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Visual system, vestibular and
auditory system
BULBUS OCULI
polus anterior
polus posterior
meridiani
equator
axis bulbi externus
linea visus
Optical power + 60 D
MORPHOLOGY OF BULBUS OCULI
Tunica fibrosa
Sclera
Cornea
Tunica vasculosa
Choroidea
Corpus ciliare
Iris
Tunica interna
Retina
TUNICA FIBROSA - SCLERA
limbus sclerae
(vasa ciliaria ant.)
sinus venosus sclerae
(Schlemm´s canal)
lamina cribrosa sclerae
(nn. ciliares breves, longi)
vasa ciliaria post.)
eguator
(vv. vorticocae)
spatium episclerale
spatium perichoroidale
TUNICA FIBROSA - CORNEA
Limbus corneae
(sulcus sclerae)
Facies ant. cornae
(vertex cornae, polus ant.)
Facies post. cornae
Epithelium ant. cornae
Substantia propria cornae
Endothelium cornae
Optical power + 40 D
TUNICA VASCULOSA - CHOROIDEA
circulus arteriosus iridis major
circulus arteriosus iridis minor
Fibrotic tissue membrane
pigment cells (dark chambre)
vessels
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TUNICA VASCULOSA – CORPUS CILIARE
Corona ciliaris
processus ciliares, plicae ciliares
Orbiculus ciliaris
Zonula ciliaris
fibrae zonulares
Musculus ciliaris
fibrae circulares, fibrae meridionales
TUNICA VASCULOSA – IRIS
margo ciliaris
margo pupillaris (pupilla)
facies ant. iridis
(anulus iridis major, minor)
facies post. iridis
STROMA IRIDIS
m. sphincter pupillae
(miosis, parasympaticus)
m. dilataror pupillae
(mydriasis, sympaticus)
pigment (eye color)
TUNICA INTERNA – RETINA
Pars caeca retinae
pars ciliaris retinae
pars iridica retinae
Ora serrata
Pars optica
fotoreceptors (coni, bacilli)
ora serrata
FUNDUS OCULI
Macula lutea
fovea centralis (linea visus)
Macula caeca
discus n. optici, papilla n. optici,
excavatio disci
Vasa centralia retinae
(arteriolae et venulae maculares)
external
segmentexternal
segment
MORPHOLOGY OF RETINA
Stratum pigmentosum
Stratum neuroepitheliale
coni (6-7 million, macula lutea)
bacilli (130 million)
Stratum ganglionare retinae
bipolar neurons
Stratum ganglionare n. optici
multipolar neurons
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OPTIC TRACT
1. neuron
coni, bacilli
2. neuron
bipolar cells
3. neuron
multipolar cells
4. neuron
corpus geniculatum
laterale
Area 17, 18, 19
LENS CRYSTALINA Facies anterior lentis
(polus anterior lentis)
Facies posterior lentis
(polus posterior lentis)
Equator lentis (fibrae zonulares)
MORPHOLOGY
Capsula lentis
Substantia lentis (fibrae lentis)
Epithelium lentis
Cortex lentis
Nucleus lentis
ACCOMMODATION-LENS
a) Looking into the distance
b) Near vision
(m. ciliaris)
Optic power
+ 17 – 20 D
CORPUS VITREUM
Camera vitrea bulbi
Membrana vitrea
Stroma vitreum
Humor vitreus
Fossa hyaloidea
Canalis hyaloideus
a. hyaloidea)
Camera oculi anterior
Camera oculi posterior
Camera vitrea
Humor aquosus
Angulus iridocornealis
Lig. pectinatum anguli
iridocornealis
Spatia iridocornealia
Sinus venosus sclerae
Venulae aquosae
CAMERAE BULBI MUSCULI BULBI
m. rectus superior, inferior, medialis, lateralis
m. obliquus superior, inferior
m. levator palpebrae superioris
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FASCIAE ORBITALES
Periorbit (m. orbitalis)
Vagina bulbi
Spatium episclerale
Corpus adiposum orbitae
PALPEBRAE
palpebra superior, inferior
rima palpebrarum
angulus oculi medialis, lateralis
facies anterior, posterior palpebrae
limbus palpebralis anterior
(cilia, gll. sebacae, gl. ciliares)
limbus palpebralis posterior
rivus lacrimalis
papilla lacrimalis (punctum lacrimale)
EYELID MORPHOLOGY
septum orbitale
tarsus superior, inferior
gl. tarsales (Meibomi)
lig. palpebrale med., lat.
m. tarsalis sup., inf.
m. orbicularis oculi
CONJUNCTIVA
tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum
tunica conjunctiva bulbi
fornix conjunctivae sup., inf.,
saccus conjunctivae
plica semilunaris conjunctivae
lacus lacrimalis
caruncula lacrimalis
papilla lacrimalis
punctum lacrimale
APPARATUS LACRIMALIS
Gl. lacrimalis (pars orbitalis a palpebralis)
Ductuli exretorii (fornix conjunctivae sup.)
