PyCCKMM nOCTMOAepHM3M till i pi r _ nPOBEPbTE CBOM 3HAHMH nocTMOflepHM3M conpoBO>KflaeT cMepib yTonnň m XOpOlilO yB33blBaeTCfl C CaMblMH 6e3BKyCHblMM npoeKTaMH. 3to B03BpaT k npataviKe >km3hh b ca-Mbix noBceflHeBHbix ee npoflBneHnax, B03BpaT k /lioöMTenbCKUM noflejwaM n oinymeHwo pa3H0- pOflHOrO. B TO )Ke BpeMfl 3TO B03BpaT cyöteKTMB- Horo, B03BpaT syBCTBa, nocKO/ibKy Bbipa3HTb ero no3BonaeT noBceflHeBHoe, B03Bpai nenoBeHHoro. M. Cmmohhc -> Hto TaKoe M0AepHH3M? Korfla oh bo3hhk h KaKOBbi ero poflOBbie sepTbi? rioflTBepflnTe OTBeTbi npuMepaMn npon3BefleHnŕí aBTopoe, TBopsecTBO KOTopbix othocat k OTOMy iwepaTypHOMy HanpaBfieHHto. MoflepHM3M BOcnpMHMMajiCfi BcerAa KaK sacTb tsk Ha3biBaeMOň anw-TapHoň Ky/ibTypbi, pe3Ko npoTHBocTOHBweri KyribType MaccoBoŕí. Kynbry ponoru 3a-MeMaraT, hto HaHMHaR co cpeflHeBeKOBbfl oöujecTBO ycnoBHo flennTCH Ha ABa Kynb-TypHbix cnoa: BepXHUíí m hmxhhíí. Co BpeMeHeM ypoBeHb BceoôL^eŕí rpaMOTHOCTn noBbiLuancfl, ho MaccoBaa n annTapHaa Ky/ibrypbi cymecTBOBann o6oco6neHHO. KnaccMKn 3anaflHoro nocTMOflepHH3Ma, cpeflu KOTopbix xoponio n3BecTHbie y Hac X.fi. Bopxec1, y. 3ko2, M. FlaBun3, coe,qnHHJin b cBoeM TBopnecTBe MaccoBoe n annTapHoe, hto m oöycnoBwno noHBJieHwe Ha cböt HOBoro HanpaBJieHn« b coBpe-MGHHoŕí /inTepaType. 1 Bopxec Xopxe /lytic (1899-1986) — apreHTMHCKuŕí nwcaTe/ib, oahh H3 ocHOBaTeneří naTHHO-aMepuKaHCKoro cpaHTacTunecKoro peann3Ma, aBTop MHorosHC/ieHHbix cöophhkob paccKa30B, b KOTopbix peanbHbie MCTopuMecKne coowthh nepenjieTaKrrcfl c BbiMbiiuneHHbiMn. Ha pyccKOM H3bi«e b nocneflHue roflbi Bbiw/iu khuth «nucbMeHa Bora» (1992), «Pacc/ieAOBaHHH» (2001), «COKpOBGHHOe HyflO» (2004). 2 3ko VMÔepTO (pofl. b 1932 r.) — MTa/ibHHCKUŕí nncaTenb, kpmtuk, aBTop 3HaKOBoro atih nocTM0flepHH3Ma poMaHa «Hmh po3bi»(l980), b KOTopoM MfleanbHO coneTanucb yBjíeKaTe/ibHbiŇ CK)>KBT M UpOHMHeCKM-CpMnOCOCpCKHn nOflTeKCT. 3 naam Mmopafí (pOA- b 1929 r.) — cepócKMří nucaTenb, aBTop «Xa3apcKoro cnoßapa» — nep-Boro rnnepTeKCTOBoro poMaHa, KOTopbiŕí moxho HUTaTb c nioöoro MecTa n b jikjďom HanpaB/ieHHH. > 118 lUVlMlVU'lHUI.IM im KpMTMKa B. napaMOHoea', «noctMoflepH^M - sto mumm hckv ..Mra KOTopb,M ho ...pHMaer Bb.coKoro. *, mm m5ZZZ*L 4TO M TaKoe nocTMOAePHH3M? HaaoeeM ero «onosHaBaTe/ibHwe 1OTKB3orKMoH-nrio Mpapxm. Ciepibi rpan^bi Me*fly Bbicow^MwowiM BKKHbIM M BTOpOCTeneHHblM, peaflbHblM H BblMblLUJlGHHblM dBTOpCXMM M HeaSTOO^ CMMM, OwTbi Bee CTMneBbie m *aHpoBbie pasriHHM*, Bee Ta6y b tom kho ynoflOÓMTb eonuieó-HOMy sepKany, KOTopoe OTpa*aeT cboü npe>KHuŕí o6pa3, ho to/imco b hqqdiqghhom BHAe: ona pa3Hoo6pa3HO nonb3yeTca HacneAneM KJiaccuKM, wrpaeT c hmm m npeA-CTnRnqeT ero b hobom, hhotab Heo>KHAaHHOM kohtgkctg=>;. OrrariKMBaflCb ot «CKyHHoro» peann3Ma, nocTMOAepHH3M BTOxe Bpetn mho-roe 6epeT 113 moa^phuctckhx TeMeHuŕí Hawa/ia BeKa. HanpuMec s-.',.'