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Introduction to neuroscience
The regulatory role of nervous
system
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Contact
Kamil Ďuriš
Department of Pathological Physiology (A18)
kduris@med.muni.cz
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The objetives
Basic understanding of the role and function of
nervous system
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Literature
• Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
• Guyton - Physiology Review
• Boron - Medical Physiology
https://www.levneucebnice.cz/p/ganong-s-
review-of-medical-physiology-
9781259009624/
https://www.levneucebni
ce.cz/p/guyton-and-hall-
physiology-review/
https://www.levneucebnice.cz/p/medical-
physiology-3rd-ed//
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The other sources
• Neuroscience Online
• http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/toc.htm
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The other sources
• CNS online
• http://www.cnsonline.cz/
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The other sources
• MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins
• http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-
14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring-2014/#
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Why and how to STUDY neuroscience
Philosophy : Mind behind Mind
Psychology : MindNeuroscience: Brain
Three States of Cognition
PS Deb
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Why and how to STUDY neuroscience
Philosophy : Mind behind Mind
Psychology : MindNeuroscience: Brain
Three States of Cognition
PS Deb
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Why and how to STUDY neuroscience
Philosophy : Mind behind Mind
Psychology : MindNeuroscience: Brain
Three States of Cognition
PS Deb
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
FACTSFACTS THEORIESTHEORIES
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What is nervous system good for?
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The role of nervous system
http://edublog.amdsb.ca/
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Main points
Unicellular organism
• One cell has to do
everything- lower effectivity
• Total dependence on
environment
• High level of stress
• Short life time
Multicellular organism
• Functional specialization of
particular cells – higher
effectivity
• Inner environment –
homeostasis
• Lower level of stress
• Longer life time
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Compartmentalization
• Cellular specialization leads to compartmentalization on
several levels
– Tissue level
– Organ level
– Organ system level
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Compartmentalization
• Cellular specialization leads to compartmentalization on
several levels
– Tissue level
– Organ level
– Organ system level
• There are barriers in between compartments
• Properties/content may vary among different compartments
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The role of nervous system
• Essentials for survival of multicellular organism
➢To maintain homeostatis
➢To coordinate bodily functions
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The role of nervous system
• Essentials for survival of multicellular organism
➢To maintain homeostatis
➢To coordinate bodily functions
➢ Maintaining homeostasis
– The composition of inner environment
– The integrity of organ/ bodily barriers
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The role of nervous system
• Essentials for survival of multicellular organism
➢To maintain homeostatis
➢To coordinate bodily functions
➢ Maintaining homeostasis
– The composition of inner environment
– The integrity of organ/ bodily barriers
➢ Coordination of bodily functions
– To receive signals from outer and inner environment
– To process this information
– To respond in a coordinate manner to these stimuli 18
The role of nervous system
➢ Coordination of bodily functions
– To receive signals from outer and inner environment
– To process this information
– To respond in a coordinate manner to these stimuli
Input
Integration
Output
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The role of nervous system
➢ Coordination of bodily functions
– To receive signals from outer and inner environment
– To process this information
– To respond in a coordinate manner to these stimuli
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
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• Regulation
– Nervous
– Humoral
The role of nervous system
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• Regulation
– Nervous
– Humoral
http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypothalamus.htm
The role of nervous system
Central nervous systém control/influence all
the types of regulations
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The role of nervous system
Humoral regulations
• Hormone
• Non-specific channel of
conduction (blood stream)
• Target site defined by specific
receptor
• Low energetical demands
• Slow speed
• Long duration
Nervous regylations
• Neurtransmitters
• Specific channel of conduction
• Target site defined by
infrastructure
• High energetical demands
• Fast speed
• Short duration
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http://www.austincc.edu/
Hormonal and nervous regulations
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The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
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The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
Potential input Potential output
ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION
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The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
Potential input Potential output
ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION
Sensor Effector
Cortex Cortex
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Evolutionary approach
Evolution is not revolution
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Evolutionary approach
• Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new
ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new
added
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Evolutionary approach
• Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new
ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new
added
• Evolutionary younger structures were associated with new
functions or with the improvement in existing functions
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Evolutionary approach
• Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new
ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new
added
• Evolutionary younger structures were associated with new
functions or with the improvement in existing functions
• It is important to ask what is any particular function good for
and how it has been improved in course of evolution
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