Lacrimae
Punta lacrimalis
Canaliculi lacrimales
(ampulla canaliculli lacrimalis)
Saccus lacrimalis
(fornix sacci lacrimalis)
Ductus nasolacrimalis
(meatus nasi inferior)
Plica lacrimalis
ARTERIA OPHTHALMICA
a. centralis retinae
a. lacrimalis (aa. palpebrales lat.)
rr. musculares (a. ciliares ant.)
a. ciliares posteriores breves et longi
(circulus art. iridis major, minor)
a. supraorbitalis
a. ethmoidalis post. et ant.
(a. meningea ant.)
aa. palpebrales med.
a. supratrochlearis
a. dorsalis nasi
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VENAE OPHTHALMICAE
v. ophthalmica sup.
v. nasofrontalis
vv. palpebrales
vv. ethmoidales ant., post.,
v. lacrimalis
vv. vorticosae
vv. ciliares
v. centralis retinae
(fissura orbitalis sup.,
sinus cavernosus)
v. ophthalmica inferior
venous net on the bottom of orbit
(fissura orbitalis inf., plexus
pterygoideus)
Anastomosis with v. facialis (v. faciei profunda, v. angularis),
ORGANUM VESTIBULOCOCHLEARE
Cochlear apparatus – perception of sound
Vestibular apparatus – perception of position
and movement of the head in space
Division of the organum vestibulocochleare
I. Auris externa (external ear) – catches sound waves
and transport them to the tympanic cavity
1) Auricula
2) Meatus acusticus externus
3) Membrana tympani
II. Auris media (middle ear)
1) Cavum tympani
2) Ossicula auditus and their ligg. and articulationes
3) Musculi ossiculorum auditus
4) Tunica mucosa cavi tympani
5) Tuba auditiva (auditory tube - Eustachian tube)
6) Cellulae mastoideae
III. Auris interna (internal ear)
1) Labyrinthus osseus (bone labyrinth)
2) Labyrinthus membranaceus (membranous labyrinth)
I. Auris externa (external ear)
1) Auricula
lateral surface - cartilago auriculae, lobulus auriculae
helix, crus helicis, scapha, anthelix, crura
anthelicis, fossa triangularis, concha auriculae
with cymba conchae, cavum conchae, porus
acusticus externus, tragus, antitragus, incisura
intertragica
medial surface - eminentia scaphae, eminentia conchae,
eminentia triangularis, fossa anthelicis
2) Meatus acusticus externus (about 3.5 cm long)
Porus acusticus externus (med. 1/3 VM, middle 1/3 T, lat 1/3 VM)
isthmus between bone and cartilagineouspart
lat. 2/3 – cartilago meatus acustici externi (groove opened up and dorsally),
med. 1/3 meatus acusticus externus osseus (pars tympanica, sulcus tympanicus,
incisura tympanica, spina tympanica anterior and posterior
Skin with glandulae ceruminosae (cerumen), tragi
3. Membrana tympani = (TM) (ear drum) (about 11x9 mm)
Limbus membranae tympani, anulus fibrocartilagineus
in sulcus tympanicus, umbo, stria mallearis,
prominentia mallearis, plica mallearis anterior and
posterior and between them pars flaccida (Schrapnell´s membrane),
rest of (TM) - pars tensa membranae tympani, light reflex
Position:
horizontal plane - 45o (inclination of TM)
Structure of (TM)
Stratum fibrosum + anulus fibrocartilagineus, externally skin,
internally mucosis.
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CAVUM TYMPANI (TYMPANIC CAVITY=TC)
Shape as a biconcave lens
Lateral wall (paries membranaceus): membrana tympani, recessus
epitympanicus and hypotympanicus
Medial wall (paries labyrinthicus): promontorium (1st whorl of cochlea), fenestra
cochleae (with membrana tympani secundaria), fenestra vestibuli (with basis of stapes),
prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis and prominentia canalis facialis,
sulcus promontorii (for n. tympanicus), processus cochleariformis (turns here
tendo of m. tensor tympani)
Upper wall (paries tegmentalis): tegmen tympani, apertura tympanica
canalis nervi petrosi minoris (=lesser petrosal nerve)
Caudal wall (paries jugularis): apertura tympanica canaliculi tympanici
Anterior wall (paries caroticus): canalis musculotubarius (semicanalis
m. tensoris tympani and semicanalis tubae auditivae), canaliculi caroticotympanici,
fissura petrotympanica (for chorda tympani)
Posterior wall (paries mastoideus): antrum mastoideum, cellulae mastoideae,
eminentia pyramidalis (for m. stapedius), apertura tympanica canaliculi
chordae tympani
Right tympanic cavity (view through paries membranaceus)
paries jugularis
paries mastoideus paries caroticus
paries tegmentalis
paries labyrinthicus
Páč,L. (1995):Anatomie člověka III., Brno, p. 82
Ossicula auditus (malleus, incus, stapes)
Malleus – caput mallei, collum mallei, manubrium mallei (fuses with
membrana tympani and forms stria mallearis), processus anterior (to the fissura
petrotympanica), processus lateralis (fuses with membrana tympani and forms
prominentiamallearis)
Manubrium
proc.ant. proc.lat.
