SEMINAR 2 Basic Medical Terminology Pronunciation practice —Infarctus myocardii recens —Fractura comminutiva colli femoris lateris dextri —Commotio cerebri —Vulnus punctum thoracis ad pulmonem lateris sinistri penetrans —Aethylismus chronicus —Appendicitis acuta —Intoxicatio carboneo hydroxydato (CO) gradus maioris — Pronunciation practice —Typhus recurrens —Tonsillitis purulenta recidivans —Diabetes mellitus stabilis —Dermatitis allergica protrahens —Vitium cordis acquisitum —Infarctus haemispherii sinistri cerebri, Hemiparesis —Nephrolithiasis, colica renalis subsequens —Tumor ventriculi ad investigationem et observationem — — — Revision: Latin declensions —How do I decide to what declension a Latin noun belongs? ¡on the basis of the ending of genitive singular —What are the genitive endings of Latin declensions? — — — — — Revision: Latin declensions —What is the stem of a Latin word? ¡a form to which individual case endings are attached ¡a part of the word which remains after the removal of the ending of genitive singular —How can we identify the stem of a Latin noun? ¡we take the genitive form (sg.) and remove the genitive ending ÷vena, ven-ae ÷musculus, muscul-i; diameter, diametr-i ÷auris, aur-is; corpus, corpor-is ÷arcus, arc-us; genu, gen-us ÷facies, faci-ei Practice: give the declensions of the nouns (cf. Handout 2, task 2) 3 3 3 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 Practice: find the stems of the nouns (cf. Handout 2, task 3) Revision: Gender —The grammatical gender of a noun affects the form of all other words related to it (i.e. adjectives, pronouns, verbs). — >> Latin adjectives change their forms depending on the ii noun to which they refer. —ENGLISH – 3 genders: ¡HE – refers to male humans and animals ¡SHE – refers to female humans and animals ¡IT – inanimate objects or animals —LATIN – 3 genders: ¡masculine -> discipulus (he-student), musculus (muscle) ¡feminine -> discipula (she-student), vena (vein) ¡neuter -> corpus (body) Revision: number and case — LATIN = INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGE —In many languages, Latin and Greek among them, nouns decline = inflect (change their form) for number and case. ¡Inflection for number involves singular (sg.) : plural (pl.) forms (eg. forearm : forearms = antebrachium : antebrachia) and is present in English as well. ¡Inflection for case involves changing the form of the noun according to its syntactic function/meaning. Latin has an extensive case system in which a special form is used for every specific meaning. In medical terminology, 4 out of 6 Latin cases are used to express the following meanings: — Revision: cases and their functions LATIN system of specific case endings + prepositions 1. NOMINATIVE – subject (ending) 2. GENITIVE – dependency of two nouns, possession (ending) 4. ACCUSATIVE – object, movement = direction (preposition + ending) 6. ABLATIVE – place, location, instrument, cause (preposition + ending) ENGLISH word order + prepositions subject of a phrase possessive case = “of” prepositional phrase prepositional phrase Accusative + ablative = prepositional cases (i.e. they are used only after prepositions). Nominative singular and plural — KOncovky do prezentácií.png Change the following words into plural (cf. Handout 2, task 4) —coxa_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cervix_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — —mentum_ _ _ _ _ _ arcus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — — coxae cervicis menti arcus I II III IV cox- cervic- ment- arc- coxae cervices menta arcus Introduction to Latin syntax •AGREED ATTRIBUTE •= noun + adjective (agreement in gender, number and case) •Example: musculus (m.) longus = long muscle •fractura (f.) aperta = open fracture •caput (n.) longum = long head —NON-AGREED ATTRIBUTE —= noun in nominative + noun in genitive ¡Meaning: state of dependency, possession ¡Translation: “of” —Example: fractura costae //fracturae costarum —fracture of a rib fractures of ribs —! = rib fracture = rib fractures Genitive singular and plural — KOncovky do prezentácií.png Form non-agreed attributes (cf. Handout 2, task 5) ex: caput + costa > caput costae head of a rib caput + femur -> caput + fibula -> caput + humerus -> caput + phalanx -> caput + radius -> caput + talus -> caput + ulna -> caput femoris caput fibulae caput humeri caput phalangis caput radii caput tali caput ulnae http://spina.pro/i/anatomy/kosti/37.jpg Prepositions and prepositional phrases —Denote: ¡spatial relations sub, infra, post ¡temporal relations post, ante ¡causal relations propter, e/ex ¡other cum, sine — —Can be connected with: ¡Accusative case ¡ (majority of prepositions used in medical terminology) ¡Ablative case (A/AB, CUM, DE, E/EX, PRO, SINE) ¡both Accusative and Ablative case = IN, SUB Accusative and ablative singular and plural — KOncovky do prezentácií.png Camera bulbi posterior Connect nouns with prepositions (cf. Handout 2, task 6) sub scapula in osse sub oculum sub lingua sub cute sub patellam in ore in cranium in dente in hypogastrium in orbitam sub costam 1st declension (a-stems): Latin nouns —Latin nouns belonging to the 1st declension have: — — — — — — — — —Nouns of the 1st declension of MASCULINE GENDER: ¡Names of specialists – e.g. dentista, ae, m. ¡Names of muscles – e.g. agonista, ae, m. — — 1st declension: Latin nouns — KOncovky do prezentácií.png 1st declension: Latin paradigm — — — — — — case singular plural nom. vena venae gen. venae venarum accus. venam venas abl. venā venis 1st declension: nouns of Greek origin —Nouns of Greek origin belonging to the 1st declension have: Genitive sg. ending -ES -AE Nominative sg. ending -E -ES Gender F M 1st declension: nouns of Greek origin — KOncovky do prezentácií.png 1st declension: Greek paradigms systole, es, f. diabetes, ae, m. nom. sg. systole diabetes gen. sg. systoles diabetae accus. sg. systolen diabetam abl. sg. systole diabeta oall nouns declined like systole, es, f. are of feminine gender oall nouns declined like diabetes, ae, m. are of masculine gender oparadigms vena, systole, and diabetes have identical plural endings !!! 1st declension: Latin and Greek paradigms in plural — KOncovky do prezentácií.png