=-.,r - v=-noMy. He3HaMHTertbHOMy b3«to y aKMen3Ma, npopbiB b hhvhd pear=-r:-r —?.—e-BMHBonH3Ma. a 3naT€DK, CTpeMJieHne k pa3pyweHHK) pon-.'" r~: : = AOM* B LUMpOKOM CMblCJie 3T0T0 CJlOBa. n *a- ' ^PíMOWoe Bopuc MHxaňnoBHH, poflw/ica b 1937 r. b AeHHHrpafle. Okohmrts i>twccpCKV4K <í»KynbTBT HP/, KaHflHAaT cpnnococpcKnx HayK. B 1977 r. 3MnrpnpoBaji b CUJA. PateronHapa-«Ceo6ofla». C 1993 r. eepßi pyöpuKy b xypHa/ie «3Be3fla». B Poccmm swim* ero khmtw «Ko-«6m Ctww»» (1997). «Cjiga» (2001). ' rpOTBCK _ npusyAnnBoe cMeiueHne peanbHoro m cpamacTUHecKoro. npaaff)(W»»« 5 Okoomopoh — yMbiiuneHHoe cTa/iKHBaHne npeflMeTOB h noH*TH*. ^PeanbHocTM. ^MMNM04e«yMM — aanMCTBOBaHHfl na KnaccusecKnx nponsBôAeHMM, pa ^TSAbCKyio naMRTb. pJ^THtpyKH T. Mrpaw co cnoBaMU K/iaccuKn: flocToeBCKnn b coBpewe* '^an KyjibTypa Ha nopore HOBoro BeKa. — Cannopo, 2001. — C. 159. Aaawra^q ~ sado BocnpuHUMaeTC* KaK cmhohmm noH^Tna «MOAepHns»^ 06HOBJ1GHHK) MCKyCCTBa. ľlOHCKM HOBblX HeOÓblHHblX CpOpM M CpeflC^ xyAo*ecTBeHHoro npon3BefleHHfl. K aBanrapAHbiM HanpaaneHi«iM b p. ^yrypMSM, 3KcnpeccnoHM3M, c»oppea^M3M, ApaMa aöcypAa. p-.........----------> 119 FJIABA 5 PyCCKWřt n0CTM0AepHH3M 3. PacujMpeHHe HmarenbCKou ayppTopm 3a c^er npmneneHm MaccoBbixxsh-POb: AeTeKTHBa, MenoflpaMbi, #am"ac™KM; nepeMemeHne ueHTpa Tf»>KecTn c c(Dop-Mbi Ha coAepxaHne; oco3HaHHoe cywtecTBOBaHMe b CMTyaunn «noABefleHna mto-roB», KOHua KHH>KHoň KynbTypbi. noHBJíeHHKD nocTMOAepHH3Ma b Haiueří dpaHe cnocoócTBOBann MHbie, HeweriM Ha 3anaAe, npwHMHbi. Ec/in BawHeííujafl M3 hmx b 3anaAHotá jiMTepaiype — npecbi-meHne KyjibTypoíí, to y Hac sto peaKuna Ha Kpn3nc KOMMyHMCTUHecKoťí wfleono-rnn. nocTMOAepHM3M cHana/ia paccMaTpHBancfl KaK anbTepHaTUBa peanw3My — «8ahhctbghho npaBM/ibHOMy» c TOHKM speHUfl ocř>nuina.nbHOro JiMTepaTypoBefleHun MeTOAy m coMnanucTMHecKOMy peann3My KaK cociaBHOří nacTM MAeo/iornn. Kputmk A/ieKcaHAP feHwc TaK ccJ)opMyrinpoBari maBHoe oinHHiie «Haiuero» nocTMOAepHH3Ma ot 3anaAHoro: 3anap,Hbm = aBanrapn + MaccKymr, pyccxm = -aBaHrapfl + coixpeanmM. Oah3ko co btopoň no/iOBMHbi 1990-x rr. b KHHrax B. neneBMHa1, B. AKyHWHa2, T. Tojictom3 TBopnecKafl (J)opNiyjia MaKCMManbHO npn-6jin3miacb k 3anaAHoň. Coi4peajiM3M KaHyn b npoujJioe, a 3acn/ibe MaccoBoň KynbTypbi — OT/iMHUTe^bHaři nepia Haiuero BpeMeHM. npOH3BeAeHMHMH, nOJlOKMBUJHMH Hana/10 COBpeMOHHOÍÍ pyccKOM nocTMOflep-HUCTCKOÍÍ np03e, TpaAHI4MOHHO CHHTaiOTCfl «riyLUKMHCKHÍÍ flOM» A. BuTOBa m «Mo- CKBa — neTyniKH» BeH. Epo<£eeBa. Xoth poMaH A. BuTOBa m noaivia BeH. Epocpee-Ba óbinn HanucaHbi b kohljs 1960-x rr., cj}aKTaMn jiwTepaTypHoíí >kh3hm ohm CTann nniub b KOH14G 1980-x rr., nocne ny6nnKaL|Mří b nepnoflUKe. AHApeŇ BMTOB « llyUlKMHCKMM flOM> CnPABKA Bktob AHHPeií reopnieBMi — npo3auK. PojmncH b 1937 r b JleHHHrpage. nocne 6xtOK.afíHoií 3MMti 1941/42 rr. 6bui BBiBe36H b sBaKyarcrao (cHaiana — Ha Ypan, 3aTeM — b TauiKeHT) . B 1955-1962 rr. y^suiCH b JleHMHrpaHCKOM ropHOM HHCTHTyTe. Pa6oTan 6ypoB£iM MacTepOM b reono- 1 (leneBMH Bhktop OneroBMH — cm. o HeM Ha c. 133. 