LECTURE 13 – Phytopharmaceuticals for
external use, dermatologics – PART 1
Dr. Ivana Daňková
Dept. of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, VFU Brno
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
academic year 2018/19
DERMATOLOGICS
2
 = preparations used topically
 in case of skin diseases
 for skin irritation, blood congestion (hyperaemia), induction
a feeling of warm
 for protection of health skin against external influences
 Disinfectants, antiseptics, antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals
 Antipruritics, antiseborrheic agents, antipsoriatics, antiscabietics
 Astringents, antiphlogistics
 Keratolytic, emollients
 Preparations used for repairing wounds (re-epithelisation,
re-granulation)
 Preparations used to treat burns, frostbites,…
 Preparations used to treat muscular injuries, contusions, external
antirheumatics,…
DERMATOLOGICS
3
SKIN DISEASES
 are usually divided into two great classes – functional and
organic
 functional – affections of the skin,
hair, sebaceous glands,
sweat glands
 organic – inflammations,
infectious diseases,
new formations and
tumours, haemorrhages
(bleeding),…
DERMATOLOGICS
4
Topical dermatological formulations:
 topical medications should be applied on the skin as a thin layer
 contain an active ingredient and vehicle. Vehicle contains water, oil,
fat, alcohol, propylene glycol,…
 solutions
 tinctures
 lotions (emulsions), suspensions
 ointments, creams, pastes
 hydrocolloids, hydrogels
 (talcum) powders
 liquid powders
 aerosol foams or sprays
 adhesive plasters
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
used forWOUND HEALING
5
WOUND
 is defined as a breaking of cellular and anatomical or
functional continuity of living tissue
 there are four phases in the process of wound healing:
 phase 1 – is the vascular response (blood coagulation)
 phase 2 – is the inflammatory response that involves migration
of neutrophils at margin of incision
 phase 3 – is the proliferative phase which is characterized by
angiogenesis, granulation (newly formed wound matrix,
consisting of collagen, matrix proteins and proteoglycans),
wound contraction, and epithelisation
 phase 4 – is a remodelling phase involving continuous
accumulation of collagen and proliferation of fibroblasts
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
used forWOUND HEALING
6
Agents promoting wound healing:
 astringents – they are able to precipitate proteins – „wound
contracting“ ability. Antioxidant activity refers to the possible
antibacterial activity.
 disinfectants – act to disrupt significant cellular structures or
processes in order to kill or eliminate microorganisms
 antiphlogistic (anti-inflammatory) agents – are able to
reduce inflammation
 preparations promoting wound healing and repair, including
re-epithelisation, and re-granulation
ASTRINGENTS
7
TANNINS
 polyphenolic compounds, they are composed of a very diverse
group of oligomers and polymers; subdivided into two groups:
 hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins, ellagitannins)
 condensed tannins (proanthocyanidines, catechins)
 the main characteristic is that they bind and precipitate proteins
= astringent effect
 the word „tannin“ reflects a traditional technology „tanning“
(waterproofing and preserving) = transforming animal hides into
leather
 Biological effect:
 astringent – externally: wounds healing, bleeding stop, treatment
of burns, frostbites, oral cavity disorders,…
ASTRINGENTS
8
GALLA
Quercus infectoria (Q. lusitanica),
Fagaceae,
gall oak
 native to Morocco, Portugal, Spain,
Turkey,...
