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• BnepBOI! pe,l1aKl.\IUi poMaHa
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10. O.lloM6poBCKHH npoBeJI
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B MOCKBe B 1956 r.
10. O. LlOM6pOBCKIo1H.
B. A. <I>aBopcKIo1I'i.
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py CTaJI HerrpepbIBHbIM. B 1964 r., 6JIaro~ap51
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~O "nepecrpo:fu<H",». B <;CaMH3~aTe»
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rrHCaTeJrH npO~aBaJIH Cell~KY H "naKeTbI npoTHB BIIIeH", npoepeccopa TIHJlHJIH
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60
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61
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ceMbH KpeCTb51HHHa-6eaH51Ka. Lji\eH napTHH
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C 1899 r. nOci\e peBOi\IOUHH nHCai\ npeHMywecTBeHHo
arHTaUHOHHble CTHXH.
npHMHTHBHoe cOaep)KaHHe H i\erKOaOCTynHa51
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peBOi\IOUHH B neTporpaae.
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ne4aTaTbC51 Ha4ai\ B 1918 r. Bceraa
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KpHTHKa pyrai\a ero nbecy "BbICTpei\»
3a HH3KHH xyaO)KeCTBeHHblH ypoBeHb, 06paTHi\C51
C nHCbMOM i\H4HO K (Tai\HHY;
nOCi\e OTBeTa BO)KLl.51 nbecy CTai\H C4HTaTb
06pa3110M "peBOi\IOUHoHHoro npOi\eTapCKoro
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1981). npoHCXOaHi\ H3 ceMbH peMeCi\eHHHKOB.
ne4aTaTbC51 Ha4ai\ B 1914 r., 011.HaKO
nonYi\51pHOCTb npH06p€i\ nOCi\e
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CTyaHH MOCKOBCKOro npo­
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KHpHMOB BAaAHMHp THMolj>eeBH't
(1890-1943). POaHi\C51 B KpeCTb51HCKOH
ceMbe. Y4acTHHK peBOi\IOUHH 1905 r.,
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TaM60BCKOM npOi\eTKYi\bTe. ( 1929 r.
ny6i\HKOBai\C51 cpaBHHTei\bHO peaKO.
B 1937 r. He3aKOHHO penpeccHpoBaH.
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He3aKoHHo penpeccHpoBaH.
r. AeAeBH4 (Aa60pH rHAeAeBH't KaAMaHCOH;
1901-1945). B roabl peBOi\IOUHH H
ipa)KLl.aHCKOH BOHHbl 6bli\ Ha napTHHHoH
pa60Te. AHTepaTypHylO ae51Tei\bHOCTb
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napTHHHoCTH» nHCai\ CTaTbH 0
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B CBO€ BpeM51 3Ta nOBeCTb nOi\b30Bai\aCb
ycnexoM.
POAOB CeMeH A6paMoBH't (1893­
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a TaK)Ke MHoro4HCi\eHHbIX CTaTeH. nOCi\e
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onepaUH51X no nOaaBi\eHHIO KOHTppeBOi\IOUHOHHbIX
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62
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O~HaKO B ~eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
6hIJIO He TaK )J,eJIO B TOM, 'ITO pyxOBOgl1TeJIH
TIPOJIeTKyJIhTa rrpeTeH,lJ;OBaJIH
Ha rrOJI~ He3aBl1CHMOCTh. lleHHH JKe,
KaK rrnCaJI A B. llyHaqapcKHH, ('He XOTeJI
C03~aHHR P~OM C rrapTHeI1: KOHKypHPyIOIIIeI1:
pa60'IeI1: opraHH3aU;Hl1... B 3TOM
CMbICJIe OH ~aBaJI... JIH'IHble ~HpeKTHBbI
nogTHHYTb TIPOJIeTKyJIbT 6JIJ1)Ke K rocy.
gapcTBy, rrO~qHHHTb ero KOHTPOJI~').
1 ~eKa6pR 1920 r. (,TIpaB~a,) ony6JIl1KOBaJIa
IlliCbMO IJ;eHTPaJIhHoro KOMl1TeTa
naPTHl1, r~e TIPOJIe'I'KYJIbT rrO~BepraJIOI
pe3KoI1: KpHTHKe. 11 XOT5I epoPMaJIbHO OH
npogoJI)J(aJI cyIIJ,eCTBOBaTh ~o 1932 r.,
npeJKHee 3Ha'IeHHe 6bIJIO yTpa'IeHo.
B H~pax TIpOJIeTKyJIbTa 3apO~HJIaCb
JIUTepaTypHaR rpyrrrra (<Ky3Hl1u;a,) CTpeMl1BllIaHC5I
oCB060~l1Tb01 OT orreKH rrpoJIeTKyJIbTOBCKl1X
Teope'I'HKoB. TIo ID-IHIJ;HaTHBe
(,Ky3HHU;bI') B03Hl1KJIa He3aBHCHMaR
OT TIPOJIeTKyJIbTa BcepoccHI1:CKaR
aCCOu;HaU;H5I rrpOJIeTapCKI1:X rrHcaTeJIeI1:
- BAIlTI (yqpeJK,D;eHa B 1920 r.).
Pacu;BeT (,Ky3HI1U;bI') rrpI1XO~HTCHHa
cepe~HI-IY20-x rr. H CB5I3aH C HMeHaMH
rronyJI5IpHbIX B TO BpeMH rrp03aHKOB
<1>. rJIa~KOBa, A. HOBHKoBa-TIpH605I,
H.llHllIKO, A. HeBepOBa (CK06eJIeBa)
H ~p. O~HaKO I1X rrpOH3Be~eHl-uI, 3a
pe~KHM l1CKJI~'IeHHeM,HeHa,IJ;OJIrO rrepeJKWIH
CBO~ 3rroxy. Bo BTOpOI1: rrOJIOBHHe
20-x rr. (.KY3H11u;a,) HrpaeT BCe
MeHee 3aMeT~POJIb H B 1931 r. npeKpaIIJ,aeT
CBOe CyIIJ,eCTBOBaHHe.
! PAnnOBUbl
HA ;\II1TEPATYPHOM nOCTY
B 1922 r. rpyrrrra MOJIO~bIX rrHCaTeJIetl:
(,OKT5I6pb') OCHOBaJIa MOCKOBC~aCCDU;HaU;H~
rrpOJIeTapCKl1X rrHCaTeJIeI1: MAIlTI,
CTaB~ Ha HeKoTopoe BpeM5I
O'IeHb BJIHRTeJIbHOI1:. TIOCJIe 1925 r. Ha
rrepBbII1: MaR BbIlWIa PAnTI (POCCHI1:CKaH
,Bce... nHlIlyr: n03311Jl 3T11X
(nepBblX nOCJJepeBOmoUlloHHblX.
- nfJUM.pea.) net... 6ecnO'lBeHHa,
OTIlIle'll'HHa, HIlKaKore
oc06eHHoro 3HaqeHIIJl
He IIMeer. amTKa pOMaIlTH'leCKJJI
II 60nbwe HIIQero...
Pa3Be Mbl BTe rOl\bl He )f(1Ifl1l
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1136eJKHOCl11 HeMweHHoro
B3pblBa MHpOBOH npone-rapCKOH
peBonlOUlm' Pa3Be Mbl
06 3TOM He roBOpllfl1l H3 MilTIfflrax
II C06pJHIIllX II nHcanH
Bnpecce'.. DbIJ10 nO,lHoe
OTp<lJKeHHe peBOnJOUI!H, non..
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II pJ3Maxy'.
O. H. Jle6e1\eB-OOJIJIHCKJrn,
OI\llH H3 PYKOBOl\lIreneH
Oponen<ynbT:l. 1921 r.
KapHKarypa Xyt.OlKHI1KOB KyKpbIHI1KCOB. BeHyaHI1e B KpaCHOHOSI1HCKOi'i UepKSI1.
>KypHaA «Ha AI1reparypHoM nocry". 1926 r., NQ 4.
B 06w~pHoM KOMMeHrapl111 411raTeAIO coo6waAocb, yro «Ha Kaprl1He...
~306palKeHo rporareAbHoe et.I1HeH~e Bcex npOrl1SHI1KOB "Ha AI1rnOcry",
3aKpenA€HHOe I1MI1 3aKOHHbiM 6paKoM... B ueHrpe. KaK 11 nOt.o6aer, lKeHI1X
C HeBeCToi'i... Hesecra MOAOt.a~... 6eCnp"t.aHH"ua... HI14erO 3a t.YWOi'i Hery.
CDaMI1AI1~ ei'i /\eAeSI1Y. nOlKlIAoi'i lKeHI1X ee - AAeKcaHt.p KOHCTaHTI1HOSI14
BOpOHCKI1i'i. YeAoseK OH H1XI1i'i, Henorpe6crB He AI0611r... Ot.I1H Het.ocrarOK MaAosep....BeHyalOr
6paYYlOwI1x nporOt.b~KOH c t.b~KOHOM. npOTOt.b~KOH !\ecjlOBcKoro
np"xot.a YeAOSeK, no np03saHI11O - oreu YylKaK....UJacjlep
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tl.eAo r€MHOIO HOYbIO npOl1CXOt.I1T, a CBerl1r C He6ec Ot.Ha "HenoraweHHa~
AyHa" ... T~lKeAa~ MpaYHa~ Kaprl1Ha».
63
f!) AI1TepaTypa nepBoCl nOAOBI1Hbl XX BeKa
«PEBHV1TEl\b It1LlEIIIHOCH1»
AKTI-1BHblH AeSneAb PAnn Kpl1TI1K BAa.lI.l-1Ml-1p BAa.lI.I1MI-1POBW~ EPMI-1AOB
(1904-1965) B pa3Hoe BpeMSl BblcrynaA co CTaTbSlMI1, rAe nOABepra/\ pa3HOCy
TaAaHTAI1Bble np0113BeAeHI-1Sl, TaKl-1e, KaK «30AOT0I1 TeAeHOK» VlAbc:j>a 1-1
neTpOBa, paCCKa3bl A. nAaTOHOBa, CTI-1XI1 A. TBapAoBcKOro, A. MapTblHOBa.
OAHa 113 ero 6powlOp - «npOTI-1B peaKUI10HHblX I1Aeiii B TBop4eCTBe
<D. M. L1oCToeBcKoro» (1949 r.). AaypeaT CTaAl-1HCKOH npeMl111 (1950 r.) 3a
KHl1ry 0 A. n. LJexoBe.
60PHI1K CTaTeH EpMI-1AOBa 3a 1946-1947 rr. 0 COBeTCKoiii AI1Teparype
Ha3b1BaACSl "CaMaS! AeMOKpaTI14eCKaSl AI1Teparypa Ml1pa.; 3a 1949-iii - «npeKpaCHoe
- ::no Hawa )f(1-13Hb». B 1954 r. EPMI1AOB npl-1HSlA Y4aCTI-1e B 04epeAHOl'!
TPaBAe MI1Xal-1Aa 30weHKo. nOcAe ero pa3rpOMHOH CTaTbl-1 B «npaBAell
30weHKo OmpaBI1A EpMI-1AOBy nI-1CbMO, HanOMHI1B, 4TO KorAa-TO TOT XBaAI-1A
ero np03Y. B OTBeT npl1WAO pa3rHeBaHHoe nOCAaHl-1e. «KaK CKB0311T B Ka)f(AOH
CTp04Ke Bawero nl1CbMa caMoBAI06AeHHoCTb HenoKoAe611Moro MeWaHI1Ha...
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KorAa 4YAoBI1wHaSl HeCnpaBeAAl1BOCTb ero npl1rOBOpOB CTaHOBI1AaCb
CAI-1WKOM 04eBI1AHOiii, 60peu 3a I1AeHHOCTb 3aAHI1M 411CAOM npl13HaBaA CBOI1
OWI16KI1 - 4TO He MewaAO ero npOUBeTaHI1IO.
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rIo BceH CTpaHe B 5l'leHKax, Kp)?KKax,
06be,lJ,HHeHI15lX rrpOJIeTapCKHX rrHCaTeJIeH
HaC'l.JI1TbIBaJIOCb B 1925 r. 5TbIe. 'lJIeHOB.
B OCHOBHOM 3TO 6billH MOJIO,lJ,bIe
JIIO,lJ,I1, Me'lTaBIlll1e 0 TBOp'leCTBe. HaCTO­
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C Ha~Vla 20-x fr, cymeCT­ HI1~I. Ho TeMH, KTO B03rJIaBJJ5lJJ aCCO~HBOBVIO
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npone-rapcrnx nl-l­

caTeneH (Me~apOgHoe
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peBonlOl\1-l0HHOH nl-lTe­ rrOJIb30BaTb B 60pb6e 3a BJIaCTb.
pa1)pbl), no AYXY Onl-l3KOe CTpaHHO 3ByqaT CJIOBa <,60pb6a 3a
KPATIDy
BJIaCTb B JII1TepaType»! Ho MarrnOBIJ;bI,
parrrrOBIJ;bI, BarrrrOBIJ;bI B 60JIbllIl1HCTBe
CBoeM 3aHHMaJIl1Cb He TBOp'leCTBOM, a
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6opombCfl C TeMH CmapoOyMaMU, KOTOpbIe
B 6JIarOrOBeHHO:H: rr03e, 6e3 ,lJ,OCTaCOBnap-rWKona
(COBe'fTO'lHO:H:
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napTIlI'iH:Ill wKona) ­

