VETERINÁRNI A FARMACEUTICKÁ UNIVERZITA BRNO FARMACEUTICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav cizích jazyků a dějin veterinárního lékařství PROFESSIONAL LATIN FOR PHARMACISTS PhDr. Lenka Ritičková MVDr. Pavel Brauner, Ph.D. BRNO 2014 evropský sociální fond v ČR EVROPSKÁ UNIE MINISTERSTVO ŠKOLSTVÍ, MLÁDEŽE A TĚLOVÝCHOVY OP Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Tato výuková opora vznikla v rámci řešení projektu: „Zvyšování pedagogických, manažerských a odborných dovedností pracovníků VFU" s registračním číslem CZ. 1.07/2.2.00/28.0110. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky. UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO FACULTY OF PHARMACY Department of Foreign Languages and History of Veterinary Medicine Professional Latin for Pharmacists PhDr. Lenka Řitičková MVDr. Pavel Brauner, Ph.D. BRNO 2014 Preface This Latin textbook is mainly intended for a two-semester course of the pharmacy master study program where it is extremely desirable that every perspective pharmacist has very professional knowledge of Latin as this is absolutely essential to the understanding of pharmaceutical terminology and to the proper handling of medical prescriptions. This textbook is designed to furnish that necessary modicum. The book, which is divided into 18 lessons, provides a selection of grammatical topics, some basics of pharmaceutical lexicology and one lesson also deals with the right writing and reading of medical prescriptions. At the end of the textbook there is added a revision lesson which can enable the students to check their knowledge gained in each of the chapters. The textbook also contains a complete list of pharmaceutical abbreviations in common use and a comprehensive Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary and the picture attachment with the basic description of human body and plants. The authors hope that this textbook will contribute to students' obtaining and strengthening their knowledge which will be employable in their future professional lives. Authors Content Unit 1.........................................................................................................................................6 Introduction unit.....................................................................................................................6 Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation......................................................................................6 Unit 2.......................................................................................................................................12 Latin Nouns of the 1st Declension (-A- Stems)....................................................................12 Latin Adjectives of the 1st Declension.................................................................................12 Unit 3.......................................................................................................................................17 Latin Nouns of the 2nd Declension (-0- Stems)...................................................................17 Latin Adjectives of the 2nd Declension................................................................................17 Unit 4.......................................................................................................................................24 Latin Nouns of the 3rd Declension (Consonant Ending Roots and -I- Stems)....................24 Unit 5.......................................................................................................................................31 Greek Nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Declensions..............................................................31 Unit 6.......................................................................................................................................37 Adjectives of the 3rd Declension..........................................................................................37 Unit 7.......................................................................................................................................42 Prepositions in Latin.............................................................................................................42 Unit 8.......................................................................................................................................45 Latin Nouns of the 4th and 5th Declensions (-U- and -E- Stems).........................................45 Unit 9.......................................................................................................................................50 Comparison of Adjectives in Latin......................................................................................50 Unit 10.....................................................................................................................................56 Latin Numerals.....................................................................................................................56 Unit 11.....................................................................................................................................64 Basic Verbal Forms in Latin................................................................................................64 Unit 