 „nutgalls“ (Galla tinctoria, Turkish
gall,…) are produced by the infection
from the insect Cynips gallae tinctoriae
 nutgalls are rich in the tannin content
ASTRINGENTS
9
Plant drugs containing tannins
very often from the family Rosaceae, e.g.:
 Tormentillae rhizoma – Potentilla tormentilla (P. erecta),
tormentil
 Sanguisorbae radix – Sanguisorba officinalis, great burnet
 Agrimoniae herba – Agrimonia eupatoria, agrimony
 Alchemillae herba – Alchemilla vulgaris, lady´s mantle
 Rubi idaei folium – Rubus idaeus, raspberry
 Rubi fruticosi folium – Rubus fruticosus, blackberry (brambleberry)
 Fragariae folium – Fragaria vesca, wild strawberry
 Anserinae herba – Potentilla anserina
ASTRINGENTS
10
Potentilla tormentilla
rhizome
Agrimonia eupatoria
herb
Rubus idaeus
leaf
Rubus fruticosus
leaf
Fragaria vesca
leaf
Sanguisorba officinalis
root
Alchemilla vulgaris
herb
ASTRINGENTS
11
Other plant drugs containing tannins:
 Bistortae rhizoma – Polygonum bistorta (Bistorta major),
Polygonaceae
 Quercus cortex – Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Fagaceae
 Ratanhiae radix – Krameria triandra, Krameriaceae
 Juglandis folium – Juglans regia, Juglandaceae
 Hamamelidis folium/cortex – Hamamelis virginiana,
Hamamelidaceae
 Hyperici herba – Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae
 Myrtilli fructus/folium – Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae
 plants from the family Lamiaceae, e.g.:
 Salviae officinalis folium – Salvia officinalis, sage
ASTRINGENTS
12
Bistorta major
rhizome
Hamamelis virginiana
leaf/bark
Hypericum perforatum
herb
Juglans regia
leaf
Krameria triandra
root
Quercus robur
Quercus petraea
bark
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with ASTRINGENT EFFECT
13
 AGRIMONY Herbal tea
(Megafyt Pharma)
 POR SPC 1X50GM
 Agrimoniae herba
Agrimonia eupatoria,
Rosaceae
 contains: tannins, flavonoids,
small amount of essential oils
 SUKL code: 0076589
Selected medicinal products
 ATC: V11
 it has healing effects
(astringent, anti-inflammatory
properties)
 production: pour 500 mL of
water over 2 spoons of the
drug, boil briefly for 10 min
and let stay another 15 min
 decoction is used as a poultice
(warm compress), bath, or for
gargling
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with ASTRINGENT EFFECT
14
Astringent tincture:
 Ratanhiae tinctura
Gallarum tinctura
Myrrhae tinctura
 indication: as an astringent
wash for the mucous
membrane of the mouth,
as a gargle in sore throat
 Ratanhiae tinctura
 production: 1 part of the drug
and 5 parts of ethanol 70%
(V/V)
 tannin content is 1.0 % at
least (expressed as pyrogallol)
 Gallarum tinctura
 production: 1 part of the galls
and 6 parts of ethanol 60%
(V/V), maceration, 3 days
 tannin content is 1.5 % at
least
 Myrrhae tinctura
 production: 1 part of the myrrh
and 5 parts of ethanol 90%
(V/V)
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
used forWOUND HEALING
15
GUMMIRESINA MYRRHA, MYRRH
 Commiphora abyssinica
Commiphora molmol, Burseraceae
 thorny trees native to Africa
 contains: about 60 % polysaccharides and
proteins, 25-40 % of resin, 3-10 % of essential oil,
steroids,...
 effects: anti-inflammatory, astringent,
antibacterial, healing
 indications: inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the mouth (gingivitis, stomatitis), pharyngitis
 usually as tincture (Myrrhae tinctura)
or Myrrhae extractum spirituosum
DISINFECTANT DRUGS
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 disinfectants – act to disrupt significant cellular structures or
processes in order to kill or eliminate microorganisms
 antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal effect
 synthetic drugs are predominantly used
 plant drugs containing:
 phenolic compounds
 essential oils – usually with the free –OH group, e.g.:
thymolterpinen-4-ol menthol
eugenol
DISINFECTANTS
17
Plants containing essential oils with disinfectant and usually
also „counterirritant“ effect , e.g.:
 Thymi herba – Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae
 Menthae piperitae folium/herba – Mentha piperita, Lamiaceae
 Salviae off. folium/herba – Salvia officinalis, Lamiaceae
 Rosmarini herba – Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae
 Juniperi fructus/lignum – Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae
 Caryophylli flos – Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae
 Eucalypti folium – Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtaceae
 Melaleucae folium – Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrtaceae (tea tree oil)
 Pini pumilionis etheroleum – Pinus mugo var. pumilio, Pinaceae,
(essential oil from the branches and needles of the tree)
DISINFECTANTS
18
CARYOPHYLLI FLOS
Caryophylli etheroleum
 Syzygium aromaticum
(Eugenia caryophyllus), Myrtaceae
clove, clove oil
 thorny trees native to Africa
