Figures of speech.
See in the dictionary:
(fig)
(lit)
literal  vs. non-literal (=metaphorical, figurative) language:
Winston Churchill is dead.         I feel dead.
interpreting meaning - inferencing  :   1. decoding its literal
meaning
                                                             2.
inferring its implied meaning
signals: textual -  I feel dead.
             contextual - Winston Churchill is dead.
Metaphor  on the basis of similarity:    I feel dead.
Simile         textual signals:                     The sky
was like a polished mirror.
Metonymy  on the basis of other kind of association (e.g. cause
and effect):  Moscow made a statement yesterday.
Synecdoche  part and the whole:    farm hands   I´ve bought a
new motor.

Metaphors in different kinds of speech :
Time is a jetplane.
golden skin
time is running
thistles stand nakedly in the green
Classifying metaphors:
concretive: the burden of responsibility
animistic: the leg of a table; to kill a bottle
humanizing (=personification): the hands of the clock
dead metaphor: the greenhouse effect

Irony - verbal: The softest couches in the world are not to be
found in the log mansion of the slaves.
          - situational: comic
                               tragic