12.....................................................................................................................................70 Medical Prescription............................................................................................................70 Unit 13.....................................................................................................................................74 Latin and Greek Prefixes......................................................................................................75 Unit 14.....................................................................................................................................81 Latin and Greek Suffixes......................................................................................................81 Unit 15.....................................................................................................................................86 4 Latin and Greek Compound Words.....................................................................................86 Unit 16.....................................................................................................................................92 Revision................................................................................................................................92 Unit 17.....................................................................................................................................97 Survey of Pharmaceutical Prescription Abbreviations.........................................................97 Unit 18...................................................................................................................................103 Chemical Nomenclature.....................................................................................................103 Vocabulary............................................................................................................................'1 Latin - English...................................................................................................................H3 English - Latin...................................................................................................................125 Picture attachment...............................................................................................................137 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................140 5 Unitl Introduction unit Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation The Latin language is a dead language belonging among the Indo - European languages where we can include many other languages as Anatolian, Indo - Iranian, Baltic, Albanian, Celtic, Germanic,Greek, Italic or Slavic and many others. At present the Latin alphabet consists of 24 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Kk, LI, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz. Originally there were missing some letters and these were concretely Jj, Kk, Yy and Zz . At that time for instance instead of the letter Jj there was used Ii but later in the medical or pharmaceutical terminology they started to replace this Ii with Jj what concretely happened at the beginning of the word and in front of a vowel or in the middle of the word between two vowels; as e.g. juniperus, jejenum etc.The other missing letter was also Kk which appeared only by words of Greek origin as e.g. kynophobia. The same has to be said in the relation to the letters Yy and Zz which could be also found only by words being of Greek origin as e.g. otodynia, zoonosis etc. The Latin pronunciation is quite simple but different comparing to the English language. There exist three groups of sounds in Latin - vowels: short vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y) and long vowels (a, e, T, o, u, y ), diphthongs (ae, oe, eu) and consonants (e.g.: b, c, d, r, s, 1, m, n p, x etc.). The vowels are both: short and long, the diphthongs are only long. Vowels: short a pronounced like sun (e.g. lagoena - bottle) e pronounced like member (e.g. cellula - cell) i pronounced like sister (e.g.pericardium - pericardium ) o pronounced like not (e.g.oculus - eye) u pronounced like put (e.g.substantia - substance) y pronounced like body (lympha - lymph) 6 Vowels: long a pronounced like ask (fractus - broken) e pronounced like term (arteria - artery) T pronounced like need (primula - primule) o pronounced like more (gelatinosus - jelly) u pronounced like boom (cura - cure) y pronounced like analysis (hypophysis - hypophesis) - can be found mostly by words of Greek origin. Note: In written texts there often happens that the length of vowels is not marked and this practice was used in this textbook as well. Diphthongs ae pronounced like aethyl (caecus - blind) oe pronounced like care (foeniculum - fennel) eu appering only by words of Greek origin and they are pronounced in the phonetic way "eu" i.e. therapeuticus (eucalyptus) Note: the diphthong "oe" is pronounced like o-e in the phonetic manner and this is concretely at the end of the words of Greek origin: apnoe, dyspnoe. Consonants: b pronounced like in basis (brachium - arm) c pronounced like in tsar when followed by vowels e, i y and by diphthongs ae, oe and eu (cellula - cell, acetum - acid, caecus - blind) or it can be pronunced like -k- when c is followed by a, o,u (causa, capsula - capsule, compositus - composed e.g.) ch pronounced like chlorine (chromicus - chromic), this consonant can appear only by words of Greek origin d pronounced like dentist (dexter - right) f pronounced like form (felleus - gaily) 7 g pronounced like gastric (glandula - gland) and when followed by u + a vowel the pronunciation is gv (unguentum - ointment) h pronounced like in hallux (haemorrhagia - bleeding) j pronounced like in yes; (it can be written as both as i and j) (iuvenis - young or injectio - injection) k mostly substituted by c (as above) but it can be found only by words of Greek origine e. g. keratinum 1 pronounced like in liver (lacrima - lacrime) m pronounced like memory (magister - magister) n pronounced like natural (nervus - nerv) when followed by i the pronunciation is harder (e.g. nanismus, manipulation etc.) p pronounced like in prescription (pasta - paste) but when followed by h as "ph" (mostly by words of Greek origin), then the pronunciation is -f- (physiologia physiology, pharmacia - pharmacy) q pronounced like quality (quartus - the forth ); notice that the group q+u is pronounced like kv r pronounced like remedy (without using ulvular "r"; e.g. rigor - stiffness), when followed by h there is a little aspiration (rhisoma - rhizome) s pronounced like skin (separatio - separation) and also pronounced like z as in zebra but this can only happen when s appears between two vowels or when proceeded by 1, r, n as e.g. nasus, pulsus etc. t pronounced like tonsil (totalis - total) when followed by i then the pronunciation is harder e.g. tibia - tibia; when followed by h there is a little aspiration e.g. thorax and if followed by ia, ie, io, iu then the pronunciation is ts (operatio - operation) v pronounced like violent (vaseline - vaseline) x pronounced like oxygen (xeroderma - dry skin) z pronounced like zinc (zoophilia - sexual deviation oriented to animals) but generally -z- appears really minimaly as mentioned above Length of Syllables and the Accent in Latin In Latin the syllables can be both short and long depending if there is in the word short or long vowel, but the length is mostly marked only under special grammatical or phonetic circumstances. If the lenght has to be marked then there is used a little comma above the letter 8 as e.g. sanatió. But nowadays as mentioned above it is not shown therefore you will not find it marked here as well. The accent is distinguished in Latin texts using the mark Basically in words of two syllables the accent falls on the first syllable as cóxa, púlmó. In words of more syllables the accent falls on the penult which is the syllable next to the last if it is long; otherwise on the antepenult which is the second syllable from the last ; e.g. pa - pa' - ver but pa-pa'-ve- ris (poppy). But relating to the medical or pharmaceutical terminology the accent is again not marked or taken into consideration. Basic Grammatical Categories In Latin there existed really sophisticated system of grammatical categories but in relation to Latin professional terminology only some of them are fundamental for understanding it. The most important ones used in pharmaceutical, medical and veterinary terminology are Word types, concretely they are: 1. noun - substantivum 2. adjective - adiectivum 3. pronoun - pronomen 4. numeral - numerate 5. verb-verbum 6. adverb - adverbium 7. preposition - praepositio 8. conjunction - conjunctio 9. interjection - interiectio 10. particular - particula Latin Nouns There are four basis categories relating to nouns: 1st Gender: M - masculine F - feminine, N - neutral 2nd Number: Latin nouns can express either singular number or plural number 3rd Case: Latin nouns change their suffix form according to their circumstances in the sentence. In Latin there exist six following cases: 1. nominative (abbr. nom.) 9 2. genitive (abbr. gen.) 3. dative (abbr. dat.) 4. accusative (abbr. accus.) 5. vocative (abbr. voc.) 6. ablative (abbr. abl.) Note: The pharmaceutical terminology nearly never used the vocative and therefore it will not be explained or shown in the following chapters. 4 Declension: We distinguish five declensions of nouns. Latin Declensions In Latin we divide the nouns into 5 groups (declensions) and each noun belonging to the particular declension is declined in the same way. These declensions are distinguished according to their stem sound (the sound at the end of the part of the word which is left after the removal of the genitive plural ending). sample gen. pi Group 1: 1st declension-A-stems gutta gutt-a-rum Group 2: 2nd 1 declension -O- stems sirupus sirup-o-rum Group 3: 3rd declension - consonant - stems dolor dolo-r-um + -I- stems auris aur-i-um Group 4: 4th declension -U- stems processus processu-u-m Group 5: 5th declension -E- stems facies faci-e-rum Latin Adjectives Basically the adjectives are words expressing the quality of nouns and they are classified as attributes. An attribute may be close - expressed by an adjective or loose - expressed by a noun in genitive. Latin adjectives are declined in the same way as nouns belonging to them as the adjective follows the corresponding noun in gender, number and case. The adjectives can be divided only into three first declensions. 