 contains: essential oil (contains 70-85 %
eugenol, 10 % β-caryophyllene), tannins
 effects: antibacterial, astringent, healing,
anaesthetic
 indications: topical preparations for treatment of
small injuries and wounds, used usually in
mouth infections and inflammation, in dentistry
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
19
 Plant drugs with healing effects:
 Matricariae flos – Matricaria recutia, Asteraceae
 essential oil, containing mainly sesquiterpene compounds
(bisabolol = levomenol, bisabolol oxides, chamazulene,
guaiazulene), flavonoids, coumarins, polyacetylens, mucilage,…
 Millefolii herba – Achillea millefolium, Asteraceae
 similar composition, mainly azulenes
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
20
 CHAMOMILE Herbal tea
(Megafyt Pharma)
 POR SPC 1X50GM
 Matricariae flos
 SUKL code: 0076578
Selected medicinal products
 ATC: V11
 CHAMOMILLA Teva
SOL 1X25ML
 Matricariae extractum fluidum
= liquid extract of Matricariae flos
 ammonium solution 10%, water and
ethanol 96% (2.5 : 47.5 : 50)
 SUKL code: 0162391, OTC
 ATC: V11
 external use: inflammatory
diseases of skin and mucous
membranes, poorly healing
wounds, ulcers, burns…
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
21
 DERMAZULEN (Zentiva)
DRM UNG 1X30GM
 in 30 g:
Guaiazulenum 60 mg
Matricariae etheroleum 30 mg
 SUKL code: 0000843
OTC medicinal products
 ATC: D03AX
 OPHTALMO-AZULEN (Zentiva)
OPH UNG 1X5GM
 in 5 g:
Guaiazulenum 7.5 mg
 SUKL code: 0000874
OTC medicinal products
 ATC: S01XA01
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
22
 Calendulae flos
Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae, marigold
 calendulosides (glycosides of oleanolic acid),
essential oil (mono- and sesquiterpene
compounds), flavonoids, triterpene alcohols,
polyacetylenes, carotenes and xanthophylls,…
 external preparations of the drug inhibit
inflammation and promote the formation
of granulation tissue
 infusions, tinctures, ointments as a wound-healing
remedy for inflammation of the skin and mucous
membranes, for poorly healing wounds, bruises,
ulcers, rashes…
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
23
 MARIGOLD Preparations
 ointments, creams, lotions
 e. g. of Weleda, Galmed, Dr. Müller,
Aromatica, Apotheke,…
 suitable also for very small children
 addition of other components:
 Balsamum peruvianum
 Propolis
 Hippophae rhamnoides
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
24
 Balsamum peruvianum
Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae
Fabaceae
 peru-balsam oleoresin, containing
45-70 % „cinnamein“ = mixture of
cinnamic and benzoic acids benzylesters,
and 6-8 % resin
 used as antibacterial, antifungal,
and antiparasitic agent in case of wounds,
ulcerations, bedsores...;
promotes re-epithelisation, and re-granulation
of the tissue
 a component of Balsamum Višněvski
(Suspensio Višněvski cum balsamo peruviano)
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
25
 Suspensio Višněvski cum balsamo peruviano
 Bismuthi tribromphenolas basicum 5.0 g
Balsamum peruvianum 20.0 g
Ricini oleum virginale ad 100.0 g
 Suspensio Višněvski cum pice liquida
(HBF, Herbacos Recordati)
 DRM SUS 1X100GM
 Bismuthi tribromphenolas basicum 3.0 g
Pix fagi seu Pix lithanthracis 5.0 g
Ricini oleum virginale ad 100.0 g
 SUKL code: 0054248
 ATC group: D05AA
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
26
CICADERMA
DRM UNG 1X30GM (Boiron)
 composition in 100 g:
 Extractum herbarum vaselinum
97.0 g
Ledum palustre
– tinctura basica a.u.h. 1.5 g
Pulsatilla vulgaris
– tinctura basica a.u.h. 1.5 g
!!! (homeopathic mother tinctures)
 SUKL code: 0097947
OTC medicinal product
 ATC: V11
(Phytopharmaceuticals)
 be careful of the St.John´s wort
content (photosensibilization)
 Extractum herbarum vaselinum pro
CICADERMA
 Calendulae herba recens 20.0 g
Hyperici herba recens 10.0 g
Millefolii herba recens 10.0 g
Vaselinum album 100.0 g
 promotes healing of smaller
injuries on the skin surface (small
cuts, cracks, abrasions), small
burns, solar erythema, insect bites
PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
with HEALING EFFECT
27
HERBADENT GNG SOL 1X25ML
(Herbadent)
 composition in 25 mL:
 Herbarum extractum fluidum 22.5 mL
Acidum salicylicum 0.25 g
Acidum boricum 0.25 g
Acidum citricum monohydricum 0.125 g
Benzocainum 0.0625 g
Menthae pip. etheroleum 0.05 g
Caryophylli floris etheroleum 0.05 g
Foeniculi amari fr. etheroleum 0.025 g
Ethanol 96 % (V/V)
 SUKL code: 0191186
OTC medicinal product
 ATC: V11 (Phytopharmaceuticals)
 Herbarum extractum fluidum
pro Herbadent:
 Agrimoniae herba 5.0 g
Matricariae flos 2.0 g
Salviae off. herba 2.0 g
Tormentillae rhizoma 1.0 g
Ethanolum 96 % 77.0 g
Aqua purificata 18.5 g
 for treatment of oral cavity
disorders. Antiphlogistic,
astringent, mild anaesthetic
properties.