30.9.2014 1 SKULL - CRANIUM a) Neuro-cranium b) Splanchno-cranium Cranium - skull Sobotta, 2007 Neuro-cranium Splanchno-cranium Sobotta, 2007 Squama Orbital part Coronal suture Frontal bone Sobotta, 2007 Paired frontal bone- newborn skull Sobotta, 2007 Frontal sinus Sobotta, 2007 30.9.2014 2 Coronal suture Sagittal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sobotta, 2007 squama Parietal bone Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Sobotta, 2007 Occipital bone Condyles Foramen magnum Clivus Sobotta, 2007 Ala major minor corpus + fossa hypophyseos Dorsum Sphenoid bone Sobotta, 2007 Sphenoid sinus Sobotta, 2007 Ala major Ala minor Processus pterygoideus Sobotta, 2007 30.9.2014 3 Tuberculum artic. + fossa Pars tympanica mastoidea hyoidea Temporal bone Squama Pars petrosa (pyramis) Sobotta, 2007 Ethmoidal bone Crista galli Lamina perpendicularis Sobotta, 2007 Lamina cribrosa Conchae Sobotta, 2007 Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Body Processes: frontal zygomatic alveolar Apertura piriformis Maxilla Sobotta, 2007 Sinus maxillaris Palatine process Sobotta, 2007 30.9.2014 4 Palatine bone Hard palate Sobotta, 2007 corpus Ramus Alveolar process Mandible Sobotta, 2007 Body Ramus – muscular and articular processes Alveolar process A B Sobotta, 2007 Alveol . Corpus angulus ramus Muscular Articular canalis Sobotta, 2007 Resorption of alveolar process in old people Sobotta, 2007 elevation Temporomandibular joint Sobotta, 2007 30.9.2014 5 depression Sobotta, 2007 Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Sobotta, 2007 Sobotta, 2007 Nasal bone Vomer Palatine bone Sobotta, 2007 Nasal bone Vomer Palatine bone Sup. Med. Inf. Sobotta, 2007 Nasal cavity Nasal bone Ethmoidal bone with conchae Palatine bone Newborn´s skull – fontanelles Sobotta, 2007 Fonticulus major Fonticulus minor Fonticulus sphenoidalis Fonticulus mastoideus Sutura frontalis (sutura metopica) Anulus tympanicus 30.9.2014 6 Skeleton and joints of upper extremity I. Girdle bones Clavicle (clavicula) Shoulder blade (scapula) II. Bones of free upper extremity Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Clavicle (clavicula) Joins upper extremity to trunk Connected with shoulder blade and sternum Fractures Shoulder blade (scapula) margo superior margo medialis margo lateralis angulus: superior, inferior, lateralis facies: costalis, dorsalis Processus coracoideus Cavitas glenoidalis 30.9.2014 7 Facies dorsalis scapulae spina scapulae acromion Humerus Background of arm Joined with scapula and bones of forearm Proximal epiphysis Body Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis: caput humeri collum anatomicum collum chirurgicum tuberculum majus tuberculum minus Body tuberositas deltoidea sulcus nervi radialis (nervus radialis) Fracture of body of humerus (nervus radialis can be damaged) Distal epiphysis: epicondylus medialis sulcus nervi ulnaris epicondylus lateralis trochlea humeri capitulum humeri 30.9.2014 8 Radius Lateral side of forearm Connected with humerus, ulna and carpal bones Proximal epiphysis Body Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis: caput radii fovea capitis radii circumferentia articularis capitis radii collum radii Body tuberositas radii Distal epiphysis: processus styloideus radii facies articularis carpea radii incisura ulnaris radii Fracture of distal epiphysis of radius (Fracture of Colles) Ulna Medial side of forearm Connected with humerus and radius Proximal epiphysis Body Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis: olecranon ulnae incisura trochlearis processus coronoideus incisura radialis ulnae Body: tuberositas ulnae 30.9.2014 9 Distal epiphysis: caput ulnae processus styloideus ulnae „Parry fracture“ Carpal bone – 8 in 2 rows Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform Distal row: trapezium, trapezoideum, capitate, hamate Metacarpal bones - 5 Phalanges - 14 Skeleton of the hand Joints of upper extremity Joints of the girdle bones Articulatio acromioclavicularis Articulatio sternoclavicularis Joints of the bones of free extremity 30.9.2014 10 Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) Head of humerus, cavitas glenoidalis labrum glenoidale Firmed by tendons of scapulohumeral muscles („rotator cuff“) Type: spherical Movements: three axial joint flexion extension abduction adduction pronation supination Articulatio composita: 1. Articulatio humeroradialis 2. Articulatio humeroulnaris 3. Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis Elbow joint (articulatio cubiti) Elbow joint - movements flexion and extension pronation and supination of foremarm Joints of the hand Articulatio radiocarpalis Articulatio mediocarpalis Articulatio ossis pisiformis Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis Articulationes carpometacarpales II.-V. Articulationes metacarpophalangeales Articulationes interphalangeales Skeleton and joints of lower extremity 30.9.2014 11 Skeleton of lower extremity • organ of locomotion • comparing to upper extremity bones and muscles are stronger and heavier than on the upper extremity • reduced movements • pelvis and vertebral column form functional unit • the most evident developmental changes are found on foot Lower extremity girdle bones Os coxae (hip bone) Iliac bone Ischium Pubis Iliac bone Ischium acetabulum Crest Spine symphysis tuber Ala – the wing Pubis Pelvis Connection of right and lef hip bone and sacral bone Skeleton of free extremity Femur (thigh bone) Patella Tibia (shin bone) Fibula (calf bone) Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Femur – thigh bone Proximal epiphysis caput femoris fovea capitis femoris proximal epiphysis body distal epiphysis 30.9.2014 12 corpus femoris collum femoris trochanter major et minor Distal epiphysis condylus medialis condylus lateralis Collum Diaphysis Colodiaphysal angle Torsion angle Fracture of collum femoris Tibia (shin bone) proximal and distal epiphyses, body Proximal epiphysis condylus medialis et lateralis facies articularis superior medialis, lateralis area intercondylaris anterior et posterior facies articularis fibularis Body tuberositas tibiae – insertion of quadriceps 30.9.2014 13 Distal epiphysis malleolus medialis incisura fibularis tibiae facies articularis inferior tibiae Fibula – (calf bone) Proximal epiphysis caput fibulae facies articularis capitis fibulae apex capitis fibulae Distal epiphysis malleolus lateralis Phalanges - 14 Metatarsal bones - 5 Tarsal bones – 7 (talus, calcaneus, cuboid bone, navicular bone, cuneiform bones (3)) Skeleton of the foot Foot vault Protection of soft parts of foot Longitudinal and transversal vault Firmed by tendons and ligaments SI joint : Sacrum-Ilium Joints of girdle Pubic symphysis - synchodrosis Articulatio coxae (hip joint) Acetabulum, head of femur Labrum acetabulare Joint capsule firmes by ligaments Joints of free extremity 30.9.2014 14 Articulatio genus – knee joint Articulatio composita: femur, tibia, patella Meniscus medialis et lateralis Ligamenta cruciata (ant. et post.) Patella Meniscus Articulatio genus - ligaments lig. patellae lig. collaterale mediale et laterale Patella Tibia, fibula meniscus Extension Flexion Arthroscopy Knee joint endoprosthesis 30.9.2014 15 Articulatio tibiofibularis Membrana interossea cruris Syndesmosis tibiofibularis Joints of foot