10 Latin Verbs Verbs in Latin are divided into four conjunctions according to the ending of the infinitive stem which is the vowel at the end of the verb remaining after the removal of the infinitive ending -re. The four conjunctions are: 1st conjugation: long -a- stems: san-a-re 2nd conjugation: long -e- stems: vid-ere 3rd conjugation: short -e-stems: scrib-e-re (irregular 3rd conjugation: short -e-stems: recip-e-re) 4th conjugation: long -T- stems: aud -T-re The other grammatical categories will not be relevant in pharmaceutical terminology and therefore they will not be commented or explained any more. 11 Unit 2 Latin Nouns of the 1st Declension (-A- Stems) Latin Adjectives of the 1st Declension Nouns ending in the vowel -a in the nominative of singular and in -ae in the genitive of singular (e.g. gutta, ae - drop) are declined according to this paradigm. Most of them are of a feminine gender, only a few of them can be of a masculine gender (e.g. dentista, ae, M; anatagonista, ae, M). Paradigm: gutta Singular (sg.) 1. gutt-a 2. gutt-ae 3. gutt-ae 4. gutt-am 6. gutt-a Case endings of the 1st declension: sg- 1. -a 2 -ae 3. -ae 4. -am 6. -a Adjectives of the 1st Declension: There are some adjectives which belong to the 1st declension e.g. amara (bitter), dextra (right), pura (clean) which correspond with their noun (which they belong to) and therefore they are of a female gender. We decline them in the same way as the nouns of this declension. Plural (pi.): gutt-ae gutt-arum gutt-is gutt-as gutt-is pi. -ae -arum -is -as -is 12 Example of this paradigm: gutta pura pi. 1. gutta pura gutt-ae pur-ae 2. gutt-ae pur-ae 3. gutt-ae pur-ae 4. gutt-am pur-am 6. gutt-a pur-a gutt-arum pur-arum gutt-is pur-is gutt-as pur-as gutt-is pur-is Note: a noun + an adjective they have the same case, gender and number but sometimes the declension may vary depending on the type of the noun. It is the noun that indicates these three categories - the gender, number and case; the adjective conforms to the noun and follows the noun. Lagoena. Tinctura. Scatula. Costa. Vertebrae. Clavicula. Mandibula et maxilla. Venae et arteriae. Arteria coronaria. Vesica fellea. Vesica urinaria. Tibia sinistra. Fibula dextra. Spina scapulae. Vena cava. Valvulae venarum. Glandula thyreoidea. Fascia lata. Fractura complicata. Ruptura tunicae mucosae. Aqua purificata. Tinctura amara. Olla pastae. Lagoena aquae carminativae. Scatula pulmonariae herbae. Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula. Tabuletta obducta. Lagoena mixturae. Ad Chartas certas. Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula. Valerianae guttae. 2 Add the attributes to these given expressions and change the suffixes if necessary: tunica mucosa (lingua, vesica urinaria) aqua (purus, a, urn) fractura (vertebra, costae, fibula sinistra) scatula (tabulettae, herba, capsulae gelatinosae) spina (scapula) therapia (chirurgicus, a, urn) Exercises: 1 Read and translate: 13 3 Form plural: fibula dextra, ruptura tunicae mucosae, spina scapulae, fractura complicata, lagoena aquae carminativae, olla pastae, vesica urinaria, fascia lata, vertebra fracta, ruptura aortae, melissae herba, planta primulae, mixtura menthae et matricariae 4 Translate into Latin: a jelly capsule, a bottle of distilled water, tincture of chamomile, composed tablets, gallipot, white wax, complicated fracture of collar bone, mucous membrane, thoracic vertebrae Survey of the main pharmaceutical abbreviations used in prescriptions: Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English in amp. ampulla ampoule aq. aqua water aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water aq. ophth. aqua ophthalmica ophthalmic water c.f.(form) cum formula with a copy of a prescription caps., cps. Capsula, capsulae capsule gtt., gutt. gutta, guttae drop herb. herba herb lag. lagoena bottle mixt. mixtura mixture oll. olla gallipot past., pst. pasta paste scat. scatula box sig. signatura, signum signature tab(l)., tbl. tabuletta, tabulettae tablet tct, tinct. tinctura tincture 14 Vocabulary: ad aqua, ae, F amarus, a, um arteria, ae, F Capsula, ae, F carminativus, a, um cavus, a, um clavicula, ae, F complicatus, a, um coronarius, a, um costa, ae, F dexter, a, um felleus, a, um fibula, ae, F fractura, ae, F gelatinosus, a, um glandula, ae, F gutta, ae, F herba, ae, F charta, ae, F lagoena, ae, F mandibula, ae, F maxilla, ae, F mixtura, ae, F mucosus, a, um obductus, a, um olla, ae, F pasta, ae, F pulmonarius, a, um purificatus, a, um ruptúra, ae, F scapula, ae, F scatula, ae, F sinister, a, um to, into water bitter artery capsule against flatulence hollow collar bone complicated, difficult coronary rib right of gall fibula fracture jelly gland drop plant chart bottle lower jaw upperjaw mixture mucosal coated galipot paste pulmonary purified rupture shoulder blade box left 15 spina, ae, F tabuletta,ae, F thyroideus, a, um tibia, ae, F tinctura, ae, F tunica, ae, F urinarius, a, um valvula, ae, F vena, ae, F vertebra, ae, F vesica, ae, F back spine tablet, pill thyroid tibia tincture tunic, layer, coat urinary valve vein vertebra bladder Living Latin phrases: História magistra vitae. In memoriam. Secundum náturám. Pro forma Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: magistra, ae, F= teacher, female master; vita, ae, F = life; memoria, ae, F = memory; secundum (prep.with accus.) = according to; pro (prep, with abl.) = for, because of 16 Unit 3 Latin Nouns of the 2n Declension (-O- Stems) Latin Adjectives of the 2nd Declension Nouns of the 2nd Declension: Nouns