15 Neocortex I Neocortex I2 Cerebral cortex Neocortex I3 • Paleocortex (1%) – 3 layers – rhinencephalon • Archicortex (4%) – 3-4 layers – hippocampus • Neocortex – 6 layers http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Neocortex Neocortex I4 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions—conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action Neocortex Neocortex I5 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions—conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action Organization of neocortex Neocortex I6 • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Organization of neocortex Neocortex I7 • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Organization of neocortex Neocortex I8 • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brodman areas Neocortex I9 Broadman's # NAME FUNCTION 17 Occipital Lobe Visual Projection Cortex 18 Visual Association Cortex 19 Posterior Parietal Lobe Visual Association Cortex 37 Tempero-parietal-occipital area General Sensory Association Cortex 39 Angular Gyrus Word Recognition 40 Supramarginal Lobe Somatosensory Association Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 5, 7 Superior Parietal Lobule General Sensory Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 22 Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Association Cortex 21, 20, 38 Inferior Temporal Cortex General Sensory Association Cortex 4 Precentral Gyrus Primary Motor Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 6,8,9 Premotor Cortex Motor Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 44,45,46 Broca's Area Motor Association Cortex - Specific to speech 10 Preftontal Cortex General Motor Association Cortex 11 Orbital Gyri General Motor Association Cortex Neocortex I10 https://www.trans-cranial.com/docs/cortical_functions_ref_v1_0_pdf.pdf Cerebral cortex and thalamus Neocortex I11 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Close cooperation between cerebral cortex and thalamus • Bilateral connections • Almost all sensory information reaching cerebral cortex is gated by thalamus • Exception - olfaction http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions Neocortex I12 Association areas Neocortex I13 • Neither receptive • Nor effector • Integrative function • Limbic • Parieto-occipito-temporal • Frontal http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Signal processing algorithm Neocortex I14 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aferentation Neocortex I15 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ Unimodal sensory inputs diverge on multimodal association areas Eferentation Neocortex I16 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ The Sequence of Information processing Is Reversed in the Motor System Limbic association area Neocortex I17 • Integration of information from inner and outer environment • Hypothalamus • Emotions • Motivation • Instinct behavior http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/student/olc/art_quizzes/ge nbiomedia/0665.jpg Parieto-occipito-temporal association area Neocortex I18 • Linkage and interpretation of information from several sensory modalities • Visual – acoustic – sensory analysis • Object recognition and categorization • Language comprehension • Attention http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Neocortex I19 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Neocortex I20 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aphasia Acalculia Tactile agnosia Conceptual apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Orientation disorders Constructional apraxia Anosognosia Neglect syndrome Frontal association area • Executive function – Motor / behavioral – Cognitive • Mostly developed in human •1. Australopithecus robustus 2. Homo habilis 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 5. Homo sapiens sapiens http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 21 Neocortex I Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) Neocortex I22 http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) Neocortex I23 http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Frontal lobe https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/edAV1gWAQ2uYSdYHSiPj Neocortex I24 Frontal association area Neocortex I25 • ~ 1/3 of neocortex • One of the evolutionary youngest cortical areas • Late development in ontogeny – Differentiation during the 1st year of life – Mostly developed around the 6th year of life – ? End of maturation around the 20th year of life? Neocortex I26 • Input from association cortex – P-O-T association area – Limbic association area • Reciprocal connections: – prefrontal processing modulates perceptual processing – „Loops“ • Input to premotor areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Frontal association area Functions of frontal association area Neocortex I27 ➢ Motor/non-motor planning/organization - strategy - anticipation ➢ Thinking – mental models processing ➢ Attention – „information filtering“ ➢ Behavioral control – Facilitation of „wanted“ – Inhibition of „unwanted“ http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg 1. Motor planning / organization Neocortex I28 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Frontal association area • Premotor area ✓ Close cooperation with motor cortex ✓ Planning and preparing of complex motor action (in cooperation with Basal ganglia) ✓ Close cooperation with P-O-T area which sends visual-acoustic-sensory-spatial information ✓ Voluntary motor control http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 2. Thinking skills Neocortex I29 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Organization – The ability to arrange information in a meaningful system • Planning – The ability to create a strategy for reaching goals • Time management –The ability to estimate time needed for reaching goals • Working memory – The ability to hold information in awareness while performing a mental operation http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 3. Attention Neocortex I30 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Selective attention –The ability to filter information • Sustained attention –The ability to actively attend to a task • Divided attention –The ability to attend to two tasks at once • Shifting attention –The ability to shift attention between two or more tasks http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 4. Behavioral control Neocortex I31 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Facilitation/ initiation of „wanted“ (re)action • Inhibition of „unwanted“ (re)action –Anticipation –Self-regulation x procrastination • Flexibility – The ability to revise plans when it is needed • Goal-directed persistence –The ability to self-motivate • Social brain –Mentalization –Empathy ➢Social behavior - frontal association area ➢Instinct behavior - limbic association area http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 Frontal lobe and mental arousal Neocortex I32 •Right frontal lobe –Bilateral influence –Inhibition •Left frontal lobe –Unilateral influence –Activation •Left frontal lobe damage –Reduced spontaneous activity –Reduced self-control; impulsive instinct behavior http://www.anna-om-line.com/BRAIN-GRAPHICS-by-annaOMline.jpg Frontal lobe functions Neocortex I33 Motor Cognitive Behavior Arousal Voluntary movements Memory Personality Attention Language Expression Problem solving Social and sexual Eye movements Judgment Impulse control Initiation Abstract thinking Mood and affect Spontaneity 85. The basic characterization of neocortical functions – primary vs. association areas, topographical overview of cortical functions Neocortex I34 • Neocortex – majority of cerebral cortex - 95% (Paelo 1%, Archi 4%...) • Basic overview of neocortical cytoarchitecture (6 layers, specific inputs/outputs to from each layer, both vertical and horizontal connections, local differences - Brodman • Definition and comparison of primary and association areas • Somathotopic vs. non-somathotopic • Unimodal and polymodal association areas • Toppographical overview of cortical functions (localization and fuction) • Primary areas (motor, somatosensory….) • Association (…Parietooccipital – „analytic“, frontal – „executive“, limbic – not a neokortex, but from functional point of view it is a regullar and the most important association area – integration of information from inner and outer environment, neocortex is overrided by hypothalamus) • Lateralization of brain functions