rjiAroji
1        OEmAfl XAPAKTEPMCTMKA TJlArOJlA
ľnaronoM Ha3biBaeTca Ta nacTb penu, KOTopaa o6o3HanaeT fleriCTBue mjim cocToaHne, BbipaxeHHoe cpopMaMM rpaMMaTunecKoro nnqa, BpeMeHM, HaKnoHeHna, BMfla m 3anora. HeKOTopbie rnaronbHbie dpopMbi oônaaaiOT TaKxe KaTeropneiži po^a, <nncna m na^exa.
1.1    OopMbi marona
Pa3nn<HaK)Tca dpopMbi cnparaeMbie m HecnparaeMbie. CnparaeMbie (nnHHbie) dpopMbi TaKi/ie, KOTopbie M3MeHflK)Tca no nnqaM. C\op,a npnHaflnexaT:
HacToamee BpeM* (přítomný čas): n ^umato, mbi yumaeuib, onu ^umatom;
nponiefliuee BpeM* (minulý čas): n uuman, mbi uuman, mm, ebi rumanu;
ôyflymee cnoxHoe (opisný budoucí čas): n 6ydy yumamb, mbi öyßeuib yumamb;
ôyflymee npocToe (jednoduchý budoucí čas): n npovumajo, mbi npovumaeuib;
cocnaraTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne (podmiňovací způsob): n 6bi uuman, mbi 6bi uuman;
noBenuTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne (rozkazovací způsob); uumaú!, uumaúme! HecnparaeMbie (Heni/NHbie) dpopMbi, T.e. TaKne, KOTopbie He M3MeHflK)Tca no nnqaM. CKDfla OTHOCflTca:      MHdpuHMTMB (neurčitek, infinitiv); vumamb;
fleenpi/MacTi/ie HacToamero BpeMeHM (přechodník přítomný): vuman;
fleenpi/MacTi/ie nponiefliuero BpeMeHM (přechodník minulý): npovumae;
AeŇCTBMTenbHoe npunacTne HacToamero BpeMeHM (příčestí přítomné činné):
'•wAmajoujjuü, -an, -ee, ue; eoeopniujuú, -an, -ee, -ue;
AeŇCTBMTenbHoe npunacTne nponiefliuero BpeMeHM (příčestí minulé činné):
yumaeuiuü, -an, -ee, -ue;
CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTne HacToamero BpeMeHM (příčestí přítomné trpné):
yumaeMbiü, -an, -oe, -bie;
CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTne nponiefliuero BpeMeHM (příčestí minulé trpné):
npoyijmaHHbiü, -an, -oe, -bie. OTrnaronbHoe mm* cymecTBMTenbHoe b pyccKOM a3biKe (Hanp.vmeHue) ne cnuTaeTca rnaronbHOM dpopMOM.
ľnaronbi, TpeôyKDinne flononHeHna b 6ecnpeflnoxHOM BHHUTenbHOM nnn poflMTenbHOM na^exe (cp. peuiato 3adavy, ^umato KHuay, xdy nge3da, nonpocumb xneßa), Ha3biBaiOTCfl nepexoflHbiMn;He v\Me\owy\e stom ocoôeHHOCTu Ha3biBaiOTCfl HenepexoflHbiMM. Oai/ih m tot xe rnaron b pa3Hbix 3Ha<HeHnax MOxeT 6biTb to nepexoflHbíM, to HenepexoflHbíM, Hanp. nuvuern nucbMO, vumaem KHuay (nepexoflHbie); oh yxe nuvuern u vumaem (HenepexoflHbie).
1.2       MHCpMHMTMB
B COBpeMeHHOM pyCCKOM fl3blKe MHdpMHMTMB MMeeT CydpdplAKCbV. -Tb, -TM M -Hb.
a)   Hanôonee pacnpocTpaHéHHbíM cydpdpuKCOM MHdpuHMTUBa aBnaeTca -Tb; TonbKO stot cydpdpiAKC aBnaeTca npoflyKTMBHbiM (TonbKO npn noMOinn 3Toro cydpdpuKca o6pa3yK)Tca HOBbie rnaronbi). ľlpuMepbi: denamb, Hoveeamb, npocumb, Konomb, Mbimb, Knacmb, cecmb, npovecmb m t.a.
6)   HenpoflyKTMBHbiM cydpdpuKC MHdpuHMTUBa -tm BcrpenaeTca TonbKO y 19 rnaronoB c ocHOBOM b HacToameM BpeMeHM Ha c, 3, fl, t, 6 m HeKOTopbix ApyrMx. ripMMepbi: eecmu (eedy), aHecmu (enemy), epecmu_ (epeôy), Mecmu (Memy), Hecmu, nnecmu_ (nnemy), nonzmu, nacmu, pacmu, mpncmu, u,eecmu; udmu, npuumu, coumu, yúmu_. CydxfciMKC -tm 6biBaeT, KaK npaBMno, nofl y^apeHMeM (MCKnioneHMe maronbi c npMCTaBKOM Bbi-, KOTopaa nepeTarMBaeT Ha ce6a y^apeHMe: ebmecmu, ebteezmu, ebmecmu m t.a.).
b)   HenpoflyKTMBHbiM cycfcicfcii/iKC -Hb, oôbNHO cooTBeTCTByeT HeiucKOMy -c (MO>-ib - moci), BCTpenaeTca y 16 maronoB c ochobom b HacToameM BpeivieHM Ha r win k, Hanp.:newfa (neKy), enevb (eneKy), cmpuvb (cmpuay), xewfa (>Key) m t. n.
2       OBPA30BAHME rJlArOJlbHblX OOPM
2.1      flße ocHOBbi marona
B pyccKOM 33biKe rnaron wvieeT oôbiKHOBeHHO flBe ocHOBbi (dva kmeny):
1)      ocHOBy MHcfjMHMTMBa (infinitivrií kmen)
2)      ocHOBy HacToamero BpeivieHM (prézentní kmen).
Ochobom MHcbuHMTMBa aBnaeTca Ta <nacTb marona, KOTopaa ocraěTca, ecni/i OTÔpocnTb OKOHHaHne MHcbuHMTMBa -/77b (-mu, Hb): pucoea-mb, aoeopij-mb, nuca-mb, 6pa-mb m T.fl. OcHOBa i/iH<$i/iHi/rn/iBa pucoea-, aoeopu-, nuca-, 6pa-.
Ochobom HacToamero BpeivieHM aBnaeTca Ta <nacTb marona, KOTopaa ocraěTca, ecnM OTÔpocMTb OKOHHaHMe 2-oro nviuß eflMHCTBeHHoro <HMcna -euib, -uuib, -ěuib, Hanp.: pucy-euib, eoeop-uudb, nijui-euib, 6ep-ěuib. Ochobw HacToamero BpeivieHM pucy-, aoeop-, nuui-, 6ep-.
Kaxvjaa maronbHaa cfcopivia o6pa3yeTca ot oahom m3 maronbHbix ochob.
ľlpuMepbi pacnpefleneHna maronbHbix cpopM no ocHOBaM
OcHOBa HacToamero BpeivieHM pncy-
MHdpMHMTMB:
HacToaLi^ee BpeMa:
a pucy-to
mbi pucy-euib 6yflymee npocToe:
>7 Hapucy-to noBenuTenbHoe HaKJioHeHne:
pucy-ú! pucy-úmel
OCHOBa MHdpMHMTMBa
pucoBa-
pucoea-mb
npoLueflLuee BpeMa:
>7 pucoea-n, -na
mbi pucoea-n, -na 6yflymee cnoxHoe:
>7 6ydy pucoeamb ycnoBHoe HaKJioHeHne:
>7 6bi pucoea-n
cfciopivibi HacToamero BpeivieHM fleenpunacTue: pucy-F1 fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npn-
nacTMe: pucy-iOUJJUÜ CTpaflaTejibHoe npn-
nacTMe: pucy-eMbiü
cfcopivibi npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM fleenpunacTue: pucoea-e(uiu) fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npn-
nacTMe: pucoea-euiuü CTpaflaTenbHoe npn-
nacTMe: (Ha)pucoea-HHblÜ
flna Toro, <HTo6bi npaBMnbHO o6pa30BaTb b c e dpopMbi marona, HeflocraTOHHO 3HaTb TonbKO MHdpMHMTMB - HeoôxoflMMO 3HaTb t p m cfcopivibi marona:
1.         dpopiViy MHCpMHMTMBa; 3Ta CfclOpiVia COflepXMT OCHOBy MHdpMHMTMBa;
2.       dpopMy 1-oro nnqa eflUHCTBeHHoro nucna HacTO^mero BpeMeHm # pucyto. 3Ta cfcopivia <nacTO yKa3biBaeT Ha nepeflOBaHMa comacHOM ocHOBbi, Hanp.;>7 Houiy mbi Hocuuib; n cuxy   mbi cuduvub;
3.        cfcopiviy 2-oro nnqa eflUHCTBeHHoro nucna HacToamero BpeMeHm mbi pucyeuib. 3Ta cfcopivia no3BonaeT onpeflenMTb ocHOBy HacToamero BpeivieHM. Kpoivie Toro, 3Ta cfcopivia noKa3biBaeT, othocmtca nM rnaron k nepBOMy MnM ko BTopoiviy cnpaxeHMio.
(■qmľiqbeda 'öiifqbeda -           quiľiqbeda) udp                                                                dp
C"imn9ěQ rölif9eQ -                RuJňaeg) ua                                                                 a
(■■qmniMOLr liiuvíou -               šumnou) lti/m                                                                 i/\i
(-qmnúÄ» 'bli/uÁ» -                rujTíuA») uu                                                                 u
(■qmngld'bli/gAd-                RuJňgÁd) ug                                                                 g
(■■qmnuioXu ItnÁu -              iluHuioáu) tn                                                                lo
C"iiríňuiedgo Itnedgo -           RuJňiuedgo) tn                                                            i
(■■qmnuiodogo Ihodogo -           quiňuiodogo) h                                                                  i
(■■qmriQ0~91x09 -                  riuTíqos) >k                                                                 V
(■■qmnoodu Imodu -               Rvuňoodu) m                                                                  o
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(ölifimadg -            iLuěinado) lti/m                                                                 i/\i
(olifuadLU -            qLuěuaduj) uu                                                                 u
(cM/gauo» -           qiuěgeuo») ug                                                                 g
(Ätnaux -            quieuioaux) tn                                                                lo
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(/foew -   quieuiai/v) h                                                                  i
(foKous - iLuěgoua) >k                                                                 tf
(Zh7n -    quiěxon) tn                                                               ho
(Ämnu -    qujěonu) m                                                                  o
(Awěw -    iLueeew) >k                                                                  e
(Äm e u -    iiiiěxeu) m                                                                 x
(qmahau -          I»au) h                                                            a
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4     nPOflYKTMBHblE M HEnPOflYKTMBHblE TWIbl TJlArOJlOB
Ha ocHOBaHMM rnaronbHbix dpopw pyccKue rnaronbi flenaTca Ha npoflyKTMBHbie m HenpoflyKTMBHbie. K npoflyKTUBHbiM Tunaivi othocatca TaKne maronbi, no o6pa3L(y KOTopwx MoryT 6biTb o6pa30BaHbi HOBbie rnaronw; HenpoflyKTMBHbie Tunbi maronoB He MoryT nocnyxMTb o6pa3i_(OM flna o6pa30BaHna hobwx maronoB.
fleneHne maronoB Ha npoflyKTMBHbie k n a c c bi m HenpoflyKTUBHbie r p y n n bi onpeflermeTca cooTHOnieHneM ocHOBbi MHcfciMHMTMBa m HacToamero (ôy^ymero npocToro) BpeivieHM.
Ka>KAbiM npoflyKTMBHbiM Knacc oôteflUHaei rnaronbi OflMHaKOBoro cooTHOiueHi/m
OCHOBbl MH<$MHMTMBa M HaCTOflLL(erO BpeivieHM (3TO CBOMCTBeHHO flnfl 06pa30BaHM3 BHOBb
B03HMKaKDinMx maronoB). Hanpniviep, rnaronbi nodpa>Kamb - nodpawafom, Konamb -Konatom, cpe3amb - cpe3atom othocatca k oflHOiviy Knaccy, ho cpaBHM HenpoflyKTMBHbiiži rnaron cpe3amb - cpeynym.
HenpoflyKTMBHbie rpynnbi maronoB xapaKTepn3yK)Tca pa3HOo6pa3HbiM cooTHOiue-HMeM ochob; stm rpynnbi npeflCTaBrmiOT coôom 3aKpbiTbie paflbí (mx HacHMTbiBaeTca OKono 400). He cneayeT ayiviaTb, <hto HenpoflyKTMBHbie rnaronbi MivieiOT MeHbiuee 3Ha-HeHne, <HeM npoflyKTMBHbie. HenpoflyKTMBHbie Tunbi maronoB BnonHe XMBbi, k hmm othocatca KaK pa3 Hanôonee ynoTpeônienbHbie pyccKue rnaronbi (Hanp. xumb, udmu, 6pamb, ecmb, damb, uiumb m t.n.
ripoflyKTMBHbie rnaroribi flenaTca Ha nsTb KnaccoB, HenpoflyKTMBHbie rnaronbi pacnaflaiOTCfl Ha HecKonbKO rpynn.
EcTb m eflMHM4Hbie rnaronbi, KOTopbie MivieiOT CBoeo6pa3Hbie ocHOBbi m cbom oco-ôeHHOCTM 4)opMOo6pa30BaHna, ohm He nonaflaKDT hm nofl oamh m3 cymecTByKDinMx TMnoB (xomemb - n xoyy ho mm xomun/i; examb - n edy; udmu_ - udy; 6bimb - 6ydy; öexamb - 6ea%, ho 6e>KUM, öeaym; damb - dan/i, damb, dacm; ecmb - en/i, euib, edym, edume, ednm m ApyrMe.
4.1           KJIACCMOMKAUM^ nPOflYKTMBHblX KJ1ACCOB rJlAľOJlA
ripoflyKTMBHbie Knaccbi maronoB flenaTca Ha ocHOBaHMM ocHOBHbix maronbHbix dpopw Ha cneflyKDinMX n a t b KnaccoB.
I k n a c c
npeflCTaBneH rnaronaMM Ha -aTb, (-aw, -aeujb) / -yiTb, (-aio, -aeiub)
(TMn vumamb, aynmrib).
OcHOBa MHc})MHMTMBa Ha -a, ocHOBa HacToamero BpeivieHM Ha -j- (cp. uapa-mb, uapaj-y,
rpa<$M<HecKM uapa-to, uapa-euib ...uapa-tom.
ľnaronbi l-oro Knacca TMna numamb cocraBnaiOT b pyccKOM *3biKe HaMÔonee
ôoraiyio rpynny maronoB.
K 3TOMy Knaccy othocatca
rnaronbi c oflHOcnoxHbiM KopHeM (den-amb, dyM-amb, uap-amb), npoM3BOflHbie rnaronbi Ha -amb, -nmb (oceoôodumb - oceoöoxdamb, ynompeöumb -ynompeôngmb, aonodamb, oöedamb, mbjKamb, ebmamb, Mnyxamb, xuxuKamb), rnaronw Ha -ueamb, -bieamb (nepenucbieamb, nepecmpaueamb, paccKaßbieamb) m MHorMe flpyrae.