ending in the nominative of singular with the suffix -us or -er and with - i in the genitive of singular (e.g. sirupus, i, M; nervus, i, M) are declined according to this paradigm. The vowel -e- may be omitted in this declension: e.g. cancer, cancr-i against puer, pue-ri, M (boy). The representant of this masculine paradigm is: sirupus, i, M. Most nouns of the 2nd declension are of a masculine gender, only a few of them are of a feminine gender (e.g. methodus, i, F etc.). The neutrum paradigm is very close to masculine suffixes; i.e. in the nominative of singular it finishes in the ending -um and in - i in the genitive of singular (e.g. atrium, i, N; organum, i, N etc.). The main neutrum representant is unguentum, i, N (ointment). Paradigm of masculine nouns: sirupus Singular (sg.) Plural (pi.) 1. sirup -us sirup-i 2. sirup-i sirup-orum 3. sirup -o sirup-is 4. sirup -um sirp-os 6. sirup -o sirup-is Case endings of the 2nd masculine declension sg- pi 1. -us, -er -i 2 -i -orum 3. -o -is 4. -um -OS 6. -o -is 17 Paradigm of neuter nouns: unguentum sg. pi. 1. unguent -um unguent-a 2. unquent-i unguent-orum 3. unguent-o unguent-is 4. unguent-um unguent-a 6. unguent-o unguent-is Case endings of the 2nd neuter declension sg. pi. 1. -um -a 2. - i -orum 3-o -is 4. - um -a 6-o -is Adjectives of 2st Declension: There are some adjectives which belong to the 2st declension and they have two forms, one form for masculines e.g. amarus, longus and one for neuters, e.g. amarum longum. Remember that feminine form is amara, longa etc. and consequently they are declined according to the 1st declension (gutta). Example of the 2nd masculine paradigm together with an adjective: Singular (sg.) Plural (pi.) 1. musculus longus muscul-i long-i 2. muscul-i long-i muscul-orum long-orum 3. muscul-o long-o muscul-is ling-is 4. muscul-um long-um muscul-os long-os 6. muscul-o long-o muscul-is long-is Example of the 2nd neuter paradigm together with and adjective: sg. pi. 1. extractum siccum extract-a sicc-a 2. extract-i sicc-i extract-orum sicc-orum 18 3. extract-o sicc-o extract-is sicc-is 4. extract-um succ-um extract-a sicc-a 6. extract-o sicc-o extract-is sicc-is Note: noun+adjective of the same declension are again in the same case, gender and number. Musculus rectus. Musculi obliqui. Suppositorium glyceroli. Septum nasi. Ventricuius cerebri. Cancer ventriculi. Humerus dexter. Atrium sinistrum. Palatum durum. Ligamenta carpi. Tunica mucosa intestini crassi. Morbi contagiosi. Rubeola. Varicella. Ruptura tunicae mucosae recti. Betulae folium. Aurantii sirupus. Olla vaselini flavi. Hyperici extractum. Lana gossypii depurata. Ligamentum latum. Cavum uteri. Fractura radii. Periculum in mora. Sub signo veneni. 2 Change the words in brackets: ligamentum latum (uterus), factura (digitus secundus), locus (musculus profundus), post (fracura costae), cum (digitus fractus), ad (cavum + cranium), in (vitrum album), cum (glandula thyreoida), rami (nervus ophtalmus), fractura (cerebrum parvum), membrana interossea (antebrachium) 3 Give the opposites: ramus dexter, cavum parvum Organum sanum, , ligamentum latum, remedium compositum, musculus profundus, nasus extremus, extractum siccum Exerises: 1 Read and translate: 19 4 Translate into Latin: danger of rupture of a finger, extract of sirup for adult persons, after the fracture of wide ligament of uterus, pill under the tongue, destilled water in a bottle, branches of nerves, contagious disease of German measles, under the sign of posion, ligament of uterus List of the main prescription abbrevitiations in pharmacy: Latin abbreviation: ac, acid acet. anhydr. aquos. arom. comp. cone. dil(ut) empl. extr. fol. glob. guttator. hydr. isoton. liq. no. obd. ol. ol. ophth.(al). pro adult, pro bain. Complete Latin form acidum acidus acetum aceticus anhydricus aquosus aromaticus compositus concentratus dilutus emplastrum extractum folium, folia globula guttatorium hydrosus isotonicus liquidus numero obductus oleum oleosus ophthalmicus pro adultis pro balneo 20 English meaning: acid acid, sour vinegar vinegary anhydrous hydrous aromatic composed concentrated dilute plaster extract leaf globule dropper, drop-glass hydrous isotonic liquid in number covered oil oily ophthalmic for adults for bath for a physician without an antimicrobial ingredient under the sign of poison dry syrup suppository ointment poison medicine bottle Vocabulary: ad (preposition with acc.) preposition to, towards atrium, i, N atrium aurantium, i, N orange betula, ae, F birch cancer, i, M cancer carpus, i, M. carpus, wrist cerebrum, i, N. brain contagiosus, a, um contagious cranium, i, N skull crassus, a, um thick cum (preposition with abl.) with depuratus, a, um purified digitus, i, M finger durus, a, um hard extractum, i, N extract fascia, ae, F fascia, serious tissue covering flavus, a, um yellow folium, i, N leaf glycerolum, i, N glycerine gossypium, i, N cotton wool humerus,i, N humerus pro med. pro medico s.a. sine antimicrobico s.s.v. sub signo veneni sic.(c) siccus sir. sirupus supp. suppositorium, suppositoria ung. unguentum ven. venenum vitr. vitrum 21 hypericum, i, N Aaron's beard (herb) chamomilla, ae, F chamomile in (preposition with acc.