1. Repetition and parallelism.

   = correspondence between 2 or more elements of a text

   = repetition with some degree of difference

   

   rep:      A horse, a horse! A kingdom for a horse!

   par:      Those that I fight I do not hate

               Those that I guard I do not love.

   

   Identification and analysis:

   1. repetition of words

   2. repetition of meanings:

   Give Me the Free and Noble Stile,

   Which seems uncurb´d, though it be wild

   3. syntactic parallelism

   4. rhytmic paralellism

   5. par. of sound patterning

   

   Functions:

   1. holds the text together

   2. helps to create the meaning

   3. makes the text easier to remember

   4. creates and fails expectations

   5. provides pleasure

   

   2. Juxtaposition

   placing side by side, no linkage

   visual (montage) -- serial, spatial 

   Harvest moon:

   On the bamboo mat

   Pine tree shadows

   

   Spring rain:                                  Overnight

   Soaking on the roof                              My razor rusted

   Child´s rag ball.                          The May rains

   

   

   3. Deviation

   "make it new" (Ezra Pound)

   breaking the rules -- pleasure effect

   literary deviation:

   a, from the conventions of ordinary language usage

   b, from the conventions of the literary system itself

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   Deviation in rules of substance (layout, typography)

   

   i am th                                      o       th

   i am       r               a

   i am the    su        n

   i am the    s        on

                              i am the  e   rect on              e  if

                               i am       re            n           t

                          i am          s               a               fe

   i am          s   e      n           t      

   i        he    e                    d 

   i      t  e     s      t

   i            re                a d

     a              s     t on                      e

   i            resurrect

                                    a              life                             

   i am                   i n                   life

   i am      resurrection

   i am the resurrection and

   i am

   i am the resurrection and the life  

   

   



                                     Deviation in rules of form

   - Vocabulary:  It was brillig.  Je svačvečer. (portmanteau words)

   - Syntax:

   Silent is the house: all are laid asleep:

   One alone looks out over the deep-snow wreaths                     

   Deviation in meaning (semantics):

   Doc Daneeka was Yossarian´s friend and would do just nothing in his power to help him.

   

   Literature as deviant in the way it describes the world:

   It was a bright cold day in April and the clocks were striking thirteen

   O Rose, thou art sick

   Hail to thee, blithe spirit!

   

   3. Allusion and intertextuality.

   Allusion:  when a text makes an explicit/implicit reference to another text; serves to place
   the text within and establish a relationship with a cultural or literary tradition

   

   

   A room of my own                   Renault

   Quilts for all seasons               Observer special offer

   

   

   The earth is all before me: with a heart

   Joyous, not scared at its own liberty,

   I look about, and should the guide I choose

   Be nothing better than a wandering cloud,

   I cannot miss my way                   

    (W. Wordsworth)

   

   The World was all before them, where to choose

   Their place of rest, and Providence their guide;

   They hand in hand with wand´ring steps and slow,

   Through Eden took their solitary way.

     (J. Milton)

   Varieties of allusion

   1. through a verbal reference

   2. through epigraphs (Mistah Kurtz -- he dead)

   3. through names of the characters (Stephen Dedalus

   4. through choice of titles (Sound and the Fury)

   in film, TV, music

   

   

   "Nonsense! I don´t want to touch you. See - I´ll stand on this side of the wire-netting, and
   you can keep on the other; so that you may feel quite safe. Now, look here; you screw your
   lips too harshly. There ´tis -so."

   He suited the action to the word, and whistled a line of  "Take, o take those lips away". But
   the allusion was lost on Tess.

   

   

   Intertextuality: ways texts interact with other texts:

   - through
   genre                                                                                        -
   through parody

   

   intertextuality - originality