YflapeHkíe:
ľnaronbi l-oro Knacca MivieiOT nocToaHHoe y^apeHMe bo Bcex c^opiviax.
TonbKO y maronoB c y^apeHMeivi Ha cycJx^MKce y^apeHMe nepeHOCMTca b CTpaflaienbHOM
npuHacTMM npoLueflLuero BpeivieHi/i Ha KopeHb: onpaedamb - onpaedaHHbiü, npovumamb -npovumaHHbiü, nomepmnb - nomepnHHbiü m t.n.
II   k n a c c
2-OM KJiacc npeflCTaBneH maronaivii/i Ha -eTb, (-eio, -eeiub)
(ti/i n KpacHemb).
OcHOBa MHc})MHMTMBa Ha -e-, ocHOBa HacToamero BpeivieHM Ha -j- (cp. xpachie-mb, xpahiej-y,
rpa<$i/NecKi/i xpachie-K), KpacHe-euib, ...KpacHe-tom).
K 3TOMy Knaccy othocatca rnaronbi, o6pa30BaHHbie ot wvieHi/i npi/inaraienbHoro m
o6o3Ha<HaiOLHMe nepexofl m3 oflHoro cocToaHi/m b flpyroe:
KpacHbiü - KpacHemb (červenat se)                 6n§ßHbiü - önedHemb (blednout)
xydoü - xydemb (hubnout)                               öoeambiü - öoeamemb (bohatnout)
mgncmbiü - moncmemb (tloustnout)                öenbiü - öenemb (bělat, zbělat).
K STOMy xe Knaccy othocatca Taioxe rnaronbi uMemb, xanemb, apemb (hrát), cnemb (zrát),
3pemb (zrát, dozrávat), CMemb (opovážit se), nomemb, xupemb, 6onemb, ycmapemb,
enademb, noxpacHemb m flpyrne.
O o p m bi marojia 3Toro Knacca:
HacTOHLuee BpeMa: n KpacH§jo, mbi KpacHeeuib, ...OHu KpacHejom
npoweflLuee BpeMa: 9\ KpaCHen, -na, -HO, -nu
6yflymee npocToe:  9\ nOKpaCHejO
6yflymee cnoxHoe:  9\ 6yby KpacHemb
noBenuTenbHoe HaKJioHeHne:  KpaCHeÜ! KpaCHeÜme!
ycnoBHoe HaKJioHeHne: 9\ 6bl KpaCHen
fleenpunacTue HecoB. BMfla:  KpaCH§ß
fleenpunacTue cob. BMfla:   nOKpaCH§ß(iUU)
fleMCTBMTejibHoe npunacTue Had. BpeivieHM:   KpaCHeßLUUÜ
fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue npoweflw. BpeivieHM:  nOKpaCHeßiUUÜ
CTpaflaTejibHoe npunacTue Had. BpeivieHM:   0
CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeivieHM: 0
YflapeHne:
rioHTM Bee rnaronbi SToro Knacca wivieiOT y^apeHne Ha cy<$cfc>i/iKce -emb, -eto, (-eeuib). McKniOHeHMeM ABnaiOTCfl rnaronbi c npi/iCTaBKOŇ -ebi (ebi3dopoeemb), a TaKxe
HeMHoroHMcneHHbie rnaronbi Ti/ma onocmbmemb (zprotivit se), o6e3yMemb (ztratit rozum).
III   k n a c c
3-MM Knacc npeflCTaBneH maronaivii/i Ha -OBaľb (-yio, yeiub) /-eBaTb, (-k>k>, -loeiub).
(ti/i n pucoeamb, Hoveeamb)
OcHOBa i/iH<$i/iHi/rri/iBa Ha -OBa i/ini/i -eBa; nocne -x-, -ui-, -y-, -uu,-, -u,-, m ivmrKi/ix cornacHbix cfciOHeivi napHbix, ocHOBa HacToamero BpeivieHM Ha -yj (cp. puc-oea-mb, puc-yj-y, rpacfci/NecKi/i pucy-to, -euib, ...-tom, i/ini/i Hov-eea-mb, Hov-yj-y,rpa<$i/NecKi/i HO^y-to, -euib).
ľnaronbi SToro Knacca niupoKO npeflCTaBneHbi b pyccKOM s3biKe. Cio^a othocatca rnaronbi öeceßoeamb, cneßoeamb, coeemoeamb, mpeßoeamb, nonb3oeambcn, a TaKxe MHoroHMcneHHbie npon3BOflHbie rnaronbi ™na yvumenbcmeoeamb, npocpeccopcmeoeamb m t.n.
OcoôeHHO 6oraTO npeflCTaßneHbi MexvjyHapoflHbie cnoBa ™na opaaHU3oeamb, mo6u-nu3upoeamb, meneapacbupoeamb, KOopduHupoeamb, noneMU3upoeamb, npoeoujupoeamb, Knaccucbuu,upoeamb, pedaxmupoeamb, cbyHKu,uoHupoeamb m t.a. O o p m bi maronoB 3roro Knacca: HacTOHLuee BpeMa: n pucyto, mbi pucyeuib, OHu pucytom npoweflLuee BpeMa: 9\ pucoean, -na, -no, -nu 6yflymee npocToe:  9\ HapucyK) 6yflymee cnoxHoe: ft 6ydy pucoeamb noBenuTenbHoe HaKJioHeHne:  pucyü! pucyüme! ycnoBHoe HaKJioHeHne:  9i 6bl pucoean fleenpunacTue HecoB. BMfla: pucy9\
fleenpunacTue cob. BUfla:   Hapucoeae(iUU)
fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue Had. BpeMeHu:  pucyK)UJ,UÜ
fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeMeHu:   (Ha)pucoeaeiUUÜ
CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTue Had. BpeMeHu:  pucyeMUÜ
CTpaflaTebHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeMeHu: pucoeaHHUÜ U HapucoeaHHUÜ.
YflapeHne:
ľnaronbi SToro Knacca MivieiOT nocTOSHHoe y^apeHne, ecnu b MHdpuHMTUBe y^apeHne He Ha
cydpdpiAKce.coeemoeamb -a coeemyto, npecneßoeamb -a npecneßyto.
Ecnu xe b MHdpuHMTUBe y^apeHne na^aeT Ha cydpdpmc, to b HacToam,eM (ôy^ymeM npocTOM) BpervieHM oho nepeHOCMTca Ha -yZ-to, a b crpaflaTeribHOM npunacTnn npoLueflLuero BpervieHM Ha -o, Hanp.:opaaHU3oeamb           a opeanuzyp opaaHU3oeaHHUü
Hapucoeamb               a Hapucyto     HapucoeaHHUÜ
ľnaronbi Ha -eeamb o6pa3yiOT dpopiviy crpaflaTenbHoro npi/Macri/m npoLueflLuero BpervieHM c ottaxkom y^apeHMa m c nepexoflOM -e- b -ě-:
3aeoeeamb   a 3aeofoto       3aeoäeaHHuü pa3>Keeamb   a pa3>Kyto       pa3xeeaHHuü\AT.n.
K 3TOMy Knaccy npMMbiKaeT HecKonbKO rnaronoB, KOTopbie BKnioneHbi ciofla no dpopivianbHOMy npM3HaKy; y stmx rnaronoB -oe, -ee npeflcraBnaeT co6om <nacTb KopH* a He ocHOBbi: K/ieea-mb - a K/itoto, mu Kmoěuib (zobat); xeea-mb - n xyio, mu xyěuib (žvýkat); Koea-mb - a Kýto, mu Kyěuib; coea-mb - a cyto, mu cyěuib (strkat); nneea-mb - a nntoto, mu nmoěuib m flp.
IV k n a c c
4-biM Knacc npeflcraBneH rnaronaMM Ha -Hymb, -Hy, -Heuib /-Hymb, -Hy -Héuib.
(TMn KpuKHymb, eepHymb)
OcHOBa MHdpMHMTMBa Ha -Hy-, ocHOBa HacTOflLu,ero BpervieHM Ha -h- (cp. KpuKHy-mb, n KpuKH-y, mu KpuKH-eudb, ...KpuKH-ym). K STOiviy Knaccy othocatca rnaronbi coBepujeHHoro BMfla co 3Ha<neHMeM oflHOKpaTHoro fleMCTBMa (jednorázového děje), cocTaBnaKDLu,Me BMflOBbie napbi: Kpuuamb - KpuKHymb; monamb - monHymb; mpgaamb - mpoHymb, monxamb - moriKHymb, npueamb - npueHymb, 3eeamb - 3eeHymb m t.n.
KpoMe Toro, cio^a othocatca rnaronbi eepnymb, monyrnb, mnnymb, oÖManymb, e3annHymb, ynoM9iHymb, enymb m HeKOTopwe flpyrMe.
B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT Mecia yaapeHMfl pa3nM<naK)Tca flBe pa3HOBMflHOCTM; c y^apeHMervi He Ha OKOHHaHMM (TMn KpuKHymb - a KpuKHy, mu xpuKHeuib) m c yflapeHMeM Ha OKOH^aHMM (TMn eepHymb - a eepHy mu eepHěuib). O o p m bi rnaronoB 3roro Knacca: HacToawee BpeMa:   0
npoLueflLuee BpeMa:  9i KpUKHyn, -na, -no, -nu 6yflywee npocToe:  9\ KpuKHy 6yflywee cnoxHoe:   0
noBenuTenbHoe HaKJioHeHne:  KpUKHu! KpUKHUme! ycnoBHoe HaKJioHeHne:  9i 6bl KpUKHyn fleenpunacTue HecoB. BMfla:   0 fleenpunacTue cob. BMfla:   KpUKHye fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue Had. BpeMeHu:   0 fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeMeHu:   KpUKHyeuiUU CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTue HacT, BpeMeHu:   0 CTpaflaTenbHoe npunacTue npoLuefl. BpeMeHu:  0
<t>opMy CTpaflaTenbHoro npM<nacTMa npoLueflLuero BpervieHM MivieiOT TonbKO nepexoflHbie rnaronbi: mponymb - mponyrnuú, oÖManymb - oOManyrnuú, ynoM9iHymb -ynoM9wymuü, coenymb - cgenyrnuú, omoenymb - omoenyrnuú m t.n. YflapeHkíe:
ľnaronbi SToro Knacca i/iMeiOT nocToaHHoe y^apeHne Ha KopHe i/ini/i Ha OKOH^aHnn. TonbKO HecKonbKO rnaronoB i/iMeiOT noflBuxHoe y^apeHne, Hanp.:>? matný, mbi mnHeuib, oh mgHem, m bi mgHeM, ebi mgHeme, ohu mgHym.
B CTpaflaTenbHOM npi/iHacn/ii/i npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM y^apeHne OTTaruBaeica Ha TpeTwži cnor c KOHL(a: 3aeepHymb - 3aeepHymbiü, 3acmeaHymb - 3acmeaHymbiú.
V k n a c c
5-TbiM Kfiacc npeflCTaBneH rnaronaMi/i Ha -umb, -tol-y, -uuub.
(ti/i n aoeopumb)
OcHOBa i/iH<$i/iHi/rri/iBa Ha -m, ocHOBa HacToamero BpeivieHi/i 6e3 cy<$cfc>i/iKca (aoeopu-mb, aoeop-to, aoeop-uiub). O o p m bi rnaronoB 3Toro Knacca: HacTOHLuee BpeMa:  91 aoeopjO npoLueflLuee BpeMa:  91 aoeopun, -na, -fiO, -fiU 6yflymee npocToe:  9i yaoeopjO 6yflymee cnoxHoe: 9i 6ydy aoeopumb noBenuTenbHoe HaKJioHeHne:   aoeopuj. aoeopume! ycnoBHoe HaKJioHeHne:  9i 6bl aoeopun fleenpunacTue HecoB. BMfla:   aoeop9[ fleenpunacTue cob. BMfla:   (yaoeopuß) fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue HacT. BpeMeHu:   aoeop9VJU,UU fleŕicTBMTenbHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeMeHu:   aoeopueuiUU CTpaflaTejibHoe npunacTue HacT. BpeMeHu:   0 CTpaflaTejibHoe npunacTue npowefl. BpeMeHu:   (yaoeopeHHblÜ)
ľnaronbi 3Toro Knacca othocatca ko BTopoMy cnpaxeHi/iio. B 1-om rw\L\e eflMHCTBeHHoro <HMcna HacToamero BpeivieHi/i ohm i/iMeiOT OKOH^aHne -\o (91 aoeopto, 91 u,eHfO, 91 ntoönto, 91 cmpojo), nocne ninnainux -y (91 Houiy, 91 xoxy, 91 nymy, 91 nnavy), b 3-beM nv\uß MHOxecTBeHHoro <nncna - OKOH^aHne -jit / aT {ohu nigö9im, u§H9im, aoeopnm, cmpQßrn, ohu cnyxam, ohu yvam, ohu cyuiam). YflapeHkíe: y rnaronoB 3Toro Knacca cneayeT pa3ni/NaTb Tpi/i ™na y^apeHna:
3. noflBMWHoe yflapeHMe
1. riocTosiHHoe yflapeHMe	2. riocTOHHHoe yflapeHMe	
Ha ocHOBe		Ha OKOHMaHMM
ôpocumb		aoeopumb
91   öpouiy	91	aoeopio
mbi ôpocumb	mbi	aoeopuuib
oh öpocum	OH	aoeopum
Mbl ÔpOCUM	Mbl	aoeopuM
ebi öpgcume	ebl	aoeopume
ohu 6pgc9im	OHU	aoeopnm
	xodumb
91	xoxy
mbi	xgduuib
OH	xodum
Mbl	xgduM
ebi	xodume
OHU	xod9im
K nepBOMy Ti/iny othocatca TaKne maronbi, KaK eepumb, Mepumb, omeemumb,
3aMemumb, noHUßumb, noebjcumb, yeenmumb m MHon/ie apyn/ie.
Ko BTopoMy Tuny othocatca TaKne rnaronbi KaK oceemumb, ocyvußcmeumb,
noce9imumb, yanyöumb, ynompeöumb, npexpamumb, npedynpeöumb m MHon/ie Apyn/ie.
3tm rnaronbi o6pa3yK)T CTpaflaienbHoe npi/NacTi/ie Ha -ěHHbiŇ: ocyvußcmeumb -
ocyuußcmeneHHbiu, ynompeöumb - ynompeöneHHbiü, yanyöumb - yanyönennbiü m t.a. K TpeTbeMy Ti/my c noflBMXHbiM y^apeHneM othocatca cneayiOLHi/ie rnaronbi: öpobumb            KnoHumb                    Hocumb                      cnyxumb
öydumb                          KopMumb                    nnamumb                   cyuaumb
eapumb                          Kocumb                       nonoxumb                  monumb
eodumb                          Kynumb                       nonyvumb                  yvumb
eo3umb                          Kypumb                       npocumb                    xeanumb
ayöumb                          nevumb                      nycmumb                   xodumb
daeumb                         noeumb                      pyöumb                      ußHumb
denumb                         nioöumb                     cepdumb                    9ieumbC9i m Apyrue.
npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi, o6pa30BaHHbie ot npuBeflěHHbix rnaronoB, i/iMeiOT TaKxe noflBMXHoe yflapeHne, Hanp.: ceapumb, pa36ydumb, noayöumb, pa3denumb, naKnonumb, 3annamumb, nonpocumb, paccepdumb m T.n. nocroaHHoe y^apeHne Ha ocHOBe wvieiOT nniiib rnaronbi, o6pa30BaHHbie npi/i noMOinn npi/icraBKi/i -Bbi, Kcropaa y rnaronoB coBepmeHHoro Bi/ifla Bceryja hocmt yflapeHne: ebjKopMumb, ebmypumb, ebiyvumb m flpyn/ie.
