus medius from tbc.ant.2-7C to the 1st rib m. scalenus posterior from tbc.post.5-6C to 2nd rib Fissura scalenorum: course of a.subclavia and plexus brachialis Muscles of the neck (mm. colli) deep layer 1. rectus capitis anterior 2. rectus capitis lateralis 3. longus capitis 4. longus colli 5. mm. intertransversarii anteriores cervicis 3 4 12 Fasciae of the neck Fascia colli: Lamina superficialis Lamina praetrachealis Lamina praevertebralis Spatium suprasternale (with arcus venosus juguli) Vagina carotica Spatium suprasternale (with arcus venosus juguli) Vagina carotica Regiones colli 1) trigonum submandibulare 2) trigonum caroticum 3) regio retromandibularis 4) regio mediana colli 5) fossa jugularis 6) regio sternocleidomastoidea 7) fossa supraclavicularis minor 8) trigonum omoclaviculare 9) trigonum omotrapezium Used pictures come from: Moore, K. L. (1992): Clinical oriented anatomy. Third edition. Williams&Wilkins, A Waverly Company. Gilroy, A. M. et all. (2009): Atlas of Anatomy. Thieme New York, Stuttgart. Putz, R. (2008): Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books. Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992): Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 4th edition. Čihák, R. (1987): Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.