2 ! Akyhuh Bopm (rpuropnň HxapTmiiBmiM, pofl. b 1956 r.) — kpmtmk, nepeBOflHMK, aBTop cepnn poMaHOB o npUK/iicmeHkmx cwLMUKa 3pacra (DaHfiopuHa, a raioKe «npoBMHUnanbHbix fleTeKTHBOB» (cm. b rnaBe 11). 3 Toncraa TaTbwa HmmmHa (pofl. b 1951 r.) — aBTop cďophmkob paccKa30B «fleHb», «HoMb», «M3K)M», c ycnexoM ny6jiMKOBaBLunxca b 1980-1 990-x rr. no/yikiHHyio onaBy eň npnHec poMaH «KbiCb» (2001). 4 PoMaH 6bi/i HanaT b 1964 r., 3aKOHHeH b 1971 r. B 1978 r. HanMcaHbi KOMMeHTapMM k TeKCTy poMaHa. B tom a 120 BeNeAMKT EP04>EEB «MocKsa — neTyujKM« I CnPABKA Epo^eeB BeHeffUKT BacraiBeBirq (1938/ »ene3HOÄopo»HBiM nocenoK Hyna MypMaHCkom o6nacTH, — 1990, r. MocKBa) ■ npo3anic. B 1946 r. oTei; 6ynymero nucaTenK 6bui pe-npeccupoBaH, w BeHenmcT c 6paTOM npoBenn hcckojibko neT b seTCKOM flowte. Okohhue cpeflmoio inKony c 3ojiotoh Me»anfcK», b 1955 r. BeH. Epo$eeB nocTynun Ha $Kn$aK Mry, ho b 1957 r. OTiKcneH «3a HexoxneHne Ha 3aHHTKS no BoeHHoii nonroTOBKe» («KpaTKan aBTo6norpa$jiÄ») -IlepeMeHHJi hhoxsctbo 3aHHTJtíí — ot rpys^unca n irpneMiifn-Ka nocy?n>i flo 6n6niiOTeKapa w 6ypnnbiiiiiKa b reonorirae-ckoh napTHM. y^wncÄ b OpexoBO-3yeBCKOM h BnaflKMKp-CKOM oĎJiacTHOM neflMHCTMTyTax. Cepz>e3HO 3amiManca caMoo5pa30BaHneM b o6nacTn nuTepaTypH, zcToprai n My- 3ÍIKM. nepBHW JIMTepaTypHHÍÍ OnBIT — JIMpSIHeCKMií flHeBHMK ^3anncKH ncHxonaTa» (1956-1958). rnaBHoii KHnroü BeHeflKKTa Epo$eeBa CTana nosMa b npo3e «MocKBa — IleTyiiiKM». rnaBHbiri repoŕí nosMbi — BeHMHKa — TpuflqaTmieTHHíí My>KHHHa, oöpa- 30BaHHblM. HO CHJlbHO nbKDlMUŇ. IlbHHCTBO RH* HerO — o6pa3 >KH3HW. HtO M TOBO- pMTb. repoví 3TOT BbiBefleH He Ana noßpa>KaHHfl. Oh — npoeKMua pea/ibHoro aBTO-pa. ho eine n TkinnHHbiíí hrobom nepcoHa* nocTMOAepHMCTCKoŕí jinTepaiypbi. Oh iK)>m.i. nanMcaHHan b 1970 r., BnepBbie 6bina onyôiWKOBaHa b coKpau^eHUH b x 124 „Ber b flByx Mupax, nyxemeciByeT m 0flHoro b Apyro*, 3acHyB b nonvnbanoM *^iyÄ - n HMTare^b «or^en paara^Tb npaBMna otom n™ZZ27 b , bk*k)« b nee, onpefleiinB aaieM OTHowenne k BeHMH^S^™ raBJi^T C060M MOHonor repoa. ™™e- ieKCT nPeA" CT KaDKflyK) nsTHMi^y oh cabmen b noeafl, OTxo^mm ot KypcKoro eoKaana m ms M0cKBb.. ry oh paôoxaei, oth paarte* b rieTyuiKM (ropoAoK bo B,afl^PcKo1 oßnacw). TaM *nByT ero JiK>6uMaa *eHmuHa M ManeHbKMÍÍ cbiH. Hasean^ maß tomho 0Tpa*atOT MapwpyT npnropoflHoíí aneKipuHKn: KapanapoBo - Hyx/iMHKa naBJioBO-nocafl - Hpapbeso, OpexoBo-3yeBo m t. n. 3flecb