SP_IRS Introduction to Research
in Special and Inclusive Education
(spring 2015)APA – Referencing
By: Mr. S. Kumar
• APA referencing
style
• In-text referencing
• Verbs used for
referencing
• Assignment 1
• Assignment 2
Conclusion of session
Presentation Outline
AN ABRIDGED GUIDE TO
REFERENCING
with examples in the APA AuthorDate
Referencing style
Presented by Mr. S. Kumar
Lecturer Education
Fiji National University
WHY should I acknowledge my
sources?
• At University a large percentage of your written
work is based on the ideas of other writers.
Therefore, it is important to let the reader of your
writing know where you found your ideas.
Whenever you have taken something from
another author (that is, you have taken an
author’s theory, opinion, idea, example,
conclusion, or findings), you must say where the
original can be found. In other words, you must
acknowledge and cite your sources. This is
important whether or not you use the author’s
own words and, importantly, to avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s ideas, words or data as if they were
your own. Deliberate plagiarism is a serious act of academic misconduct. The Fiji
National University imposes strict penalties on students who are found to contravene
the University Academic & Students Regulations, Part-5 Academic Regulations. Clause
40, Dishonesty during Assessment, 40.1.3 Plagiarism (page 42) is reproduced below
for your reference:
• Plagiarism may exist in the following forms:
(A) The work submitted was done in part or whole by an individual
other than the one submitting or presenting the work.
(B) The whole work or parts of it are copied from another source
without due reference.
(C) A student submits, in one Course, work which has already been
submitted in another course, without prior arrangement with both
Course lectures.
• If your unit outlines or Academic Division specifies a particular
referencing or citation style then you must use that style or you
may be penalized. Importantly, whatever referencing style is chosen
you must be accurate and consistent.
WHEN should I acknowledge my
sources?
• You should acknowledge your sources whenever you
use a source of information:
• as your inspiration
• as the source of a theory, argument or point of view
• for specific information such as statistics, examples or
case studies
• for direct quotations (using the author’s exact words)
• to paraphrase or summarise an author’s work.
HOW do I integrate my sources into
my writing?
• When you are taking something from another
source, you are taking it out of its original context
and putting it into a new context – your own
assignment. You must make sure it fits properly
into this new context. This means:
• it must be relevant to your argument
• it must join neatly with what comes before and
after
• it must make logical and grammatical sense
HOW do I acknowledge my sources in
APA style?
• The set of examples in this Abridged Guide follows the
APA author-date style and are based on the following
publication: American Psychological Association.
(2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:
Author. Should the item you need to reference not be
covered in this Abridged Guide, please refer to our
more comprehensive publication A Guide to
referencing, with examples in the APA and Harvard
styles which is available in print as well as
electronically at: google scholar just type APA Format
of referencing
In-text referencing
You need to provide an in-text reference if you:
a. use a long direct quotation
b. use a short direct quotation
c. use an indirect quotation by either paraphrasing or summarising.
In-text references typically contain the following information, in
this order:
• the surname (family name) of the author/s
• the year of publication of the text
• the page number/s of the text (usually for direct quotations,
particular ideas and concepts).
APA Citation Style
Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th edition (first printing), 2010
Author(s) Date Title of Book
Title of
Article
Title of
Periodical
Volume Pages
Place of
Publication
Publisher
Other
Information
Books
• Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology:
The history of the future. New York, NY:
Pocket Books.
• [Book with no author; see notes]
Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and
strange new worlds. (1995). Radnor, PA: News
America Publications.
• One author
• Information prominent’ (the author’s name
is within parentheses):
• The conclusion reached in a recent study
(Cochrane, 2007) was that… OR
• ‘Author prominent’ (the author’s name is
outside the parentheses):
• Cochrane (2007) concluded that…
Book Article or Chapter
• James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise:
The Eden myth according to Kirk and
Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of
the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport,
CT: Greenwood.
Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban
policy: A critical approach. Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing
Two authors
In- text
• Context and communication were considered
(Littlejohn & Foss, 2005)…
OR
• Littlejohn and Foss (2005) maintained...
Reference
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2005). Theories
of human communication (8th ed.).Southbank,
Australia: Thomas Wadsworth.
Journal Article: paginated by issue,
online and hardcopy
• Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992).
Intuitive versus rational judgment and
the role of stereotyping in the human
condition: Kirk or Spock?
Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159.
doi:10.1207 /s15327965pli0302_13
Three to five authors
• For the first in-text reference, list all the
authors’ family names. Use et al. for
subsequent entries.
• Writing in biomedical sciences requires close
attention to an acceptable style (Duffy,
Deakin, Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, & Wilson,
2001) and it is…
• Subsequent in-text reference/s: (Duffy et al.,
2001)
Duffy, A., Deakin, V., Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, E., &
Wilson, K. (2001). Guide to writing in
biomedical sciences. Australia: University of
Canberra.
Editor
• In-text reference
• In discussing best practice, Zairi (1999)
identified…
Reference
Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999). Best practice: Process
innovation management. Oxford, England:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
No author or editor
• Cite the title in the position of ‘author’.
• - The title may be shortened to the main title
(omitting the sub-title) or the first few words
of the title
• In-text reference
• Macroeconomics considers prices and
quantities (Macroeconomics, prices and
quantities, 1983, pp. 43-57), so it is important
to…
Reference list.
