2 The hierarchy and the logic of nervous system evolution Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system2 Evolutionary approach Evolution is not revolution Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system3 The role of nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system4 Input Integration Output REGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex The logic of evolution of the nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system5 Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Input Integration Output The logic of evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system6 Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Input Integration Output The logic of evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system7 Input Integration Output The logic of evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system8 Input Integration Output The logic of evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system9 Input Integration Output The logic of evolution of the nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system10 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation The logic of evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system11 • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement The logic of evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system12 • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement The logic of evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system13 The logic of evolution of the nervous system • Worms – Segmented nervous system – Left – right coordination – Ganglia – „Brain“ ganglion – head – forward locomotion – food intake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system14 The logic of evolution of the nervous system • Insect – „Sophisticated“ NS – Coordinated movement – „Developed“ senses – Communication skills (bee) – Social structures http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.cz/2013/08/topic-11b-arthropods-izeltlabuak.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system15 The logic of evolution of the nervous system • Vertebrates ➢ Cartilaginous or bony protection of CNS ➢ Real brain ➢ Very sophisticated NS • Coordinated movement • Senses • Social structures • Intelligence ✓ Fishes (intelligence) ✓ Amphibians ✓ Reptiles (emotions) ✓ Birds and mammalians (the top of evolution) Vývoj a hierarchické uspořádání nervového systému16 Northcutt RG, Noback CR, Kallen B. Nervous system (vertebrate). Access Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Sep 17]; Available from: https://www.accessscience.com/content/nervous-system-vertebrate/449300 Copyright © McGraw Hill http://www.rupestreweb.info/mimesis.html http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/12/27/frugal-to-the-point-of-vacuity/ Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system17 The logic of evolution of the nervous system Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system18 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system19 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system20 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system21 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Evolution of the brain • Neural tube • Locomotion • Rostral receptors Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu(Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system22 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of hindbrain (Rhombencefalon - Medula oblongata, pons Varoli, cerebellum) • Input – Information form head sensors • Output – Motor system (Fixed action pattern reflex/instinct behavior) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system23 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu(Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system24 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu(Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system25 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of midbrain • Input – Vision, audition (distant senses) • Output – Motor system (Approach – contralateral m.) (Avoidance – ipsilateral m.) • Advantage – Speed – Acuity Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system26 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 2 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) • Input – Nonolfactory systems connected to forebrain – Mainly vision and hearing • Advantage – Plastic connections of forebrain • Thalamus – Gating (Corpus striatum and cortex) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system27 http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/v1/node2.html Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system28 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 3 • Neocortical expansion • Simultaneous expansion of – Neostiratum – Neocerebellum • Advantage – „High resolution“ information processing – Anticipation Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system29 Thalmus and neocortex • Thalamic nuclei – Nonspecific – Specific • Reciprocal connections between thalamus and neocortex http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Gating Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system30 Cerebellum Coordination Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system31 http://www.slideshare.net/HarshshaH103/cerebellum-its-function-and-releveance-in-psychiatry Hierarchy of central nervous system http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/cns.htmHierarchy and evolution of nervous system32 Hierarchy of central nervous system https://rajugurusamy.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/memories1.gif?w=497 Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system33 Hierarchy of nervous system https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/be175f0a-afae-4d7c-944c-f6376cf09fba/60c3e8a3-a6b9-4a3d- 943d-1841136a9ccf.png Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system34