Incus – corpus incudis, crus breve, crus longum with processus lenticularis
(joins with head of stapes)
Stapes – caput stapedis, basis stapedis (located in fenestra vestibuli), crus
anterius (straight) and crus posterius (curved)
Ligaments:
Lig. mallei anterius (through fissura petrotympanica to spina sphenoidalis)
Lig. mallei superius (joins head of malleus to the tegmen of TC (= tympanic cavity)
Lig. mallei laterale (to the edge of incisura tympanica)
Lig. incudis superius (joins corpus incudis with tegmen of TC)
Lig. incudis posterius (between crus breve incudis and dorsal wall of TC)
Lig. anulare stapedis (joins basis stapedis and fenestra vestibuli)
Membrana stapedis (between crura and basis stapedis)
Joints:
Articulatio incudomallearis (caput mallei + corpus incudis, sellar joint)
Articulatio incudostapedia (processus lenticularis incudis + caput stapedis,
spheroid joint but with minimal movements)
s
p
s
l
a
Lg anulare stapesdis
Tendo m.stapedis
Tendo m.tensoris tympani
Joint incudomallearis
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Muscles:
M. tensor tympani (wall of upper part of musculotubar canal – tendon around of
processus cochleariformis – manubrium mallei, V.)
M. stapedius (eminentia pyramidalis – crus posterius stapedis, VII., takes off stapes
from the fenestra vestibuli)
Mucosis:
Plica mallearis anterior (covers processus anterior of malleus)
Plica mallearis posterior (from collum mallei dorsally – up and laterally – recessus
membranae tympani superior = Prusack´s cavity /lat. pars flaccida MT, med. collum mallei,
cran. lig. mall. lat, caud. continues to recessus MT posterior)
BOTH MALLEAR PLICAE form PLICA CHORDAE TYMPANI (chorda passes between
manubrium mallei and crus longum incudis)
Plica incudis (from crus longum incudis to dorsal wall of TC)
Plica stapedis (covers stapes and tendon of m. stapedis)
Tuba auditiva (auditory tube, Eustachian tube)
joins tympanic cavity with pharynx (baroperception)
3.5-4 cm, ostium pharyngeum TA – from here lat. + dors. + up and opens in
TC to anterior wall as ostium tympanicum of TA.
Lateral 1/3 is located in semicanalis TA = pars ossea TA, medial 2/3 = pars
cartilaginea TA – is opened caudally (with lamina membranacea), between
bone and cartilaginous part is isthmus TA;
mucosis – continuation of nasopharynx mucosis and mucosis of TC,
tonsilla tubaria
Muscles:
m. tensor veli palatini and m. levator veli palatini.
Cellulae mastoideae (antrum mastoideum, mucosis continues from CT)
Vessels and nerves of CT
Arteries:
A. tympanica inferior (from a. pharyngea ascendens - a. car. ext., canaliculus tympanicus)
A. tympanica posterior (from a. stylomastoidea – a.car.ext. – to CT through canaliculus
chordae tympani)
A. tympanica superior (a. meningea media – a.car.ext. – through can. n. petrosi minoris)
A. tympanica anterior (a. maxillaris – a.car.ext. – through fissura petrotympanica)
Rr. carotici – (a.car.int.)
Veins:
to the v. meningea media, sinus petrosus superior and plexus pterygoideus
Nerves:
Sensory:
Plexus tympanicus (n. tympanicus IX., nn. caroticotympanici – sympathetic, + VII.)
