MUNI MED MUNI MED 16 Neocortex II 2 Neocortex II Neocortex Association cortice» Primary sensoiy and motor area* Parietal lobe Primary areas ^Somathotopic organization Association areas SNo somathotopic organization 3 Neocortex II ^ Primary somatosensory cortex Copyright Peareofi Education. Inc.. publishing as Benjamin Cummmgs. http://www.emunix.emich.edu MUNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling Occipital lobe Vision Temporal lobe Memory, understandin language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com MUNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perceptionjmaking world. Hing http://www.modernfamilyideas.com MUNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning. org; pr< Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perce ption^jrn a king iworld. http://www.modernfamilyideas.com MUNI ED Communication • Signal exchange S Smell S Visual S Acoustic • Between individuals of S Same species S Different species Encoding S Simple - body size S Complex - dance of the honey bee Source Msg Encoding Msg Channel Msg Decoding Msg Receiver 7 Neocortex II Feedback https://www.mindtoolsxom/media/Diagrams/CommunicationsProcess.jpg Context MUNI ED Communication in human society Non-verbal - Hard to control - Influence of limbic system Verbal - Fully controllable - Neocortex Nonverbal Speaking Language • The most sophisticated tool of communication • Language is characteristic that defines the human species - No human society without language - No other species that have a language cud q. • Language was a precondition for development of complex society j and development of culture I 9 Neocortex II MUNI I MED I q. Language The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 11 Neocortex II MUNI MED Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 12 Neocortex II MUNI MED Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning > Sentence http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg A group of words organized according to the rules of syntax 13 Neocortex II I ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" 14 Neocortex II number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3-7 S-10 11-16 17-39 Age of arrival (years) MUNI ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" • 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words 15 Neocortex II number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3-7 S-10 11-16 17-39 Age of arrival (years) MUNI ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" • 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words • Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. 16 Neocortex II number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3-7 S-10 11-16 17-39 Age of arrival (years) MUNI ED Arcuate fasciculus Language areas Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations There are two main language areas Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex Fasciculus arcuatus 17 Neocortex II MUNI ED Arcuate fasciculus Language areas Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations There are two main language areas Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus 18 Neocortex II Broca's aphasia S Motor, expressive S Comprehension preserved, speach unarticulated Wernicke's aphasia S perceptive, sensor S Comprehension damaged, speech fluent, but not meaningful Conduction aphasia S Damage of fasc. arcuatus S Speech fluent, comprehension preserved S Problem with repeating words and sentences Dysarthria S Problem with articulation S For example, damage of vocal cord ... MUNI ED Broca's area 19 Neocortex II — in r- Area 45 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeD/presentati S Semantic processing ^selection and manipulation with appropriate words" Area 44 S Phonological processing and language production ^selection and activation of particular motor centers" MUNI ED Wernicke's area Area 22 S Three subdivisions http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeD/presentati 20 Neocortex II 1. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual's own) and other sounds 2. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words. 3. The third sub-area seems more closely associated with producing speech than with perceiving it MUNI ED Algorithm of sound processing Prefrontal area Broca's speech p^avV area Auditory interpretative ^-Visual — interpretative Primary visual Wernicke's area 21 Neocortex II S Wernicke's area S Broca's area S P-O-T association cortex Sound Human voice Real word meaningful Pseudo-word - No meaning MUNI ED Lobulus parietalis inferior pnman/ auditor/ area Gyrus supramarginalis (Area 40) S Phonological and articulatory processing of words Gyrus angularis (Area 39) S Semantic processing Rich communication with Broca's and Wernicke's areas (triangular communication) 22 Neocortex II Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Integration of auditory, and somatosensory information Motor Primary ^ "X Somatic Interpretative Prefrontal area Somatic Broca's speech ptWaril 3 t3 _.,d\\OtV 23 Neocortex II P - O - T association cortex Lobulus parietalis inferior Interpretation of sound Interpretation of visual signal Interpretation of somatosensation Interpretation of spoken/read word ^-Visual aI interpretative Auditory Mfj areas e r p r etativey^^^^^^^^U areas Wernicke's area Categorization Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) 24 Neocortex MUNI MED Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions algorythms are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture 25 Neocortex MUNI MED Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions algorythms are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture • The human society development is linked to information technology development S Spoken language S A system of writing S Printing press ^ Internet MUNI E D Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere's better motor control The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Right hemisphere language functions Left and Right Brain Functions • Non-verbal aspect of language S Prosody - intonation, stress... • Non-literal language aspects S Irony y Metaphors Understanding to discourse / complex speech S Lecture, discussion Left-Brain Functions Analytic thought Logic Language Science and math Right-Brain Functions Holistic thought Intuition Creativity \ Art and I \ music http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 29 Neocortex II MUNI ED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time 30 Neocortex MUNI MED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. 31 Neocortex MUNI MED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. • The males' higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere - 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia 32 Neocortex MUNI MED Functional diagnostic methods • Detection of electrical activity - Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity - Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow - Higher neuronal activity - increased blod flow - Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) EEG Detection of neuronal electrical activity monopolar arrangement: - active electrode - indifferent electrode = referential recording bipolar recording - lead (channel) - ground electrode EEG voltage in microvolts (vs. in mV in neurons) 34 Neocortex II Scalp Skull Dura mater Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater Afferent axons Efferent axons http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-12- 01211/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-12-01211fl-1024.png Inion MUNI ED Beta(p) 13-30 Hz ^^^r^WV-f^*^^ Frantally and parietally Alpha (a) 8-13 Hz Occipitally Theta(0) 4-3 Hz Children, sleeping adults http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis Beta(ß) 13-30 Hz +~^r^JVS*^^ Frontally and parietally Alpha (a) 8-13 Hz Occipitally Theta(0) 4-3 Hz Children, sleeping adults Delta (5) G.5-4 Hz Infants, sleeping adults Spikes 3 Hz Epilepsy - 200 - petit mal V[|1V1 100 - 0 J 36 Neocortex II 0 12 3 http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoil2/eeg-53489764 Time [s]4 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis ]ioo h^v Gran