napoAMpyeTca «riy-TeLuecTB^e m3 neiepöypra b MocKBy» A.H. Paflu^esa, a yKasanne Ha *aHP no3Mbi napoAviHHO bocxoaut k nosMe «MepTBbie avwm» H.B. ["orona. neiyiüKH fln^ Böhuhkh — «...sto mgcto, rAe He yMoriKaiOT rrrnubi hu AHeM hm ho- HbtO. rfle HM 3MMOM, HM JieTOM He OTUBeTaeT ttaCMMH... TaM Ka>KAyK> nflTHMljy, pOBHO BOA^HHaflqaTb, Ha B0K3a/ibH0M neppoHe MeHfl BCTpenaeT 3Ta AeBywKa c ma3aMii 6e-noro UBeTa. — óenoro, nepexoflamero b 6enecbiM... — 3Ta 6ejio6pbicaa AbaBo/iMqa... A TaM, 3a üeTyiuKaMM, rAe c/iMBaeTca Heoo m 3eMJia m BonwMLja BoeT Ha 3Be3-flbi, — TaM... pacnycKaeTCfl moíí MJiaAeHeit, caMbiM nyx/ibiíí m caMbiíí kpotkmíí m3 Bcex MJiafleHMeB. Oh 3HaeT 6yKBy «10» m 3a sto XAeT ot möhr opexoß...» TaK B03BbiLueHHO m He>KHO MenTaeT repoM. B Ta kom xe TopxecTBeHHOM cTMne HanwcaH Becb ero moho/iot. B Hanane nyTM eAHHCTBeHHbie coôeceAHMKM y M3MyneHHoro noxMenbeM re-poH— aHrenbi: «rioMO/iMTecb, aHre/ibi, 3a MeHJi. fla ôvaot CBeTen mom nyTb... Aa yBWKy ropoA, no KOTopoMy CTO/ibKO tomm/ich». 3aTeM oh saMenaeT, hto b BaroHe noe3Aa BOKpyr Hero eAyT jikwi. HaMöonee KonopuTHbi cpeAM nonvTHMKOB AeflyuJKa m BHynoK MmtPmhm, nepHoycbiM spyAUT, xeHLMHHa cjio)khom cyAbôbi m, KOHeHHO >Ke, CTapiiiMíí peBM3op CeMeHbiH, öepyi^MM lirrpací) MCKnKDHMTenbHO boAkom b pacneTe rpaMM 3a KM/ioMeTp. UMeHHO 06 3TMX nKDflflX, ÔyKBclTlbHO HenpocbixaíOLAMX, cKa3aHo: m mmm «Moxho ceöe npeaciaBHTb, KaKne rjiaaa xaM. Tjxq Bce npoAaeic* n Bce noKynaeic*: rjiyôOKO cnparaHHbie, npHianBiiiHecH, XHiuHbie h nepenyraHHbie rjia-Cmotpht iicnoxioöbsi, c HeyrHxaiomen 3a6oTOH h mvkoh... HM1^nrn 3no v Moero Hanoria - Kaxne rjiaaa! Ohh iioctohhho HaBbiKaTe, ho - HHKaKoro **®/ .1K)6WX MCnbITaHHH H ôe^CTBMM - 3TH FJiasa He CMOpiHyi. Poca n .Tonu K3K HMHTO APyroe c6nM>KaeT npeACTaBM- ribflHCTBO - BCeOÓlUMÍÍ ypaBHMTeJIb - K3KJHMHT_ A^X BGHMHKa. Hb^- 5« paa« cnoea oö^ecTaa, hto ^^b^ 2 yL* cnop. M3 mx Ha* 6eceAa Bbhmmkm m nepHoycoro b BaroHe ndP M ycT 3ByMaT MMew* nucaie/iePi, My3biKaHT0B, pgbojikduhohgpob, nonnTHKOB. Ot Opuflpuxa LDiijinepa u TafiHoro coBGTHUKa TeTe pa3roBop nepexoflMT k HBaHy Typ-reHeBy, ot Tepi^Ma n fleKa6pncTOB — k MaKCHMy TopbKOMy. JlnTepaTypa p,a u bch MnpoBaq ncTOpun n KynbTypa npeflCTaiOT b chh>k6hhom komumgckom bhag. BonbHoe o6paiueHne c pyccKort KJiaccHKotf cocefldByeT c upoHnePi no otholug-hhk) k coBpeMeHHOdn, jDKMBOMy H3biKy ocpni4nanbHoii nponaraHAbi, coBeTCKOMy «H0B0H3y»\ riorpyweHHbie b HGCBoiiCTBGHHyK) hm A3biK0ByK) cpefly, nac|DOCHbie cnoBocoseiaHMfj npno6p6TaK>T komuhgckog 3ByHaHne. Cmjib noaMbi — CMeaieHne BbicoKoro m HH3Koro — noAo6eH cociaBy KOKTetf-JiePi co 3BysHbiMM Ha3BaHHRMn: «XaHaaHCKnPi 6anb3aM», «P,yx >KeHeBbi», «Cne3a komcomojikh", rfle OAeKonoHbi «JlaHAbiui cepe6pncTbiM», «56nafl cnpenb» CMenia-Hbi co cpeACTBOM