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 JlU rrepe,lJ, rpaHHTHbIM MOHyMeHToM
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COBe'fCKOI1 BJIaCTIl. TYPbI 11 He XOT5lT C6POCI1Tb C nJIe'l pa­
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JIHTeparypHbIe rrpOTl1BHHKI1 11306pa)KAJIH
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«CepreIO ECeHHHY» (1926 r.), HarrHcaHHOM
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6
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rrbITaBIlII1HC5l C03,lJ,aTb HOBbIH :>KaHp B
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1923 r.
CeKpeTapb MAnrI B 1924-1925 rr.
,n:. A. <DypMaHOB nOHa'lany pa3,lJ,eJI5lJ1
64
«)I(YPHM npOWIt1T HEHABIt1CTblO»
65
>KypHai\ "HOBblii i\Ea»>.
1927 r., N° 4.
>KypHM «i\E<D». 1923 r.•
N° 2.
>KYPHai\
«Ha i\'-lTeparypHoM
nocry". 1926 r., NO 2.
• YA2pllHK - B 20-30-x IT.
T:lK 1Ia3h1Banl1 nepC,llOBIIKOB
npomBOIICTB2.
• n..!\. Tpol.l,lClill (1879-.
1940) ­ BH,llHbrn nORH11l'ICcIG1ii
ACHTeJIb, aBTOp MHOnIX
TJlY,llOB no np06ncMaM peBOmOUl1oHHoil
6opb6bl Hpa3BHTHlI
COBeTCKoro rocyAapcTB.1.
nOCJJe ocrpoii BHYTJlHnaprniiHoii
6opb6bl BOrnaBJlJleMoe
HM rCqeHHe 6bUlO 06o>lBneHO
'MenK06yp»eya3HbIM
YKROHOMt. B 1929 r. BhlClIaH 3J
rpaHHllY, B 1932 r. - IlHIIItH
COlleTcKOro rpaJKil2HCTB2.
no 3a,llaH111O CraJlJiH2 y6HT
B MCKCI1KC CarpYAHI1KOM
HKB):(
(J13 BocnoMI1HaHl111 B. A. KaBepI1Ha.)
Aj.1TepaTypHa51 60pb6a 20-x roAOB
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nocry» (1928-1930). B Hawe BpeMSl - :no 1013b1CKaHHOe no 0 poTe
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KaK no Ayre, BHYTPIo1 KOTOpoR YTBep)I(AaeTCSl 101 npeB03Hoclo1TCSl
ApyraSl, MHIo1MaSl, pannoBcKaSl AIo1TepaTypa. OAHIo1 3aHSlTbI AenKoR
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- MbI,~lta~, COtlJIDll8eHHbIe, lKHeM·>. OT,lJ,eJI rre'IaTH IJ;K rrapTHI1 ('Mor
.'ltbl nponemnpool£... ­ cKopee npOCTI1Tb oT~ey6HHCTBo,He>KeAR,
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npo.~eTapCKJIM	 nOmM., Ha3a,lJ" 51 BHIKY, 'ITO MbI C,lJ,eJlaJIH MHoro
1926 r CyIIJ,eCTBeHHbIX OillJ160K... '-ITO rOBOC60pHHK
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1113 MAHII1<DECTA <DYTYPII1CTOB
Ll.EKPET Nil 1
a AeMOKpaTH3amH1 HCKyCCTB

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peBOAIOUI10HHOrO HcKycCTBa MOAOAOCH1, - 06MIBAHeM:

1. OTHblHe BMecre C YHI14TO)l(eHl1eM uapCKoro CTpOSI OTMeHReT'$I
np0)/(I1BaHl1e I1CKYCCTBa B KAaAOBblX, capaHX yeAOBeyecKoro reHI1S1
- ABopuax, raAepeSlX, caAOHax, 6116A110TeKaX, Tearpax.
2. 80 ~MSI Bei\l-1KOH nocrynl1 paaeHCTBa Ka)KAoro nepeA KyAbTypOM
CBo6oAHoe CIIOBO TBOpyeCKoiit AHYHOCTI1 nYCTb 6yAeT HanHcaHO
Ha nepeKpeCTKax AOMOBblX CTeH, 3a60poB, KpblW, yAHU HaWI1X ropOAOB,
ceAeHHl'1 H Ha cmtHaX aBToM0611I1ei-1, 3KHna)l(eiit, TpaMBaeB 11
Ita nAaTbSlX Bcex llJa)l(AaH...
nyCTb YAI1UbI 6yAYT npa3AHI1KOM HCKycCTBa Ai\S1 Bcex...
MaHKOBCKl1fi, KaMeHcKl1fi, 6yplllOK. 1918 r.
pHTb! XpHillIbIMH H nO,lJ,'IaC HeBepHbIMH
rOJIOCaMH KPH'IaJIH MOJIO,lJ,ble nTeH~bI».
Te, Koro 3TH (·nTeH~bI» KJIeBaJIH, BblpalKaJIHCb
pe3'Ie. (,HaM rrpHMeJIbKaJIHCb
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BClO,lJ,y rrocneillaJOIIJ,HX, HeyroMOHHbIX
JOHOilleH, caMOYBepeHHbIX H
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B 'IeM He COMHeBaJOIIJ,HXC5I, HI1Kor,lJ,a
He oillI16aIOIIJ,I1XC5I, - nHCaJI B 1926 r.
KpI1THK A. BOpOHCKI1I1. - Pa3YMeeTC5I,
OHI1 KJI5lHYTC5I JIeHHHI13MOM, pa3YMeeTC5I,
OHH Ha HOry HHKOr,lJ,a He OTclyrIaJOT
OT Te3I1COB. B HailleH CJIOIKHOH, rrecrpOH
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H Te H ,lJ,pyrl1e npH­
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66
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1925 rr.; B 1927 r. nepel1MeHOBaH B
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EOpMC ITacTepHaK, np03aHK CepreH
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CTaTbIO <,OIT05l3,».
B nepBoM )Ke HOMepe <'JIE<Da» rJIaBHblH
pel-\aKTop 6e3 JIO)KHOH CKpOMHOCTn
3aHBJIHJI: <,MbI JI)'l.JlIIl1e pa60THI1Kl1
lIcKYcCTBa cOBpeMeHHOCTl1». B 3TOM)Ke
HOMepe 6bIDa Or~6JIMKOBaHa CTaTbH
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67
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68
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(CM. CT3TbIO CepreH An:eKCaH1J.pOBH'I JIOrH'IeCKOH, H03~l1~aJI npaBO JIH:­

EceHHH") J1 KOHcrpyKTl1Bl1CTOB - «CO­ TepaTopa Ha TBOp'IecKyIO CB060p,y, Ha~

BerCKHX 3ana.n;HHKOB·>, ,D;OKa3hIBaBlllHX xyp,O)l(ecrneHHhIH 3KcnepHMeHT, l1HTe- •

HeOOX01J.HMocrh «ycBoeHl15I TeXHH'Ie­ peCOBaJIC5I He npOHCXO)l(,[l,eHHeM nHca­

CKOH OCH3CTKH eBponeHCKOH KyJIhTYPhI·). TeJI5I, aero npOH3Bep,eHl15IMH.