ľnaronbi c noflBuxHbiM y^apeHneivi o6pa3yiOT CTpaflaienbHoe npi/nacTi/ie c nepeHOCOM yaapeHi/m Ha TpeTMM cnor c KOHqa: ceapumb - ceapeHHbiü, HaKopMumb -HaKopMfieHHbiü, noayöumb - noayöneHHbiü, 3annamumb - 3annayeHHbiü m T.n.
rioHTM nonoBi/ma rnaronoB flaHHoro Knacca xapaKľepn3yeTca nepeflOBaHneivi cornacHbix b KOHqe ocHOBbi HacToamero BpeMeHM, a i/iMeHHo:6//7, e/cp, m nepeflyiOTCfl c 6n/nn, en/dpn, mji; c/3 nepeflyiOTCfl c ui/>k, HaKOHei_(, y cornacHbix ocHOBbi m/d b oahmx cnynaax y/x, b flpyrax, 6onee peflKux, vu, i/ini/i xd (cm Bbiiue). ripuMepbi:
MepeflOBaHMe          Mhc()mhmtmb              1 nv\up efl.4.             2nv\upeß,M.             3nv\upeß,M.                             dpafl. npM4.
Had. (6yq.)              HacT.(6yfl.)                HacT.(6yq.)                               npoiu. Bp.
BpeMeHM                   BpeMeHM                  BpeMeHM
mN
dim
m/m
3annamumb	3annayy	3annamuuib	3annanwm	3annayeHHbiu
Monomumb	Monony	MO/lOmULUb	Monomnm	MOflOVeHHblÜ
mpamumb	mpavy	mpamuuib	mpamnm	(uc)mpaHeHHbiü
3aMemumb	3aMeny	3aMemuuib	3aMemnm	3aM§HeHHblÜ
xodumb	xoxy	XOdULUb	xodnm	(UC)XO>KeHHblÜ
pa36ydumb	pa36y>Ky	pa36yduuib	pa36ydnm	pa36y>KeHHbiü
npocmydumbcn	npocmyxycb	npocmyduuibcn	npocmydnmcn	npocmyxeHHbiü
coKpamumb	coKpamy	coKpamuuib	coKpamnm	COKpaUJ,eHHblÜ
oceemumb	oceemy	oceemuuib	oceemnm	oceemeHHbiü
npeKpamumb	npeKpamy	npeKpamuuib	npeKpamnm	npeKpameHHbiü
d/x/xd                   oceoöodumb       oceoöoxy              oceoöoduiiib       oceoöodgm                       oceoöoxdeHHbiü
noepedumb                 0                         noepeduuib           noepednm                          noepexdeHHbiü
yöedumb                      0      yöeduuib                yöednm                                   yöexdeHHbiü
Haapadumb                 0                         Haapaduuib           Haapadnm                         HaapaxdeHHbiü
Ot MHornx rnaronoB, OKaHHUBaKui^nxca Ha -dumb, dpopMa 1-oro nnqa eflUHCTBeHHoro nucna b pyccKOM H3biKe He o6pa3yeTCfl v\nv\ He ynoTpe6naeTca. BMecTO «# no6e>Ky» (k noöedumb) roBopsT «n 6ydy noöedumeneM» BMecTO «n eao yöexy» (k yöedumb) roBop^T «# nocmapaiocb eao yöedumb»
n/nn
6/6/1
e/en
m/mji
cm/m
c/ui
3/)K
HaKonumb	HaKonnio	HaKonuuib	HaKonnm	HaKonneHHbiu
Kynumb	Kynnio	Kynuuib	Kynnm	KynneHHbiü
yanyöumb ynompeöumb	yanyönio ynompeönjo	yanyöuLUb ynompeöuLUb	yanyönm ynompeônm	yanyôneHHbiu ynompeôneHHbiu
oöbneumb	o6b9ten\g_	OÖbßßULUb	oôbgenm	OÖbßßfieHHblÜ
ompaeumb	ompaenio	ompaeuuib	ompaenm	ompaeneHHbiü
ymoMumb KOpMUmb	ymoM/iioymoMULUb            ymoMnm KOpM/llO                      KOpMULUb                  KOpMXm			ymoM/ieHHbiü KOpM/ieHHblÜ
npocmumb noMecmumb	npomy noMemy	npocmuuib noMecmuuib	npocmnm noMecmnm	npomeHHbiü noMemeHHbiü
noebicumb	noebHiiy	noebicuuib	noBucam	noebiuieHHbiü
HOCUmb	HOUiy	HOCULUb	Hocnm	HOUieHHblÜ
npocumb	npouiy	npocuuib	npocnm	npouieHHbiü
noHUßumb	noHWKy	nOHUßULUb	noHUßnm	nOHWKeHHblÜ
noapy3umb	noapyxy	noapy3ULUb	noapy3gm	noapyxeHHbiü
4.2       HEnpoflYKTMBHbiE rpynnbi rjiArojiOB
HenpoflyKTMBHbie rnaronw flenaTca Ha rpynnbi, oobeflUHaKDinne OKono 400 maronoB.
Tpynna maronoB Tuna n m c a t b - nniuy, n n a k a Tb - n n a h y
y maronoB stom rpynnbi ocHOBa i/iH<$i/iHi/rn/iBa omi/NaeTC* ot ochobw HacToamero BpeivieHM: nuca-mb - nuui-y, nnajca-mb - nnay-y. B ôonbiui/iHCTBe TaKi/ix maronoB nponcxoflMT nepeflOBaHne KOHe<HHbix cornacHbix nHC^nHUTUBa m HacToamero (ôy^ymero) BpeivieHM. MepeflOBaHne cornacHoro nponcxoflUT bo Bcex tfjopiviax HacToamero
BpeivieHM:					
n/nn	Kanamb	9t Kannio	mbi Kanneuib		OHU Kanmom
	cbmamb	9t cunniombi cunnemb		OHU cunniom	
	mpenamb	9t mpennio	mbi mpenneujb		OHU mpenmom
6/6/1	Koneôamb	9t Koneßmo	mbi Koneßfieuib:		OHU Koneßmom
m/mji	dpeMamb	9t dpeM/iio	mbi dpeM/ieuib		OHU dpeM/iiom
c/ui	nucamb	9t numy	mbi nuLueuib		OHU numym
	vecamb	9t nemy	mbi Heuieuib		OHU nemým
	nnncamb	9t nnnmy	mbi nnnmemb		OHU nnmuyrn
3/)K	en3amb	9t enxy	mbi efDKeuib		OHU etpKym
	Maßamb	n Maxy	mbi Maxeuib		OHU Maxym
	peßamb	n pexy	mbi pexeuib		OHU pexym
	CKa3ambn	CKa>Ky               mbi CKaxeuib		OHU	CKaxym
no o6pa3L(y rnarona CKa3amb cnparaioTca Taioxe maronbi: doKa3amb, paccKa3amb, 3aKa3amb, noKa3amb, HaKa3amb, omKa3amb, OKa3ambcn (octnout se), npuKa3amb
m/H
m/m
d/x
cm/m
a/x
k/h
x/ui
CK/m
32/3ÍK
npwnamb	n npmy	mbi npmemb
monmamb	9t monvy	mbi momemb
xnonomamb	9t xnonony	mbi xnonovemb
uienmamb	9t menný	mbi mememb
K/ieeemamb	9t K/ieeemy	mbi K/ieeem,emb
ponmamb	9t ponmy_	mbi popmemb
mpenemamb	9t mpenemy	mbi mpenem,emb
anodamb	9t anoxy	mbi angxemb
ceucmamb	9t ceuLny	mbi ceum,emb
deuaamb	9t dewKy	mbi dewKemb
nnaKamb	9t n/iavy	mbi nnavemb
CKaKambn CKany	mbi CKaneujb	
Maxamb	a Mamy	mbi Mamemb
naxamb	a n amy	mbi namemb
ucKamb	9t um,y	mbi um,emb
nonocKamb	9t nonomy	mbi nonom,emb
öpußaamb	9t 6pbľ3>Ky	mbi 6pbľ3>Kemb
OHU
OHU npmym onu morwym OHU xnonmym onu menným
OHU K/ieeemym OHU ponmym OHU mpenem,ym
OHU angxym
OHU ceumym
OHU dewKym
OHU n/iavym CKavym
OHU Mamym OHU namym
OHU um,ym OHU nonomym
OHU 6pbľ3>Kym
y MHorax 1/13 npuBeflěHHbix maronoB BcrpenaiOTCfl Kone6aHi/m b o6pa30BaHnn dpopw HacToamero (ôy^ymero) BpeivieHi/i). B coBpeivieHHOM penu moxho BcrpeTi/iTb deuxym m deuaatom, Kanniom m Kanatom, 6pb[3>Kym m 6pbi3aatom, Mauiym m Maxatom m p,p. TaKi/ie AyôneTHbie cfcopivibi oôbNHO oÔHapyxi/iBaiOT CMbícnoBoe i/ini/i CTunucTunecKoe pa3nn<Hne. Hanp. rnaron Kanamb - cfcopMbi Kanato, Kanaeuib ynoTpeôrmiOTCfl b 3Ha<HeHnn «poH^Tb Kanni/i Ha <HTO-Hn6yflb, nuTb KannaMM», Hanp. mbi Kanaeuib cede Ha nnambe, He Kanaú na CKamepmb; cfcopivia Kannem (oôbNHO nniub 3-be rw\L\o) ynoTpeôrmeTCfl b 3Ha<HeHnn «ynycKaTb no Kanne Bnary, npoieKaib», Hanp. KObju/a Kannem, nomonoK Kannem, cdepeea Kannem; cfcopivia rnarona «deuaaem» oôbNHO CBa3aHa c nepeiwemeHweM b npocTpaHCTBe,
Hanp. deuaamb LUKacf), cmynbn v\ T.n., a cpopivia «deuxem» c OTBneněHHbíM npeflCTaBne-HMeM o npi/iHi/me <Hero-.ni/i6o, Hanp. um deuxem vecmonigßue.
ľpynna maronoB Ti/ma 6 p a t b - 6epy
K 3T0M rpynne othocatca cnep,y\owy\e rnaronbi:
1.   ľnaronw co BdaBHbíM macHbiM b ocHOBe HacToamero BpeivieHi/i, Hanp. 6pamb: Had. Bpeivia: # 6epy, mbi 6epěuib, oh 6epěm, mm 6epěM, ebi 6epěme, ohu éepym;
dpamb - a depy, mbi depěuib ohu depym; 3eamb - 3oey 3oeěuib, 3oeym. noBen. HaKJi.: 6epu! öepume! fleenpnH. HacT.Bp.: 6epg_ fleřícTB. npunacTue HacT.Bp..' 6epyuJ,UU
y npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB wvieeTca nepeflOBaHne npucTaBOK: omo3eamb - a om3oey omoöpamb - n omöepy        pa3odpamb - n pa3depy YflapeHne: cŕopMbi npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM i/iivieiOT noflBuxHoe y^apeHne:
6pan      öpana           öpano           öpanu
coöpan  coöpana        coöpano        coöpanu
yöpan    yöpana          yöpano          yöpanu
(no)3ean (no)3eana       (no)3eano       (no)3eanu
2.   ľnaronw c oahocjioxhom ochobom b i/mcpi/iHi/rn/iBe Ti/ma wdamb - n yndy - mu wdeuib.
Had. BpeMfl: n xdy, mbi xděuib, oh xděm, mm xděM, ebi xděme, ohu xdym noBen.HaKJi.: xdu! xdume! fleenpuH. HacT. Bp.:     0 fleMCTB.npuHacTue HacT. Bp.: >KÖyuJ,UÜ
Ciofla OTHOcaTca cneflyKDLUne rnaronbi: peamb -n pey, mbi peěuib, ohu peym; mxamb -
n rnxy, mbi mxěuib, ohu mxyrn; epamb - n epy mbi epěuib, ohu epym. yflapeHne:B npoLuefliueM BpeivieHi/i MMeeTca noflBMXHoe yflapeHne:
xdan      xdana             xdano             xdanu
pean      peana             peano             peanu
B cpopiviax npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM CTpaflaienbHbix rnaronoB y^apeHne MOxeT nexaTb Ha <HacTML(e -en: doxdancn/doxdancn - doxdanacb, doxdangcb, doxdanucb.
<t>opMbi CTpaflaienbHoro npunacTna npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM o6pa3yiOTca c ott^xkom yflapeHna Ha TpeTwži cnor c KOHqa: copeamb - copeannbiu, omopeamb - omgpeaHHbiü.
3.   ľnaronw c mhc^mhmtmbom Ha -nmb Tuna cenmb - ft ceio - mu ceeuib - ohu ceiom.
Had. BpeMfl: 9i ceio, mbi ceeuib, oh ceem, Mbi ceeM, ebi ceeme, ohu ceiom
npoLueflwee BpeMa: ceßfl, -fia, -110, -flU
noBen. HaKJi.: ceul ceume!
fleenpuH. HacT. Bp.: C§ß
fleŕicTB. npuH. HacT. Bp.: cei0UI,UÜ
Ciofla OTHOcaTca cneflytOLnne rnaronbi: eenmb, nanmb, Hadenmbcn, CMenmbcn (n CMeigcb, mbi CMeěuibcn), omvanmbcn (zoufat).
4.   ľnaronw c/iamb - n uinio, mbi uiněuib, ohu uiniom; cm/iamb - n cmenio, mbi cmeneuib; ohu cmeniom; mamb - n my, mbi nxeuib, ohu mym; cocamb - n cocy mbi cocěuib, ohu cocym.
I~lpi/i o6pa30BaHMM cfciopivi HecoBepnieHHoro BUfla ot npuciaBOHHbix rnaronoB HaômoflaeTCfl nepeflOBaHne nonHbix m KpaTKnx dpopM npudaBOK: pa30cnamb - n pa30uinio          paccbinamb - n paccbinaio
pa30cmnamb - n paccmenio    paccmunamb - n paccmunaio cocnambcn - n couinigcb          ccbinambcn - n ccbinaiocb (odvolávat se).
ľpynna rnaronoB -mna fl e p >k a t b - fl e p >k y_ - fl e p >k m iij b
ľnaronbi stom rpynnbi nivieiOT b MHCpuHHTUBe OKOH^aHne -a-mb (-n-mb), a b cpopiviax
HacToamero BpeivieHM cnparatOTca no o6pa3L(y 2-oro cnpaxeHna (-uuib, -um, -um, -ume,
-am/-nm).
Had. BpeMfl: >7 depxy mbi depxuuib ...ohu depxam
npoLueflwee BpeMa: depxan, -na, -no, -nu
noBen. HaKJi.:ôepxu/ depxume!
fleenpunacTue HacT. Bp.: dep>Ka
fleenpunacTue npow.Bp.: nodep>Kaß
fleřícTB. npunacTue HacT. Bp.: dep>KaiJU,UÜ
fleřícTB. npnH. npoLu. Bp.: depxaeuiuu
dpafl. npnH.       0
CKDfla OTHOCflTCfl cneayiOLUMe rnaronbi: Ôonmbcn -a öotgcb, mbi öouvubcn, ohu öonmcn; dpowamb - a dpoxy mbi dpoxijuib, ohu dpoxam; dbiu/amb - a dbiuiy mbi dbjuiuuib, ohu dbjuiam; 3eyHamb, Kpunamb, MOJinamb, Mnambcn, cnuuiamb, cmonmb, cmynamb m Apyrae.