Macroeconomics, prices and quantities: Essays
in memory of Arthur M. Okun. (1983). Oxford,
England: Blackwell.
Chapter in edited book
• A discussion about Australia’s place in today’s
world (Richards, 1997) included reference to
Reference list
Richards, K. C. (1997). Views on globalization. In
H. L. Vivaldi (Ed.), Australia in a global world.
North Ryde, Australia: Century
Corporate author - when the
author is also the publisher
• A recent study (Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare [AIHW], 2009)…
• Subsequent in-text reference/s: The AIHW
(2009) found that…
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
(2009). Indigenous housing needs 2009: A
multi-measure needs model (AIHW cat. no.
HOU 214). Canberra, Australia: Author.
Citing a source within a source
• When citing a source you haven’t read
yourself, but which is referred to in a source
you have read.
• Lilly (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25) stated
that “. . . “.
Maxwell, F. (1999). Phonology. San Francisco,
CA: Brooks Cole.
JOURNAL & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
• Journal article with one author - separated
paging
• Each issue begins on page one.
• In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson,
2007)…
Jackson, A. (2007). New approaches to drug
therapy.Psychology Today and Tomorrow,
Article in online journal with six or
seven authors
• Give the first author’s family name followed
by ‘et al.’ for all in-text references.
• A simple ALMA is described in a recent study
(Restouin et al., 2009).
Restouin, A., Aresta, S., Prébet, T., Borg, J., Badache, A.,
& Collette, Y. (2009). A simplified, 96-well–adapted,
ATP luminescence–based motility assay.
BioTechniques, 47, 871–875. Retrieved from
http://www.biotechniques.com/Biotechniques
Journal/
• Note: Use a DOI (digital object identifier) if
one is assigned instead of the “Retrieved from’
statement and URL.
Journal article retrieved from a database with
a DOI (digital object identifier)
• A study examining priming (Johns & Mewhort,
2009) discovered …
Johns, E., & Mewhort, D. (2009). Test sequence
priming in recognition memory. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory and Cognition, 35, 1162-1174.
doi: 10.1037/a0016372
Journal article retrieved from a
database - without a DOI
• Give the URL of the journal’s home page
instead of the database name.
• The effects of climate change on agriculture
are studied by Ramalho, Da Silva and Dias
(2009)…
Ramalho, M., Da Silva, G., & Dias, L. (2009). Genetic
plant improvement and climate changes. Crop
Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 9(2), 189-195.
Retrieved from http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab
Newspaper article – with an
author
• The notion of a Bill of Rights may be
inappropriate in the Australian context
(Waterford, 2007).
Waterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill of Rights gets it
wrong. The Canberra Times, p. 11
Newspaper article – without an
author
• The redesign of the internet (“Internet
pioneer”, 2007)…
Internet pioneer to oversee network redesign.
(2007, May 28). The Canberra Times, p. 15.
Newspaper article retrieved from a
database
Give the URL of the newspaper’s home
page.
• In an attempt to save the tiger, Darby (2002)
provided…
• Darby, A. (2002, August 20). Rarest tiger skin a
rugged survivor. Sydney Morning Herald.
Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au
ONLINE LECTURE/TUTORIAL
NOTES & E-RESERVE ITEMS
• Lecture / tutorial notes - online
• In examining the genre of fiction (St. Vincent
Welch, 2009)…
• St. Vincent Welch, S. (2009). Unit 8147 Writing
short narratives, lecture 1, week 1: What is
fiction? [Lecture PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
from http://learnonline.canberra.edu.au
Item from E-Reserve
• In a review of the Freedom of Information Act
1988, Rose (1996, p. 4) determined that…
Rose, A. (1996, September). Freedom of
information under review. Canberra Bulletin
of Public Administration, 80, 4-8. Retrieved
from University of Canberra E-Reserve.
OTHER SOURCES
• DVD / Videorecording
• Jane Austen’s world came alive in Sense and
sensibility (Lee, 1995).
• Lee, A. (Director). (1995). Sense and sensibility
[DVD]. Australia: Columbia TriStar
Home Video.
Figure, Table, Graph, Map or Chart
• The internal processes were well described
(Kaplan & Norton, 2004), which led to…
• Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D.P. (2004). Internal
processes deliver value over different time
horizons. [Graph]. In Strategy maps:
Converting intangible assets into tangible
outcomes (p. 48). Boston, MA: Harvard
Business School.
Image - online
• The effective use of light in Monet’s
‘Haystacks’ (Monet, 1890)…
• Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks, midday
[Painting]. National Gallery of Australia,
Canberra. Retrieved from
http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail-
LRG.cfm?IRN=29073&View=LRG
Web document - dated & author
or sponsor given
• An RBA paper (Simon, Smith, & West, 2009)
found that participation in a loyalty program
and access to an interest-free period…
Simon, J., Smith, K., & West, T. (2009). Price
incentives and consumer payment behaviour (RBA
Research discussion paper). Retrieved from the
Reserve Bank of Australia website:
http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RD
P/RDP2009-04.html
References
.
• Note: APA requires that the Reference List be
double spaced and that entries have a
hanging indent.
All the best