PaIIJlOBl.\bI ,D;eJIl1JIl1 Bcex COBeTCI<HX B KOHl.\e 1923 r. npH )I(ypHaJIe A. K. BOpOHCKHH.
nl1C3TCJICH H3 ll5ITh pa3p5l1J.0B: 6YP~33­ «KpaCHtuI HOBh') 06pa30BaJIaCh JIHTepaHble
np3Bhle «nOnyT'IHKH'), JIeBble «no­ TYPHtuI rpynna «nonyrtiHKoB') - <UeP - •
nyr'lHKH'>, COI03HHKl1 11 npOJIeTapCKl1e. .>~ 3a 1924-1928 rr. OHa BhInyCTHK
6YP)i()'33Hh1M nHCaTeJI5lM OTHOCl1JIH JIa llleCTb BhInyCKOB op,HOHMeHHoro
He TOJlbKO AHl-ry AxMaToBy l1JIH EBreHl15I aJIhMaHaxa. B pa3Hhle rO,D;hI B rpynny
3aM51THH3, KOTophIe ,D;eHCTBHTeJlbHO BXOp,l1JIH np03aHKl1 ApTCM BeCCJIhIn
OTBepraJIH (·napTHHHOCTh') JIHTepaTY­ (HUKOJIan HBaHOBUq KOqXYPOB;
pbl, HO n npeAaHHoro HOBOH BJIaCTH 1899-1939), MHxaUJI MHxaiIJIOBUq
MeKceJl IIHKOJIaeBH'Ia TOJICTOro. • II unmHH (1873-1954), HBaH lIBaOUCHKl1,
BnpO'IeM, He 6hmlI nOCT05lH­ HOBH'I KaTaeB (1902-1937?), AH,zJ;HblMH.
ECJII-I 31'0 craHOBl1JIOCh BbIrO,D;HO, pen IllIaTOHOBH'I n03ThI
B'IepalllHHI1 npOTHBHHK MrHOBeHHO MHXaUJI ApKa,lv.eBUq CBeTJIOB
npeBpaIl\aJIC5I B COI03HHKa II Ha060pOT. (1903-1964), 3AYap,lJ; reoprueBUq
3neHllIIle Bpam - pannOBIJ,hI H JIeepOB­ Barpuwrnn (1895-1934)... Bcero 60~hI
- 3aKJIIO'IIIJIH, H3npHMep, B 1923 r. JIee IIIeCTl11J,eC5ITH nHCaTeJIeA. OHH HacornameHHe
0 B3aHMHOH nOMep)I(Ke. 3BaJIHCh «UepeBaJIOM» nOTOMY, 'ITO, KaK
69
f!J Al-1TepaTypa nepBOH nOAOBiIlHbl XX BeKa
MEKCEVl HVlKOMEBVl4
TOI\CTOVl (1882-1945)
( ....MeHeM MeKceH TOACToro np0'lHO
CBH3aHO ....poH....'lecKC>e npo3B....we ~KpaCHblH
rpa<p». Bo3BpaTHBWl1Cb B cepeAl1He
20-x rr. ....3 3M....rpaU........ B (OBeTcKylO
POCCI1IO, TOACTO~ 3aHSlA MeCTO B pSlAaX
npl13HaHHblX AeSlTeAel1 I1CKyCCTBa. HeCMOTpSl
Ha ABOPSlHCKC>e npo....cxo)l(M!Hl1e,
OH He TOAbKO ....3()e)KaA apecra 11
onaAbI B nepl10A MaCCOBbiX penpecC....H
30-x rr., HO .... CTaA At06....MUeM BAaCTI1.
EMy n03BOASlAOCb e3A....Tb 3a rpaHl1uy,
113~BaTb KHl1r.... M....M ....OHHblMI1 Tl1p(l)KaMI1
H nOAb30BaTbCSl npO'l....M.... npHBI1AerHHMH.
Bee 3TO C03AaAO eMy B cpeAe
....HTeMl1reHu....11 CAaBY 6ecnpI1HUl1nHOrO
'leAOBeKa. Ho 6b1A 11 Apyrl1e MHeH....Sl.
TaK, 3Ml1rpaHTCK H KpHTI1K M. (AOHI1M
C'l ....TaA, 'ITO TOACTOi1 "C yBepeHHOCTblO...
Bbl6....paA BepHblX 3aWl1THl1KOB B
napTl111 H HaXOAHA caMblH 6e30nacHbli1
cnoc06 nl1CaTb, 'ITO XO'leT».
* * *
MaTb nl1CaTeAH (ypO>KAeHHaH TypreHeBa)
yWAa OT M}0Ka ewe AO pO>KAeHHSl
CblHa. ~eTCTBO OH npOBeA B I1MeH....11
OT'l....Ma nOA (aMapOi1. Bne'laTAeHI1H
3TOH nopbl AerAH B OCHOBy nOBeCTl1
«~eTCTBO HI1KI1TbI» (1922 r.). HI1KI1Ta
)KI1BeT B AepeBHe, I1rpaeT C ABOPOBblMI1
MaAb'lI1WKaMI1, 3aHHMaeTCSl C y'll1TeAeM
ApKaAl1eM VlBaHOBI1'leM - CAOBOM,
pacTeT, KaK MHO)KeCTBO ero
cBepcTH....KOB. Ho oKpy)KalOw....i1 M....p B
ero rAa3ax nOAOH Tai1H, .... MaAb'lI1K
nOAMe'laeT 11 BnHTblBaeT Bce ero 3anax....,
3ByKH .... KpacK..... "HI1KHTa B3AOXHyA,
npocblnaSlcb, H OTKpblA rAa3a.
(KB03b MOp03Hbie Y30pbl Ha OKHax,
CKB03b 'lyAecHo pacnHcaHHble cepe6pOM
3Be3AbI ill AanyaTble AHCTbSl CBeTI1AO
COAHue. (BeT B KOMHaTe 6blA CHe)KHo-6eAbli1.
( YMbIBaAbHOi1 'laWKI1
CKOAb3HyA 3~Y""K 11 Apo)KaA Ha CTeHe».
TaK HaYHHaeTCSl nOBeCTb. TOACTOi1 nHCaA
ee B 3MHrpaU....I1, pHAOM C H....M 6b1A
MaAeHbK....11 CblH HI1KHTa - BoCnOM....HaHHSl
0 POCC.... l-1, 0 AOMe 11 AeTCTBe noAy'l....AI1Cb
WeMSlWe-npOH3....TeAbHblM.....
TSlra K n ....CaTeAbcTBy B03Hl1KAa y
TOACToro AOBOAbHO paHO - KOrAa OH
yYMCSl B neTep6yprCKOM TeXHOAor....yeCKOM
....HCT....ryre (peW....B nOCBSlT Tb ce­
6Sl AHTeparype, Al1nAOM OH TaK He 3aWI1T
A). nepBble onbiTbi OKa3aAl1Cb
He CA WKOM yAayHblM..... nOA06Ho MHOrHM
CBOI1M poBecHHKaM, TOACToi1 HaYaA
C nOApa)KaHI1i1 HeKpacoBy 11 MOAHOMy
TOrAa HaACOHy. «(THWKH 6b1A.... cepble,
11 Sl 6POCl1A KopneTb HaA HI1MI1», - 3aMeTHA
OH B aBT06Horpa<pI1H. EA....HCTBeHHbl11
CTI1XOTBOpHbli1 c60pHI1K, KOTopbli1
TOACTOI1 BKflIOYI1A B c06paHl1e
COY ....HeHI1i1, - «3a CHH ....MH peKaM.... »
(1911 r). Y)Ke B paHHei1 MOAOAOCTH OH
cepbe3Ho yBAeKaAcSl <POAbKflOpoM, .... B
ero CT....xax HeMaAO nepeKfl 'leK C PycCK....M....
HapoAHbIM.... necHSlM B 1910 r.
BblWAI1 «(Opoyb.... CKa3KI1», rAe TOACTOi1
nOnblTaACSl «B CKa30YHOH <PopMe Bblpa­
3l1Tb CBOI1 t.eTCKl1e BneyaTAeH....Sl». MHOra
AeT cnpSl n ....CaTeAb nOMOTOBI1A A TepaTypHylO
06pa60TKY HecKOAbK X
pyCCKHX HapoAHblX CKa30K: «fyCI1-Ae6eAI1»,
«XaBpoweYKa», "nOA.... ryAa He
3Hato KyAa». Y TOACTOro 6blA HaCTOSlW....i1
Aap AeTcKoro nHcaTeASl. Ero ,,30AOTOi1
KflIOYI1K, I1AI1 npl1KAlOyeHHSl oypaT....Ho.
(1936 r.) - At06....MaSl KHHra
MHor....x nOKOAeHI1i1 pOCCHi1CKHX proSlT.
(lO)KeT «oypaTI1Ho, 3al1MCTBOBaH .... 3
KHl1r I1TaAbHHUa K. KOMOAH «np....KflIOyeH
Sl n ....HOKKHO», HO CXOACTBO Me)KAy
3TI1M.... CKa3KaMH BecbMa OTAafleHHC>e.
( 10-x rr. TOACTOI1 CTaA nHcaTb
np03Y. Ero nepBble paCCKa3bl H nOBeCTI1
(UI1KA «3aBOJ\)Kbe» 11 Ap.) - 3apl1COBKH
H3 )K 3HI1 He60raTbiX ABOpHH.
HayHHaIOW H n ....CaTeAb YepnaA CIO)KeTbi
113 BocnOM....HaH....H AeTCTBa 11 paHHei1IOHOCTI1.
OH weApo HaAeAHA repoeB
YepTaMI1 CBOI1X coceAei1 Apy3ei1.
Ml1poBaSl Boi1Ha 11 peBoAlOu Sl BCKope
)KeCTOKO pacnpaB....AI1Cb C 3Tl1M nOKOAeHl1eM,
CMeAI1 H yHl1yTO)KI1A.... Becb era
YKflaA.
B 1915 r. TOACTOH OmpaBI1ACH Ha
<PPOHT KoppecnoHAeHToM, ony6AI1KOBaA
Cepl1lO OYepKOB 0 Boi1He. no
CAOBaM aBTopa, OH BnepBble "yBHAeA
nOAfl HHylO )K.... 3Hb... npHHHA B Hei1
yyacT e». K 3ToMY)Ke BpeMeH.... OTHOC
TCSl yBAe'leH ....e T OACToro ApaMarypr
eH. ( 1914 no 1917 r. OH Hanl1CaA
nSlTb KOMeA....i1. HaH60AbW....i1 ycnex
....MeAa "KacaTKa. - nbeca, B KOTopOi1,
KaK npe>KAe B nOBeCTSlX, peYb I1AeT 0
nOI1CKaX At06B.... Ha HAHM....yeCKOM <PoHe
yCaAe6HOH )K....3HI1. (B 20-x rr. B PI1re
OAHy .... 3 pOAei1 B «KacaTKe. C ycneXOM
....CnOAHSlA caM aBTOp.) TOACTol1
CTaHOB....ACH H3BecTH0i1 B AI1TeparypHblX
Kpyrax <pl1rypOI1, eMy npOy....AI1
6AeCTSlwee 6yAywee.
Ho B CyAb6y era BMewaAaCb peBoAIOU....H.
B 1918 r. nHcaTeAb C )KeHoi111
MaAeHbKI1M CblHOM 6e)KaAH, CHayaAa B
OAeccy, 3aTeM - B napH)K. B 1921 r.
ceMbH nepeKO'IeBaAa B OepAI1H. 3Aecb
TOACToi1 BoweA B rpynny «HaKaHyHe»,
06beA....HSlBWylO AHTepaTOpoB H <pI1AOc<><pOB,
COyyBcTBoBaBw....x TOrAa COBeTCKOI1
BAacT..... 3Aecb )Ke n ....caTeAb noApy)KI1ACSl
C A. M. fOPbKI1M.
«)K....3Hb B 3Ml1rpau........ 6blAa AfISl MeHSl
caMblM TSl)KeAbiM nepI10AoM», npl13HaBaACSl
n03)Ke TOACTOI1. OwyweHl1e
CroSl 'ly)KI1M, nOCTOHHHaH yHI13....TeAbHaSl
HeXBaTKa t.eHer - Bce 3TO MYYI1AO
nI1CaTeASl, 11 OH I1CKaA CnaCeHI1H B
pa60Te. 3a rpaH ueH 6b1AI1 Hanl1caHbl
nepBaSl yaCTb Tp Aor........ "XO)KAeHl1e no
MyKaM» (,,(ecTpbl») - 0 AyXOBHblX
nOI1CKaX pyCCKOH .... HTeM....reHu....11 B
npeApeBOAIOUl10HHOe BpeMSl; poMaH
"A3AI1Ta» (CM. CTaTblO ,,(J>aHTaCTI1Ka»),
HeCKOAbKO noaecrel1. B 1922 r. TOACToH
npl1HHA peWeHl1e B03BpaTHTbcSl Ha poAHHY.
B 1923 r. - nOAyYHA COOTBeTCTBytowee
pa3peweHHe.
,,(oBeTcKaSl BAaCTb KaK XyAO)KHHKy
AaAa MHe Bce», - roBOpHA nHcaTeAb.
VI 3TO He peBepaHC B CTOPOHY npaBHTeAbCTBa,
a y CTaSl npaBAa. «KpaCHOMY
rpa<py» 6b1A C03AaHbI ....CKfllOyHTeAbHble
yCAOBHH, 0 KOTOpblX 60AbWHHCTBO
COBeTCK....X AI1Tepan>pOB He MOrAI1 Aa)Ke
MeYTaTb. KH ....rH era BbIXOA....AH orpoMHblM....
THpa)KaM..... BbICOK....e roHopapbl
06eCne'l ....BaA.... TOT 06pa3 )KH3H...., K KoTOPOMY
TOACTOi1, )K113HeAt06, XAe6oc0A
.... 6ap....H, 6blA npI1Bep)KeH. B era AOMe
BcerAa 6blAO nOAHO rocTel1, caM X03Sl....H
CAblA HenpeB30i1AeHHbIM paCCKa3'l....KOM
H OCTpOCAOBOM. OH yMeA C03AaTb
Ha CBOHX Be'lepaX aTMoc<pepy npa3AH....Ka.
K HeMy np....XOAHAH aKTepbl .... n....CaTeA....
- KaK MaCT....Tble, TaK .... COBceM
MOAOAble. nOAO)KeHl1e "nOAHTHyeCKH
70
AIHepaTypHa51 60pb6a 20-x rOAOB
6AaroHaAe>KHOro» n03BOMlIIO TOIICTOMy
BcrynaTbCSl 3a Apy3eH, KOrAa 11M
rpo311Aa OnaCHOCTb.
K cBoeMy m1CaT AbCKOMY TpyAy
TOACTOH OTHOCI1IICSl C ynoeHl1eM. Ha
npOTSl>K HI1I1 MHOrl1X lIeT Ka>KAblH ero
AeHb Halll1HaACSl HanpSl>KeHHOH pa60Tbl,
Tpe60BaBweH nOIl"loro yeAI1HeHI1Sl
H cocpeAoTolleHHOCTI1. 5lpKI1H 11 COllHblH
Sl3b1K ero np0l13BeAeHI1H - pe­
3YAbTaT TWaTeAbHOH WIII1¢JOBKI1 11 1110­
6oBHoro OTHOWeHI1Sl K CIIOBy.
3a B03MO>KHOCTb cnOKOHHO pa60TaTb
npl1XOAI1110Cb paCnllalll1BaTbcSl.
CpeAH MHO>KeCTBa np0l13BeAeHI1H TOIIcroro
eCTb BeWI1 oTKpoBeHHo npl1cnoco6l1eHllecKl1e.
npe>KAe Bcero
noBeCTb «XAe6» (1937 r.), nOIlHa51 cllaBOC!IOBI1H
B aApec CTdJ\I1Ha. na:>Ke 04>11UHiI!IbHaSl
COBeTCKaSl Kpl1TI1Ka COlllla ee
HeyAallHOH.
OAHOI1 113 rllaBHblX TeM TOIICToro
CTiI!Ia yAb6a nOKOlleHI1Sl, llbSl :>K113Hb
6blAa B30pBaHa BOHHOHI1 peBOllIOUl1eH.
TpHAon11O «XO>KAeHl1e no MyKaM» nl1caTeAb
COlAaBall OKOIIO ABaAuaTH lIeT nocAeAHSlSl
llaCTb, «XMypoe yrpo», 6blAa
3aKOHlleHa B nepBblH AeHb BeM1KOH
OTeLJeCTBeHHOH BOHHbl, 22 I1IOHSl
1941 r. r lIaBHble repOI1HI1 Tpl1110rl111 cecrpbl
KaTSl 11 naLua. lI1x >K113Hb B neTep6ypre
10-x rr. OlleHb CIIO:>KHa. Ho
ace AlO6oBHble nepe:>KI1BaHI1Sl MepKHyr
nepeA KaTacTpo¢JoH, KOTopaSl BCKope
pa3pa31111acb B cTpaHe. B I1Tore, noclle
crpawHblx MblTapCTB 11 1l0Tepb, ceCTpbl
npl1HHMalOT HOBylO :>K113Hb 11 CBSl3b1BaIOT
C COBeTcKoH POCCl1eM Bce caMble paAYJKHble
HaAe>KLI.bl. OAHaKO COBpeMeHHblH
lll1TaTellb TpyAOM pa3AellSleT TaKOH
Onn1MI13M. neHCTBl1e pOMaHa
3ClKaHllI1BaeTCSl 311MOH 1920 r., 11 BnepeAH
ew" Bce I1CnblTaHI151, KOTOpblM cy:>KAeHO
bllIO BblnaCTb Ha AOlllO PYCCKOH
HHTeMl1r HUI1I1. Tpl1110rl1Sl MHOro pa3
nepeAellblBaAaCb, 11 KOHellHblj;j ee Bapl1aHT
BnOIlHe yAoBlleTBopl111 napTI1HHOe
PYKOBOACTBO. B 1943 r. OHa 6bllla yAOCToeHa
CTalll1HCKOH npeMI1I1.
B 60llee paHHel1 nOBeCTI1, «noXOlKAeHHSl
HeB30pOBa, 111111 1I16I1KYC»
0924 r.), Onl1CaHO TO:>Ke BpeM51, HO coBepWeHHO
I1Halle. r lIaBHblH repoH HHllTO>KHblH,
HO 6e30611AHblH «MalleHbKI1H
llellOBeK». Bo BpeMSl peBOllIOUI10HHOH
CMyrbl eMy yAaeTCSl 3aBllaAeTb
6ollbWI1MI1 AeHbraMI1. OH llyAOM Bb1611paeTCSl
1130 Bcex nepeApSlr, HeCKOllbKO
pa3 TepSlSl 11 CHOBa 06peTaSl COCTOSlHl1e.
1I1 B KOHue KOHUOB npeBpawaeTCSl B
6e3HpaBCTBeHHoro HerOASlSl C HanOlleOHOBCKI1MI1
3aMaWKaMI1, cnoc06Horo,
BO I1MSl BO>KAelleHHoro 60raTCTBa,
npOHTI1 no TpynaM.
Ewe B Hallalle 1917 r. TOIICTOH 3 I1HTepeCOBallCSl
3nOXOH 11 IIl1llHOCTblO
neTpa I, 113Yllall apXI1BbI. B 1918 r. OH
Hanl1Call paccKa3 «neHb neTpa», a
B 1929 r. - nbecy «Ha Abl6e».
C 30-x rr. HallaA pOMaH «neTp I» 11 pa­
60TaA Hall. HI1M AO KOHua AHeH. OH
ycnell 3aKOHlll1Tb aBe llaCTI1, HO TpeTbSl
OCTallaCb He3aBepweHHoH. 06pa3 n Tpa
y TOIICTOro CIIO:>KHbIH 11 npl1TSlraTellbHblH.
MOIIOAOH uapb Hel1CTOB B
CBOeM :>KellaHI1I1 npeo6pa30BaHI1H, OH
cnoc06eH :>KeCTOKO OWI16aTbCSl, 6blTb
HecnpaBeMI1BblM, HO CTOllb :>Ke 6ecnowaAeH
OH 11 K caMoMy ce6e. 1I1 XOTSl
TOIICTOH Wl1pOKO nOllb30BallCSl aOKyMeHTaMI1,
B pOMaHe Hellb351 He YBI1AeTb
:>KellaHI1Sl yroAI1Tb Tpe60BaHI1SlM CTaIII1HCKOro
pe:>KI1Ma. ABTOp pOMaHa
onpaBAblBall Cl1llbHYIO BllaCTb, He 6pe3rylOWYIO
HI1KaKI1MI1 cpeACTBaMI1, Ha I1CTOpl1lleCKOM
MaTepl1alle KaK 6b1 nOATBep:>KAall
BepHOCTb noroBopKI1 «Aec
py6SlT - WenKI1 lIeT51T». HeAapOM 11
3TOT pOMaH 6blll OTMelleH CTalll1HCKOH
npeMl1eH.
T a :>Ke HaeSl lIe>KI1T B OCHOBe ApaMbl
"lI1BaH rp03HbIH» (1942-1943 rr.).
Uapb, KOTOpOro HapOA Ha3Ball «KpOBaBbIM»,
B HeH npeACTaeT CypOBblM, HO
BeIlI1KI1M, BOlleBblM npaBI1TelleM. 3a 3TY
nbecy aBTOp nOCMepTHO 6blll Harpa:>KAeH
ewe oaHOH CTaAl1HCKOH npeMl1eH.
* * *
TOIICTOH yMep 3a HeCKOllbKO MeCSlueB
AO OKOH4aHI1Sl Belll1KOH OTe4eCTBeHHOH
BOHHbI. Ka:>KAblH AeHb rl161111 COTHI1
11 Aa:>Ke TblCSl411 IIIOAeH, HO noclle CMepTI1
TOIICTOro 6blll 06bSlBlleH rocyAapCTBeHHblH
Tpayp. V1 COTHI1 TblCSl4 411TaTelIeHI1CKpeHHe
nepe:>KI1Balll1 ero CMepTb.
n. n. KOH4aI\OBCKf1~. A. H. TOI\CTOH B roCT~x y xyaOlKHHKa. 1940-1941 rr.
71
tJ t\l-1TepaTypa nepBOH nO/\OBl-1Hbl XX BeKa
• Kap<jY.m:H - Ilpe8HHA ro­ caMH nHCaJIH, nOHHMaJIH: ('...Tpy~eH
POll 8 A<l>PHKe. B1Il 8. CTaIl nyTb, yroToBaHHbII'f BeKOM HCKyCCTBy,
MOl)'ll\ecrneHH0I1IlepJK:IBOil.
pOJK):\eHHOMY no~ rpOM nyurCK». (,I1epe­
3TO nplfBeJlo K CTOJIKHOBeBaJIb~bI»
BbIcrynaJIH npOTHB CXCManf3­HHIO C Pm.lOM, II 8 KOHl.\e KOH­
1.\08 KaP<l>areH 6blll pa3pyu1eH.
1113 nlllCbMA B OTLlEJ\ nE4ATIII UK PKn(6)
•••MbI npHBeTCTByeM HOBbiX nHcaTe/\eH, pa60YHX 101 KpecTbSlH, BX04S1WHX
CeHyaC B AHTepaTypy. Mbi HH B KoeH Mepe He npoTHBonOCTaBASieM
ce6S1 101M 101 He CYHTaeM HX Bpa>K4e6HblMH HAH YY>K4b1MH HaM.
IIIx Tpy4 101 Haw TPy4 - e4HHblH TPy4 COBpeMeHHOH pyCCKOH /\HTeparypbl...
HOBbie nYTH - TpY4Hble nYTH, Ha KOTOpblX HeH36e:>KHbI
OWI16KI1. 111 HaWH OWH6KH TSI:>KeAee Bcero HaM caM11M. Ho Mbi npoTecryeM
npoTI1B OryAbHblX Hana.o.OK Ha Hac. TOH TaKI1X :>KypHaAoB, KJK
«Ha naery», I1I1X KpI1TI1Ka, Bbl4aBaeMbie npl1TOM I1MI1 3a MHeHl1e PKn
B ueAoM, n04X04S1T K HaweH AHTeparypHoH pa60Te 3aBe40MO npe4B3RTO
11 HeBepHO. Mbi CYHTaeM Hy:>KHblM 3aSlBHTb, "ITO TaKoe OTHoweHl1e
K AI1Teparype He40CTOHHO HH AHTepaTypbl, HH peBOAIOUI1H 11 4eMopaAH3yeT
nHcaTeAbCKHe MaCCbI.
C. EcemfH, A TOACTO~, M. npHWBHH, B. WHWKOB, M. BOAowHH,
0. MaH4eAbWTaM, 1-1. 5a6eAb, Be. I-1BaHoB H J1fJyrHe
(Bcem 36 nHCaTeAef1). 1924 r.
1113 LlEKMPAUIIIIII «nEPEBAAA»
... «nepeaaAbUbI» BblCKa3b1BaIOTCSI npoTHB BCSlKHX nonbiTOK CXeMaTI1­
3aUHH YeAOBeKa, npOTI1B BCSlKOro ynpoweHYecTBa, MepTBSlweH CTaH­
4apTH3aUHI1, npoTI1B KaKoro-AH60 CHH:>KeHHSI nHcaTeAbCKOH AHYHoenl
BO HMSI MeAKoro 6b1TOBH3Ma...
...cnepeBa/\» CYHTaeT He06X04HMblM C034aHHe TaKoro 06WecTBeHHOro
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72
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73

