Modernity and Gender •19th amendment to the Constitution: the right to vote for women •Women entering the workforce in larger number •Greenich Village: feminist voices (Mina Loy, Edna Millay) •Male writers: saw independent woman as an ominous sign Modernity and Cities •cities expanded both vertically and horizontally •megalopolis •architecture: skyscrapers •Chrysler Building, 1927 •Empire State Building, 1931 William France, NEW YORK CITY, NORTHEAST VIEW FROM THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (1931) 4737f Paris, 1900-1930 •Center of literary and artistic culture •After WW1: American authors and painters moved to Paris •Lost Generation •Gertrude Stein: "Of course they came to Paris a great many of them to paint pictures and naturally they could not do that at home, or write they could not do that at home either, they could be dentists at home." Ernest Hemingway in Paris 4930f Fitzgeralds on a street in Paris 4893f Gertrude Stein •Gertrude Stein made Paris her permanent home in 1903 •Patron of early 20th century painting •Her apartment = a salon where authors and painters met • 4946f A WHITE HUNTER A white hunter is nearly crazy. "A white hunter is nearly crazy." This is an abstract, I mean an abstraction of color. If a hunter is white he looks white, and that gives you a natural feeling that he is crazy, a complete portrait by suggestion, that is what I had in mind to write. Tender Buttons (1914) Patriarchal Poetry (1927) Patriarchal Poetry left. Patriarchal Poetry left left. Patriarchal poetry left left left right left. Patriarchal poetry in justice. Patriarchal poetry in sight. Patriarchal poetry in what is what is what is what is what. Patriarchal poetry might to-morrow. Patriarchal poetry might be finished tomorrow. Dinky pinky dinky pinky dinky pinky dinky pinky once and try. Dinky pinky dinky pinky dinky pinky lullaby. Once sleepy one once does not once need a lullaby. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933) Eliot and Gertrude Stein had a solemn conversation, mostly about split infinitives and why Gertrude Stein used them. Finally Eliot rose to go and said that if he printed anything of Gertrude Stein's in the Criterion it would have to be her very latest thing. He left and Gertrude Stein said, don't bother to finish your dress, now we don't have to go, and she began to write a portrait of T. S. Eliot and called it The fifteenth of November, that being this day and so there could be no doubt but that it was her latest thing. It was all about wool is wool and silk is silk or wool is woollen and silk is silken. She sent it to T. S. Eliot and he accepted it but naturally he did not print it. Modernist fiction •Omits introductions, explanations, conventions of chronology •compression and vividness •Shorter novels, popularity of short stories •Point of view: limited, sometimes unreliable