Poll in ZOOM
Bingo
2. Determinants of People Nutrition
Contents
1. Nutrition in Time and Space
• PALEOLITHIC
• NEOLITHIC
• NUTRITION TODAY
North and South Europe, Slovenia
Nutrigenomics
Space Determinants
Cultivation and process
condition
Climate
Temperature
Precipitation
Illumination
Pedology
Relief
Education
Food Availability
Food Accessability
Religion
Health status
Culture
Sex
Friends,
peers…Age
Heredity
3,15 to 2,85 millions of years ago clima
was similar like today.
3900000years2500000years
A. afarensis
Homo erectus (1,6 million years)Homo habilis
H. neandertalensis
350 000 to 30 000 years Year 2018
Homo sapiens
250 000 years
Paleolithic
 1 000 000 to 8 000 BC
 Living place: caves
 Tools of stone, bone and wood
 Using fire, hunting and gatherer
 Meat
 Fish, shell, snail, crab
 Insects
 Fruit
 Vegetables
 Nuts
Nutrition in Paleolithic
Neolithic or New Stone age
8 000 to 2 000 BC
 Metal tool (cooper, bronze, iron)
 Farming
 Agriculture
Source: A. Tresset, J.-D. Vigne / C. R. Biologies 334 (2011) 182–189
Chronology and main routes of dissemination of
domesticates in Europe during the Neolithic
Human skeletons were discovered
29 individuals
13 adults
(6 males and 7 females) and
16 infants
The diet was based
mostly on:
- Cereals (wheat, barley; 39 %)
- Domestic animals (sheep, goat; 44 %)
- Wild animals (17 %)
The significantly higher 15N values found in
infants and young children indicate nursing
effects.
30 000 let …
Picture A: Grindstone and pestle grinder
Italy
Pavlov (CZ)
Russia
“The three sites suggest that
vegetal food processing, and
possibly the production of
flour, was a common practice,
widespread across Europe from
at least ~30,000 y ago.”
What we are eating today?
 Milk and dairy products
 Cereal and cereal product
 Oil, margarine
 Salt
 Sugar
… 70 % of all food in North Europe
What the World Eats
 The first family visited by photographer Peter Menzel
and journalist Faith D’Alusio was the Çelik family from
Turkey in January 2000. Since then the pair have
interviewed and photographed families from all over the
world. The last family to be photographed were the
Sturms in Germany in June 2013. Three Norwegian
families have been portrayed for the exhibition at the
Nobel Peace Center.
 Source:
http://www.nobelpeacecenter.org/en/exhibitions/hungry
-planet/ (February, 2014)
Germany: 325.81 $
Japan: 317.25 $
Chad: 1.23 $
Kuwait: 221.45 $
Mexico: 189.09 $
China: 155.06 $
Italy: 260.11 $
Egypt: 68.53 $
Mongolia: 40.02 $
Ecuador: 31.55 $
India: 39.27 $
Mali: $26.39
Greenland: 277.12 $
Turkey: 145.88 $
Australia: 376.45 $
Joensuu, 2018Brno, 2007
1 000 000 years ago
2018
35 to 40 % muscle
20 to 25 % fat
< 35 % muscle
> 25 % (M) and > 35 % (W) muscle
Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individualparticipant-data
meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies
in four continents
The Lancet
Volume 388, Issue 10046, Pages 776-786 (August 2016)
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1
Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY license Terms and Conditions
Figure 4
The Lancet 2016 388, 776-786DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1)
Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY license Terms and Conditions
Source: Cell Metabolism 16, 202–212, August 8, 2012
Nicholas M. Morton … Simon Horvat
Genetic identification of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase as an adipocyteexpressed
anti-diabetic target in mice selected for leanness
Nat Med. 2016 Jul; 22(7): 771–779
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/scien
cetech/video-1042557/Scientists-
control-hunger-mice-using-LASERS.html
Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/sciencetech/video-1042557/Scientists-control-
hunger-mice-using-LASERS.html
Trends in adult bodymass
index in 200
countries from 1975
to 2014: a pooled
analysis of 1698
population-based
measurement
studies with 19·2
million participants
The Lancet
Volume 387, Issue
10026, Pages 1377-1396
(April 2016)
The Lancet, Volume 387, Issue 10026, Pages 1377-1396 (April
2016)
MALE WOMEN
Source: ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTEBOOKS, 18 (1): 91–103.
© Slovene Anthropological Society 2012
Prevalence of excess weight and obesity in Slovenian
Youth (7 to 18 year old) from 1991 to 2011 by sex
Source: PREKOMERNA PREHRANJENOST IN DEBELOST PRI OTROCIH IN MLADOSTNIKIH V SLOVENIJI II, NIJZ, 2016
North and South
Europe…
Finland
Crete
NORTH EUROPE
• forests, mountains, humidity
• meat, animal fats
• "Barbarian culture”
SOUTH EVROPE
• sea, Mediterranean climate
• vegetables, fruits, fish,
olive oil
• vegetarian-oriented diet
Finland 1960
- Fat in diet
- High level of holesterol and high blood pressure
- High risk for CVD
- The highest rate of heart disease in the world
Source: _
http://www.ktl.fi/portal/english/public_health_monitoring___promotion/monitoring___interventions/nutrition_in_finland/nutrition
Total fat
SFA
MUFA
PUFA
... fish, cabbages, rye bread, oatmeal,
apples, pears, root vegetables.
Crete 1960
- 40 % of fat in diet, olive oil!
- High monousaturated fatty acids (25 %), low saturated
fatty acids
- Omega-3 fatty acids (1 % energy)
- Low prevalence of CVD
- High life expectancy
- PLANT FOOD!
- Green vegetables (360g/day; 2-3 cups/day)
- Legumes (30 g/day)
- Nut (30 g/day)
- Fruit (460 g/day)
- Whole wheat (450 g/day)
- Low animal fat and saturated fatty acids
Life expectancy at birth is longest in Czech
Republic than in Slovenia?
A. YES
B. NO
Country comparison
Slovenia ↔ Czech Republic
Slovenia Czech Republic
Life expectancy
2018 (year)
80.92
World Rank: 27
79.17
World Rank: 31
Source: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-life-expectancy-map
Japan 84.17 World Rank: 1
Saudi Arabia 74.75 World Rank: 84
Central Africa 53.04 World Rank: 182
Death Rate Per 100 000
(2018)
All
Cancers
Coronary
Heart
Disease
Diabetes
Mellitus
SI 150.61 85.67 7.34
CZ 134.31 152.37 17.14
Source: www.worldlifeexpectancy.com
Link
Food and population
Holodomor in Ukraine
• морити голодом, "to kill by starvation”
(1932-1933)
• killed about three million people (?)
In Harkov 1933
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
Map of depopulation of Ukraine and southern Russia, 1929–33.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Holodomor-Chicago.jpg
Great Famine - Ireland (1845)
Vir: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-34369080
Year Without a Summer (1816)
• The massive eruption of Mount Tambora in the
Dutch East Indies (Indonezija), April 1815
• Temperatures fell worldwide bec
• ause less sunlight passed through the stratosphere.
• In the Earth's average land temperature of about
1 °C.
Vir: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1816_summer.png
Vir: http://oldnews.aadl.org/node/169151
“The decade from 1811 to 1820
was marked by serious
socioeconomic impacts
resulting from this poor
agricultural production, with
malnutrition and the increase
of epidemics in Europe and
Mediterranean countries. Low
temperatures, freezing
temperatures in Spring and
heavy precipitation between
1816 and 1817 affected the
growth of many crops very
badly.”