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I1BaHoBa 3a TO, '-ITO B OP;HOM H3
ero paCCKa30B (·6a6hI TIJIaqyT op;HHaKOBO'>
Hap; y6HTbIMH KpaCHbIMH H 6eJIhIMH.
(·CepanHOHhI» B03pa3HJIH: (.BC5IKYIO
r. c. BepeHCKI1f1.
nOpTpeT
B. A. KaSepl1Ha. 1929 r.
• POCKOlllHbU'I ncrep6yprCKIIH
OC06HilK yeXaJllllel'O
3a rpaHlUW K)'lIl\a ErrHcecBa
6bUl nOCJJe peBOJlJOl.l,IfJ1 npeBPJll\<:H
B ):lOM I1CryCCTB. 80
rnaae XYAOlKecrneHHOI'O coaeTJ
):loMa crOM rOpbKHH. GlIbI'J
C!loPlll B poMaHe .CyMacllleAlllHH
Kopa6_ nl1CJJJa 0
¢aH'I'JCI1f'leCKOH lKH3Hl1 0611TJTeIleH
MICKa: ....BCeM ryCTO
BCeneHHblM B KOMHaTbr, rymlKII,
KOpJ1i10pbl, 6blBUIHe BaHHbl
11 y60pHble KJ3aJ10Cb, 'ITO
110M 3TOT BOBCe He AOM, a OTKYAa-TO
B03HI1K1lfHH Ii IC}'I\J-TO
HecymHHOl Kopa6J1b'.
B L\I1CKc npOI1CXOI\l1T
l\er'lCTBHe H paCCKJ3J A rpl1Ha
.KpbICOJlOB».
• feoprneBcKliH Kpecr ­
3HaK OTJIH411H, KOTOpWI
B TIepBoH Ml1poBOfl BOHHe
HJrpaJl(l(aJIH C01Il\JT Ii MJI:1J\lllJ1X
oqJl1l\epoB.
Aqmwa AI1TepaTypHblx
seyepos B llVlCKe.
nepBble BblCTynAeH~~
«(epanI10HOBbIX
6paTbeB». neTporpat..
1921 r.
75
f!) t\lHepaTypa nepBOi1 nOAOBI-1Hbl XX BeKa
I MV1XAV1/\ MV1XAIIl/\OBW-l
30WEHKO (1894-1958)
«Mol1 OTeu, - nHcaA 30weHKo, - YKpaHHeu
(nOATaBCKOI1 ry6epHHH)... ABOPSlHHH.
OH yMep paHO - copOKa C 'leM-TO
AeT. OH 6blA TaAaHTAHBbll1 XY.ll.O)l(HHK...
MaTb... B MOAO.ll.ble ro.ll.bl ... 6blAa aKrpHcol1».
Y'lHACSI 6y.ll.yWHH nHcaTeAb, no ero
c06CTBeHHblM CAOBaM, «BeCbMa nAOXO».
OceHblO 1913 r., 3aKOH'lHB rHMHa3HIO, OH
nocrynHA B neTep6yprCKHI1 yHHBepcHTeT
Ha IOPl-l.ll.H'lecKI-1I1 q>aKyAbTeT.
B Ha'laAe MI-1POBOI1 BOHHbl OCTaBI-1A
y4e6y 1-1, «npOCAywaB yCKopeHHble BoeHHble
KypCbI, yexaA npanOpWI-1KOM Ha
q>pOHT». 3a xpa6pocTb nOAy'lHA Op.ll.eHa
H reoprHeBCKHI1 KpeCT. KOMaH.II.YSl 6aTaAbOHOM,
6blA paHeH, nonaA no.ll. ra30BYlO
aTaKy 1-1 .11.0 KOHua lKI-13HH CTpa~A OT 60Ae3HH
cep.ll.ua. OceHblO 1918 r. nOWeA.II.O­
6poBOAbueM B KpacHylO apMHIO. B nepBble
COBeTCKHe ro.ll.bl MHxaHA MHxai1AoBH'l
CMeHI-lA MHOlKeCTBO np0q>eccHH - OT canO)l(HI-1Ka
.11.0 areHTa yroAoBHoro P03blcKa.
nepBaSi KHH)I(Ka 30weHKo «PaccKa3bl
Ha3apa II1AbH'la rOCnO.ll.HHa CHHe6plOxoBa»,
BblWe.ll.WaSi B 1922 r., Hanl-lCaHa CKa­
30M - OT AHua MaAoo6pa30BaHHoro pacCKa3'lHKa
(CM. .ll.onOAHHTei\bHbll1 O'lepK
.CKa3» B TOMe «PYCCKaSi AI1Teparypa»,
'laCTb 1, «3HUHKi\One.ll.HH MSI AeTel1»).
B 1922-1923 rr. 30weHKo OKOH4aTei\bHO
HaweA c06cTBeHHylO HeOObl'lHylO
MaHepy: nOAHbll1 OTKa3 OT aBTopcKoro roAoca
H nepexo.ll. Ha Sl3blK cBoero repoSi «noAynpoAeTapHSI».
PaCCKa3'lHK nOSIBASli\CSI
B oKpylKeHHH npHBbl'lHoro 6bJTa, yBH.ll.eHHoro
CBelKHM B3rASI.II.OM - 6y.ll.TO npH
HeolK~HHOBKi\104eHHOM SlpKOM OCBeweHHI'1.
3q>q>eKT TaKoi1 np03bl MOlKHO cpaBHI-1Tb
C TeM 3q><t>eKTOM, KOTOpbli1 B O.ll.HOM
113 30weHKOBCKHX paCCKa30B npOH3BO.ll.HT
npOBeAeHHoe B .ll.OM 3AeKTpl1'leCTBO.
«npOBeAH, OCBeTI-lJ\H - 6aTlOWKH-CBeTbI!
KpyroM rHHi\b H rHycb. To, 6b1BaAO, yrpoM
lia pa60ry yl1.ll.eWb, Be'lepOM SlBHWbCSI, 'lal1
nonbeWb H cnaTb. 111 HH'lero TaKoro npH
KepocHHe He BI-l.ll.HO 6bli\0. A TenepH'la 3a)KrAH,
CMOTpHM, ryr ryq>ASI 'lbSl-TO .ll.paHaSi
Bai\SleTCSI, ryr o6oHKH OTOAPaAHCb H Ki\0'lKOM
TOp'laT, ryr Ki\on PblCblO 6e)KHT - OT
CBeTa cnacaeTCSI, ryr TpSlnl-1Ua HeH3BeCTHO
KaKaSl, ryr nAeBOK, ryr 0KYpoK, ryr 6Aoxa
pe3BHTcSI... npOTI-1BHO Ha BCe rASI.ll.eTb...
Orpe3ai\a X03SlHKa npoBO.ll.a. OOAbHO,
- roBOpHT, - 6e.II.HOBaTO BblXO.ll.HT
npH CBeTe-TO. '-lero, - rOBopHT, ­
3TaKylO 6e.ll.HOCTb OCBewaTb Ki\OnaM Ha
CMex» (<<oe.ll.HOCTb»).
30weHKo BI-l.ll.eA, "ITO nAyr peBOAIOUHI-l
nepeBepHYi\ ni\aCTbI 06wecTBeHHol1 )l(H3HH
H BbiBepHyA Ha nOBepXHOCTb Tex, KTO
B CHAy MaAorpaMOTHOCTH HHKOr.ll.a He B03BblwaA
cBoero rOAoca ny6AH4HO. Tenepb
HMeHHO I-1X pe4H 3ByYai\I-l Ha MHTHHrax, HX
CAOBO CTaHOBHi\OCb rocnO.ll.CTBYIOWHM.
CTapaSi HHTeMHreHUI-1S1 6blAa AHweHa roi\Oca
B npSlMOM H nepeHOCHOM CMblCAe,
3aTI-1XAa B MaAeHbKHX KOMHaTax, OCTaBAeHHblX
ei1 OT npe)l(HHX npOCTopHblX
KBapTHp. 30weHKO peWHA, 'ITO He MO)KeT
nl-lCaTb «MSl 41-lTaTeJ\Sl, KOToporo HeT». OH
CTaA 3.11.peCOBaTbCSI HOBOMy 'lHTaTei\lO,
no-x03S1i1CKH ycTpaHBalOweMycSI B KOMMyHai\KaX
H 3aSlBASIIOweMY C roP.ll.OCTblO:
«MbI yHHBepcI-lTeTOB He KOH'laAHI».
B3rASI.II. nHcaTeASI Ha 3TOT HOBbli1 6blT
6ecnOW3.11.eH. B paCCKa3e «'-leAOBe'lecKoe
.ll.OCTOHHCTBO» (1923 r.) ni\eMSlHHI-lK ycrpaHBaeT
.ll.SI.II.1O - 6b1BWerO WBei1uapa Ha
TaKylO )l(e .ll.Oi\)l(HOCTb B CBce Y4pelK.ll.eHl-1e
H nOyYaeT: «...n04THTeAbHOCTb 'lT06
He pacnywaTb, KaK paHbwe. KOHe4HO,
3TO He TO, 4T06 no po)l(e i\IO.II.ei1 6HTb, HO
.ll.OCTOl-lHCTBO CBOe He YHH)J(ai1Te I-l COOTBeTCTByi1Te
CeoeMy Ha3Ha'leHI-lIO». 111 6blBWHI1
wBei1uap cpa3Y CTaHOBHTCSI xaMOM.
COBeTCKaSi BAaCTb npoB03rAaCHAa Be.ll.ywei1
q>HrypOH AI-lTeparypbl «npOAeTapKOro
nHcaTeASI». Be.ll.b no MapKCHCTCKOAeHHHcKoi1
.ll.OrMe npOJ\eTapHaT «nepe.ll.OBOi1
KAacc». 30weHKO nOHHMaA
HeAenOCTb caMoro 3Toro nOHSITHSI: ecAI-1
'leAOBeK CTaHOBHTCSI nl-lCaTei\eM, TO OH nepeCTaeT
6b1Tb npOAeTapl-leM. npOAeTapCKHi1
nHCaTei\b - TaKOH )l(e a6cyp.ll., KaK
rOpSl4HH Ae.ll.. 111 OH nOnblTaACSl nOBecTBoBaTei\bHbIMH,
pe'leBblMH cpeaCTBaMH npo.ll.eMOHCTpHpoBaTb,
'ITO nOi\Y'lHTCSI, eci\H
npHHSlTb A03yHr BCepbe3. 3TOT rAaBHbli1
ceKpeT ceoei1 COBepweHHO HOBOi1 i\I-1TeparypHOi1
MaHepbl OH 06bSlCHHA caM: «AeAO
B TOM, 'ITO SI - npoi\eTapCKHi1 nHCaTei\b.
BepHee, Sl napo.ll.I-lpylO CBOHMH BewaMH
Toro Boo6palKaeMoro, HO nOMI-1HHOrO
npoi\eTapcKoro nHcaTeASI, KOTOpbl11 cyweCTBOBaA
6bl B TenepewHHX YCAOBHSlX )l(H3HI-l
I-l B TenepewHeH cpe.ll.e. KOHe'lHO, TaKoro
nl-lCaTeASl He MO)l(eT cywecTBoBaTb,
no Kpai1Hei1 Mepe cei14ac. A Kor~ 6y.ll.eT
cywecTBoBaTb, TO ero 06weCTBeHHOCTb,
ero cpe.ll.a 3Ha41-1TeAbHO nOBblCSlTCSI BO
Bcex OTHOWeHI-1S1X» (1928 r.). PaccKa3bl
30weHKo CAOBHO npe.ll.ynpe)f<.ll.aAI-1, KaK 6y.ll.eT
BbirASI.II.eTb AI-1TepaTypa, eCAI-1 ee cero.ll.HSI
B03bMeTCSI C03.11.aBaTb 3TOT Boo6pa)l(aeMbli1
nl-1caTeAb-npOAeTapl-1i1.
CaMblM BblCOKHM 06pa3uoM peWeHI-1S1
TaKol1 3~4H CTaHeT «rOAy6aSl KHHra»
(1935 r.) - HCTOpHSI 4eAOBe4ecTBa, HanHcaHHaSi
«npoAeTapCKI-1M nHcaTeAeM» MSI
4HTaTeASl-«noAynpoAeTapHSI». AsTOP CKpblBaeTCSI
nO./\. MaCKOI1 «nHcaTeASI», He YMeIOwero
OTHecTHCb K HCTopH4eCKHM q>aKTaM
HHaye KaK K cero.ll.HSlWHHM >Kl1TeHCKI-1M
Cl-1ryauHSlM, H .ll.eAaeT BH.II., 6y.ll.TO TaK H
Hy)l(HO nl-1CaTb B AI-1Teparype «HaWHX nepeXO.II.HbiX
AHei1».
B 1943 r. )l(ypHaA «OKTSl6pb» Ha4aA
ny6AHKoBaTb HOBylO nOBeCTb 30weHKo
"nepe.ll. BOCXO.ll.OM COAHua». B HeH nHcaTeAb
3arOBOpl-1A y)l(e "CBOHM Sl3bIKOM». OH
nOCTaBI-1A nepeA c06011 He06bl4HylO MSI
COBeTcKoi1 AHTepaTypbl ueAb - nOHSlTb
npH4HHbI 1-1 I-1CTOKH c06CTBeHHbtX HeBpo­
30B. t.ASI 3Toro 30weHKo 06pawaeTcSI K
BocnOMHHaHI-leM MOAO.ll.OCTI-l, IOHOCTI-1,
3aTeM oTp04eCTBa H, HaKoHeu, paHHero
.ll.eTCTBa. nOBeCTb nOpalKaAa ~BHO 3a6b1TOI;;
AHTepaTOpaMI-l I-lCKpeHHOCTbIO. ABTop
AaKOHH4HO, npocro H ueAoMy.ll.peHHO nHcaA
0 caMblX I-lHTHMHblX cHryaUI-1S1x.
COBpeMeHHHK 30weHKo 3HaMeHHTblH
KOMn03HTop twl-lTpl-l11 twl-lTpl-1eBl-14 WoCTaKOBH4
BCnOMI-lHaA: «30weHKo H3yMHTeAbHO
nl-lCaA 0 ce6e, CBOHX OTHOWeHHSIX
C )l(eHWHHaMI-l H 0 )l(eHWHHax B006we.
B 3TOM OH 6blA npaB.ll.HB .11.0 KOHua. Tpy.ll.HO
npeaCTaBHTb, 'ITO KTO-TO Mor 6bl nl-lcaTb
OTKpOBeHHee. 31"0 HenpHKpaweHHaSi
np03a... HeKoTopble cTpaHHubl "nepe.ll.
BOCXO.ll.OM cOAHua" TSI)I(eAO 4HTaTb, HaCTOAbKO
OHH 6e3lKaAOCTHbI... "nepea BOCXO.ll.OM
cOAHua" 30weHKo ne4aTaA BO
BpeMSI BOHHbl, I-l ero "caMOKOnaHl-1e" npHBeAO
CTaAHHa B 6eweHcTBo. OH nOAaraA,
'ITO B BoeHHoe BpeMSI Mbi .ll.Oi\)l(Hbi Kpl-1'laTb
TOAbKO "Ypa!", "AOAoAI" H "Ila
3APaBCTByeT!"... TaK 30weHKo 6blA 06bSlBAeH
rHycHblM, nOXOTAHBblM )l(HBOTHblM, y
KOToporo HeT HH CTbl~ HH COBeCTH».
nOBecTb nO.II.BeprllaCb pa3rpoMY B napTI-1HHOi1
ne'laTH. ny6AHKauHSI 6b1Aa OCTaHOBAeHa.
Ho rAaBHbli1 y~p HaCTl-1r 30weH­
76
«CepanHOHOBbl 6paTb~»
KO B nepBbl~ nOCAeBOeHHbl~ rot>.. B aBryCTe
1946 r. 61~AO npHHSlTo nOCTaHOBAeHHe
UeHTpaAbHoro KOMHTeTa napTHH «0 )KypHaAaX
,,3Be3llil" H ,,!\eHHHrpat>."» (CM. CTaIbIO
«MTepaTypa H BAaCTb»). OCHOBHOH
ero MHweHblO CTaAH AHHa AxMaTOBa H MHlCaHA
30weHKo. Pet>.aKUHH )KypHaAOB 06BIolHSlI\I1Cb
rAaB~ 06pa30M B TOM, 4TO OHH
lle4aTai\1ol3T\o1X 6e3bll>.eHHblX aBTopoB: «rpy­
6011 OWIolOKOH ,,3Be3t>.bl" SlBASleTCSl npet>.oCTaBAeHHe
AIolTepaTypHO~ TPlol6YHbi nlolcaTeAlO
30weHKO, npolol3Bet>.eHIolSl KOTOPOro
'I}')Kl>.bl COBeTCKOH AIolTepaTYpe... npet>.oCTaBlleHlole
CTpaHIolU... TaKHM nOWASlKaM H
OOAOHKaM IlIolTeparypbl, KaK 30weHKO, TeM
6011ee Hel>.OnYCTIolMO, 4TO pet>.aKUIolIol ,,3Be3Abl"
XopoWO 1ol3BeCTHa <j:lH31ol0HOMHSl 30weHKO
H Hel>.OCTOHHoe nOBet>.eHHe ero BO
BpeMSl BoRHbl, Kort>.a 30weHKo, HIo14eM
He nOMoraSl cOBeTCKoMY Hapot>.y B ero
6opb5e npoTIolB HeMeUKIolX 3aXBaT4IolKOB,
Hanlolcall TaKylO oMep31olTeAbHYlO BeWb, KaK
"nepet>. BOCXOt>.OM COAHua"... ».
4epe3 HecKOAbKO t>.HeH C t>.OKAat>.OM Ha
c06paHHIol nlolc TeAeH !\eHIolHrpat>.a BbiCrynHIl
rllaBa AeHIolHrpat>.cKoH napTIol~HoH opraHH3aUHIol
A. A. >KAaHOB. (BOH rHeB OH
06paTIolJ\ npOTIo1B Hane4aTaHHoro B «3Be3Ae.
paCCKa3a 30weHKO «np1olKA104eHIolSl
00e3bSlHbI» - 0 3BepbKe, c6e)KaBWeM 1013
3OOfIapKa. ABTOp, 3aSlBIolA >KAaHOB, BJ\O)KHA
_B YCTa 06e3bSlHe rat>.eHbKYIO, oTpaBAeHHylO
3HTIolCOBeT KylO ceHTeHUlol1O HaC4eT
TOro, 4TO B 300napKe )KIolTb Ay4we, 4eM Ha
BOlle, 101 'lTO B KAeTKe Aer4e t>.bIWIolTCSl, 4eM
cpeAH C BeT KIo1 J\IOAeH».OueneH BWlole
or HeOlKlolA3HHOCTIol 101 y60HHOi1 CIolAbl 06BIolHeHHH
nlolcaTeAIol CJ\ywaAIo1 BblKplolKIol 0 TOM,
'ITO OAHH H3 HHX <mpot>.OJ\)l(aeT OCTaBaTbCsl
nponOBet>.HHKOM 6e3bll>.eHHOCTIol H noWIIOCTH,
6ecnpHHulolnHblM H 6ecCOBeCTHbiM
IIKTeparypHblM xyAHraHoM».
26 aBrycra nOA AaBlleHloleM HenpeoAoIIHMblX
06CToSlTeJ\bCTB, yrp0)l(aIOWHX caMOH
lK1ol3H101, 30weHKo nlo1weT nlo1CbMO
CTaIlHHy. «...~ HHKorA He 6b1A aHTHCOBeTCKIolM
yeAOBeKOM. B 1918 rot>.y Sl A06posoAbueM
nOWeA B KpacHylO ApMHIO H
nOllroAa np06b1A Ha <j:lpoHTe, Cpa)l(aSlCb
npoTlolB 6eAOreapAel1CKIo1X BOH K••. MeH~
HHKorAa He YAOBJ\eTBopSlI\ MOSl caTlo1pH'IecKaSl
n03HUIolSl B AIolTepaType. 51 Bcert>.a
CTpeMIolJ\~ K 1ol306p3)l(eHIolIO nOAO)l(Io1Tel\bHbiX
CTOpOH lK1013HIol. Ho 3TO 6bll\0 Hel\erKO
CAeAaTb, T3K lKe TpyAHO, KaK KOMIo14eCKOMy
3KTepy IolrpaTb repOH4eCKIole poAIol •
... War 3a waroM Sl CTaA 1ol36eraTb caTlolpbl,
101, Ha4HHa~ C 30-ro rot>.a, y MeH~ 6b1AO BCe
MeHbwe 101 MeHbwe caTHpH4eCKHX paCCKa­
30B... 51 HIo14ero He Io1wy H He npowy HIo1KaKIo1X
Yl\Y4weHIo1H B MoeH cyt>.b6e. A ecAIo1
101 nlo1wy BaM, TO C et>.Io1HCTBeHHoH
ueAblO HeCKOAbKO 06Aer4101Tb CBOIO 60Ab.
51 HIo1KorAa He 6blA AIo1TeparypHblM npOHAOXOH,
Io1AIo1 HIo13KIo1M 4eAOBeKOM, Io1AIo1 4eAOBeKOM,
KOTOpblH OTt>.aBaA CBOH Tpyt>. Ha
6Aaro nOMeWIo1KOB 101 6aHKlo1pOB. 3TO
oW1016Ka. YBepSlIO Bac. Mlolx. 30weHKo».
HIo1KTO, KpOMe Hero, Ka)l(eTCSl, He peWIo1AC~
6bl B Te rot>.bI Ha3BaTb t>.ei1cTBIo1Sl Bo)l(,O.Sl
«OWIo16K0i1». Ho MSl 30weHKo BblCOKaSl
HaIo1BHOCTb, KOTOpOi1 oKpaweHo :no
nIo1CbMO, 6blAa eCTeCTBeHHoi1. OH KO BceMy
OTHOCIo1ACSl CePbe3HO 101 nOToMy rOBOplo1A
C n03101UIo1H 4e<:T101 (He XOTeA HIo1 B 4blo1X
rAa3ax 6b1Tb «HIo13KIo1M 4eAOBeKOM»).
nlo1CbMO He B03b1MeI\O HIo1KaKoro t>.ei1CTBIo1Sl.
30weHKO H3rHaAIo1 1013 (0103a nlo1caTeAei1.
!\Io1TepaTypHa~ )K1013Hb MSl Hero
npaKTIo14eCKIo1 OKOH4Io1AaCb. nOAO)l(eHlole
nlo1caTeASl 6blAO TSl)l(el\ei1wIolM. B aBryCTe
1949 r. 30weHKo nHweT reHepaAbHoMy
ceKpeTaplO (0103a nlo1caTeAei1, 4AeHy UeHTpaAbHoro
KOMIo1TeTa napTlo1101 A. A. <Dat>.eeBY.
Bce 1013t>.aTel\bCTBa, co06wal\ OH, 3a
npoweAwlo1e Tplo1 rot>.a «ocTeperaAlo1cb
Io1MeTb t>.eAO co MHOH. 51 np060BaA YCTPOIo1TbCSl
Ha CJ\y)l(6y (He AIo1TepaTopcKylO), HO
101 TYT MHe OTKa3bIBal\lo1, Y3HaB MOIO <j:laMIo1AIo1IO.
YeTBepTblH rot>. Sl HaXO)l(YCb 6e3 pa­
60Tbl 101 6e3 3apa60TKa».
nOCAe CMepTIo1 (TaAIo1Ha K. 111. YyKOBCKIo1H
101 t>.pyrlo1e nHcaTeAIol ynopHo XAonoTaAIol
101 06 H3t>.aHIolSlX 30weHKo, 101 0 neHCIolIol
MSl Hero. B 1956 r. HaKOHeu BbiweA
C60PHIolK ero 10136paHHbix nOBeCTeH 101 pacCKa30B.
BAoBa 30weHKo BnOCAet>.CTBIolIol
BCnOMIo1Hal\a, KaK OroP41011\0 aBTopa KHIo1rlo1
TO, 4TO B Hel:1 He 6blAO HIo1 npeAIo1CAOBIo1Sl,
HIo1 KaKIo1X-AIo160 npe.ABapSlIOWIo1X CJ\OB
o TOM weAbMOBaHIolIo1, KOTOpOMy OH not>.BeprcSl
B 1946 r.: «OH BCe nOBTopSlA:
"Bcex pea61olAIolTIolPYlOT, O.AHOrO MeHSl
He pea6Io1AHTIo1PYIOT"».
XAonOTbi 0 neHC1ol1ol MIolAIo1Cb Tplol rot>.a.
B <j:leBpaAe 1958 r. 30weHKo nlo1caA YyKOBCKOMy:
«( rpYCTblO nO.AyMaA, 4TO KaKaSl,
B CyWHOCTIo1, Y MeHSl 6b1Aa t>.pSlHHaSl
)l(1ol3Hb, e)l(eAIol .AalKe npet>.CToSlwa~ MaAaSl
neHCIo1Sl Ka)l(eTCSl MHe pat>.ocTHblM C06blTlo1eM.
3Ta neHCIo1~ (t>.yMaeTcSl MHe) npe.AOxpaHIo1T
MeHSl OT MHorlo1X orop4eHIo1H 101 .AaCT,
MO)l(eT 6b1Tb, npo<j:leCCIolOHaAbHylO yBepeHHOCTb.
MHe H caMoMy He HpaBSlTCSl 3TIo1
MbICAH... 3TO, BepoSlTHo, 3a nOCl\et>.Hlole
15 AeT MeHSl TaK 3acTpawaAIo1. A nlo1 aTeAb
C nepenyraHHoH AyWOH - 3TO YlKe nOTepSl
KBal\lo1<j:lIo1Kaulo1lo1».
B TOT )l(e rot>. neHCIo1Sl HaKOHeu 6b1Aa
Ha3Ha4eHa. 30weHKO yMep 4epe3 ABe HeAeAIo1
nocl\e Toro, KaK nOAy41olA ee B nepBblH
101 nOCAet>.HIo1H pa3.
n03Tecca EAIo13aBeTa nOAOHCK3Sl, BCTYnaBwaSl
B Te )l(e roAbl, 4TO 101 Mlo1xalo1A 30weHKO,
B AIolTeparypHYIO )l(1013Hb B roAOAHOM
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B MeMyapax, Hanlo1caHHblX B Ha­
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- 11 B 3TOM HallIa BCJII1y:aHllIaR
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11 He 3TO TI1rrI1Y:HO wm COBeTCKOH
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yCMexaTbC5I, HO OCHOBHOH HallI
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YY V1TEI\51
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rrpOllIJIoro. «CepanI10HbI'> He BXO~I1JII1B
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78
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t\EB HATAHOBlt1LJ t\YHU BO - Tpe6yeM OAHOro: 4T06b1 roAOC 111 HHKOMy B Ml1pe He pa30pBaTb eAHHCT(1902-1924)
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aAbHOCTb np0l13BeAeHHSl, KaKoro 6b1 UBeMbi
He TOBapI1UlI1, a B
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5paTbf/!».
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1922 L B CTaTbe «n04eMY Mbl "Ce­ oc06aSl peaAbHocTb, 11 MbI He XOTI1M YTHpanl10HOBbi
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11 roAocoBaHI1ii1 ... 11 CAeBa pa3>Kl1ralOT B Hac p03Hb, 6blOT B
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8 )I(113H~1. 111 TaK B paCCKa3ax, nOBeCTSlX, 6paT MOlKeT MOAHTbC51 I)ory, a ApyroH 11.11ApdMax.
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79