ot noTfiMBocTn Hor n K/ieeM BO. PeuenTaMU stux KOKTePinePi Be-HUHKa meApo penmen c HUTaTenRMn: «>Kn3Hb A^QTCR nenoBeKy oauh TonbKO pa3, m npo>KHTb ee HaAO TaK, HTo6bi He oujn6MTbCfi b pei4enTax» (o6birpbiBaeTca 3H3MeHHToe BbiCKa3biBaHne IlaBna Kop-MarnHa, repoa poiviaHa «KaK 3aKarmnacb CTanb» H.A. OcTpoBCKoro, kotopog mho-rue noKOJiGHMH cobgtckhx uiKoribHHKOB 3ayHMBann Han3ycTb); «HTO CaMOG npGKpaCHOG B MMpG?» H CflOBHO 6bl CaM C060P1 pa3yMGK)LL4HMC51 OT- bgt: «6opb6a 3a ocBo6QKp,eHv\e nenoBenecTBa. A glag npGKpacHGG bot hto...» (npuBOAMTc^ pGMGnT); «...AaBaPiTG noHTHM MMHyjoti Monnanm ABa stux cmgpthwx naca» (nacbi ao ot-KpbiTMFi Mara3UHa); «fl o6paiAa»ocb ko sce/w poflHbiM w 6nmwM, ko BceM nto^fiM p,o6pov\ Bonv\...» C KaKOM ropAOCTbio nponoAHOCMT BoHUHKa, 6pwraAnp yKnaAHUKOB Ka6GJin, Ana-rpaMMbi noTpGCJiGHna ajiKorojifl Gro noAMUHGHHbiMn: «BGAb npaBAa, nHTopocHbiG jiuhmh?.. y oahoto — TuMajian, Tnponb, 6aKMHCKne npOMblCflbl MflU Aa>KG BGpX KpGMJlGBCKOPi CTGHbl, KOTOpyKD 9\, BnpOMGM, HMKorAa He BMAG/1..» OGpaTMTG BHHM3HH6 Ha nOCflGAHGG CpaBHGHUG. TocyAapCTBO M BGHHHK3 CyLAG-CTByfOT B pa3HblX H3MepGHHRX, 3TMM M 06"bflCHfleTCfl paBHOAyLUHG repOfl K CUMBO/iy BfiaCTM, KOHM M HBJlfleTCfl Ha3BaHHafl BblLUG CTGH3! «Bcg roBop^T: KpGMjib, KpGMJib. Oto bcgx h cnbiujan npo Hero, a caM hh pa3y hg BHAen...» — HananbHaa cftpasa, 3aAatOLAaR toh Bcew nosMe. Ho report Bee >Ke yBHABJi KpeM/ib. Bnuxe k <£nHany nonyTHHKU ncH63aioT h Be-HMMKa ocTaeTcn b BaroHe oauh. Mbicnn ero nyTaioTCR, BMecTo o6eperaK)Lunx ero ainonoB no^Bn^ioTCR neTbipe npec/ieAytoiAnx Gro BcaAHMKa AnoKannncuca. 1 H0B0H3 (anrn. — newspeak) — cjiobo, BnepBbie no^BMBiueecH b aHTnyTonnn rixopflxa Opy-Mirt.i -1984» (HanncaHa b 1948 r.). HacTo stum cjiobom Ha3biBaiOT cyxofi ji3biK ocpnunanbHort npoiiiiNiHAbi, ^cno^b30BaBUJwPica b nepeAOBbix CTaTbsx cobgtckhx ra3eT. BbinycKax HOBOde^ no paflHO n Te/ieBHfleHMK). > 126 5 j pyCCKHM n_0CTM0flepHM3_M_ rJi*BA 3 I---- - Hk: > y6era« ot noroHW, oh b oTHaaww Bocwiimaer .J* pasy f Biwani Kpewnn, a b nontax KpeM/i* Bcerfla HaTbiKa/ica Ha Kvn KOTopb"KpeMjib) mctmt BeHM4Ke 3a ! N.Ohh B0H3HJ1M MHe ujmjio b caMoe ropno... fl He snarl, hto ecib Ha ceeie TaKaa 6oiib..» ncuxonorn^ «ManeHbKoro He/ioBeKa», u3J!K)6jieHHoro repoa pyccKOM jiniepaTv-pbi, cBOi^cTBeHHa BeHUHKe. Oh npoBoamawaeT qejibiii MaHu#ecT b sau^MTy aioro ...ecrm 6bi Kattflbiti b Mupe 6bm 6bi, KaK a cefiHac, tux m 6oh3jihb... HnKaKnx 3HTy3nacTOB, HHK3KMX noflBHroB, HMKaKoti OAep>KUMoc™! — Bceo6LAee Maxio- 9to HopivianbHaa HenoBenecKaH peaKLina Ha flecHTwieTMflivin BHeflpaeMbie b 06-mecTBeHHoe co3HaHne o6pa3bi repoeB BOMHbi, repoeB Tpy^a, noKopme/iePi kocmo-ca, ue/iHHbi, nnOHepOB-repoeB m t. n. CaMo cjiobo «repoM» nprnvieHMTenbHo k Be- HHHKe 3ByHHT