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Synapse and integration of
information at the synaptic level
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Indtroduction
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
✓ Signal reception
✓ Signal integration
✓ AP generatin
✓ AP propagation
✓ Signal transmission
The inside of the cell The membrane
✓ …
✓ Synthesis
✓ Transport
✓ …
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Indtroduction
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
ttp://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Synapse
• Communication between
neurons
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Synapse
• Communication between
neurons
• Electrical
• Chemical
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Electrical synapse
• Evolutionary old
• Less frequent than ch.
• Ubiquitous
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Electrical synapse
• Evolutionary old
• Less frequent than ch.
• Ubiquitous
• Gap junctions
• Bidirectional tranmission
• Fast
• Strength of signal may
decrease
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Chemical synapse
• Evolutionary young
• Majority type of s.
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Chemical synapse
• Evolutionary young
• Majority type of s.
• Unidirectional
• Synaptic cleft
• Neurotransmitter
• Constant signal
strength
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Neurotrasnsmiter
• Present in presinaptic neuron
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Neurotrasnsmiter
• Present in presinaptic neuron
• Releasd into the synaptic cleft due to depolarization of presynaptic neuron
(Ca2+ dependent mechanism)
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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Neurotrasnsmiter
• Present in presinaptic neuron
• Releasd into the synaptic cleft due to depolarization of presynaptic neuron
(Ca2+ dependent mechanism)
• Specific receptor has to be present in postsynaptical membrane
http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations
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https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/108/flashcards/956108/jpg/bookpic421333407057201.jpg
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http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/
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http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/
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Neuromuscular junction
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/754/flashcards/2034754/png/ch_7_pic_41349381290275.png
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Excitatory/inhibtory postsynaptic potencial
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Signal summation
• Temporal
• Spatial
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Signal summation
http://www.geon.us/Memory/images/Summation.jpg
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Synaptic convergence
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Synaptic convergence
Average number of
synapses in one
neuronal cell in
primates
✓ Primary visual cortex
(area17)
– aprox. 4 000
✓ Primary motor cortex
(area4)
– aprox. 60 000
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Synaptic divergence
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Networking
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Networking
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation
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Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation
• Information transmission • Regulation of NS activity
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Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation
• Information transmission
• Specific
• Regulation of NS activity
• Difuse (volume
transmission)
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Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation
• Information transmission
• Specific
• Receptors – ion channels
• Regulation of NS activity
• Diffuse (volume
transmission)
• Receptors – G-proteins
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Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation
• Information transmission
• Specific
• Receptors – ion channels
• Short duration
– membrane potential
changes
• Regulation of NS activity
• Diffuse (volume
transmission)
• Receptors – G-proteins
• Longer duration
- changes in synaptic
properties
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Acetylcholin
• Nucleus basalis (Meynerti)
abd other nuclei
• Nicotin receptors
• Muscarin receptors
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
• Sleep/wake regulation
• Cognitive functions
• Behavior
• Emotions
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Noradrenalin
• Locus coeruleus
• Nuclei raphe caudalis
• Vigilance
• Responsiveness to
unexpected stimuli
• Memory
• Learning
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Dopamin
• Nigrostriatal system
– Movement
– Sensory stimuli
• Ventrotegmentno-mesolimbicfrontal
system
– Reward
– Cognitive function
– Emotional behavior
• Tubero-infundibular system
– Hypotalamic-pituatory
regulation
• D1 receptors – excitatory
• D2 receptors - inhibitory
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Serotonin
• Nuclei raphe rostralis
• Nuclei raphe caudalis
• Anxiety/relaxation
• Impulsive behavior
• Sleep
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations
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Neuromodulatory systems
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Neuromodulatory systems
http://ausm.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Dopamine_Norepinephrine_Serotonin.jpg
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