K stom rpynne othocatca TaKxe rnaronw cnamb - a cnnto, mbi cnuuib, ohu cnnm; ZHamb - a aoHio, mbi aoHuuib, ohu aoHnm.
ľpynna maronoB Tuna b m c e t b - BMUjy - BHCMUib
ľnaronbi stom rpynnbi MivieiOT b MHCpMHMTMBe -e-Tb (KaK rnaronbi 2-oro Knacca ™na KpacHemb), ho o6pa3yK)T cpopivibi HacToamero BpeivieHM no o6pa3L(y 2-oro cnpaxeHna (-uuib, -um, -um,-ume,-nm).
y rnaronoB stom rpynnbi HaômoflaiOTCfl Te xe nepeflOBaHMa cornacHoro ocHOBbi, <hto m y maronoB 5-oro Knacca.
ľnaronbi c cornacHbiMM -p, -n b ocHOBe cnparaiOTCfl 6e3 nepeflOBai-Mi/i: aopemb -n aopio, mbi aopuiub, ohu aopnm; CMompemb - n CMompto, mbi CMompuuib, ohu CMompnm; Ôojiemb - 6onum (y Menn. 6onum...), e&nemb - n eento, mbi eenuiub, ohu eennm. MepeflOBaHMe cornacHbix ochobw npoMCxoflMT no cneayiOLHMivi npaBMnaivi: n/nn
6/6/1 m/mji
m/n
d/x
cm/m
c/lu
mepnemb	n mepnnto	mbi mepnuuib	ohu mepnnm
cxpunemb	n CKpunnto	m bi CKpunuíMbOHU CKpunnm	
xpanemb	n xpannto	mbi xpanuiMb	ohu xpanrnn
uiunemb	n uiunnto	mbi uiunijuib	ohu uuunnm
Kunemb	n Kunnto	mbi Kunijuib	ohu Kunnm
CKopôemb	n CKopônto	m bi CKOpÔIJUlbOHU CKOpÔgm	
apeMemb	n apeMnto	mbi apeMuiub	ohu apeMgm
uiyMemb	n uiyMnto	mbi uiyMjjuib	ohu uuyMgm
eepmemb	neepvy	mbi eepmuuib	ohu eepmnm
nememb	n nevy	mbi nemuiub	ohu nemnm
eudemb	n euxcy	mbi euduuib	ohu eudnm
anndemb	n ansvKy	mbi annduudb	ohu anndnm
eudemb	n cuxy	mbl CUdUlMb	ohu cudnm
oöußemb	n o6u>Ky	mbi oôuduuib	ohu oôudnm
ônecmemb	n 6nevu,y	mbi önecmuudb	ohu ônecmnm
ceucmemb	n ceumy	mbi ceucmuiMb	ohu ceucmnm
eucemb	n euuiy	mbi eucuiMb	ohu eucnm
3aeucemb	n 3aeuuay	mbi 3aeucuuib	ohu 3aeucnm.
ľpynna maronoB Tuna coxHyTb - cox - coxna
B STy rpynny bxoaat rnaronbi c mhcpmhmtmbom Ha -Hymb, OTÔpacbiBaioiuMe b cpopiviax npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM cycpcpMKC -Hy- (b OTnMHMe ot rnaronoB 4-oro npoflyKTMBHoro Knacca). ľnaronw stom rpynnbi o6o3Ha<HaiOT cocToaHMe MnM nepexofl M3 OflHoro coctoahma b Apyroe (coxHymb - «CTaHOBMTbca cyxMM»).
npoLueflLuee Bpeivm ĎecnpucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB stom rpynnbi Mano
ynoTpeôrmeTCfl. ľlosTOiviy b flanbHei/niieivi npuBOflaTca cfcopivibi npoLueflujero BpeivieHM ot OflHoro 1/13 npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB coBepujeHHoro BMfla. C\op,a OTHOCflTca rnaronbi:
aacHymb
auÔHymb
anoxHymb
doxHymb
3n6Hymb
nunnymb
Měp3Hymb
a aacny                         noaac, -na, -no, -nu
n auÖHy                        noauß, -na, -no, -no
n anoxny                       oanox, -na, -no, -nu
oho doxHem (o xi/ibothwx)    nodox, -na,-no, -nu
n3n6Hy nnunny n Měp3Hy
MOKHymbn MOKHy nyxHymb              n nyxny
cnaÔHymb           n cnaßny
cneriHymb           n cnenny
coxHymb            n coxny
npo3n6, -na, -no, -nu npunun, -na, -no, -nu 3aMěp3, -na, -no, -nu npoMOK, -na, -no, nu
pacnyx, -na, -no, -nu ocnaß -na, -no, -nu ocnen, -na, -no, -nu ebjcox, na, -no, -nu
y AByx rnaronoB stom rpynnbi -n b npoLueflLueivi BpeivieHM coxpaHaeTca m b MyxcKOM pofle, noTOMy <hto b KOHU,e i/ix ochobw HeT cornacHoro:
emiymb              n egHy                          yenn, -na, -no, -nu
cmbmymb           n cmbmy                       ocmbm, -na,-no,-nu
Bce npuBefléHHbie 6ecnpncTaB0<HHbie rnaronbi nivieiOT 3Ha<HeHne HecoBepmeHHoro BMfla. HecKonbKO rnaronoB stom rpynnbi nivieiOT 3Ha<HeHne coBepiueHHoro BMfla: ucveßHymb        n ucveßHy                     ucveß, -na, -no, -nu
npuebjKHymb     n npueb[KHy                 npuebjK, -na, -no, -nu
n yMQ/iKHy                    yMonK, -na, -no, -nu
n docmuaHy                 docmua, -na, -no, -nu
n 3acmuaHy                 3acmua, -na, -no, -nu
<t>opMbi npoLueflLuero BpeivieHM ot 6ecnpncTaB0<HHbix rnaronoB 6e3 -Hy- (Hanp.aac, au6) ManoynoTpeÔMTenbHbi, ocoôeHHO b MyxcKOM pofle. ľlosTOiviy <nacTO 3aivieHaiOTca cfcopiviaiviM c -Hy-. ľOBopaT m nnujyT: aacnyn (pexe aac), außnyn (a ne au6), anoxnyn (pexe anox) m t. n. TaKi/iM o6pa30M, cei/Nac BCTpenaeTca: aacnyn, ho aacna, aacno, aacnu; außnyn ho außna, außno, außnu m t.n.
Cy<$cfc>i/iKC -Hy- npoflonxaeT coxpaHflTca m b AeŇCTBMTenbHbix npunacTnax npoLueflLuero BpeivieHM Ha -euiuü. 3flecb HaômoflaeTca KoneôaHne: npueb[Kuiuü       m           npueb[KHyeuiuü
3aenduiuü           u           3aegHyeuuuü
yenduiuü             u           yegHyeuuuü.
B HeKOTopbix cnynaax cfcopivia npi/NacTi/m c -Hy- aBnaeTca eflUHCTBeHHO bo3moxhom, Hanp. ucveßHyeuiuü.
ľpynna rnaronoB Tuna HecTM - Hecy
K stom rpynne OTHOCflTca rnaronbi, OKaHHUBaiOLLiMeca b i/iH<$i/iHi/rn/iBe Ha -cmu, -cmb, -3mu, smb. ľnaronbi stom rpynnbi flenaTca Ha HecKonbKO TunoB, CMOTpa no TOMy, KaKOM comacHbiM b KOHqe o c h o b bi HacToamero BpeivieHM.
yMQ/iKHymb
docmuaHymb
3acmuaHymb
1. OcHOBa	OKaHHMBaeTca Ha c \ah\a 3. K		3T0My TMny otho
Hecmu	>7 Hecy	mu Hecěuib	ohu Hecym
nacmu	n nacy	mbi nacěuib	ohu nacym
mpncmu	n mpncy	mbi mpncěuib	ohu mpncym
cnacmu	ncnacy	mbi cnacěuib	ohu cnacym
apbi3mb	n apbi3y	mbi apbi3ěuib	ohu apbi3ym
nommu.	n nomy	mbi noměuib	ohu nomym
ne3mb	n n§3y	mbi neßeuib	ohu n§3ym
2. OcHOBa	OKaHHMBaeTca Ha 6		
zpecmu_	>7 apeôy	mbi apeôeujb	ohu apeôym
CKpecmu	n CKpeôy	mbi CKpeôeuib	ohu CKpeôym
Hec, Hecna, Hecno, necnu_ nac, nacna nacno, nacnu_ mpnc, mpncna, -no, -nu_ cnac, cnacna, -no, -nu_ apbi3, apbjßna, -no, -nu non3, nomna, -no, -nu_ ne3, neßna, -no, -nu
apeô, apeôna, -no, -nu_ CKpeô, CKpeôna, -no, -nu_
3.  OcHOBa OKai-Ni/iBaeTCfl Ha t i/inu a
n/iecmu           a Memy    mbi Meměuib        ohu Memym     Měn, Mena, -no, -nu_
nnecmu          a nnemy   mbi nneměuib      ohu nnemym    nněn, nnena, -no, -nu_
u,eecmu          a u,eemy   mbi u,eeměuib      ohu u,eemym    u,eěn, u,eena, -no, -nu_
npuoopecmu a npuoöpemy mbi npuoopeměuib ohu npuoöpemym, npuoopěn, -na, -o, u_ U306pecmu    a U306pemy mbi U306peměuib, ohu U306pemym,  U306pěn, -na, -no, -nu_ a npovmy mbi npovměuib   ohu npovmym  npověn, npovna, -no, -nu_
ohu eedym
ohu xnadym
ohu xpadym
ohu ynadym
ohu nonadym
ohu npndym a cndy     mbi cndeuibOHU cndym       cen, cena, -no, -nu ľnaron cecmb o6pa3yeT cfcopivibi öy^ymero npocioro c nepeflOBaHneM rnacHoro ocHOBbi: ft čudy, mu cndeuib, ohu cndym; noBenuTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne cftdb! cndbme!
4.  OcHOBa OKaHHMBaeTca Ha ct
pacmu           a pacmy    mbi pacměuib     ohu pacmym    poc, poena, -no, -nu_
Ot 3Toro rnarona o6pa30BaHbi npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: ebipacmu, 3apacmu, npoLuefliuee Bpervm ebipoc, ebipocna, -no, -nu; 3apgc, 3apocna, -no, -nu_.
5.   ľnaron mtftcmbCft (přísahat)
a KnnHycb       mbi KnnHěuibcn          ohu xnnHymenKnnncn, Knnnacb, -nocb, -nucb
Ot 3Toro rnarona o6pa30BaH rnaron npoxnncmb (proklít).
nponecmb
eecmu
Knacmb
Kpacmb
ynacmb
nonacmb
npncmb
cecmb
n eedy     mu eeděuub 91 Knady   mbi xnaděuib 91 Kpady   mbi xpaděuib 91 ynady   mbi ynaděuib 91 nonady  mbi nonaděuib 91 npndy    mbi npnděuib
een, eena, -no, -nu_ Knan, xnana, -no, -nu Kpan, xpana, -no, -nu ynan, ynana, -no, -nu nonan, nonana, -no, -nu npnn, npnna, -no, -nu_
Tpynna rnaronoB Tuna n e h b - neKy
K stom rpynne othocatca maronbi, OKaH<HMBaK)LL|Meca b i/iH<$i/iHi/rn/iBe Ha -Hb. Ochobw HacTOflLL|ero BpeMeHM stmx rnaronoB OKaHHMBaKrrcfl Ha -a nnn -k: ohu Moa-ym, ohu nex-ym. K 3T0My Ti/my OTHOCflTca cneflyK)LL|Me rnaronbi:
6epenb          91 öepeay  mbi ěepexěuib    ohu öepeaym    6epěa, öepeana, -no, -nu_
wen b              away       m bi xxěuib            ohu >Kaym         xěa, xana, xang,   xanu.
npeHeöpevb   n npeneöpeay  mbi npeHeôpexeuib   ohu npeneöpeaym npeneöpea,
npeneöpeana, -no, -nu, MOHb              n Moay        m bi Moxeuib      ohu Moaym       Moa, Moana, -no, -nu_
cmepevb        n cmepeay mbi cmepe>Kěuib ohu cmepeaym,   cmepěa, cmepeana, -no, -nu_ cmpuvb           9i empuay    mbi cmpu>Kěuib ohu cmpuaym   empua, empuana, -no, -nu
jienb               n nnay         m bi nroKeuib       ohu nnaym
nevb               9i nexy         mbi nevěuib       ohu nexym
cevb                9i cexy        mbi cevěuib       ohu cexym
mevb              9i mexy       mbi mevěuib      ohu mexym
Ot stmx rnaronoB o6pa3yK)Tca MHoroHucneHHbie npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: yöepevb, npuenevb, cnevb, noMWb, npedocmepeyb m p,p.
flna rnaronoB stom rpynnbi xapaiaepHO nepeflOBaHne a/x m x/u b ocHOBe HacToamero BpeivieHM b 1-OM nv\uß eflMHCTBeHHoro <HMcna m 3-beM nv\L\e MHOxecTBeHHoro HMcna MMeKDTca cornacHbie a m k, b ocTanbHbix c^opMax cornacHbie >k m y. ľloBenMTenbHoe HaKnoHeHMe coxpaHaeT b ocHOBe a, k. noMoau! comzu! cmepeau! ucneKu! npueneKu!
ľnaron iienb MMeeT b HacToameM BpeMeHM ocHOBy nftz-. Ot stom ocHOBbi o6pa3yeTca m cfcopMa noBenMTenbHoro HaKnoHeHMa nm\ nrtzmel
nea, neana, -no, -nu_ něx, nexna, -no, -nu_ cěx, cexna, -no, -nu_ měx, mexna, -no, -nu_
ľpynna rnaronoB Tuna fl a b a t b - flaw
K 3T0M rpynne othocmtca maron daeamb co BceMM npMCTaBOHHbiMM npoM3BOflHbiMM, npoôaeamb, U3daeamb, ecmaeamb, npu3Haeamb, y3Haeamb m t.n. (npMCTaBOHHbie rnaronbi, o6pa30BaHHbie ot ocHOBbi -cmaea-mb, -3Haea-mb).