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[OOKO-
IqyBCT­
lblIIeH
Be~eHpa
no­
>}'IKKOB
)H rre­
)ynIIhI,
>03pH­
)pl1JlCH
B 1938 r. 3aOOnOl(KHH Ohm no nO)KHOMy
~OHOCY apeCTOBaH H npHrOBopeH
K WITH ro~aM narepeH. OH nPOIlIen '-IepC3
nhITKH, nOMpa'-IeHHe paCCY~Ka, HO
JlHKOro He orOBopWI M ~O KOHl(a CJIe~CTBIUl
yrBep~an, '-ITO Hem·IHOBeH. 0'1'­
6bIBaTh 3aKnIO'-IeHHe ero OTnpaBHnH
Ha LJ:aJlbHHH BOCTOK. MyqeHlUl, KOTOpbIM
TaM nO~BepranOi3aOOnOl(KIfH, He
no/V\aIOTOI OIUIcaHHIO. MHoro pa3 OH
cnacancH qy~OM. IloCJIe HeCKonbKHX
MeCHI\eB OOll\HX paOOT BbmaJl ceOH 3a
'-ICpTC)J(HHKa H ObICTPO OCBOl1Jl 3TO peMeCJIO
- TaK y~anocb BhJ)Kl1'Ib. B 1944 r.
3a6onOl(KHrI nonyqHn B03MO)KHOCTb
BbIXO~l1'Ib3a np~enblnarepH (ero «pacKOHBOHPOBaJIH')),
a 3aTeM Obm OCTaBJIeH
lIa nocenemlH. BhleXaTb B MOCKEy CMor
TOJlhKO B 1946 1'., nOCJIe OKOH'-IaHHH
HOIIHbi. B <-l1CTOpHH Moero 3aKnlOyeHHH')
(1956 1'.) H B ony6nHKoBaHHbix
nHCbMax 113 IYJIAfa 3aOOnOl(KHH pacCKa3an
00 O'-leHb HeMHorOM.
HHKOJIaH MaKapOBHQ OJIeHHHKOB
(1898-1937), ¢oPMaJIbHO B rpynny
He BXO~HBIlIMH, HO ~P~BIlIHH CO
MHOfHMH 003PHYTaMH H onH3KHH K
lfilM TBOpqeCKlI, PO~l!JlCH B CTaHHl(e KaMCHCKOIf
(HbIHe ropo~ KaMeHcK-IIlaxTHIICKlf(l)
onH3 POCTOBa. ,ll,o nepee3~a B
JIcHI1Hrpa~ (1925 1'.) ycnen nOBoeBaTb
C oenbIMH, qy~OM H30e)KaJI rMOenH. Pe~aKTIfpOBaJIB
,ll,oHoacce ra3e'ry, BeTyI1l1J1
B napTHIO. OTnM'-IHbIH opraHH3aTOp, B
~eTCKOM OT~ene focy~apCTBeHHoro H3~aTeJlbCTBa
(fI13a) OH B03rnaBJULJI )K)'PHaJIbI
«E)K') (B 1928-1929 1'1'.) H ~qH)K') I
(B 1934 H 19371'1'.), CTaBIlIMe KnaCCMKOH
COBeTCKOH ~eTCKOH nepMO~HKH. B 3THX
)K)'pHaJIaX H rre'-laTaJIHCb 003PHYTbI B
30-x rr. B 1937 r. OneHHMKOB Obm apeCTOBaH
H BCKope paCCTpeJI5IH.
B nOIllCKAX
HOBOIl1 I\OrlllKIIl
IlOCJlepeBOnlOl(HOHHbIH IleTporpa~
np~CTaBJUVlCOOOH CTpaHHoe 3penml\e,
o KOTOpOM AxMaTOBa CKa3aJIa:
H ma1C Qn.U31CO nooxooum 1.fyoeC1tOe