+abl.) in, into, within, inside intestinum, i, N intestine lana. ae, F wool latns. a. um wide ligamentum. i. N ligamentum locus, i, M place, location matricaria, ae, F camomile melissa, ae, F melissa (herb) mora, ae, F hesitation morbus, i, M disease, illness museums, i, M muscle nasuš. i. M nose obliquus, a, um oblique palatum, i, N palate periculum, i, N danger primula, ae, F primrose radius, i, M radius, ray rectum, i, N rectum rectus, a, um direct rubeola, ae. F rubeolla. German measles sanus, a, um heathy septum, i, N septum signum, i, N sign sirupus, i, M syrup sub (prep, with acc. +abl.) under suppositorium, i, N suppository uterus, i. M litems, womb valeriána, ae. F valerian (herb) varicella, ae, F measles vaselinum, i, N vaseline venenum, i, N poision ventriculus, i, M ventricle, stomach vitrum, i, N glass 22 Living Latin phrases: Curriculum vitae. De facto. Magister pharmaciae. Periculum in mora. Post scriptum (P.S). Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: magister, i, M = teacher, master; de (prep.with ablat.) = about; factum, i, N = fact,, mora, ae, F= hesitation,; scriptum, i, N = writing 23 Unit 4 Latin Nouns of the 3rd Declension (Consonant Ending Roots and -I- Stems) Nouns of the 3r Declension We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in the nominative of singular with different endings: e.g. masculine: -o, -os, -or, -en, -es,-er, -is etc.; feminine: -s,-x, -tas,- is, -do etc.; neuter -us, -men, etc. but in the genitive of singular they have always the same ending - is. Not all nouns belonging to this type have the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive of singular; e.g. nom. sg. dol-or (2) and gen. sg. dol-or-is (3 ) or nom. sg. car-ti-la-go (4), gen. sg. car-ti-la-gi-nis (5). Such nouns are called the different-number-syllable nouns. The main representative of this paradigm is dolor, ris, M (pain). The nouns with the same number of syllables e.g. nom. sg. au-ris (2), gen. sg. au-ris (2) are called the same-number-syllable nouns. The main representative of this paradigm is auris, is, F (ear). It is necessary to remember the form of nominative and genitive of singular and as well as the noun gender otherwise your case forms cannot be correctly declined. Notice that the genitive forms and their genders are always given in the vocabulary. The neutrum representative is corpus, oris, N (body). Paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with different number of syllables - dolor (pain): Singular (sg.) Plural (pi.) 1. dolor dolor-es 2. dolor-is dolor-um 3. dolor-i dolor-ibus 4. dolor-em dolor-es 6. dolor-e dolor-ibus 24 Paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with the same number of syllables- auris (ear): sg. pi. 1. aur-is aur-es 2. aur-is aur-ium 3. aur-i aur-ibus 4. aur-em aur-es 6. aur-e aurib-ibus Case endings of 3rd masculine and femine declension: sg. pi. 1. - different endings -es 2. -is -um, -ium 3. -i -ibus 4. -em -es 6. -e -ibus Paradigm of neuter nouns with different number of syllables - corpus (body): sg. pi. 1. corp-us corpor-a 2. corpor-is corpor-um 3. corpor-i corpor-ibus 4. corp-us corpor-a 6. corpor-e corpor-ibus Paradigm of neuter nouns with neuter endings: -e,-al, -ar e.g. cochlear (spoon): 1. cochle-ar 2. cochl ear-is 3. cochl ear-i 4. cochle-ar 6. cochl ear-i pi. cochlear-ia cochlear-ium cochlear-ibus cochlear-ia cochlear-ibus 25 Case endings of 3rd neuter declension: sg. pi. 1. - different endings -a, -ia 2. -is -um, -ium 3. -i -ibus 4. = nominative =nominative 6. -e, -i -ibus Notes: M noun of 3rd declension + adjective of 2nd declension e.g.: dolor magnus sg. pi. 1. dolor magnus dolor-es magn-i 2. dolor-is magn-i dolor-um magn-orum 3. dolor-i magn-o dolor-ibus magn-is 4. dolor-em magn-um dolor-es magn-os 6. dolor-e magn-o dolor-ibus magn-is Exerises: 1 Read and translate: Caput femoris. Auris media. Os sacrum Pes sinister. Ren deformatus. Commotio cerebri. Luxatio congenita coxae dextrae. Musculus adductor pollicis. Cavitas thoracis. Apex pulmonis. Cortex cerebri. Partes corporis. Laesio thoracis. Deformatio pulmonis sinistri. Per os. Per rectum. Pulvis adspersorius. Solutio ad desinfectionem. Iniectiones intravenosae. Remedia pro infantibus. Sal amarum. Remedium contra tussim Papaveris flos. Valerianae radix. Lagoena alcoholis. Cochlear foeniculi mellis. Herba cum radice. Saccharum lactis. Mixtura pro iniectione. Flos niger. 26 2 Change the terms using the following words in bractes: vulnus (lacer, a, um), aqua pro (injectio), piper (niger, a, urn), extractum fluidum contra (dolor), post (operatio+tumor), dolor acutus (caput +femur), vulnus (abdomen), auris ante (operatio), cavitas (septum nasi), luxatio (digitus secundus), cum (vulnus sectum), 3 Give the opposites: tumor benignus, tussis sine febri, color niger, extractum siccum, abductor, femur sinistrum, articulatio post operationem, contra ulcus ventriculi, sanatio per primam intentionem 4 Translate into Latin: transfusion of blood, intravenous injections, bottle of solution, congenital damage of hip, medicament for the treatment, adspersory powder for childern, internal ear, antibiotics against cough, symptoms of the inflammation List of the main prescription abbreviations in pharmacy: Latin abbreviation: meaning: aq. pro inj. cort. crm. emuls. exp. * fl. inj. l.a. liq. lot. P- pro inf. Complete Latin form aqua pro iniectione cortex cremor emulsio expeditio, expeditiones flos, flores iniectio lege artis liquor lotio pars, partes pro infantibus 27 English water for injection peel, bark cream emulsion expedition flower injection in accordance with law