B c^opMax HacToamero BpeMeHM m b fleMCTBMTenbHOM npM<nacTMM HacT. BpeMeHM -ea- MCHe3aeT: daeamb         ft dato             mu daěutb                ohu datom                 daiomuü
ecmaeamb     n ecrnaio        mbi ecmaěuib             ohu ecmatom             ecmaiOLujju
npu3Haeamb a npu3Hato     mbi npu3Haěuib          ohu npu3Hatom           npu3Hatoui,uü
B ocTanbHbix cfcoprviax -ea- coxpaHaeTca, Hanp.: daean, -na,-no,-nu; daeaü! daeaume!
daean, daeaeMbiü.
ripucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi 3tom rpynnbi aBnaiOTca dpopwawiA HecoBepujeHHoro BMfla,
o6pa30BaHHbiMM ot rnaronoB damb, cmamb, 3Hamb. Hanpi/irviep:
npodamb            npodaeamb                            ecmamb          ecmaeamb
U3damb              U3daeamb                              npu3Hamb      npu3Haeamb
co3damb            co3daeamb                            ydambcn        ydaeambcn
ycmamb             ycmaeamb                             co3Hambcn     co3Haeambcn (přiznat se)
B HeKOTopbix cnynaax cfcoprvibi HecoBepujeHHoro Bi/ifla SToro Ti/ma rnaronoB
OTni/NaiOTCfl ot coBepujeHoro BUfla TonbKO MecTOM yaapehimi:
COBepUjeHHblM BMfl                                                                                          HeCOBepUjeHHblM BMfl
n y3Haio (poznám, dovím se)                          n y3Haig_(poznávám, dovídám se)
ohu y3Hatom (ot y3namb)                                 ohu y3Hatom (ot y3naeamb)
a npu3Hajocb (ot npu3Hambcn)                        a npu3Hatgcb (ot npu3Haeambcn)
(přiznám se)                                                  (přiznávám se) v\ Apyrae.
Tpynna rnaronoB Tuna n o h a t b -n noŇMy
Bee rnaronbi stom rpynnbi othocatca k coBepujeHHOMy BUfly. <t>oprvibi ocHOBbi HacToam,ero BpeivieHM sti/ix rnaronoB o6pa3yiOTca ot ocHOBbi -um- i/ini/i ot ocHOBbi -hum-. Ecni/i npucTaBKa OKOHHMBaeTca Ha r n a c h wm (Hanp.3a-Hgmb, no-Hgmb, Ha-Hgmb m t. n.) to ocHOBa HacTOflLu,ero BpervieHi/i 3By<HMT -um-: 3aHgmb - n 3aÚMy. Ecni/i npucTaBKa OKaHHMBaeTca Ha cornacHbiiď (Hanp. oö-nnmb, om-Hgmb), to ocHOBa HacToam,ero BpervieHM -um-: oÔHgmb -n oÔHUMy. McKmoHeHnervi aBnaeTca rnaron npuHnmb - n npuMy.
ľnaronbi c npucTaBKOM Ha rnacHbiŇ:
3aHgmb n 3aÚMy          mbi 3aÜMeuib             ohu 3aÚMym
HaHgmb n naÚMy          mbi naÚMéudb             ohu naÚMym
npuHgmb npuMy           mbi npuMeuib             ohu npuMym
noHgmb n noÚMy          mbi noUMěuib             ohu noÚMym
npednpuHgmb   n npednpuMy mbi npednpuMeuub     ohu npednpuMym
ľnaronbi c npucTaBKOM Ha cornacHbiŇ:
oôHgmb          n oÔHUMy       mbi oôHUMeuib           ohu oôHUMym
omHgmb         n omnuMy      mbi omHUMeuib          ohu omnmnym
noÔHgmb        n nodHUMy     mbi nodHiJMeuib         ohu nodHUMym
CHnmb             n CHUMy          mbi CHUMeuub             ohu CHUMym
B cpopiviax npoLueflLuero BpeivieHM mvieeTca noflBwwHoe y a a p e h h e:
3a_Hnn                 3annna            3a_Hnno            3a_Hnnu
nannn                 Hannna           Hannno           Hannnu
npuHnn               npuHxna         npuHxno         npuHxnu
npednpuHxn      npednpuHxna npednpuHxno npednpuHxnu
ngdHnn               noÔHnna         nodnnno         nodnnnu
Bo3BpaTHbie cjDopMbi npoLueflLuero BpervieHM urvieiOT y^apeHne Ha nocneflHervi cnore: 3aHnncn                     3aHnnacb       3aHxnocb       3aHxnucb
npuHnncn       npuHnnacb     npuHnngcb     npuHxnucb m t. n.
ľnaronbi stom rpynnbi o6pa3yiOT dpopivibi HecoBepujeHHoro BMfla Ha -HUMamb. 3aHgmb              3aHUMamb                  3aHgmbcn      3aHUMambcn
nodHgmb            nodHUMamb                oôHgmb           oôHUMamb
npuHgmb            npuHUMamb                CHnmb             CHUMamb
K stom rpynne rnaronoB othoci/itca Taioxe rnaron e3nmb:
9t eo3bM%                    mbi eo3bMěujb            OHU eo3bMym      e3nn, e3swa, e3nno, e3nnu
eo3bMu! eo3bMume!
Tpynna maronoB Tuna >k a t b - »My; >k a t b - >KHy; h a h a t b - h a h h y
B 3Ty rpynny bxoaat cnep,y\owy\e rnaronbi:
xamb     n xMy             mbi xMěuib    ohu xMym,     xan, xana, -no, -nu (tisknout)
xamb     n xHy              mbi xHěuib     ohu xHym      xan, xana, -no, -nu (žít, kosit)
Mnmb     n MHy              mbi MHěuib     ohu MHym       mfm, Mxna, -no,-nu
Havamb n HavHy          mbi HavHěuib ohu HavHym   Havan, Havana, Havano, Havanu
<t>opMbi npoLueflLuero Bpeiviei-M B03BpaTHoro rnarona Ha na m be a mvieiOT yflapeHne Ha nocneflHeM cnore; Havancn - Havanách - Havanocb - navanucb.
ľpynna maronoB Tuna t e p e t b - Tpy
3ia rpynna MMeeT nonHornacHyK) cpopMy -epe-. C\op,a OTHOcaTca cnep,y\owy\e rnaronbi: Mepemb          a Mpy              mbi Mpěuib     ohu Mpym      Měp, Měpna, Měpno, Měpnu
yn/iepemb       a yMpy            mbi yMpěuib   onu yMpym     yMep, yiuepna, yiuepno, yiuepnu
3anepemb      a 3anpy           mbi 3anpěuib onu 3anpym   3anep, 3anepna, 3anepno,
3anepnu omnepemb     a omonpy       mbi omonpěuib onu omonpym          omnep, omnepna,
omnepno, qmnepnu mepemb        # mpy             mbi mpěuib    onu mpym                  měp, měpna, měpno,
měpnu y npucTaBOHHbix maronoB 3tom rpynnw MMeeTca HepeflOBam/ie npi/icraBKi/i: cmepemb       # compy        mbi compěuib             onu compym
pacmepemb  n pa3ompy    mbi pa3ompěuib        ohu pa3ompym omnepemb    a omonpy m t. n.
<t>opMbi HecoBepnieHHoro BUfla ot npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB o6pa3yiOTCfl Ha -amb c HepeflOBaHneM e/u: yMepemb - yMupamb; 3anepemb - 3anupamb; omnepemb - omnupamb.
ľpynna maronoB Tuna ôopoTbca - 6 o p kd c b
3Ta rpynna MMeeT b ocHOBe nonHornacHyK) cpopMy -opo-. C\op,a OTHOcaTca maroribi: Öopombcn    >7 öoptgcb       mbi öopeuibcn            ohu ögpiomcn            6opgncn,6opgnacb,
öoponocb, öoponucb Konomb           >7 Kontombi Koneuib                ohu Kontom                Konon, -na, -no, -nu
MOJiomb        >7 Mento           mbi Meneuib               ohu Mernom                Monon, -na,-no,-nu
nonomb          n nontq            mbi noneuib               ohu non tom                nonon, -na,-no,-nu
nopqmb          n noptq            mbi nopeuib                ohu noptom                nopon, -na, -no,-nu
ľpynna maronoB Tuna 6 m t b - 6 b K)
B 3Ty rpynny bxoamt nsTb maronoB: 6umb, eumb, numb, numb, uiumb.
n 6bto     mbi ôbeuib      oh 6běm         m bi 6běM        ebi 6běme       ohu 6btom
Oopivia noBeni/rrenbHoro HaKfiOHeHna: 6eü! eeü! neu! neu! uieü! YflapeHne: <t>opMa npoLueflLuero BpeivieHM MMeeT noflBMXHoe y^apeHne y maronoB numb, numb, eumb
nun - nuna - nuno - nunu          nun - nuna - nuno - nunu      eun - euna - euno - eunu.
Tnaronbi 6umb m uiumb WMeiOT nocTOSHHoe y^apeHne Ha ocHOBe: 6un, 6una, 6uno, 6unu; uiun, uiuna, uiuno, uiunu.
Y npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB stom rpynnbi HaômoflaiOTCfl cneayiOLHi/ie ocoôeHHOCTU b yflapeHMn: donun/donun       donuna           donuno/donuno          donunu/donunu;
nponun, nponuna, nponuno, nponunu; pa3eun, pa3euna, pa3euno, pa3eunu.
<t>opMbi coBepweHHoro BUfla ot npucTaBOHHbix maronoB o6pa3yK)Tca npn noMOinn cydpdpiAKcn -ea-(mb): nponumb - nponueamb, pa3eumb - pa3eueamb, ebjuiumb - ebiuiueamb.
ľpynna maronoB Tuna k p bi t b - k p o kd
B 3Ty rpynny bxoamt naTb maronoB c nepeflOBaHneM bi/o b ocHOBe:
ebimb, Kpbimb, Mbimb, pbimb, Hbimb (naříkat), a Kpoto   mbi Kpgeuib    oh xpoem        mm xpoeM     ebi xpoeme     onu xpoiom. <t>opivia noBenuTenbHoro HaKnoHeHna: eoü! Kpoü! moü! poü! hoü!
<t>opMbi HecoBepiueHHoro Bi/ifla ot npi/iciaBOHHbix rnaronoB o6pa3yiOTca npi/i noMOinn cydpdpv\Kca -biea(mb): 3aKpbunb - 3at<pbieamb, yMbimb - yMbieamb, 3apbmnb - 3apbieamb.
4.3     EflMHMMHbIE TJlArOJlbl
Ciofla OTHOCflTCfl TaKne rnaronbi, KOTopbie He nona^aiOT hm b oflHy m3 npeflbiflymux rpynn. K efli/im/iHHbiM rnaronaM othocatca oneHb ynoTpeôi/rrenbHbie, xn3HeHHO BaxHbie rnaronbi.
mu m b             n >Kuey            mbi xueěuib   onu xueym                xun, xuna, xuno, xunu;
xueu! xueume! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi HecoBepiueHHoro BUfla o6pa3yiOTca npi/i noMomu cy<$cfc>i/iKca -ea(mb): 3a>Kymb - 3a>Kueamb; nepe>Kumb - nepexueamb, ebwumb - ebixueamb. njibimb          a nnbiey          mbi nnbieěuib      onu nnbieym         nnbin, nnbina, nnbino,
nnbinu; nnbieyj nnbieume! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: npunnbimb - npunnbieamb
nemb              a noto              mbi noěuib           onu notom             nen, nena, neno, nenu;
noü! noüme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: 3anemb - 3aneeamb 6pumb           a 6peto            mbi öpeeuib         onu 6p§jom           6pun, öpuna, 6puno,
öpunu; 6peú\ öpeüme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: cöpumb - cöpueamb dymb              n dyio              mbi dyeuib           ohu dyiom             dyn, dyna, dyno, dynu
dyü! dyüme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: Hadymb - Hadyeamb ZHumb            a aHutombi aHuěuib         ohu enuiom           enun, aHuna, enuno, enunu
noBen HaKn.   0 npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi npoenumb - npoenueamb cmamb           a cmany         mbi cmahieuib      ohu cmanym        cman, cmana, cmano,
cmanu; cmaHb! cmaHbme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi ecmamb - ecmaeamb Tnaron cmamb wvieeT cneflytomne ocHOBHbie 3Ha<HeHi/m:
a)   postavit se   (HecoB. bma cmaHoeumbcn), Hanp. oh cman Ha cmyn 6)   zastavit se   (HecoB. BUfla Hei"), Hanp. vacbi cmanu
b)   státse          (HecoB. bma cmaHoeumbcn), Hanp. oh cman yvumeneM r)   začít              (HecoB. BUfla Hei"), Hanp. oh cman vumamb
d)   tvary budoucího času          Hanp. n He cmaHysmoeo denamb
oöymb           n oôytombi oôyeuib         ohu oöytom           o6yn, oöyna, oöyno, oöynu
oöyü! oöyüme! ApyroM npucTaBOHHbiM rnaron: pa3ymb - pa3yeamb odemb           n odeny          mbi odeßeuib      ohu odeßym          öden, odena, odeno,
odenu; odeHb! odeßbme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: Hademb - nadeeamb, pa3demb - pa3deeamb udmu_             n udy              mbi uděuib           ohu udym              wen, mna, urno, uwu
uduj. udume! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi: eoümu_ - exodumb exam b            n edy              mbi edeuib           ohu edym              exan, exana, exano, exanu
noe3>Kaü! noe3>Kaüme! OLUuöumbca a ouiuöycb      mbi ouiuöeuibcn ohu ouiuöymcn     ouiuöcn, ouiußnacb,
ouiuönocb, ouiußnucb; (He) ouiuöucb! ouuuöumecb! ApyroM npucTaBOHHbiM rnaron: yuuuöumbcn - yuiuöambcn
peeemb         n peey            mbi peeěuub        ohu peeym            peeen, peeena, peeeno,
peeenu; peeu! peeume! xomemb        nxovy, mbi xgyeuib, oh xoyem, MbixomuM, ebi xomume, OHuxomnm
xomen, xomena, xomeno, xomenu; 3axomul 3axomumel ecmb              a e/w, mbi euib, oh ecm, mm eduM, ebi edume, ohu ednm
en, ena, eno, enu; euib! euibme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi ctecmb - cbedamb. da m b              n dam, mbi dauib, oh dacm, Mbi daduM, ebi dadume, ohu dadym
dan, dana, dano, danu; daü! daüme! B npucTaBOHHbix rnaronax b n pomenuje m BpeivieHi/i noflBMXHoe yflapem/ie: omdamb             gmdan, omdana, gmdano, gmdanu (v\ omdan, omdano, omdanu)
co3damb            cgßdan, co3dana, cgßdano, cgßdanu (v\ co3dan, co3dano, co3danu)
Bo3BpaTHaa dpopwa: omdancn, omdanacb, omdangcb, omdanucb co3dancff, co3danacb, co3dangcb, co3danucb B OTpnL|aTenbHOM cfcopivie npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM y^apeHne OTTarnBaeTca Ha nacu/my we bo Bcex cfcopiviax, Kpoivie xeHCKoro po^a: h§_ dan, He dana, He dano, h§_ danu 6bimb             9i 6ydy            mbi öydeuib    ohu öydym     6bin, öbina, öbjno, öbinu;
6ydb! öydbme! npucTaBOHHbie rnaronbi 3a6bimb - 3a6bieamb. V npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB, a Taioxe b OTpnL|aTenbHOM cfcopivie npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM yflapeHne nepexofli/rr Ha nepBbiM cnor bo Bcex cpopiviax, Kpoivie xeHCKoro pofla: npußbin, npuöbina, npußbino, npußbinu;
h§_ 6bin, He öbina, h§_ öbino, He öbinu ho!    3a6bin, 3a6bina, 3a6bino, 3a6binu; doöbin, doöbina, doöbino, doöbinu.
5     KATErOPI/m BMflA
KaTeropi/m BMfla oxBaTbißaeT Bce rnaronbi pyccKoro fl3biKa. Ka>Kflbii/i rnaron b nioôoM CBoei/i cfcopivie MOxeT 6biTb OTHecěH k coBepmeHHOMy i/ini/i HecoBepuieHHOMy BUfly.