K Pa:3BaJlUBUIUMCR ZPJl3HblM OOMaM...

HU1COMY, HU1COMY He U3BecmHoe,

Ho om BeKa JlCe.JlaHHOe Hallt.

,·Bee paeXVIIl\eHO, npC.l:\aHO, npO.l:\JHo...·',
1921 r.
CBepIlIanCH BenH'-laHIlIHH HCTOpH'-IeCKHJ1
nepenOM. CTpaHa YBM~ena CTonbKO
CMepTeH, '-ITO )KH3Hb nOTepIDIa CBOIO
l(eHHOCTb. MOJlO~hle n03ThI, np03aHKH,
XY~O)KHMKH, '-IbH IOHOCTb npHIIIJIaCb Ha
rO~bI, KOr~a npe)KlliJ5J rynbrypa, n e)KI-me
npe~CTaBJIeHHH 0 MOpanH OCbmaJlMCb,
KaK n030JlOTa CO CTapOH HKOHbI, I
qyBCTBOBaJIH ceOR O~HOBpeMeHHOH 3a'-IapOBaHHhIMH,
H OOMaH)'TbIMH nHTeparypOM,
Ha KOTOpOJ1 BOCrrHThIBaJIHCb. 11M
ooeru;aJIH BenH'-IaHIlIee rrpeOOpJ)KeHMe
MHpa (CM. CTaTbIO «PyCCKaR penHrM03HaR
epl1JlOCOepHH H JlMTeparypa. CepeoPRHbIJ1
BeK'» - a nonyql1JlM OHH nb5IHbIX
MaTpOCOB, rpaORUJ;HX KEapTHpbI,
BceneHHe B YIX ~OMa OeCqHCJleHHb~
«npOneTapHeB'> H co~aT, naeK H3 KPYnbI
H BOOJlbI ~a MeMeHHoe pa3pyrneHHe
IleTepoypra. Ha CTbIKe BeJlH'-IaJ1mYIX
YTonM'-IeCKHX o~aHaJ1 H MpaqHOBaTOJ1
~eJ1CTBMTeJJhHOCTH B03HMKna JIHTeparypa
20-x IT. CBMXHYBliiaRCH peaJIhHOCTh
He YKna,qbIBaJIaCb B npoKpyCTOBO
nO)Ke peanH3Ma. I1poH3Be~eHH5l, KOTopble
C03~aBanH MOJIO~ble n03ThI,
ObmH O"leHb pa3Hble. B HX crnxax B TOJ1
l1JIH HHOH CTeneHH npHCYTCTBOBaJIH
H. A. 3a6o>\oUK\<fl1cryt<.eHT
1-ro Kypca.
<DoTOrpa<j)\<f~. 1921 r.
• PeJKliM B KonOHIIII~noceneHlIlI
60nee CB06o)\HbIil,
'leM B narepe. 3aKllIO'leHHhle
MOryI' TIM lKlITb C CeMbHMH.
Ho nOKll,/.\aTh KonOHHIO 6e3
pa3peweHIIJI 3,l\MHJrnCTP3WHl
OHH He HMelOT np3B3.
cpeiJu opyzu:>: UZPaJOlljllX
oemeu
0Ha HaT/()MllHaem
llJItyuJ0I<1[O"

3anpaMliHa 6 mpyru xyOaJl

Py6auIOHKa,

KaJle't1C1I pblJlCeeamWi KyOpeu
Paa;omaHbI, pom MIIHeH,
3)'6/(11 KJnI6b1,
'1epmbl JIll1¥' Ocmpbl U
HeIC!XICUIfbI.
H IlyclIlb <tepmbl eli
lIexOpOUIU
HHe'Ie.!l eu npeJlWlllimb
ao06paJICliHbl!, MliaOIiH~eCKi1Jl
ZpmjllJl Oytuu
Yxe C1C6OJUlIl 8 JlI06aM eli
Oeu.Jl(liHbl!.
A eCllU 3mo male, mo~mo
ernlb /(pacoma
H T/()'IeIQI eli 060XeCln8llRlOm
JlI00U?
C09'0 OHa, 8 /(OlnOpo.M
nycmoma,
l1Jlu 020110, Mepljtl10UjUti 8
cOLyoe?
H, A. 3a6oll0l1Kllit
.HeKjJ3CHBaJI/leBO'llCl',
1955 r.
H. M. O>\el1HHKOB.
87
t!J I\l-1TepaTypa nepBOH nOI\OBl-1Hbl XX BeKa
HIIlKOMJIi MEKCEEBW-I
3A60l\OUKIIlJli (1903-1958)
BblCWHM n03TH4ecKHM .aocrH)l(eHHeM 063pHYTOB
MHorHe AHTeparypoBMbl C4HTalOT
C60pHHK H. 3a6ol\OUKOro "CToI\6ubP>
(1929 r.). 3TO KHHra 0 COBeTCKOM MeutaHCTBe,
0 TOM, KaK Ha CMeHy KpOBaBblM BpeMeHaM
npHWI\H BpeMeHa nOWl\ble (BnpO­
4eM, TO)l(e He 6ecKpoBHble). 06blBaTel\H
nOTSlHYI\HCb K «H3S1WHOH )l(H3HH». Ha3BaHHe
«CTOI\6Ub1» KaK 6bl no.a4epKHBaAO OTI\H4He
OT «BblCOKOH» n033HH (3TO 6y.aTO H
He CTHXH, a npoCTO CTp04KH, 3anHcaHHble
CTOI\6HKOM). Ho CaM no:n roBOpHI\, "ITO OH
XOTel\ Ha3BaHHeM KHHrH Bblpa3HTb «nOHSITHe
.aHCUHnI\HHbl, nopSl.aKa - Bcero, "ITO
npOTHBOCTOHT CTHXHH MeutaHCTBa». 06
3TOM - Ml;forHe «CTOI\6Ubl» 3a60l\ouKoro.
Ho BOT 3HaKOMbie RBMItMCb,
3aB0l1 nponelt: "Ypa! Ypa!>·.
11 HOBbll1 ObiT, l1apyR MMItOCTb,
B TapeltKe l1ep)/(MT oceTpa.
BapeHbe, 1t0)/(e4Koi1 HOCMMO,
WMnl1T 11 naJ1aeT B 60P)/(OM.
)/(eHI1X, npOBopeH HeCTepnI1MO,
K HeBeCTe ltenMTCR y)/(OM.
«HOBblH ObiT», 1927 r.
A BOT KaK BblrI\SI.aHT 3TOT MHp B CTHXOTBopeHHH
"CBa.ab6a» (1928 r.):
MRCI1CTblX 6a6 60ltbWaR CTaR

CI111I1T BOKpyr, nepoM 61tI1CTaR,

11 ItblCblU BeH4MK ropHocTaR

BeH4aeT rpYl1M, O)/(l1peB

B nOTy CTOlteTHI1X KOpOlteB.

OHM el1RT rycTble CltaCTM,

XpMnRT B HeYTOlteHHoi1 CTpaCTM,

11 pacnycKaR )/(I1BOTbI,

B TapeltKI1 )/(MyTCR M UBeTbl.

npRMbie ItblCble MY)/(bR

CMl1RT, KaK BblCTpelt M3 PY)/(bR,

El1Ba BblTRrl1BaR weM

CKB03b MRca )/(l1pHble TpaHWel1.

11 np06MBaRCb CKB03b xpycTaltb

MHoroo6pa3HO 0i1H03BY4Hbll1,

KaK COH 3eMltM 6ItarOnOItY4HOU,

napMT Ha KpblltblWKaX MOpaltb.