Motor:
n. tensor tympani and n. stapedius
AURIS INTERNA
I. Labyrinthus osseus
1) Vestibulum and canales semicirculares ossei
2) Cochlea
3) Perilympha
II. Labyrinthus membranaceus
1) Labyrinthus vestibularis
2) Labyrinthus cochlearis
3) Endolympha
I. Labyrinthus osseus
1. Vestibulum
2. Canales semicirculares ossei
3. Cochlea
4. Meatus acusticus internus
1. Vestibulum – fenestra vestibuli (for basis stapedis)
recessus utriculi=ellipticus with macula cribrosa superior (for
n. utriculoampullaris)
recessus sacculi=sphericus with macula cribrosa media
(for n. saccularis)
crista vestibuli with pyramis vestibuli
recessus cochlearis for caecum vestibulare
apertura interna aquaeductus vestibuli
macula cribrosa posterior (n. ampullaris posterior)
scala vestibuli cochleae
2. Canales semicirculares ossei
Lateralis, anterior, posterior – crus osseum simplex and commune,
crus osseum ampullare
Labyrinthus osseus
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Fundus meatus acustici interni
3. Cochlea
Basis cochleae, cupula cochleae
a) Canalis spiralis cochleae
b) Modiolus
c) Lamina spiralis ossea
Ad a) Canalis spiralis cochleae – by scala vestibuli is joined with vestibulum,
scala tympani passes under vestibulum, by fenestra cochleae opens to CT,
ductus perilymphaticus
Ad b) Modiolus – basis modioli (tractus spiralis foraminosus), canales
longitudinales modioli, canalis spiralis modioli (contents bodies of bipolar
neurons – ganglion spirale cochleae
Ad c) Lamina spiralis ossea
Scala vestibuli (opens to vestibulum), scala tympani (opens to CT – membrana
tympani secundaria), hamulus laminae spiralis, helicotrema
modiolus
Tractus spiralis
foraminosus
l.s.ossea
sv
st
Meatus acusticus internus
Porus acusticus internus, fundus meatus acustici interni, crista transversa,
area nervi facialis, area vestibularis superior (for n. utriculoampullaris), area
vestibularis inferior(n. saccularis and foramen singulare for n. ampullaris
posterior), area cochlearis with tractus spiralis foraminosus
Vestibular ganglia
II. Labyrinthus membranaceus
Spatium perilymphaticum with perilymph, inside endolymph
a) Labyrinthus vestibularis
b) Labyrinthus cochlearis
Ad II a) Labyrinthus vestibularis
1) Utriculus
(on medial wall of vestibulum in recessus utriculi, from it pass 3 ductus
semicirculares, by ductus utriculosaccularis is joined with sacculus)
2) Sacculus
(on medial wall of vestibulum in recessus sacculi)
Epithelium – maculae staticae (macula utriculi is horizontal, macula sacculi
is vertical, membrana statoconiorum with statoconia, ganglion vestibulare
Ductus utriculosaccularis, ductus endolymphaticus – aquaeductus vestibuli
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3) Ductus semicirculares – crus membranaceum ampullare, crus
membranaceum simplex (lat. canal), crus membranaceum commune
(ant. and post. canal), crista ampullaris, cupula ampullaris – movement
of endolymph, register movements of the head
Ad II. B
Labyrinthus cochlearis
Ductus cochlearis with ceacum vestibulare and caecum cupulare, ductus reuniens (joins
ductus cochlearis with sacculus).
Ductus cochlearis divides bone cochlea into scala tympani and scala vestibuli
helicotrema (for perilymph), membrana tympani secundaria in the fenestra
cochleae – end of scala tympani.
Ductus cochlearis
Lateral wall – joins with periosteum of canalis spiralis cochleae, lig. spirale
cochleae, lamina basilaris, prominentia spiralis with vas prominens.
Tympanic wall – forms bottom of DC and separates it from scala tympani,
labium limbi vestibulare and tympanicum, foramina nervosa, lat. part of
tympanic wall is formed by membrana basilaris(between labium limbi
tympanicum and lig. spirale cochleae.
Organum spirale Corti located on the membrana basilaris (two Corti´s columnae – cells
with hairs), above this is membrana tectoria (medially is joined to labium limbi
vestibulare, laterally is free), ganglion spirale cochleae (bipolar cells) .
Vestibular wall – is formed by thin membrana vestibularis.
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Lamina tectoria
Ggl.
cochleare
Paries vestibularis (Reissner´s)
Corti´s organ
Endolymph – from plasma, ductus endolymphaticus to saccus and apertura
externa aquaeductus vestibuli to subarachnoideal space.
Perilymph – in spatium perilymphaticum (between bone and membranaceous
labytinth) – through canaliculus cochleae to subarachnoideal space.
Arteries of the inner ear:
a. labyrinthi (from a. basilaris – aa. vertebrales)
a. stylomastoidea (a. auricularis posterior)
a. tympanica superior (a. meningea media)
b. Vv. labyrinthi to the sinus transversus and sinus petrosus superior and inferior
c. No lymph (only perilymph and endolymph)
d. N. vestibulocochlearis VIII.
Hearing
Sound waves are catched by auricula, to the meatus acusticus externus, to MT, by
movement of ossicula auditis to fenestra vestibuli of inner ear – to perilymph of
scala vestibuli/tympani – oscillation of endolymph – basilar membrane and
Corti´s organ – 1. neuron of auditory tract.