15 Neocortex I 1 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Cerebral cortex Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions— conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action 2 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Cerebral cortex Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions— conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action 3 Cerebral cortex • Paleocortex (1%) – 3 layers – rhinencephalon • Archicortex (4%) – 3 layers – hippocampus • Neocortex – 6 layers http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 4 Organization of neocortex • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 5 Organization of neocortex • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 6 Organization of neocortex • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horisontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used for construction of brain areas map by Brodmann http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 7 • Lokální Brodman areas Broadman's # NAME FUNCTION 17 Occipital Lobe Visual Projection Cortex 18 Visual Association Cortex 19 Posterior Parietal Lobe Visual Association Cortex 37 Tempero-parietal-occipital area General Sensory Association Cortex 39 Angular Gyrus Word Recognition 40 Supramarginal Lobe Somatosensory Association Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 5, 7 Superior Parietal Lobule General Sensory Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 22 Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Association Cortex 21, 20, 38 Inferior Temporal Cortex General Sensory Association Cortex 4 Precentral Gyrus Primary Motor Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 6,8,9 Premotor Cortex Motor Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 44,45,46 Broca's Area Motor Association Cortex - Specific to speech 10 Preftontal Cortex General Motor Association Cortex 11 Orbital Gyri General Motor Association Cortex 8 Cerebral cortex and thalamus • Bilateral connections • Almost all sensory information reaching cerebral cortex is gated by thalamus • Exception - olfaction • Close cooperation between cerebral cortex and thalamus http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 9 http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions 10 Association areas • Neither receptive • Nor effector • Integrative function • Limbic • Parieto-occipito-temporal • Frontal http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 11 Signal processing algorithm http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 12 Aferentation Unimodal sensory inputs converge on multimodal association areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 13 Eferentation The Sequence of Information Processing Is Reversed in the Motor System http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 14 Limbic association area • Integration of information from inner and outer environment • Hypothalamus • Emotions • Motivation • Instinct behavior http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/student/olc/a rt_quizzes/genbiomedia/0665.jpg 15 Parieto-occipito-temporal association area • Linking and interpretation of information from several sensory modalities • Visual – acoustic – sensory analysis • Object recognition and categorization • Language comprehension • Attention http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 16 Lateralization of brain functions http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 17 Lateralization of brain functions Aphasia Acalculia Tactile agnosia Conceptual apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Orientation disorders Constructional apraxia Anosognosia Neglect syndrome http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 18 Frontal association area • Executive function – Motor / behavioral – Cognitive • Mostly developed in human •1. Australopithecus robustus 2. Homo habilis 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 5. Homo sapiens sapiens http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 19 • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0 MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg 20 • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0 MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg 21 Frontal lobe https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/edAV1gWAQ2uYSdYHSiPj 22 Frontal association area • ~ 1/3 neocortex • One of the evolutionary youngest cortical areas • Late development in ontogeny – Differentiation during the 1st year of life – Mostly developed around the 6th year of life – ? End of maturation around the 20th year of life? 23 Frontal association area • Input from association cortex – P-O-T association area – Limbic association area • Reciprocal connections: – prefrontal processing modulates perceptual processing – „Loops“ • Input to premotor areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 24 Functions of frontal association area ➢ Motor/non-motor planning/organization - strategy - anticipation ➢ Thinking – mental models processing ➢ Attention – „information filtering“ ➢ Behavioral control – Facilitation of „wanted“ – Inhibition of „unwanted“ http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg 25 1. Motor planning / organization • Frontal association area • Premotor area ✓ Close cooperation with motor cortex ✓ Planning and preparing of complex motor action (in cooperation with Basal ganglia) ✓ Close cooperation with P-O-T area which sends visual-acoustic-sensory-spatial information ✓ Voluntary motor control http://www.123rf.com/stock- photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 26 2. Thinking skills • Organization – The ability to arrange information in a meaningful system • Planning – The ability to create a strategy for reaching goals • Time management –The ability to estimate time needed for reaching goals • Working memory – The ability to hold information in awareness while performing a mental operation http://www.123rf.com/stock- photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 27 3. Attention • Selective attention –The ability to filter information • Sustained attention –The ability to actively attend to a task • Divided attention –The ability to attend to two tasks at once • Shifting attention –The ability to shift attention between two or more tasks http://www.123rf.com/stock- photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 28 4. Behavioral control • Facilitation/ initiation of „wanted“ (re)action • Inhibition of „unwanted“ (re)action –Anticipation –Self-regulation x procrastination • Flexibility – The ability to revise plans when it is needed • Goal-directed persistence –The ability to self-motivate • Social brain –Mentalization –Empathy ➢Social behavior - frontal association area ➢Instinct behavior - limbic association area http://www.123rf.com/stock- photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 29 Frontal lobe and mental arousal •Right frontal lobe –Bilateral influence –Inhibition •Left frontal lobe –Unilateral influence –Activation •Left frontal lobe damage –Reduced spontaneous activity –Reduced self-control; impulsive instinct behavior http://www.anna-om-line.com/BRAIN-GRAPHICS-by-annaOMline.jpg 30 Frontal lobe functions Motor Cognitive Behavior Arousal Voluntary movements Memory Personality Attention Language Expression Problem solving Social and sexual Eye movements Judgment Impulse control Initiation Abstract thinking Mood and affect Spontaneity 31