3a601\0UKHH He 1\106\11\ TeMHOT H He
BepHI\ B «3Be3f.Y 6ecCMblCI\HUbl» (Bblpa)l(eHHe
BBe.aeHCKoro). «CTOI\6Ubl» OTI\H4aIOTCSI
aT n033Hlo1 XapMca H BBef.eHcKoro
6ol\bweH Tpaf.HUHOHHOCTblO H BHSlTHOCTblQ.
OC06blH 3epepeKT 3H1X CTHXOB f.0CTHraeTCSl
6Aaro.aapSI CTOI\KHOBeH\11O epopMbI
pyCCKOH Kl\aCcH4ecKOH n033HH (n04TH
Belle - 4eTblpeXCTOnHblH SlM6) H npl13eMl\eHHblX,
6blTOBbiX .aeTal\eA C KapHKarypHblMH
4epTaMH:
o MI1P, CBepHI1Cb 011HI1M
KBapTaltOM,
011H0i1 pa3611TOU MOCTOBOU,
011HMM nponAeBaHHblM aM6apOM,
011H0l1 MblWI1HOIO HOpOU.•.
"II1BaHOBbl»), 1928 r.
3pel\blH 3a6ol\ouKI-fi1 YBl\eKal\cSI HdTyrxPHl\ocoepHeH
(epHI\OcoepHeH npHpo.abl)
H nblTal\CSI nOHSlTb ee 3aKOHbI:
)/(yK elt TpaBy, )/(yKa KlteBalta nTl1ua,
XopeK nMIt M03r 113 nTI14bel1
rOItOBbI...
"I\Of.eHHHKOB>I, 1932-1933 rr.
OH C4ltlTal\, "ITO 4el\OBeK pO)f(.aeH,
4T06bl pa3pYWHTb 3TO Bce06wee noe.aaHHe,
CTaTb «He f.eTHuteM npHpo.abl», a ee
«3bI6KHM yMOM». 4eAOBeK - He TOAbKO
Bblcwee TBOpeHHe npHpo.abl, HO H BeI\H­
4aHWHH ee peepopMaTOp. OH f.OMKeH
nocrpoHTb HOBblH MHp, B KOTOpoM )l(HBOTHble
6yf.yT paCKpenoweHbl H CTaHyT ero
paBHonpaBHblMH 6paTbSlMH. 3a60AOUKHH
1\106HI\ nOBTopSlTb CAOBa B. Xl\e6HHKOBa:
«51 BH)l(y KOHCKHe CB060f.bl H paBHonpaBlo1e
KOpOB». B n03Me «TOP)l(eCTBO 3eMl\ef.eAHSI»
(1929-1930 rr.) 4eAOBe4eCKHH
pa3YM BHOCHT rapMoHHIO H I\a.a B MHpO­
3f.aHl1e, AIQ.aH H )l(HBOTHble 06bMHHSlIOTCSI
B cB060.aHOM TpyAe:
OilMH CTapI1K, CI1M B oBpare,
06bRcHReT ep111tOCOep111O co6aKe..•
nOTOM TI1XO COCTaBAReT
l111elO T04HblX MOItOTI1ItOK
11 KopoBaM 06MlcHReT,
cepilueM pa.tJ.oCTeH 11 nbiItOK.
513b1K n03Mbl He06b14eH. C04eTaHHe
BnOI\He cepbe3Hblx 3KOHOMH4eCKHX H noH.
A. 3a60"OIlKI1~. <J)oTOrpaepI1R. 1929 r.
AHTH4eCKHX TepMHHOB C npOCTOpe4HSlMH
H HaI1BHblMH, .aeTCKHMH 060pOTaMH 3aCTaBI\SleT
411TaTel\SI CMeSlTbCSI. n03TOMY,
HeCMOTpSl Ha npOCl\aBAeHHe KOl\I\eKTHBI13aUHH
H MexaHH3aUHH B «TOp)l(eCTBe
3eMAe.aeI\HSI», COBeTCKaSl KpHTHKa onOA­
4HAaCb Ha aBTopa. BCIGB04HOM CIO)l(eTe,
B MOHOAorax .aeHCTBylOwHX I\HU yCMOTpeAH
H3.aeBaTe..... bCTBO Ha.a CTpOI1Tel\bCTBOM
COUHaAH3Ma. MO)l(HO nOAaraTb, "ITO B
.aal\bHeHWeM 3TH CTaTbH Cblrpal\H CBOIO
POl\b B apeCTe 3a60I\OUKOro.
nOcAe B03BpauteHHSI H3 l\arepeR n03T
n04TH .aeCSlTb AeT 3aHl-1MaI\CSI B OCHOBHOM
nepeBo.aaMH. «CBQl.1X CTHXOB He nHwy H
He 3HalO, KaK HX Hy)l(HO nHcaTb», - npl-1­
3HaBaACSI OH B Of.HOM H3 mlceM 1946 r.
111 Bce-TaKH BCKope nOSlBI\SleTCSI HeCKOAbKO
I\HpH4eCKHx CTI1XOTBOpeHI1H. B l-IX 4HrI\e
- O.aHO 1'13 caMblX 3HaMeHI1TblX:
71 He l1I11y rapMOH1111 B npl1pol1e.
Pa3YMHoFl COpa.3MepHOCTI1 Ha4a!1
HI1 B Hel1pax CKalt, HI1 B flCHOM
He6oCB0l1
71 .110 CI1X nop, YBbI, He pa31t114aA.
KaK CBoeHpaBeH Ml1p ee ilpeMy4lfH!
B O>KeCT04eHHOM neHl111 BeTpoB
He CltblWI1T cepilue npaBI1AbHblX
o3sy41111,
,1ywa He 4yeT crpoFlHblX mItOCOB.
88
1Ho B Tuxuil 4aC OC HHerO 3aKaTa,
Kor.t.J YMOIiKHeT BeTep B.t.alleKe,
Kor.1i1, IIf1HbeM HeMOWHblM 0 bflTa,
C enafl H04b onycrnTcR K peKe,
KOf.t.,) OfpOMHbI~l MUp
npOTUBope4uil
HaCblT1ITCfI 6ecnllOAHOlO urpo;;;, -­
Kali. bI npoo6pa3 60llu 4eIlOBe4be;;;
113 eJAHbI BOA BcraeT nepe.t.o
MHOil.
11 B 310T 4ac ne4aAbHaR npupo.t.a
" ;';UT BOKpyr, B3.t.blxaR TR>KeIlO,
11 He MUlia e", .t.I1KaJI Bo60Aa,
fA OT Ao6pa HeOTAeMtMO 3110.
dl He I1wy rapMOHI1H B npl1pOAe.•. »,
1947 r.
Bn03AHI1X I1xax 3a6oAouKoro -­
T!nAoe, 3311HTep COBaHHoe 11 MI1AOCepAHOe
BHI1MaH~1e K Ml1py, KO BceMy )KI1BOMY.
Ho npl1 BAYM411BOM 4TeHI111 oTKpblBaeTC5I
He4eAoBe4ecKa5l, MY4I1Tel\bHa51 TOCK ,
COKpbITa51 Aa)Ke B aMbiX CTporl1x 11 CAep)KaHHbIX
o6pa3ax:
Ho BeAb B >KU3HU COIli1iJTbI MbI,

11 y>Ke Ha npeAeAax yMa

COAporalOTCR aT MbI,

6eAbiM BuxpeM B3MeTaJI ADMa.

KaK 6e3YMHble MellbHUUbI,

Mawyr BOHHbI KpblAaMu BOKpyr.

fAe>K fbi, UBOAra, lIeca OTWeJlbHuua?

Yro Tbi CMOAKAa, MOi1 APY'?

"B 3T0l1 powe 6epe30B0I1», 1946 r.
B CTI1XOTBOpeHl111 "CTapaSl aKTplo1ca»
(1956 r.) -- Io1HTOHaUIo151 KpOTKOro, BCe BbIHOC5lWera
TepneHIo151, AOCT0l1HCTB3 101 CKOp­
6101 pe6eHKa, )I(lo1Bywero 1-13 MI1AOCTI1 Y TeTKIo1-aKTpI1Cbl,
KOTOpa51 KorAa-TO 6b1i\a
KyMl1pOM TeaTpaAbHOH MOCKBbI. Ho
CKB03b 6POHIO 3TOH CAep)KaHHOCTI1 npo.
3a60AouKoro
6I1BaeTC5I TaHHa51 MyKa, lKlo1Boe, HaApblBHoe
COCTpaAaHl1e:
11 KorAa ee CTapaR TeTKa 6paHUT,
11 C4UTa T U npR4eT MOHeTbI, -­
D, C KaKUM yMtBAeHbeM pe6eHOK
fARAUT
Ha npeKpaCHbie 3TU nopTpeTbI!
Pa3Be AeB04Ka MO>KeT nOHRTb AO
KOHua,
n04eMY, nOpa>KaR HaM 4yBcTBa,
nOAHUMaeT Hail MUpoM T3Kue cepAua
Hepa3yMHaR CUAa UCKyccTBa!
BCTHX X 1956--1958 rr. y 3a60AouKOro
BnepBble CTOAb OpraHI14HO C04eTaIOTC5I
crpora51 KpacoTa <j:>OpMbI -- H
He6blBal\a51 npe)KAe HelKHOCTb, n04H1
CeHTHMeHTaAbHOCTb. nOpa3HTeAeH no
CI1Ae H 4HCTOTe 4YBCTBa era ropeCTHblH
UI1KA "nOCAeAH5I5I A106oBb» (1957 r.).
MO>K>KeBeAOBbiM KyCT,
MO>K)/(eBeAOBblil KyCT,
DabiBalOwuil lIeneT U3MeH4UBbiX
yCT,
!\e,Kl1M AeneT, eABa OTAalOwuil
CMO/IOM,
npOKOIIOBWuil MeHR cMepTOHocHOil
u,1I0ii!
3a60AOUKI1H yMep Ha TBop4ecKoM
B3AeTe. 3Ha51 0 CBoeH Hel13Ae411MO T5IlKeAOH
cepAe4HoH 60Ae3HI1, OH HI1 Ha Ml1r
He AonycKaA MbICAH, 4TO MOlKeT I1C4e3HYTb
6eCCAeAHO:
51 He yMpy, Moil Apy'. AbixaHueM
UBeTOB
Ce6R R B 3TOM Mupe o6Hapy)Ky.
HaJJ. ,OADBOft TBoeii, AalleKui1
npaBHyK MOM,
51 B He6e npoAe4y, KaK MCMeHHaR
nTuua,
51 BcnblxHY HaA T06ou, KaK 6ACAHaR
3apHuua,
KaK AeTHuft AO)KJ1b npOliblOCb,
CBepKaR HaA TpaBoii.
,,3aBewaHHe», 1947 r.
------,---,-,~~ J