H3ABBaTe/lbCKM. H I BHBEPMTE CBOft BOnPOC ► rioneMy npon3BefleHne «MocKBa — neTyiuKM» Ha3BaH0 noaMotf? flart-Te onpefleneHne nosMbi KaK >KaHpa. KaKHe npn3HaKn nnpo-3nnHecKoro >KaHpa Bbi yBUflenn b npon3BeAeHnn BeHeflUKTa EpocjDeeBa? H Mo>kho n\A CKa3aTb, hto repotf — nHTeruweHTHbii*, AennKaTHbifi, tohko MyBCTByK)U4ni?i 4enoBeK? rioflTBopAMTG otbeT TeKCTOM. HaCiflnTe o6pa-mewe BeHUHKH k Bory, noKasbisafoiAee, hto ero Ayiua He yAOBneiBO-peHa TOW >KH3HbtO, KOTopyio OH BeAeT. B neM CMbicn npoTHBonocTasneHMH -MocKBa-neiyiuK^, «KpeM/ib~ ne™>>? Hto b 6,orpac^ Benefl.KTa EpoQbeeea xapaKTepHO M hto Heo6biHHO ah* cyAb6bi pyccKoro nucaTenn? HoAroTOBBTe AOKiiaA na TeMy: «PycoK,e nucaTenn b noaMe BeneA^a EpocJDeeBa». T n„ nvniKMHCKuPi £Iom» m «MocKBa — neTyw- Tanue Pa3Hb.e npousBefleHH*, KaK *^™™™J£Bbl o6pa3b, pyccKoA rwe- a^ypb, co3AaK)T *oh, hb kotoPom P^^^^eM - bb.^ "epapxiw. Bo/ibHoe o6paLneHne c Ky/ibTypHbiM HacneAneM 0*nmiajibHoii KynbType. rJIABA I PyCCKUM nOCTMOAepHH3M EcTb n npuHMnnna/ibHbie ommvn, Kacaiomwecf» b nepeyio osepe^b xapaKTepa maBHbix fleŕíCTByKDmnx jimu. Tepoŕí A. BuTOBa AaneK ot aBTopa. 3to noflHepKMBaeTasropcKayj upohma no ot-houjghhio k HeMy, ycu/iMBaiomaHCH k KOHqy KHurvi. ľepow BeHôflUKra Epoc|>eeBa cnuBaeTCfl c aBTopoM, oh xuboíí nenoBeK, nbrraeTca 6bfľb csoöoflHbiM ot Bcex yc-noBHOCTeň n 3a sto >kgctoko pacn/iaMUBaeTcs. Tepoií A, B*froea hcmbgt no 3aKO-Haiví, ycTaHOBneHHbiM chctgwow. Ero napoAuúHwií 6yHT (cnena pa3rpoMa b My3ee) 3aKaHHHBaeTCfl ôbiCTpo v\ ónarono/iyHHO, oh CHOBa BQ3BpamaeTCfl b npuBbiHHoe >km3hghhog pycno. PoMaH A. BuTOBa — MHTerineKTyajibHasi wrpa c HHTaie/iGM, no-3Ma Bgh. EpocjDGGBa — KpuK flyuju, TparGflUfl «Manenbicoro wenoBGKa». npon3BGAGHHři A. BMTOBa m Bgh. EpocfceeBa namu KMnynbCpa3BMTMfO xapaKTcpHwx npUGMOB COBpGMGHHOrO nOCTMOAGpHH3Ma, B 0CH0B8 KOTOpOTO — Hľpa, B TOM HMCJie Mrpa C KJiaCCUHeCKMMM CK)>K6TaMU («riyUJKMHCKMVi flOM») H Mrpa C H3blKOM, OCHOBaH- Han Ha conpfWGHwn pa3Hbix H3biK0Bbix nnacToe («MocxBa — rieTywKM»). B 1980-1990-x rr. urpoBaa HanpaB/iGHHOCTb nuTepaTypbi nposennacb b no/iHoň Mope. JlMTepaTypoBGA M. JlnnoB6LiKuü BbiAenu/i abb HanpaBnemsi. Han6oneG nnoAOTBopnc pa3pa6aTbiBaGMbix pyccKUM nocTMOAepHU3MOM: tfcrropkwecKne 0aHTa3HW n <«H0Bbw aBTo6norpac|DH3M». B ochobg nGpBoro HanpaanGHUfl — sžÍMbicen. b ochobg btodo-ro — nnHHbiŕí onbiT aBTopa. Abtop, «h» KOToporo Bcecpp ycnoBHo. aHann3npy6T nvn- HbIM OnblT /IMTGpaTypOBGAHGCKM — K3K KOHmOMGDaT BJ1HRHHH. HyXMX CTIOB, 0CK0J1K0B nywwx co3HaHMťí. XapaicrepHbiMH nDGACTaBHTejifiMn BTopofO ManpaaneHiiR BbicTyna-k>t C. TaHA/ieBCKMM, M. Be3pOAHbiň, fl. TanKOBCKMH -~,'z•:ree spKHMn aBTopawH nopBoro HanpaB/iGHUfl Kpn™«n Ha3biBaKľr B. CopoKHHa h B, n&neBMHa. BnaflMMnp COPOKMH OwepeAb^ CriPABKA C op o Kuh BnaffUKKp