Tnaronbi coBepuieHHoro b m a a - sto rnaronbi, Ha3biBaioinee AeŇCTBi/ie KaK L(enocTHoe coöbune, Hanp.: ceapumb, Hanucamb, npovumamb, yümu, ebjHecmu m t. n. (OTBenaiOT Ha Bonpoc «vmo cdenamb?»).
Tnaronbi HecoBepuieHHoro b m a a He coflepxaT b cboöm 3Ha<HeHnn yKa3aHna Ha i_(enocTHOCTb flei/iCTBua, Hanp.: eapumb, nucamb, vumamb, Hecmu. m AP-(OTBenaiOT Ha Bonpoc «vmo denamb?»)
Tnaronbi HecoBepuieHHoro m coBepuieHHoro BUfla pa3nn<HaiOTca TonbKO 3Ha<HeHneivi
L(enOCTHOCTM, KOMnneKCHOCTM flei/ICTBMa - neKCMHeCKM OHM TO>KAeCTBeHHbl M COCTaBnaKDT
BMflOByK) napy: denamb - cdenamb; aomgeumb - npueomoeumb; nepenucamb -nepenucbieamb; eußdopoeemb - ebi3dopaenueamb; peuuumb - peuiamb; omdamb -omdaeamb; paccKa3amb - paccKaßbieamb; cxamb - OKumamb; oöedamb - nooöedamb. 06pa30BaHne BUflOBbix cßopivi
1. 06pa30BaHne cpopM coBepuieHHoro b m fl a:
rioHTM Bce 6ecnpncTaBO<HHbie rnaronbi npuHaflnexaT k HecoBepuieHHOMy BUfly, Hanp.:ôe/7aAT7fa, xumb, cudemb, nememb, nemb, CMompemb, eudemb, xpuvamb, eapumb. Jli/iLUb HeoonbLuoe KonunecTBO 6ecnpncTaBO<HHbix rnaronoB npuHaflnexnT k coBepmeHHOMy BMfly, Hanp.: damb, nevb, cecmb, cmamb, öpgcumb, nycmumb, npocmumb m t.n.
<t>opMbi coBepuieHHoro BUfla o6pa3yiOTca: a) npi/i noMOLL(M npuciaBOK (npec})MKcaL(Ma) - cdenamb, npoxumb, npovumamb, Hanucamb. 6) npi/i noMOLL(M cyäpäpvwica -ny- (cy4)4)MKcaL(Ma) - Kpuvamb - KpuKHymb;
uiaaamb - uiaaH^mb; npbieamb - npbieHymb
2. 06pa30BaHne cpopM HecoBepuieHHoro b m fl a:
<t>opMbi HecoBepnieHHoro BMAa ot npocTbix i/inu npucTaBOHHbix rnaronoB coBepiueHHoro BUfla o6pa3yiOTCfl npe>KAe Bcero npn noMomu cy<$cfc>i/iKCOB -biea-, -uea-, -ea-, -a-, -a-, TaK <hto rnaronbi pa3Hbix KnaccoB m rpynn nepexofl^T k nepBOMy Knaccy.
CydpdpiAKC -biea-/-uea-: nepenucamb - nepenucbieamb; pacct<a3amb - paccKaßbieamb;
npoyumamb - npovumbieamb; ebmoMumb - ebinaMbieamb; pa3pucoeamb - pa3pucgebieamb; pa3yvumb - pa3yyueamb nepevepKHymb - nepevěpKueamb; 3adep>Kamb- 3adep>Kueamb. CydpdpiAKC -ea-:   Hat<pbimb - Hat<pbieamb; nonumb - nonueamb; ecmamb - ecmaeamb; pa36umb - pa36ueamb; coapemb - coapeeamb; 3aaHumb - 3aaHueamb ocnaöemb - ocnaöeeamb; 3adymb - 3adyeamb; doxumb - doxueamb. CydpdpiAKC -al-ft:   oöyvumb - oöyvamb; Hacmynumb - Hacmynamb; oöbncHumb -
06-bncHgmb; ynompeöumb - ynompeönnmb m flp. KpoMe cydpdpwKCOü, arm o6pa30Bai-ii/m dpopu HecoBepuieHHoro BUfla ncnonb3yeTca TaKxe nepeflOBaHne rnacHbix i/ini/i cornacHbix ochobw.
o/a	3apa6omamb	3apa6ambieamb	d/dx	no6edumb	noöexdamb
	eußpocumb	ebiöpacbieamb		eo36ydumb	eo36y>Kdamb
	3acmpoumb	3acmpaueamb	cm/m,	npocmumb	npomamb
e/e	npuvecamb	npuHěcbieamb	cm/CK	nycmumb	nycKamb
e/u	yMepemb	yMupamb	c/lu	yKpacumb	yKpauiamb
k/h	KpUKHymb	Kpuvamb	3/>K	ucKa3umb	ucKaxamb
	cmy_KHymb	cmyvamb	n/nn	HaKonumb	HaKonnnmb
mN	omeemumb	omeevamb	6/6/1	ynompeöumb	ynompeônnmb
m/m,	coKpamumb	coKpamamb	e/en	npuaomgeumb	npuaomoennmb
d/x	oöudemb	oöuxamb	m/m/i	ymoMumb	ymoM/inmb
MHorfla MOxeT BCTpenaTbca oflHOBpeivieHHO HepeflOBam/ie rnacHbix m cornacHbix: o/a         >K/a        npednoxumb      npednaaamb
o/a         c/lu        cnpocumb            cnpauiueamb
o/a         e/en       eunoeumb           eunaenueamb
Hanöonee pacnpocTpaHeHHbiM b coBpeivieHHOM pyccKOM a3biKe aBrmeTca nepeflOBaHne y^apHbix rnacHbix o/a b kophax rnaronoB coBepuieHHoro m HecoBepmeHHoro BMflOB nepefl cydpdpwKCOu -biea-/-uea-, Hanp.:
paccmpoumb    paccmpaueamb;                    ycnoKOumb    ycnoKaueamb;
HeKOTopwe BUflOBbie napbi, co3flaHHbie cycfccfciMKcanbHbiM nyTěM, MoryT MivieTb BapnaHTHoe o6pa30BaHne, Hanp.: pacmonumb      pacmonnnmb \a pacmannueamb
ou,eHumbou,eHgmb \a ou,eHueamb
B peflKMx cnynaax eflUHCTBeHHbiM cpeflCTBOM pa3nn<HeHna HeKOTopbix dpopw maronoB coBepiueHHoro m HecoBepuieHHoro bmaob OKa3biBaeTca MecTO yp,apeHv\n. Hanp.:
cob. BMfl             ompeßamb (n ompexy)
ebipe3amb (n ebipexy) nacbmamb (n Hacb[nmo) 3acb[namb (n 3acbinmo) oöpeßamb (n oöpexy)
HecoB. BMfl     ompe3amb (n ompe3aio) ebipe3amb (n ebipe3ajo) Hacbinamb (n Hacbinato) 3acbinamb (n 3acbinato) o6pe3amb (n o6pe3aio)
B HeKOTopwx cnynaax rnaron HecoBepuieHHoro BMAa omMHaeTca ot marona coBepiueHHoro BMAa CTeM xe neKCMnecKMM 3Ha<neHMeM Been ochobom. TaKMe c})opMbi Ha3biBaiOTCfl cynnneTMBHbiMM. Hanp.: e3nmb - öpamb;    ucxamb - Haümu;
nevb - noxumbcn;     cecmb - cadumbcn; cmamb - cmatioeumbcn;       xnacmb - nonoxumb; noeumb - noÜMamb;              aoeopumb - ct<a3amb;
eo3epaiugmbcn - eepnymbcn.
5.1    flßyBMflOBbie marojibi
flßyBMAOBbiMM rnaronaMM Ha3biBaiOTCfl rnaronw, He MMewinMe c})opManbHO BbipaxeHHoro BMAOBoro 3Ha<neHMa - ohm MoryT 6biTb ynoTpeôneHbi b 3Ha<neHMM KaK
coBepnieHHoro, TaK m HecoBepiueHHoro BUfla. 3Ha<HeHne BUfla y TaKnx maronoB ycTaHaBfMBaeTCfl m3 KOHTeKda m oôbNHO noflflepxuBaeica coceflHMMn rnaronaMM c 4)opManbHO BbipaxeHHbiM bmaom (Hanp.: i/lx MHoao pa3 UHCpopMupoeanu u npedynpexdanu 06 3 mo m = HecoBepiueHHbiM bma). Ohm flenaTca Ha flBe rpynnbi:
1.  Tnaronbi c pyccKOŇ ochobom. Mx HeMHoro: Ka3Humb, xeHumb, pamimb,
oöevugmb, eenemb, uccnedoeamb, Hacnedoeamb, ucng/ib3oeamb, codeucmeoeamb, omeemcmeoeamb m HeKOTopwe flpyrae. HeKOTopwe m3 stmx maronoB bxoaat b BMflOByK) onno3ML(MK) c npecDMKcanbHbiMM rnaronaMM, Hanp.: eenemb - noeenemb, xeHumb - noxeHumb. OflHaKO ohm npoflonxaiOT ynoTpeônaTbca m iok AByBMflOBbie.
2.  Tnaronbi c 3anMCTBOBaHHOŇ ochobom. 3to npoflyKTMBHaa rpynna AByBMflOBbix maronoB. Hanp.:
adpecoeamb, apeHdoeamb, KOwpucKoeamb, Mo6unu3oeamb, MexaHU3upoeamb, opaaHU3oeamb, seaKyupoeamb m t. n.
flna coBpeMeHHoro a3biKa xapaKTepHO nodeneHHoe BbuecHeHMe AByBMflOBOCTM m CTaHOBneHMe hobom cfcopMbi bmaobwx nap nocpeflCTBOM npe<$MKcau,MM m cycfcicfciMKcaLiMM: accpanbmupoeamb - 3aaccpanbmupoeamb, peaucmpupoeamb - 3apeaucmpupoeamb, amaxoeamb - amaxgebieamb, apecmoeamb - apecmgebieamb, opaanu3oeamb -opaaHU3oebieamb, KOwpucKoeamb - KOHtpucKoebieamb.
5.2          OflHOBMflOBbie marojibi
Hapafly c rnaronaMM, cooTHOCMTenbHbiMM no BMfly, m AByBMflOBbiMM rnaronaMM b pyccKOM fl3biKe cymecTByKDT TaK Ha3biBaeMbie OflHOBMflOBbie rnaronbi - He MMewiuMe npM ce6e BToporo nneHa bmaobom napbi. Mx moxho flenMTb Ha flBe rpynnbi:
1.   Tnaronbi TonbKO HecoBepuieHHoro b w a a (imperfectiva tantum)
CKDfla BXOflaT rnaronbi, o6o3Ha<HaiOLHMe: <$M3M<HecKoe cocToaHMe - nexamb, cnamb, cmonmb, cudemb;
6biTMe, cocToaHMe - 6bimb, cyuußcmeoeamb, npeöbieamb, omcymcmeoeamb, naxodumbcn; ABMxeHMe - udmij, xodumb, OTHOiueHMe - omnocumbcn, pacnonaaamb, uMemb; AeflTenbHOCTb, 3aH5rn/ie - yvumenbcmeoeamb, cmonnpHiwamb, napmu3a_Humb; AynieBHoe cocToaHMe - cepdumbcn, apycmumb, a Taioxe MOflanbHbie rnaronbi TMna -xomemb, HaMepeeambcn, cmpeMumbcn, Hyxdambcn m ApyrMe..
2.   Tnaronbi TonbKO coBepweHHoro b m a a (perfectivatantum)
3to HeMHoroHMcneHHbie rnaronbi cneflytoinMX cnocoôoB fleMCTBMa: Ha<HMHaienbHoro - 3aKpuvamb, 3auienmamb, noumu, nomoöumb, ecKpuvamb; ycMnMTenbHoro - pa3axambcn, pa3eoeeambcn; cfwHMTMBHoro - omoöeßamb, omaoeopumb m HeKOTopwe ApyrMe.