89
t!J i\I-1TepaTypa nepBOi'l nOJ\OBI-1Hbl XX BeKa
• MonlleH6e)l( - MOCKOBCKOe
06ll\eCfBO ll~eHHblX 11
6e)KeH\\eB; rrpOJleTc1)'1\ npOJler3pCKOe
(1)'l\eH'Iecrno.
• <l>parMeHT - OTpblBOK
TeKcra; 3.'1eCb - caMocroRTeJIbHblil,
He6oJlblllOli TeKCr.
"BeYep B cyMacweLlWeM
b,OMel). KOMn03Hultls:l no
npm13BeLleH~51M
A. 111. BBeLleHCKoro,
H. M. O,\efiHI1KOBa,
H. A. 3a6o,\ouKoro
B MOCKOBCKOM TeaTpe
,,3pMI1Ta)K». AKTep
B. fB03L1I1UKl1fi. 1998 r.
:,meMeHTbI epaHTaCTIIKl1, 3KCrrepHMeHTbI
C 513bIKOM. OIOBapb paCllIl1pl1JIOI 3a Cyer
)lCaprOHa, ByJIbrapH3MOB H epaHTaCTHyeCKl1X
COKpailleHUH, 3ByqaBIlII1X, KaK
HMeHa p;eMOHOB (MOIlJIeH6e)K, rrpOJIeTcryp;
H T. rr.); B peYb BXOP;I1JIH KaHI.J;eJUIpillHHa,
6bITOBble CJIOBe'-lKl1, a BbICOKaR
JIeKCHKa, ITO KOHTPacry C peYblO HOBbIX
X0351eB :lKH3HH, Ka3aJIaCb CMeIlIHoH.
OE3PI1Y (XOT5I TaKOe Ha3BaHHe 06bep;HH5lJIO
YJIeHOB rpyrrrrbl cpaBHHTeJIbHO
Hep;OJIrO, B 1928-1931 rr.) 6bmo HMeHHO
p"eaKI..\Heti. MOJIOP;bIX H TaJIaHTJIHBbIX
mop;eH Ha rrpecblilleHHoCTb CHMBOJIHCTCKl1MI1
H aKMeHCTI1'-IeCKl1MH IlITaMrraMH,
KpaCHBOCT5IMH, Tpap;H~HoHHbIMH¢opMaMH
(CM. CTaTbI1 «CI1MBOJIH3M» 11 «AKMeH3M»).
Il03TOMY rrOCJIe p;OJIrl1X crropOB
YJIeHbI 06bep;HHeHlUl H36paJIH ,l:\JUI
ce651 Ha3BaHHe OE3PI1Y (B HeKoTopbIX
p;oKyMeHTaX epHrypHPYeT OEEPI1Y) I
06bep;I1HeHHe PeaJIbHOrO 11cKyccTBa,
T. e. HCKycCTBa, HMeIOillero P;eJIO He C JIHTepaTypoH,
a C :lKH3HbIO KaK TaKOBOH
«<peaJIbHOCTbIO rrepBoro rrop51,lJ;Ka», KaK
Ha3bIBaJI ee XapMC).
C TO'-lKl1 3peHI15l 063PHy!'OB, MHp
~aJIC51 B HOBOM OrrI1CaHHH, H 3ap;aya
rr03Ta - 06HapY:IKHTb HOBbIe CB5I3H
Me)K,Tl;y rrpep;MeTaMHH rrOH5ITI15IMI1. TeopeTl1K
H JIeTOrrHCe~ rpyrrrrbI JI. C. JIHrraBCKl1H
rrpHBop;HT TaKoe BbICKa3bIBaHI1e
A BBep;eHcKoro: «...5I rrpOBeJI KaK 6bI rr03TH'-IecKylO
KpHTHKy pa3YMa... 5I yCOMHllJIC5I,
'-ITO, HarrpHMep, P;OM, p;a'-la Ii 6allIlUI
CB5I3bIBaIOTC51 H 06bep;HH5IIOTOI rrOH5ITIIeM
3p;aHHe... 11 51 y6ep;l1JIc5I B JIO)KHOCTII
rrpe)KJ-II1x CB513eH, HO He MOry CKa3aTb,
KaKHe P;OJI)KHbI 6bITb HOBbIe. Y MeH5I...
0lllYllleHHe 6eCCB5I3HOCTH MHpa 11 pa3p;p06JIeHHOCTH
BpeMeHI1. A TaK KaK 31"0
rrpOTHBOpe'-lHT pa3YMY, TO 3HaYHT pa­
3yM He rrOHHMaeT MHpa».
06 3TOM )ICe 0lllYllleHHH pa30pBaHHOCTH
Bcex rrpHBbIYHbIX CB5I3eH, rrOHCKe
HOBbIX CMbICJIOB rOBOpl1JI II ,UaHIII1J.I
XapMc B cBoeM Ha rrepBbIH B3rJI5Ip;
rnyTOYHOM, HO Ha p;eJIe BeCbMa cepbe3HOM
epl1JIOCOepCKOM epparMeHTe «MbIP»
(1930 r.) - caMO Ha3BaHHe YKa3bIBaeT
Ha HCK;:r)KeHHbIH, CP;BHHYTbIH MHp:
«5I rOBOpl1JI ce6e, '-ITO 51 B~ MHp.
Ho BeCb MHp 6bm Hep;ocTyrreH MoeMY
B3rJI5I,1J;Y H 51 BHp;eJI TOJIbKO '-IaCTH MHpa...
5I rrOHHMaJI, '-ITO eCTb YMHbIe CBOHCTBa
'-IaCTeH H eCTb He YMHbIe CBOHCTBa...
5I p;eJII1J.I HX II p;aBaJI lIM IIMeHa... Ho
TOJIbKO 51 rrOH5lJI, '-ITO 51 BH~ MHp, KaK 51
rrepeCTaJI ero BHp;eTb. 5I IICrryraJIC51, p;yMaR,
'-ITO Ml1p PYXHYJI. Ho rrOKa 51 TaK ,lJ;yMaJI,
51 rrOH5lJI, '-ITO eCJIH 6bI PYXHYJI Ml1p,
TO 51 6bI TaK ~e He ,TJ;YMaJI. 11 51 CMOTpeJI,
Hilla MHp, HO He HaXOp;HJI ero.
A rrOTOM H cMoTpeTb CTaJIO HeKyp;a».
063pHYTaM rrpep;CTaBJI5IJIOCb, '-ITO
rrOCJIe pa3pyrneHlI5I CTaporo Ml1pa 3aHOBO
P;OJI)KHO Ha'-laTbC5I Bce - B TOM '-IHCJIe
11 513bIK, 11 JIOnIKa, 11 CI1CTeMa Mep 11
BeCOB. B KOJIJIeKTHBHOH p;eKJIapa~1111
(1928 r.) 063PHYTbI Harrl1CaJIH 0 ce6e C
TOYHOCTbIO yqeHbIx: «OE3P11Y... l1illeT
OpraHI1'-1eCKH HOBoro Ml1pOoillynJ;eHllil.
11 rrop;xop;a K BeillaM... MbI... yeCTHbIe pa­
60THHKH CBoero I1cKyccTBa... KOHKpeTHbIH
rrpep;MeT, OYI1IIJ,eHHbIH 01' JIHTepaTYPHOHH
0611X0P;HOJ1: llIeJIyXH, p;eJIaeTC5I
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OHa He pa3pyrnaeT rrpep;MeT, HO rrOMOraeT
ero rr03HaTb... MbI paCllmp5IeM
CMbICJI rrpep;MeTa, CJIOBa 11 p;eHcrBI15l».
CynJ;eCTBy!oIIJ,aR JIorJIKa, ITO MHeHHIQ
063PHYTOB, JIJIllib op;Ha H3 B03MO)KHbIX.
Hap;o crPOI1Tb p;pyrMe CI1CTeMbI H 5I3bIKH,
p;pyrMe CB5I3H. «CHCTeMa,), «rropH­
90
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[ rr03­
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Ha ~apcm8a Y3ICue 080pOB.
H. 3a6oJIOI.\KHH.•Bpo,[VI'il1e M)'3hIKaHThI",
1928 r.
Bce, B '-IeM eCTb CJ1CTeMa, nopH­
110K (II npep;fIO'-ITHTeJIbHee - nop5I,ll,0K,
npOTIIBOIIOJIO)f(HhIH 06lI(enpHHHTOM)',
<;C/UlHHyrhll1.», - c¢epa HHTepecoB 063PH)'1·OB.
OrcIOp;a )l(e - a6COJIIOTHO HOBble
npHHl.vmbl nocrpoeHHH ClO)I(eTOB B
cmxax II OC06eHHO B np03e. I1HorAa
npe/{MeT lUlU HOBblH nepCOHJ)I( BBOAHTCll
B TCKcr npOCTO nOToMy, '-ITO 3Toro
rpe6yeT pH<pMa. TaK nocrynaeT BBcAeHCKHI,'''!,
y KOToporo '-IaCTO TOT wm J1HOH
CK)/KeT 3Jp;acrOI pH<pMOH. HarrpJ1Mep:
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Ii 'Iyr )Ke rrOHBJIHeTOI MeTeOpHT «'KpyroM
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('OnJilCaTeJIbHYIO rrp03Y'>:
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6aTOH, HanpaBJIHJICH K ce6e BOCBOHCJiI.
BOT, c06cTBeHHo,'JiI Bc6> (<iBCTpe'-Ia·>,
19'5 r.).
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KaK HeJIb3H JI)"lllle OTpa)l(aeT
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llOrMKY - HanpornB, CTapalOTcH rroCTI1t.Ih
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Hac, HaMeKaeT, HO 06bHCHeHlfH ero
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TaK:
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npeC1YlQll ze.Jllme¢
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063PHYTOB K JIHTepaTYPHbIM
)KaHpaM, peAKHM B XX B., HO pacnpoCTpaHeHHblM
B nopy <lp;eTCTBa,> '-IeJIOBeqeCTBa,
B ApeBHHe BeKa ero HCTOpHH.
3TO rrpe)l(,lJ;e Bcero aHTIiqHa5I MHCTepIDI
- ,n;paMarnqeCKOe npep;CTaBJIeHHe
Ha peJIHrH03Hble TeMbl, rrpo06pa3 TeaTpa.
BrroCJleACTBJilH )l(aHp B03pOAHJICH
B cpeAHeBeKOBbJX MHCTepH51X, H306pa~rnHX
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B MHCTepHH ('-ITO rro-rpeqeCKM 03HaqaeT
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no nbece
A. VI. BBet.eHcKoro
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B MOCKOBCKOM TeaTpe
«3pMIHalKll. <POM'1HC.
Wena4eB. CO¢b~
M'1xafil\OBHa M.
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He):>eJIKO 0TKa3b1BJJUlCb OT
3HaKOB rrpenHHaHfUI. 3aTO
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6yKB.
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91
, !\~TepaTypa nepBOt1 nOAOB~Hbl XX BeKa
CneKTaKi\b «XapMcl
YapMc! Wap",aMI l<M'
WKOi\a Ki\OYHOB»
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«3PMI1T3>K». AKTepbl E.
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11 r. XpanYHKOB.
B M1aJIOr BCI)'I1aIOT caMble OTBlIel.JCHHble
nOH51Tllil - ,ll,06po H 3Jl0, aHfeJl H ,ll,eMOH.
AHre.nbCKHM Xop nOHBJUleTOl B Ha6pOCKe
n03MbI 3a60JIOU;KOfO (·DaCfyxH», Eor B
HeCKOJIbKHX nbecax XapMca, CMepTb B
06pa3e ,ll,eBymKH - B ,ll,paMaryprHH BBe­
,ll,eHCKoro.
B CTHxax H ,ll,paMax 063PH)'TOB K:DK,ll,bIM
npe,ll,MeT, Ka:>K,ll,bIM nepCOH:DK CJIOBHO
CTOUT JIHU;OM K l.JHTaTeJlIO H C KOMHl.JeCKOM
B:DKHOCTbIO rOBopHT 0 ce6e:
(,BOT OH 51!'>. Dpe,ll,MeT (TO)Ke KJIIOl.JeBOe
CJIOBO 063PH)'TOB) BCef,ll,a 'lTO-TO 3Hal.JHT,
06JIa,ll,aeT TaMHOM cyrn.HoerbIO KaK
B n03Me OJIeMHHKOBa (.DyqHHa
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Jl cm010 8 Jlecy, 1Ca1C 8 Jlaex;e,
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B lOl/ox;6e - CKonuuw uoeu.
Ha x::ycma.x CUOJlm COM1-te1-tbR
B 8uiJe 1tep1-teH.b/(UX JfC)!1C08,
PaC1CjJbt8alOlnCfl paCmeH.bJl
Hanoo06ue nOO1(08...
CMEW HOE Y 063PV1YTOB
HaMepeHHO JIH 063P~I CMelliHJIH
l.JHTaTeJI5l? HeCOMHeHHO. DapO,ll,Hpy51 pe- f
aJIHcrn'lecKYIO JIlITeparypy HJIH earupHl.JeCKH
npeo6paJKa5l Mpal.JH)'IO ,ll,eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTb
30-x ff., OHH ~CCl.JHTbIBaJI..!:!
Ha HOPMaJIbHYIO l.JHTaTeJIbCKYIO peaKu;mo
--....: CMex. Ho 3TO He 6bmo eaMou;eJIbIO.
qTO CMelliHT B 06bIl.JHOH )KH3HH, B
aHeK,ll,OTe? C,ll,BHr npHBbIl.JHbIX nOH5lruH,
nyTaHHu;a, nO,ll,craHOBKa, npH KOTOpOM
O,ll,HO BbI,ll,aeTCH 3a ,ll,pyroe (eM. eraTbIO
(.HM 'leM H nOl.JeMY MbI CMeCMC5l?»
B TOMe (,PyceKaH JIHTeparypa,>, l.Jaerh 1,
<l3Hu;m\JIOne,ll,HH ,ll,JIH ,ll,eTeH'»,
38a.JI.U nepBYIO c8errvw
a 6mopy1O naMello
mpembeii np038uw,e TambRHa
max; Ka1C oO'tKa 1CanUmaHa
A BBe,l:\eHcKHH. <·OrBeT 60mB>, 1929 r.
KaK CBH3aHO HMJI ,ll,eBHU;bI C TeM, '-ITO
OHa - ,ll,Ol.Jb KanHTaHa? C TOl.JKH 3peHH5l
06bIl.JHOH JIorHKH - HHKaK. He06bI'lHOCTb
npHl.JHHHO-CJIe,ll,CTBeHHOH CBH3H
H 3aCTaBJI5leT CMeHTbC5l. TO)Ke caMoe H
yXapMca:
JIu3a 8aUJ.e no8eOeH.be
H.eOocmoU1-to 8aUJ.UX ycm
8ac nocaOJlm 8 3aeeOeH.be
Bepbt Jl1C08.lle8H.bt llpycm
.rBI1,lI,OH., 1930 r.
KTO TaKaH Bepa 51KoBJIeBHa Dpyer H
oTKy;n,a OHa B ,ll,paMe 0 JII06BH HeKoero
3arMOl.JHOrO [BII,ll,OHa K He MeHee 3ara,ll,Ol.JHOH
JlI13e? YnOMHHaHHe ¢aMHJIH:H
DpyCT TeM KOMHl.JHee, l.JTO H:MeHHO B
20-30-x rr. COBeTCKHe 'lHTaTeJlH YBJIeKaJIH:Cb
¢paHIJ;y3CKHM nH:CaTeJleM MapCeJIeM
DpyCTOM, l.JhC TBOpl.JeerBO OTJIH:l.JaJIOCb
CJIOiKHOCIblO H yrOHl.JCHI-IOCfbIO.
CJIOBO *3aBe,ll,eHbe\ no,ll, KOTOpbIM 06bIl.JHO
nOHHMaJICH ny6JIH'lHbIH ,ll,OM, P5l,ll,OM
e ero ¢aMHJIHeM 3B)Tl.JaJIO oc06eHHO
HeJIenO H CMelliHO.
HeKOTopble 'lHTaTeJIH - B HX 'mcJIe
H BeCbMa 06pa30BaHH.ble - nOJIara- \
JIH, 'lTO 063PH)'TbI HaMepeHHO ,ll,eJlaIOT
repOHMH CBOJiX npoH3Be,ll,eHH:H ,ll,ypaKOB,
He,ll,OyMKOB. BJIMHMHp Ha60KoB Cl.JHTaJI,
l.JTO JIHpH'leCKHH repOH 3a60JIOIJ;KOro
- nOJIHbIM H,ll,HOT H H)l)KeH aBTOpy,
92
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l.JI1TaJI CBOH CTIDrn n03TY OaBny
AHTOK JIbCKOMy, ero )KeHa BOCKJIHKH)'na:
~.ua 3T )Ke KanMTaH JIe6MKHH!'>.
3a OJIO[(KHt\: He 06M,Z:\eJICH, a OTBerMJI
KJK BCer,[la C ,[IOCTOHHCTBOM: «5! TO)Ke .z:\YMan
6 3TOM. Ho TO, '-ITO H rrnmy, 3TO He
nap ,[IIIH, 3TO MOe 3peHHe».
oaepwemm HH t.Ie nOHI1J\1aJIa JIMPHq
Kom re 51 063PHYTOB JIMTepaTYPOBe,[l
Jhl,[\llH fHH36ypr. «BbI paCnm6JlliCb
BnentlllKy pa,Z:\11 TOro, qT06bI 3a3Byqano
KJKOe-TO CJIOBO...» - rOBOpMJIa OHa
OnetlI-IHK BY, H OH OTBeqaJI: <,5! TOJlbKO
JVUI Tor 11 rnmry, qro6bl OHO 3a3ByqaJIO'>.
j.1	 eHCTBI1TeJIbHO - B CTHXOTBOpemm
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*51 fpaclloo OnyraH, KaK RaTYJllKa» H
naeM WRa Ha,Z:\ pe%IO MaJIoo6pa30BJHH
ro t.IeJIOBeKa: aBTOpy BJ)KHO CIDITh
naepoe 11 noCK c paCXO)Kero BhIpJ)KeHIDI
aH CIpaCTHlO'>'
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IllTal'<1llh1 H H3blK 6IOpOKpaTHH:
TlOlcopwla PY~ICoil 6e.JlOu,
II O/Cl\.Olt 1CpyZllOIO C80eu,
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oc)epJlCame.JlbHbIX anameu...
.M3mmrnCfKe H3 npl106peremfe
nenepI1HKI1•.
JlllpHt.IeCKHI1: repOH 063pJ1YfOB OTHIOAb
He HAHOT. Ho OH )KMBcr B MHpe,
fAe B .. CMeWaJIOCb, B TOM qHCJIe M HeCO'll"',
eMble CJIOI1 peqI1. Ta )Ke JIM,Z:\IDl
fHH36ypr yrBep)K,AaJIa, 'ITO ,Z:\pyroe CTI1XOTB
peHI1e OJIeRHMKOBa - <.feHPl1XY
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mpaWHO J/Cumb H.a .:ImaM C8eme,

B /IliA, omcymCfnB)lem ylOm, ­

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B h"l/ Jau"WCt:l ZJ>bt3..vm.

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noil h.i.I/OCaJIOtlI.MJlCHUKa,
Pbl6a 6eolitlJl cnPOCOHO'IC
Jle em cemll /lbl6atea.
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f1/6/1)'1I1 II lC~aCC080U 6opwe.
mo Tpare,Z:\IDl, HO I13JIO)KeHHaH H3hlKOM
XX BeKa, nOBM,Z:\aBilierO I1 He TaKHe
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npI1(:~ OC06hIl1 po,Z:\ .z:\YIlleBHoro [(eJIOMy,Z:\PIDI,
KOTopoe 3aCTaBJ'"OIJIO MX HpOHHeH
npI1KpblBaTh OT<JaHHMe. Ho OHO
Hel136e)KHo ,Z:\acr 0 ce6e 3HaTb. 11 onoro
60JIhWHHCTBO CTMXOB M paccKa30B
XapMca, MHOrI1e TeKCThI BBe,Z:\eHcKoro,
nOt.ITI1 Bce CTMXI1 3a6oJIO[(KOrO OCTaBJIHJOT
BneqaTJIeHI1e r.ny6oKoH, 6e3hlCXO,Z:\HOH
TOCKH I1 06peqeHHocTH:
Cnu. npoUJ,au. npUUIIM 1C01-lel.{.
3a m060u npuUlffA Z01-tel-~.
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Focnoou nQJI1UllJ!u HaC.
Focnoou 1'lQMwtyU HaC.
FocnoOu nQJIlwtyU HaC.
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KOHeYHo, IOMOp 063PJ1YfOB BechMa.
,Z:\eHCTBeHHO~cpe,Z:\CTBO 60Ph6hI C y6I111:CTBeHHOM
cephe3HOCThIO O¢I1[(MaJIhHOH
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H. A. 3a6oAouKOro
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AKTepbl - E. TeHeTa
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• K.1n1fl'3H JlC6l\l\KHH ncpcoH:IJK
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93
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