Oncological diseases Teaching lesson 1 Written by: Zdeňka Smejkalová, Jitka Slaná Reissmannová Neoplastic diseases •neoplastic diseases = oncological diseases •A neoplastic disease is defined as a growth of tissue, which is out of control and grows independently of the organism. • •Oncology •Medical branch that deals with the issue of neoplastic diseases •Derived from the Greek onkos = crab Basic terms •Non-malignant = benign tumours •Uncontrolled cell division •Slow growth •Delimited structure •Do not spread through the surrounding tissues •Pressure on the surrounding tissues •Surgical removal •No secondary tumours •Malignant tumours •Uncontrolled cell division •Aggressive growth •Damage and pressure on the surrounding tissues •Surgical removal •Spread through the surrounding tissues •Development of metastases •Spread through blood and lymphatic channels •Death of the organism • • Basic terms •Metastasis •= new secondary (subsidiary) source of malignant tumour. •Risk factor •= factor that increases the probability of the onset of neoplastic disease. •Internal and external risk factors Risk factors Risk factor Increased risk of neoplastic disease Smoking Lung cancer, oral cavity cancer, pharynx cancer, larynx cancer, oesophagus cancer Pancreatic cancer, urinary system cancer Alcohol Oral cavity cancer, pharynx cancer, larynx cancer, oesophagus cancer Colon cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer Poor diet Colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer Breast cancer, uterine cancer Overweight, obesity Uterine cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gall bladder cancer HPV infection Cervical cancer UV radiation Skin cancer Risk factors •Other risk factors include: •Decreased physical activity •Stress •Frequent menstruation •Late or no pregnancy •Short-term or no breastfeeding •Inheritance •Age •Gender • Internal risk factors Neoplastic diseases in the Czech Republic •The second most frequent cause of death! •Most frequent neoplastic diseases •Skin cancer •Prostate cancer in men, breast cancer in women •Colorectal cancer •Lung cancer • (1) (2) References •ADAM, Zdeněk, Marta KREJČÍ a Jiří VORLÍČEK. Obecná onkologie. Praha: Galen, 2011. ISBN 978-80-7262-715-8. •HOLEČKOVÁ, Petra. Rakovina žaludku: obecné informace pro pacienty. Praha: Liga proti rakovině Praha, 2011. ISBN 978-80-260-0672-5. •Novotvary 2015 ČR [online]. Praha: Ústav zdravotnických informací a statistik ČR, 2015. [cit. 2018-04-30]. Retrieved from: http://www.uzis.cz/publikace/novotvary-2015 •TOMÁŠEK, Jiří. Co je nádorové onemocnění [online]. c2015–2017 [cit. 2018-04-30]. Retrieved from: http://www. pruvodce-onemocnenim.cz/dvd/zhoubny-nador#video-3-1 •VOKURKA, Martin a Jan HUGO. Praktický slovník medicíny. 10th updated edition Praha: Maxdorf, 2011. ISBN 9788073452629. •Figures: •(1), (2): Novotvary 2015 ČR [online]. Praha: Ústav zdravotnických informací a statistik ČR, 2015. [cit. 2018-04-30]. Retrieved from: http://www.uzis.cz/publikace/novotvary-2015 • •