5.3     Tnaronbi ABtuKeHtifl
(Slovesa pohybu) Tnaronbi flBMxeHMa cocraBnaiOT b pyccKOM a3biKe ocoôyio rpynny maronoB. Tnaronbi ABMxeHMa BbiCTynaiOT b napax (b 6onbiuMHCTBe cnynaeB o6pa30BaHbi ot OflHoro KopHa) m rpynnMpyiOTca b flBynneHHbie cooTHOiueHMa, nneHbi KOTopwx npoTMBonocTaßneHbi
no 3Ha<HeHM3M   -KpaTHOCTU   /HeKpaTHOCTM   M
oflHOHanpaBneHHOCTM/HeoflHOHanpaBneHHOCTM HanpMMep udmu_ - xodumb, Hecmij - Hocumb. 06a rnarona OTHOcaTca k HecoBepnieHHOMy BMfly. Pa3HMua Mexvjy rnaronaMM TMna udmu, necmu, c oahom
9NI/MB0 oxquoi tíoitíVoav\du qoetís '.tív\Ha)ĎKoxoed 9Ndoio>i9H 'oxBHtío 'qiog ±9BtíBU3oo agBhÁLfo gaioHwnquog a xexnek i/Moxomsh n i/MoxooÁd a aobVia gnHguggdiouA
a o tíná aMHaugadiou/t
áuiaou ojd is npfez                                  nouiazee ee ch e e e g o &
Ti}sod eu is npfez                                        Áiuhou en J x o x o y
npoqos as (uieqjqs) uijzeqos                  mnnmxjiöäuo (oiěeago) Jxo x o &
nqajqayÁjqaqudi;§q                   Áeadägx nuěxaggou nuiaff
azejdy\eAozi\qudasye\/\                         aeedux uTíqoxqou geaöu
oauizio autu a>\ \idnoisud                 nainöxeHzaH u a m o go u am/v oyi
n;sod eu ;ij uiisnyy                        Áuihou bh Umnou Haxuög &
nuajq ay
]BAB\d i eg e z e \ap\An auvu sad     Áaadäg x e~ unuu o u n bhiai/\i euaoľisÁ exegoQ
nuiop ou e i paA e z e nynj ez ayp e\ezA emey^       wog s osa ě u as o u n ÁxÁd ěe exHagad eub£9 ei/\iěy\i OAejdeu
(as lep) i n u q e z e \oi\n eu iasÁ/\    osedueH u a mo u n ÁnnuÄ en LramŇ9 ho as jiAe;sez e n>j0J>i y\\\oy\au eu as \\\epz/\       bouřisoHeujoo n söaem oxiiioxošh bh u a m o ui o hq
npemodpajd z ;azeqoÁA              unhiaxououoadu en RvuňQoxon
luiaz nojao ;eAo;saoojd        A~Heduio oios quingeaien
Ápoqoqo ÁuqoasA leqaqo        /«wňeesew aos quieeägsn
:b5HH9>KHatí aOUOJBUJ XNHhOaBlOMdU tíMHSLrgedlOUÁ NdSI/MUdU 9NdO±0>l9H 91MHaBdQ
l/MOXOTTigh a l/M9h '9HH9hBH£ 90JÁdtí gXNebí l/MOXOOÁd a 1CH9I/MM 'b5HH9>KH3tí HI/MBLTOJBLTJ 0 bJOSL/llTICHbíl-MtfeOO 'M» a BIO M d U 9NdO±0>l9H   '(-O '-QOU '-UJO
'-on '-en '-ou '-N9 duBH ) w/MB>i3B±ondu o bJoiomuggdiouÁ oiOBh bíHH9>KH3tí nltojbltj
quiěxoeui                                                        quiľľmeui
quiěwou                                                                           ňujMOU
Rvuesěuu                                                                Rumuu
RUlňOOH                                                                             TiUJOdH
quiěuiau                                                                          RuSäujiau
Rvunťěu                                                                              Rujeau
quiěuie»                                                         quiňuiex
quiňoox                                                                               ňuign
quingea                                                                              quiexa
RUJBHoe                                                                              RvueHa
RUJľieod                                                                              ňujsas
quiňoos                                                                             ňuioas
quieeäg                                                                           RuJěwag
(eRHHeuaedueHOHtfoeH)                                                                         (eRHHeuaedueHOHtfo)
tsľiH9>Kľiata'                                                                                                       tsľiH9>Kľiata'
ojoHHSLretfeduoeH rltojeltj                                                                  ojoHHeuetfeduo rltojeltj
:i/MO>iom9h a i/\i9h 'grnquog bíHH9>KH3tí soltojbltj XNHdBU ouowh gxNebí i/MoxooÁd g
«OHiBdgo m BtíÁi» 9MH9>KMat7' qiBhBHEogo i9>K0i/\i Áuôxm 9 ujnQÖx >iň~Hah/{ L/MHgwoutígdu a
MH9i/\i9da »oegdio MNHHgijgt/gduo a 9uo>irn » CHMHSLraBduBH ou tíoeelncHBmdeaoo '9L/ia±0M9tí 90Hi9d>iH0>i AVv\a a tíoiggi/MM Áuôxm s utagn »ňhiahA ľiĽiHewoLrttedu g
b'MH9>KMat7' (OJOHHSLret/edUOSH )   OJOHHSUSedUBHOHt/OSH LOlCHBaNEBH NLTOJELTJ
9M>IB1   ĽOlStídOiaOU   MLTM XtíMHSLTaBdUBH   X N H E B d   3 tíOqitíLTaiOSrnÁOO
19>K0I/M eodOlO» '9MH9>KMat7'ICHBhBHEOgO lUJnOOH 'RUJnQOX BUM1 NUOJBLľJ   (b'MH9>KMat7'
OJOHHSLret/edUO NLTOJELTJ) 9NHH9üaedUBH0Htr0 ĽOlCHBaNEBH NLTOJBLTJ 9M>IB1
1H9I/M0I/M   MNHHSUSt/sdUO   9ľl MMHSLľaBdUBH   l/M O H tí O   3 99TTICHB>l910dU '9MH9>KMatí
ICHBhBHEOgO 9N3d9U Olh 'l/MOl 3 tíOigBhCHLTXBE 'MOJÁdtí 0 'RUJnOOH 'RUJnQOX \A 'NHOdOlO
xapaKTepHbie:
1.   B pyccKOM fl3biKe flna noBTopaioineroca i/inu o 6 bi h h o r o fleižiCTBi/m ynoTpeônaeTca cfciopivia HecoBepiueHHoro b m a a, b to Bpeivm KaK b neuiCKOM A3biKe MoryT ynoTpeônaTbca cfciopivibi KaK coBepniem-ioro, TaK m HecoBepiueHHoro BUfla:
Když mne bolí hlava vezmu/beru si prášek.
Koada y Menn. 6onum aonoea, n n p u h u m a to nopouiOK.
(Vždy) když přijdu domů, napíši/píši nejdříve úkol.
Koada n n p u x o>k j/ ôomoú, n npexde eceao n u uu y_ 3ada_Hue. Ecni/i nepeBecTM BbinienpuBefleHHoe neiiiCKoe npeflnoxeHne c coxpaHeHi/ieivi dpopw coBepiueHHoro BUfla (Koada n npudy ôomoú, n Hanuuiy3ada_Hue), to BbipaxaeTca He oôbNHoe i/ini/i noBTopaioineeca fleižiCTBue, a oflHOKpaTHoe fleižiCTBue b ôy^ymeivi BpeivieHM (např. odpoledne přijdu a napíšu).
2.   B pHae cnynaeB b noBeni/rrenbHOM HaKnoHeHnn co 3Ha<HeHneivi BexnuBoro no-ôyxfleHna b pyccKOM a3biKe b OTni/Ni/ie ot HeniCKoro ynoTpeônaeTca h e c o b e p -m e h h bi m b m p,.:
Bxodume, pa3deeaúmecb, cadumecb! Vejděte (pojďte), odložte si, posaďte se!
3.   ľnaronbi flBi/ixeHi/m b cfcopivie nponiefliiiero BpeivieHM Ti/ma npue3>nan, xodu/i <nacTO He MoryT 6biTb nepeflaHbi b neuiCKOM *3biKe cooTBeTCTByioinwvii/i <$opiviaivii/i (přijížděl, chodil). B HeniCKOM A3biKe b TaKMX cnynaax BbiCTynaeT maron být.
CpaBHn:           npuxoduji 6pam u npocun eMy no3eoHumb
B y I zde bratr a prosil, abys mu zavolal. 9] ceagÔHn xodun xynambcn Dnes jsem se byl koupat. Ha npouinoú Hedene a eßdun e ľlpaay Minulý týden jsem byl v Praze.
4.   B OTpnu,aTenbHbix pennuKax b pyccKOM *3biKe b OTni/Ni/ie ot HeniCKoro <nacTO BcrpenaeTCfl HecoBepnieHHbíM bma Taivi, r^e b neuiCKOM B03MOxeH TonbKO coBepnieHHbíM BMfl: Mameeuva, cmapuKa maKoao, euden? - He e u dan. AHdpeú üempoeuv.
6     KATErOPI/m 3AJ10rA
(Slovesný rod)
3anon/i rnarona BbipaxaiOT OTHomeHne iviexfly npoi/i3BOAi/rreneivi aei/iCTBi/m m npeflivieTOM, Ha KOTopoe HanpaßneHO sto flei/iCTBue.
KaTeropua 3anora TecHO CB*3aHa c nepexoflHOCTbio rnaronoB.ľnaronbi, KOTopbie BbipaxaiOT flei/iCTBue, HanpaßneHHoe (nepexoflamee) Ha Apyroiď npeflivieT, CToamni/i b BMHMTenbHOM na^exe 6e3 npeflnora, Ha3biBaiOTca nepexoflHbiMM, Hanp.: Hanucamb (nucbMo), vumamb (KHuay), nocmpoumb (öom), npuHecmu (KOHcbem) m t. n.
ľnaronbi, KOTopwe He BbipaxaiOT aei/iCTBi/m, HanpaBneHHoro Ha Apyroiď npeflivieT, m He coneTaiOTca c Bi/iHi/rrenbbiM naaexoivi 6e3 npeflnora, Ha3biBaiOTca HenepexoflHbiMn - 3TO npexfle Bcero rnaronw ABi/ixeHi/m: udmu, öexamb, nexamb, ecmamb; rnaronw, ooosHanaioiuMe cocToaHne: nexamb, cudemb, cnamb, aopemb, xydemb m p,p. K HenepexoflHbiM rnaronaivi OTHOcaTca m Bee B03BpaTHbie maronbi. rpaHnu,a iviexfly nepexoflHbiMM m HenepexoflHbiMn rnaronaiviM He aBnaeTca aôconiOTHOM (nucamb nucbMo, nemb necHto - oh xopouio nuuaem, ona yyumcn nemb).
6.1 3HaneHMe 3anoroB marona
HenepexoflHbie maronbi He pa3ni/NaiOT 3anoroB. riepexoflHbie maronbi pa3ni/NaiOT b pyccKOM 33biKe flBa 3anora:
1. flei/iCTBMTenbHbiM 3anor (činný rod) - ManbvuK Moem pyxu
eéÄdg eÁdg uichehs ömodox Tího                                       ifeuz es ejqoQ
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BQ90 RLuěgseduo = BORLuěgseduo Tigao iluni/v = koiujňi/v :ügao lmhsi/mmoiosi/m
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BtíJ90a 9MlnCH9l/MM 'MMlOBhUdU XNHqU91Mai0M9tí NI/\ldod3 903 b'OlCHb'Uab' l/M9MH9hCHU>IO[/|
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umwA »nhiuěiAi - (poj Áudj^) joube MNHqueiBt/Bdio   z
Přátelé se měli rádi                           flpy3bn n\o6unu dpya dpyaa.
3)   Tnaronbi o6meB03BpaTHoro 3Ha<HeHna Ha3biBaiOT flei/iCTBue, nponcxoflamee b caMOM cyôbeKTe, KaK cocToaHne SToro cyôbeKTa, Hanp. cepdumbcn, padoeambcn, moMumbcn, ocmaHoeumbcn, yduengmbcn i/ini/i KaK ero cpi/i3i/NecKoe fleňcTBue: omeepHymbcn, ocmaHoeumbcn, npoayngmbcn m t. p,.
4)   ľnaronbi KOCBeHHO-B03BpaTHoro 3Ha<HeHna Ha3biBaK)T fleňcTBue, coBepniaeMoe cyôbeKTOM arm ce6a, Hanp. npuöupambcn, cmpoumbcn, 3anacambcn (oh 3anacaemcn = oh 3anacaem ceôn, dnn ce6g).
5)   ľnaronbi aKTHBHO-6e3o6beKTHoro 3Ha<HeHna Ha3biBaiOT fleňcTBue, npeflCTaBneHHoe KaK nocTOSHHoe m xapaKiepHoe cbomctbo cyôbeKTa: (3eMnn epamaemcn)
B pyccKOM A3biKe MHon/ie rnaronw c TaKMM 3Ha<HeHnei\/i ynoTpeôrmiOTCfl b B03BpaTHOM cpopivie, a b neniCKOM b HeB03BpaTHOiži, Hanp.: Oh pyaaemcn.       Nadává.
CoöaKa Kycaemcn                             Pes kouše.
Kpanuea xxěmcn.                             Kopřiva pálí.
Ex Konemcn.                                     Ježek píchá.
Koßa öodaemcn.                                Koza trká.
Cepduß öbemcn                                Srdce bije.
EcTb m pna rnaronoB, y KOTopwx HeT cooTHOCi/rrenbHbix HeB03BpaTHbix rnaronoB (sto TonbKO b o 3 b p a t h bi e rnaronbi, t. Ha3. reflexiva tantum: öogmbcn, CMegmbcn, Hpaeumbcn, aopdumbcn, nenumbcn, cmapambcn, coMHeeambcn. C\op,a xe othocatca 6e3nn<HHbie He3dopoeumbcn, CMept<ambcn.
6.3    HecooTBeTCTBua Me>Kfly pyccKMM v\ neiucKHM 5i3biKOM b ynoTpeöneHnn B03BpaTHbix rnaronoB
1.      MMeKDTca rnaronbi, ynoTpeôrmiOLHi/iecfl b pyccKOM *3biKe b B03BpaTHOM cpopivie, a b
HeHICKOM - B HeB03BpaTHOM CpOpMe , l/l HaOÔOpOT. MX HyXHO 3anOMHMTb:
BopBpaTHaa cfcopMa                                                            HeB03BpaTHaa cfcopMa
ocmambcn, ocmaeambcn                             zůstat, zůstávat
6opombcn                                                     bojovat
pyyambcn                                                     ručit
Hadenmbcn                                                   doufat
nodHgmbcn, noÔHUMambcn                          vystoupit, vystupovat
onycmumbcn, onycxambcn                          klesnout, klesat, sestupovat
skládat se z něčeho                                      cocmonmb U3 veao-Hu6ydb
potit se                                                          nomemb
zeptat se, ptát se                                           cnpociimb
dozvědět se, dovídat se                                 y3Hamb, y3Haeamb v\ flp.
2.      B pyccKOM A3biKe co6cTBeHHO-B03BpaTHoe 3Ha<HeHne aeižiCTBi/m MOxeT 6biTb nepe^aHO B03BpaTHbiM nocTCpMKCOM -o?, aTaKxe B03BpaTHbiM MecTOMMeHneM ce6n_. ripecpMKC-CH MOxeT BbipaxaTb flei/iCTBue, npon3BOflHMoe Henpon3BonbHO, bto Bpeivm, KaK MecTOMMeHne ce6n_ noflHěpKMBaeT yMbiiuneHHOCTb i/inu HaiviepeHHOCTb AeŇCTBa. MeujCKUM s3biKTaKoro pa3Jii/i<Hi/m He 3HaeT. Hanpniviep:
ílpoxodn no měMHOŮ KOMHame, oh y d a p u n en KoneHOM o6 cmon (Henpon3BonbHoe
fleŇCTBue) Oh paccMenncn u yd a pun c e 6 h no Koneny    (yMbinineHHoe fleŇCTBue).
B Apyrux cnynaax MecTOwvieHi/ie ce6n BbipaxaeT co6cTBeHHO-B03BpaTHoe fleňcTBue,
a -en CTpaflaTenbHoe 3Ha<HeHne:
Oh CHuma/i ce6n moum dpyaoM         Pokladal se (sám sebe) za mého přítele
= coôcTBeHHO - B03BpaTHoe 3Ha<HeHne; Oh CHumajicn moum dpyaoM               Pokládali ho (byl pokládán) za mého přítele
= CTpaflaTenbHoe 3Ha<HeHne.
B HeKOTOpbIX CnynaaX B pyCCKOM fl3blKe B B03BpaTHOM 3Ha<HeHMH B03MOXHW TOflbKO
cfcopivibi c MecTOMMeHneM c e 6 g:     eecmu ce6n                          chovat se
vyecmeoeamb ce6n              cítit se
depxamb ce6n                     chovat se
3.      Bo3BpaTHbie maronbi, Bbipaxatomwe, ^to no6y>KAeHi/ie k fleižiCTBMK) mcxoamt ot ni/iua, o6o3Ha<HaeMoro maronbHOiži cfcopMOŇ, ho <$aKTi/NecKi/i npon3BOflHTca flpyruM ni/iuoM, b HeujCKOM 33biKe nepeflěTca npi/i noMOinn rnarona dát c mhc})mhmtmbom B03BpaTHoro rnarona:          9\ ceaodHH nocmpuacn                      Dal jsem se dnes ostříhat.
9\ CHUMancn y cbomoapacba              Dal jsem se vyfotografovat u fotografa.
Oh noöpuncn y napuKMaxepa           Dal se oholit u holiče.
OHa 3anucanacb Ha Kypcbi               Dala se zapsat (zapsala se) do kurzu.
4.      MeiucKMM cfcopiviaM c MecTOi/iMem/ieM si b pyccKOM a3biKe cooTBeTCTByiOT cnep,y\owy\e KOHCTpyKL|Mn: najít si místo                                      Haúmu_ ce6e Mecmo
Nemohl si odpustit tuto chybu           Oh He Moa ce6e npocmiimb srnou ouiuöku
Sedí si doma a čte                            Oh cudum ce6e doMa u vumaem.