liquid lotion part(s) for children pro inj. pro iniectione for injection pro ord. pro ordinatione for ordination p(u)lv. ads. pulvis adspersorius adspersory powder rad. radix root s.n. suo nomine under the name sem. semen sperm sol. solutio solution sol. cone. solutio concentrata concentrated solution sol.ol. solutio oleosa oily solution susp. suspensio suspension * In case of using this abbreviation on the external drug packaging it means the date of expiracy (expiration date) exspiratio expiration Vocabulary: abductor, oris, M adductor,oris, M adspersorius, a, um alcohol, lis, M apex, icis, M auris, is, F caput, itis, N cavitas, atis, F cochlear, ris, N commotio, onis, F congenitus, a, um corpus, oris, N cortex, ticis, M coxa, ae, F deformatus, a, um desinfectio, onis, F muscle the role of which is abducting from the body muscle drawing the part towards to the body adspersory alcohol apex, top point ear head cavity, hollow spoon commotion, concussion, shock congenial, native body cortex, outer part of the organ, bark hip deformed disinfection 28 femur, oris, N flos, oris, M piper, eris, N foeniculum, i, N infans, ntis, M or N inienctio, onis, F intravenosus, a, um lac, tis. N laesio, onis, F luteus, a, um luxatio , onis, F medius, a, um mel, mellis, N niger, a, um os, oris, N os, ossis, N papaver, ris, N pars, tis, F pes, pedis, M pollex, icis, M pulmo, onis, M pulvis, eris, M radix, icis, M remedium, i, N ren, nis, M sacer, a, um saccharum, i, N sal, is, M or N solutio, onis, F sulf(ph)us, uris, N suspensio, onis, F thorax, acis, M tussis, is, F femur, tight bone flower pepper fennel child injection intravenous milk lesion, damage yellow luxation, dislocation mediary, middle honey black mouth bone poppy part foot, leg thumb lung powder root medicament, pill kidney holy, sacral sugar salt solution sulphur suspension chest, thorax coughing 29 Living Latin phrases: De iure. Medicinae universae doctor. Mens sana in copore sano. Periculum mortis. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: ius, ris, N = justice, law; mens, tis, F = mind, thinking; mors, tis F = death 30 Unit 5 Greek Nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Declensions Most of the Greek nouns belonging to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declensions changed their forms and accommodated their original Greek paradigms and suffixes into Latin suffixes: e.g. anatomia, anaemia, bronchus, haemorrhagia, cranium and many others by which we do not find any differences when declining them. But some of them have still preserved their original Greek endings and so they have different suffixes. The most important examples are: systole and diabetes in the 1st declanantion and dosis and gramma in the 3rd declension. The 2nd declension does not have any substantial changes comparing to their Latin forms. 1st Declension: Latin paradigm: Gutta (feminines) Singular (sg.) 1. gutt-a 2. gutt-ae 3. gutt -ae 4. gutt-am 6. gutt-a Latin paradigm: Plural (pi.) 1. gutt-ae 2. gutt-arum 3. gutt-is 4. gutt-as 6. gutt-is 31 Greek paradigm Greek paradigm diabetes (masculines) systole (feminines) sg- diabet-es systole-e diabet-ae systole-es diabet-ae systol-ae diabet-am, (or Greek suffix -en) systole-en diabet-a (or Greek suffix -e) systole-e Greek paradigm: pi. - does not exist Plural of Greek paradigm: In plural the 1st Greek declension does not exist and if we need to form their plural endings we use the standard Latin plural suffixes of the 1st declension. 2s Declension: Similarly as you could see in the first declension there are again some of the nouns of Greek origin in the 2nd declension which have kept their original Greek endings. But their different Greek suffixes are not as numerous as compering to these ones in the 1st declension. M Latin paradigm: sirupus Singular (sg.) 1. sirupus 2. sirup-i 3. sirup-o 4. sirup-um 6. sirup-o M Greek paradigm N Latin parad. nephros (kidney) unguentum nephr-os nephr-i nephr-o nephr-um nephro unguen-tum unguent-i ungent-o ungent-um ungent-o N Greek paradigm colon (intestinum) sg- col-on col-i col-o col-on col-o L atin Plural (pi.) Greek pi. Latin pi. Greek pi. 1. sirupi nephr-i unguent-a col-a 2. sirup-orum nephr-orum unguent-orum col-orum 3. sirup-is nephr-is ungent-is col-is 4. sirup-os nephr-os ungent-a col-a 6. sirup-is nephr-is ungent-is col-is As you can see above in plural there are no changes comparing the Latin and Greek declensions. 3r Declension As there was shown in the first and second declensions there are again some of the nouns of Greek origin in the 3rd declension which have kept their original Greek endings. 