reoprneBHH — nposajax, apaMaTypr. PoflMjiCH b 1955 r. b nocejixe Ekkobc Mocxobcxoží o6nacTM. OKOsrann Mo c ko b c kusí hhcthtyt He$TM m ra3a mm. ry6KMHa. Smb6t b MocKBe. JlaypeaT up eura* AHflpes Benoro. Abtop MHoroHiicneHHi>ix pac:sa:-cs, ni.ec, poMa-hob, b HacTHOCTM «HopMa», «Cepsna Hempex», «PoMan» (Bee - 1994) , «rojiyöoe cajio», «TH^p», «Jlea». TBopnecKa« Mancpa B. CopOKUHa ocHOBana Ha type c pyccKUM ssbt-KOM. Ero M3/iK)6n6HHbirl npMGM — «ocrpaHeHue--. ACBese«ne npuBbiHHoň CKTya- 1 PoMaH, HanucaHHbiíí b 1983 r., b Pocenu Bnepswe ony6n*K0eaH b *ypHane «McKyccTec kuho» b 1992 r. > 128 Bwktop riEJIEBMH >KM3Hb HaceKOMbix» CnPABKA neneBMH Bhktop OneroBnq - npo3aHK. Ponwjica b 1967 r. B MOCXBe. OKOH^MH MOCKOBCKMli SHepreTM^eCKMM MHCTPITyT (1989). y^njiCH 3ao*iHO b JtwTepaTypHOM MHCTMTyTe. ne-laTaeTca c cepeflMHH 1980-x rr. fle6K>Tj*poBan paccKa30M «fles MrHaT m jiiohh» b xypHane «Xwmmh m xk3hb». Abtop M3BecTHBix poMSHOB «*IanaeB m IIycTOTa» (1996), «Generation (2003) H"» («noKoneHMe „11"», 1999), «flnn (hh)» B. neneBMH npeflnonmaeT H3biK0B0M Hrpe peMUHUcueHunn m nony-^pHbix b JimepaType cioxeTOB, TOHHee, HOBoe, nacTO upoHHHHoe TO/iKOBaHne m"ic()ob m CTepeoTMnoB, jiexamwx b mx ocHOBe. B oahmx npon3BefleHHflx npenapn-PyeTca fla/ieKoe m He oneHb npow/ioe, b npyrwx MMCTMHecKOMy ocMbicneHwo noA-BePraeTCfl HacToyimee. 06t>eKTOM «fleKOHCTpyKUnn» cTaHOBHTca y Hero dpopMu-P^iiiafica Ha HaujMX ma3ax acTeTMKa «nepexoAHoro BpeMeHM». I--------------------> 133 rJIABA 5 PyCCKHň nOCTMOAepHM3M > ľjiaBHaa ocoóeHHOCTb neneeuHCKO* nposbi - ßBynnaHOBoert, noBecTBOBaHMa. CBoeo6pa3Hoe «ABoeMupae». BbiMbice/i n peanbHOCTb nepenneTaiOTca, hto pa3Mbi-BaeT uenocTHOCTb HUTaie/ibCKoro BOcnpwRTua. «flpyra*» pea/ibHOCTb cymecTByeT napan/ieribHo npuBbHHoŕi (noBecTb «Meman CTpe/ia»), BTopraeTca b noBceflHeBHyio >KH3Hb, oöHajKari ee aöcypflHocTb (paccKa3 «BecTM w3 Hena/ia»). fleňcTByramue m-ua «pa3ABanBaiOTCfi» (poMaH «>Kn3Hb HaceKOMbix»), cyi^ecTBya cpa3y BflByx U3-MepeHM^x. 3tot npneM pa3MbiBaeT rpaHnqy Me*Ay npouinbiM n HacTonniHM, KaxeT-cfl, hto OTMöHGH 38K0H H6o6paTMMOCTH BpeMeHU. HanpHMep, b poMaHe «HanaeB m riycTOTa» repoň «nyTeiuecTByeT» m3 npouj/ioro b HacTOfiLuee n oópaTHo, m ne npeflCTaBiiaeTCfl bo3mo>khocth onpeAenmb, rfle noflnuHHa^ peanbHOCTb, a rAe — Bbi-MbiiuneHHafl. npoLUJioe y ne/iesuHa nacTo HenpeflCKa3yeM0. BbiflBurarOTC« CMenbie, qbaHTacTMHecKue Bepcun B03MO>KHoro pa3BMTna MCTopnHecKMx coóbiTMŕí. TaK, H3 pac-CKa3a «XpycTa/ibHbiM iwinp» Mbi y3HaeM, hto abomm ŕOHKepaivi, oxpaHflBWMM b HOHb Ha 25 OKTHópa noAXOflbi k CMonbHOMy, npeACTaBUJica ujaHC n3MGHHTb xojq MCTopnn. AßpaccKa3e « PeKO h CTpy kto p» BbiABuraeTCfl «BepcMH», hto nofl nceBflOHMMOM «CTannH» b pa3Hoe Bpewm Haweíí orpaHoň yripaB/iRnu ceMb (!) nenoBeK. HacTO b ocHOBe npoki3BeAeHHH BceoóbeM/iŕOLuaa NieTacfcopa, BOKpyr KOTopoň CTpoMTCH CKD)KeT. TaK, )KM3Hb b noBecTM «)KejiTaíi CTpe/ia» ynoflOó/ieHa flBUxyiqe-Mycfl b HMKyfla noe3Ay, a b paccKa3e «OHTO/iorMsr fleTCTBa» — TJOpbMe. ByKBanb-Ho pea/iM3yeTcyi MBTacfDopa «>KH3Hb ecTb coh» b paccKa3e c cuMBOJiHHHbiM Ha3Ba-HneM «Cnk». HenoBeK n Bce ero OKpywařomee moxgt 0Ka3aTbca nnoflOM Hbero-TO BbiMbiona («HanaeB n riycTOTa»). B. neneBMH b KaxAOM npon3BefleHnn nbiTaeTca peniMTb Ba>KHbie c^nnocoqbcKue npoöneMbi. Tepoň neneBMHCKorí npo3bi nocTORHHO b pa3flyMbe. HacTO stu pa3fly-MbH npuBOflíiT ero k yxofly ot peajibHOCTU. fleňcTBue poNiaHa «>Kii3Hb HaceKOMbix» npoMcxoflUT oflHOBpeMeHHO b flByx npocTpaHCTBeHHbix nnaHax. KaK b 6acHe, CKa3Ke, AeTCKOŇ urpe, 3flecb HaceKOMbie HafleneHbi nenoBenecKUMu KanecTBaMu, y n\op,ei>\ xKMBaeTcyi Herviano cxoactb c HaceKOMbiMn. BpeMH AeŕicTBHH — Hanano 1990-x, rpaHb anox: coqna/iH3M yivtep, Ha ero MecTe 3apo>KAaeTCfl «ahkum» KannTann3M. MecTo AeŕíCTBua — KpbiM, öbiBiuaa Bcecoio3Ha« 3ApaBHHMa, HbiHe — nacTb cy-BepeHHoŕí YKpanHbi. Ha oônoMKax CTapoŇ LinBHJiu3ai4wn CKJiaAbiBaeTca HOBaa, k KOTopoŕí öojibiue Bcero noAxoAUT onpeAeneHne «TpeTuri Mnp» (TaK b H33BaHnn oahoň H3 maß oobrrpbiBaeTcn HanbiLueHHo-AepxaBHoe: «MocKBa — TpeTnŕi Phm»). PoMaH cocTOMT H3 15 maB-HOBe/iJi, cB?i3aHHbix o6lmmm cřoxeTOM. B HOBennax napOAupyKDTCfl nonyn«pHbie xaHpbi: lunnoHCKuň poMaH, Me^OApawia, 0m/iococ}d-CKaa npuTHa... 1 PoMaH BnepBbie ony6/inKOBaH b xypHane «3HaMa» (1993. Ne 4). > 134 3AKJ1IOHEHME riocTMOflepHM3M kbk HanpaBjieHwe b jiHTepaiype, u3o6pa3HTejibHOM MCKyccTBe, c|)nnoco4)wn noflBnjica Ha 3anaAe b KOHqe 60-x it. XX b. nofl no3yHra-Mn «CTupaHM« rpaHMi;, 3acbinaHvm pbob», «CMep-m aBTopa» n «fleKOHCTpyKLinn»1. B npon3BefleHMHx nocTMOflepHH3Ma Kyjibrypa «He TBopi/iTca 3aHOBO», a Bocnpon3-boahtch b napofluííHbix nocTpoeHwax, ee He co3AaK)t — c HeiÜ nrpawT. riocTMOAep-HH3M cTan npoAonxeHMeM anoxn MOAepHM3Ma, uapnBiuero b mwpobom MCKyccTBe XX cTOjneTHfl. H3 Pocenu >Ke M0AepHH3M, 6ypH0 pa3BHBaBuinňca b Hanane npo-Limoro BeKa, 6bm n3rHaH b 3MwrpaL|,MK> win yuuen b noAnoribe. TaKitM o6pa30M, Ha pa3BMTne «Hawero» nocTMOAePHH3Ma Hanoxnn OTnenaTOK ocoobiří KyjibrypHO-no-nnTHHecKi/iPi K/inMaT b CTpaHe. ► BblEEPMTE TEMY flJIfl PEQEPATA, KOJlÄEKTMBHOrO OECYXflEHWH, CAÍÍTA ► OcHOBHbie HepTbi pyccKoro nocTMOAepHH3Ma. ► «Urpa — peMeono — npn3BaHne»: n3MeHnnocb nn MecTO nmepaiypbi B COBpeMeHHOM Mupe? ► flafrre CBOK) MHTepnpeTa.i4HKD n oqeHKy oAHoro n3 npoHi/rraHHbix BaMU nocTMOAepHUCTCKHx npon3BefleHnň. 1 ßeKOHCTpyKL(Mf1 — OflHO H3 KJllOHeBblX nOHflTMÍÍ nOCTMOflepHMCTCKOÍÍ 3-CTeTHKH: «pa3BMHMH- BaHne», pa3Jio)KeHMe TeKCTa Ha cocTaBHbie aneMeHTbi c ueribio BbiflBneHua ero BHyipeHHux npoTHBopennti. > 142