Bezstarostně si žije                           Oh xueěm ce6e 6e33a6omHO
Dobře si rozumějí                              Ohu_ noHUMaiom dpye dpyea
Věříme si                                           Mbi eepuM dpye dpyey
HeB03BpaTHbie rnaronw:      myslet si                     dyMamb
osvojit si                     yceoumb
vymyslet si                 npudyMamb, ebjdyMamb
prohlédnout si            nocMompemb v\p,p.
CpaBHn:                      Nemysli si, že je to tak lehké
He dyMaü, umo srno maxneaKO Je třeba si osvojit toto pravidlo HeoöxoduMO yceoumb srno npaeuno
7     KATErOPI/m HAKJlOHEHI/m
(Slovesný způsob)
3to Mopcfconon/NecKafl Kaieropi/m, o6o3Ha<HaK)inaa OTHOLuem/ie rnaronbHoro fleižiCTBua k fleižiCTBMTenbHOCTM (ke skutečnosti). Pa3ni/NaiOT Tpi/i HaKnoHeHna:
M3"bflBi/iTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne (oznamovací způsob), Bbipaxaiomee npocToe KOHCTaTupoBaHne dpavra b nnaine HacToamero, npoLuefliuero i/inu ôyaymero BpeMeHM;
noBenuTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne (rozkazovací způsob), Bbipaxaiome sorwo i/inu noxenaHne roBopamero;
CocnaraienbHoe HaKnoHeHne (podmiňovací způsob) npeflCTaBrmeT fleižiCTBue KaK B03MOXHoe, npeflnaraeMoe win xenaeivioe. 06pa30BaHne noBenuTenbHoro HaKnoHeHna
I.      <t>opivia noBenuTenbHoro HaKnoHeHna 2-oro nnqa eflUHCTBeHHoro nucna o6pa3yeTca ot ocHOBbi HacToamero b p e m e h i/i npi/i noMOinn cneflyiOLHi/ix OKOHHaHwži:
-ü, -u (yflapaeivioe), -b m -u (6e3yflapHoe).
1.   OKOHHaHne -v\ MMeKDT Bce rnaronbi, ocHOBa HacToamero BpeMeHM KOTopbix OKaHHMBaeTa Ha r n a c h bi m:
yuma-K)                      vuma-ü!                                 pucy-to           pucy-ü!
enade-K)                     enade-ü!                                ape-to              ape-ü!
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iTixauon - 7\>i9uon - qhěuon                           \h~soiNou - Jeornou - qhöwou                :n>i- 'na-
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jnooduňa jnmnuňa jndagl5a jnoaHl^a - nujoaHl^a            jnoodgna - munoodgňa
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j1-HeUJ09          A-HBLU09                                        J1-d99                            CH-dä9
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jTi-Hda9             A-Hda9                                     jioň-hA                           qoA-hA
jTi-HbLU              A-HbLU                                 \ň-do90sA                     ôi-do9oeA
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jQ-OU                     CH-OU
jn-eu&g
CH-BU&Q
III. <t>opMa 1-oro nnqa MHO>KecTBeHHoro nucna o6pa3yeTca cneflyioinMM o6pa30M:
a)  y rnaronoB coBepmeHHoro b m a a OHa coBnaflaeT c dpopwow 1-oro nviuß MHOxecTBeHHoro <HMcna ôy^ymero BpeivieHM, ho 6e3 MecTOMMeHna «Mbi»:
Byflyii(ee Bpeivw                                                                      noBennTenbHoe HaKnoHeHne
Mbi nouděM       půjdeme                                 nouděM!          pojďme!
Mbi cnoěM          zazpíváme                             cnoěMl            zazpívejme!
Mbi nanuuaeM    napíšeme                               nanuuaeM!      napišme!
3ia cfcopivia ynoTpeônaeTca npi/i oôpameHnn k oflHOMy coôeceflHMKy.
ripi/i oôpameHMM k HecKonbKMM coôeceflHMKaM i/ini/i npn BexnuBOCTHOM oôpameHMM k oflHOMy coôeceflHMKy k cfcopMe 1-oro nviuß npncoeflUHaeivi OKOH^aHne -Te:
Peönma, noüdÖMme eynnmb! Bepa lAeanoena, noüdeMme eynnrnb! üoedeMme! CnoěMme! üocMompuMme! upovměMme! 3aenmieMme!
6) <t>opMy 1-oro nviuß MHOxecTBeHHoro <nncna moxho o6pa30BaTb TaKxe onncaienbHO, a MMeHHO coneiaHneM cnoBa daeaü i/ini/i 6onee Be>xnMBoro daeaüme c 1-biM nnL(OM MHOxecTBeHHoro <HMcna ôyaymero BpeivieHM maronoB coBepmeHHoro BUfla, Hanp.: daeaü cnoěMl, daeaü (daeaü me) noedeM, nanuuaeM! m t. n. win c mh<$mhmtmbom rnaronoB HecoBepmeHHoro BUfla, Hanp.: daeaü nemb!, daeaü (daeaüme) yumamb, ecmb.
b)   K cfcopiviaM noBennTenbHoro HaKnoHeHi/m othocmtca m cfjopivia arm 3-ero nnqa, o6pa3yeiviaa <HacTHL(ei/i nycmb i/ini/i nycKaü (ať, nechť) c cfcopMOŇ ôy^ymero npocioro
nycmb oh CKaxem!               Ať řekne:
nycKaü oh u npudym k naMl              Ať přijdou k nám!
nycmb udern! ľlycmb eoüdem! üepedaü eMy nycmb npue3>Kaem! flrm BbipaxeHna TopxecTBeHHoro noxenaHna nnn npn3biBa ynoTpeônaeTca cfcopMyna da 3dpaecmeyem (b KOTopoiď MMnepaTMBHaa <HacTML(a da BMecTO nycmb, nycKaü).
P,a 3dpaecmeyem Mup!            Ra zdpaecmeyem pazyM, da cxpoemcn mbMa (TlyLUKMH)
P,a Kpennem Hama dpy>K6a!    Ať sílí naše přátelství!
06pa30BaHne cocnaraienbHoro HaKnoHeHna
CocnaraienbHoe (ycnoBHoe) HaKnoHeHne o6pa3yeTca, KaK m b neniCKOM s3biKe, ot cfciopMbi npoLuefliuero BpeivieHM c <HacTML(ei/i 6bi (6): a npuuiěn - a 6bi npuuiěn. MacTML(a 6bi MOxeT CToaTb nepefl rnaronoM, nnn nocne Hero: # 6bi me6e CKazan - a CKazan 6bi me6e.
B pyccKOM A3biKe b cocnaraienbHOM HaKnoHeHnn He pa3nn<HaiOTca BpeivieHa. nosTOiviy HeiucKue kdyby přišel a kdyby byl (býval) přišel b pyccKOM *3biKe nepe^aiOTca bo Bcex cnynaax oahom dpopwoiÁ: ecnu 6bi oh npuuiěn. Hanp.: npuuiěn 6bi, ecnu 6bi mob; mm 6bi c hum noeoeopunu crnnu, ecnu 6bi ecmpemunucb; e3nna 6bi, ecnu 6bi moxho 6bmo.
8     KATErOPI/m BPEMEHM
3to Mopcfconon/NecKafl Kaieropi/m, o6o3Ha<HaiOLnaa OTHOiiieHne rnaronbHoro fleižiCTBua k OflHOiviy M3 Tpěx peanbHbix BpeivieHHbix nnaHOB - HacToameiviy, npoiunoiviy nnn oyflymeiviy.  Pa3ni/Naeivi:
HacToamee, 6 y a y m e e m npoLuefliuee   b p e m a.
KaTeropna BpeivieHM rnarona TecHO CB*3aHa c Kaieropneiži BUfla. 3ia CB*3b npoaBnaeTca KaK b cucTeivie BpeivieHHbix dpopM, TaK m b xapaKTepe BpeivieHHbix 3Ha<HeHMiži: Bce t p m rpaMMaTMHecKMx b p e m e h m nivieiOT TonbKO rnaronbi HecoBepnieHHO-ro BMfla, Hanp.:>7 hu ma to, n hu man, n 6ydy 4uma mb; n nuuiy, n nucan, n 6ydy nucamb. ľnaronbi coBepiueHHoro BMfla nivieiOT a b a BpeivieHM - HacToamee (= ôyflymee) m npoLuefliuee: >? nponumato, n nponuman; n Hanuuiy, n Hanucan; n cdenato, n cdenan.
<t>opMbi HacTOflinero BpeivieHM cm. Bbiiue - cnpaxeHMe, Knaccbi m rpynnbi rnaronoB.
8.1    Eyflymee BpeMa
(Budoucí čas)
Eyaymee Bpeivm rnaronoB HecoBepiueHHoro BUfla (ôyaymee cnoxHoe) coctomt m3 MHCpMHMTMBa m cpopM BcnoMoraienbHoro rnarona # öydy, mbi öydeuib...Hanp.: # öydy nucamb, mbi öydeuib nucamb; a 6ydy aoeopumb, mbi öydeuib, aoeopumb m t. p,.
y rnaronoB coBepnieHHoro BMfla 3Ha<HeHne ôy^ymero BpeMeHM (ôyflymee npocToe) MMeKDT cpopMbi HacToamero BpeMeHM, Hanp.: npuHecmu_-n npunecy mbi npuHecěuib, n
KpUKHy, m bi KpUKHeUlb   M T. fl.
3Ha<neHMe ôy^ymero BpeMeHM c orreHKOM Havana MMeiOT coneiaHMa MHCpMHMTMBa c rnaronaMM HavHy, cmaHy, Hanp. cmatieM xdamb, Ha^Hyu3yuamb, cmany dyiviamb m t.n.
8.2   ľlpoiijefliijee BpeMa
(Minulý čas) riponiefliiiee BpeM* o6pa3yeTca ot ocHOBbi MHCpMHMTMBa npM noMOii(M OKOHnaHMM -n, -na,-no, -nu, HanpMMep: pucoea-mb - pucoea-n, öpa-mb - 6pa-n, daea-mb - daea-n. JImuo BbipaxaeTCfl no<HTM Bceryja nocpeflCTBOM nMHHbix MecTOMMeHMM: n npocun, mu npocun, mu npocunu, OHUxenanu, eu npuuinu m t.a.
B MHOxecTBeHHOM <HMcne ynoTpeônaeTca oflHa cpopMa —nu (b omnnue ot HeiucKoro
oni byli, ony byly, ona byla), y HeKOTopwx rnaronoB OKOH^aHMe -n OTcyTCTByeT b MyxcKOM pofle.ŠTO rnaronw:
1.  rnaronbi Tuna Hecmu, ocHOBa KOTopbix OKaHHMBaeTca Ha -c, -3, -6, -cm, -a, -k, HanpMMep: Hěc (Hecna),
Jie3 (neßfia), apeô (apeôna), poc (poena), neu (neK/ia), mos (Mošna), eě3 (ee3/ia), něa (nezná)...
2.  Tuna coxHymb, Hanp.: eucox (eucoxna), noauß (noaußna), 3aiuep3 (3aMěp3/ia), ucve3 (ucneß/ia)...
3.  Tuna mepemb, yiuepemb, 3anepemb,, Hanp.: měp (měpna), yiviep (yuepna), 3§nep (3anepna)...
4.  marojibi oiuuöumbca, yuiuöumbcn: ouiußcn ((ouiußnacb) yuiußca (yuiußnacb).
Bo3BpaTHaa HacTML(a -cn npncoeflUHaeTca HenocpeflCTBeHHO k MywcKOM cfcopMe npoweflwero BpeMeHM: ouiuß-CH, Hěc-cn, ebwnep-cx, cnac-cn.
yflapeHne b cßopMax npoiuefliijero BpeMeHM.
Tnaronbi npoflyKTMBHbix KnaccoB, a TaKxe öonbiiiMHCTBO rnaronoB HenpoflyKTMBHbix rpynn, MMeKDT bo Bcex cpopMax npoLuefliuero BpeMeHM HenoflBMXHoe y^apeHMe, a MMeHHO TaM, rfle oho b MHCpMHMTMBe, Hanp.: oöedamb - oöedan, -na, -no, -nu; npocumb - npocun, -na, -no, -nu; ct<a3amb - CKa3an, -na, -no, -nu; 6umb - 6un, -na, -no, -no, -nu; ecmb - en, ena, eno, enu; TaKxe Kpan, Kpbin, ne3, Mbin, Man, nan, nen, npnn, pbin, cen, empua m flp.
y rnaronoB HenpoflyKTMBHbix rpynn y^apeHMe <nacTO 6biBaeT noflBMXHoe.
lloflBMJKHoe yflapeHMe b cpopMax npoLuefliuero BpeMHM MOxeT 6biTb flßyx TMnoB:
1. yflapeHMe_Ha_ocHOBe, KOTopoe b cpopMax xeHCKoro po^a nepexoflMT Ha OKOH^aHMe: 6pamb - 6pan, öpana, öpano, öpanu; e3nmb - e3xn, e3nna, e3nno, e3nnu; Toro xe TMna rnaronbi: öbimb, eumb, damb, xumb, numb, numb, nnbimb, cnamb.
B coneTaHMM c OTpuqaHneM rnaronbi 6bimb, damb v\ wumb b cpopMax npoLuefliuero BpeMeHM, KpoMe cpopM xeHCKoro po^a, nepeHOcaT y^apeHMe Ha OTpML(aHMe: öbin, ho «e öbin, He öbina, He öbino, He öbinu, \ayw\
dan, ho He dan, He dana, He dano, He danu;  xun, He xun, He xuna, He xuno, He xunu.
ľnaron 6bimb b cpopMax npoLuefliuero BpeMeHM 6biBaeT 6e3yflapHbiM nocne <nacTML(bi hu b coneTaHMflx TMna: Kmo öbi hu öbin, ade öbi hu öbina, umo öbi hu öbino, Käme öbi hu öbinu m t.n.
2. y^apeHMe Ha OKOH^aHMM, MCKmonaa cpopMbi MyxcKoro pofla, Hanp.: Hecmu - Hěc, necna,
Hecnu; eněK, enexna, enexno, enexnu. C\op,a othocmtca 6onbiuMHCTBO rnaronoB HenpoflyKTMBHOM rpynnbi c mhcpmhmtmbom Ha -Hb u mu, npMHěM KopHeBoe -e-flaHHbix
rnaronoB nofl yflapem/ieM nepeflyeTca c -e-;
öepevb - öepea, öepeana, öepeano,öepeanu; e/ievt, - eněK, eneKna, eneKno, eneKnu, nevi, - nes, neana, neano, neanu, nevi, - něK, neKna, neKng, neKnu; npeHeöpevb - npeneöpea, neneöpeana, npeneöpeano, npeneöpeanu, cmepevt, -cmepěa, cmepeana, cmepeano, cmepeanu; ment, - měK, menná, meKng, meKnu; eojioHb - eonoK, eonoKna, eonoKno, eonoKnu, y rnaronoB Ha -mu (cmul-smu): öpecmu - öpen, öpena, öpeno, öpenu, ee3mu - eě3, ee3na, ee3ng, ee3nu; eecmu - eěn, eena, eeno, eenu; apecmu - apeö, apeöna, apeöno, apeönu, Mecmu - Měn, Mena, Meno, Menu; Hecmu - Hěc, Hecna, Hecno, Hecnu; u,eecmu - u,een, u,eena, u,eeno, neenu; nacmu - nac, nacna, nacno, nacnu; no/i3mu - non3, non3na, non3no, non3nu, pacmu - poc, poena, poena, pocnu.