32 Greek paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with different number of syllabels: The main representative: parotis, tidis, F M+F Latin Paradigm dolor sg. pi. (no suffix changes between L and G) 1. dolor 2. dolor-is 3. dolor-i 4. dolor-em 6. dolor-e dolor-es dolor-um dolor-ibus dolor-es dolor-ibus M+F Greek Paradigm parotis (parotis gland) sg. pi. parot-is parotid-is parotid-i parotid-em parotid-e parotid-es parotid-um parotid-ibus parotid-es parotid-ibus Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -itis, -itidis , F which means the inflammatory disease; e.g. gaster + itis= gastritis, itidis, F. Greek paradigm of nouns with the same number of syllables: The main representative: dosis, is, F (dose is English) F Latin Paradigm F Greek paradigm auris dosis sg- pi. sg- pi. 1. aur-is aur-es dosis dos-es 2. aur-is aur-ium dos-is(-eos) dos-ium 3. aur-i aur-ibus dosi dos-ibus 4. aur-em aur-es dos-im(-in) dos-es 6. aur-e aurib-ibus dos-i dos-ibus Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -osis, -is, F which means the non-inflammatory disease; e.g. arthron+osis= arthrosis, is, F Greek paradigm of neuter nouns with different number of syllables: The main representative: gramma, tis, N 33 N Latin Paradigm N Greek Paradigm corpus gramma sg- pi. sg- pi. 1. corp-us corpor-a gramma grammat-a 2. corpor-is corpor-um gramat-is gramat-um 3. corpor-i corpor-ibus gramat-i grammat-ibus(-is) 4. corp-us corpor-a gramm-a grammat-a 6. corpor-e corpor-ibus grammat-e gramma-tibus(-is) Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -oma, -omatis, N which means the growth of the substance (organ) which it belongs to; e.g. lipos+oma = lipoma, omatis, N (e.g. carcinoma, osteoma etc.) Exercises: 1 Translate the following expressions and identify the Greek suffixes: 1. Enteron. Nephros. Ophthalmos. Encephalon. Raphe palate. Apnoe. Dyspnoe. Systema vasorum. Musculus masseter. Glandula parotis. Parotitis infectiosa. Lobus hepatis. Hepatitis infectiosa. Tunica mucosa ureteris. Sympomata gastritidis. Coma ex traumate capitis. Solutio pro narcosi. Remedium contra bronchitidem acutam. Signa anaemiae. Haemorrhagia e causa ignota. Remedium contra diarrhoeam. Aqua ophthalmica. Remedia stomachica. 2 Change the words in brackets: apnoe (congenitus, a, urn), remedium contra (haemorrhagia), vitrum (aqua ophthalmica), symptomata (diabetes, coma,encephalitis), emesis post (operatio), trauma (encephalon), carcinoma (colon), emesis post (narcosis) 34 Vocabulary: aden, adenos, i, N (M) gland appendicitis, itidis, F appendicitis appendix, icis, F appendix apnoe, es, F breathing arrest carcinoma, atis, N carcinoma colon, i, N large intestine coma, atis, N coma derma, atis, N skin diabetes, ae, M diabetes diastole, es, F diastole diarrhoea, ae, F diarrh(o)ea dyspnoe, es, F dysfunction of breathin| dosis, is, F dose emesis, is, F vomiting enteron, i, N intestine encephalon, i, N brain gramma, atis, N gram gargarisima, matis, N gargling water haemorrhagia, ae. F bleeding hepar, atis, N liver larynx, gis, F larynx lipos, i, M oil narcosis, is. F narcose nephros, i, M kidney osteoma, atis, N osteoma raphe, es, F suture prognosis, is, F prediction trauma, atis, N wound, injury systole,es, F systole Living Latin phrases: Alma mater. Mel in ore, fel in corde. 35 Timor mortis. Patientia vincit omnia. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: almus, a, um = nutrient; fel, fellis, N = gall; timor, ris, M = fear, anxiety; patientia, ea, F = patience; vincio, ire = overcome; omnis, e = all, everything 36 Unito Adjectives of the 3r Declension Adjectives in Latin Generally The adjectives in Latin can be generally divided into two groups; the first group into which there belong the adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension (e.g. fractus, a, um; gelatinosus, a, um; dexter, a, um etc.). They have three possible endings for three genders relating the noun which they belong to - e.g. sirupus compositus or gutta amara or extractum fluidum. But besides them there also exists the other group of adjectives which are the adjectives of the 3rd declension and they have completely different grammatical rules. Adjectives of the 3rd Declension The adjectives belonging to the third declension can be basically divided into three different groups: 3 - endings adjectives with three special suffixes or three endings for each gender a different one e.g. acer M; acris F; acre N (sharp) then there exist 2 - endings adjectives with two special suffixes or two endings; one common ending for masculines and feminines and one special ending for neuters; e.g. brevis (short) the same ending for masculines and feminines, breve - one special ending for neuters. And then there exist 1 - ending adjectives or 1 - suffix or one ending adjectives with one ending for all three genders e.g. simplex. There appears just 1 ending simpl -ex (simple) which is the same for all genders M, F and N. But this one ending -ex can be also different e.g. vetus (old), prominens (prominent), biceps etc. and again just this 1 endings represents one common suffix for M, F and N. 3 endings: 2 endings: 1 ending: sg: MFN MFN MFN 1. acer acris acre brevis breve simplex 2. acr-is brev-is simplic-is 3. acr-i brev-i simplic-i 37 4. acr-em acre brev-em breve simplic-em simplex 6. acr-i brev-i simplic-i pi: MFN MFN MFN 1. acr-es acr-ia brev-esbrev-ia simplic - es simplic-ia 2. acr-ium brev-ium simplic-ium 3. acr-ibus brev-ibus simplic-ibus 4. acr-es acr-ia brev-esbrev-ia simplic-es simplic-ia 6. acr-ibus brev-ibus simplic-ibus 38 Exercises: 1 Read and translate into English: Os deformans. Ramus communicans. Mors post dosim letalem. Ulcus perforans. Sclerosis multiplex. Delirium tremens. Trauma grave. Dolor acer. Remedium cardinale, adiuvans, corrigens, constituens. Mixtura solvens. Sapo medicinalis. Dosis aequalis. Dosis letalis. Pulvis effervescens. Saccharum solubile. Tabulettae fortes. Solutio versicolor et decolour. Capsulae enterosolventes. Peroralia liquida et semisolida. Olivae oleum virginale. 2 A) Join the following nouns with correct forms of adjectives : Example: oleum virginalis, virginale: oleum virginale saccharum solubilis, solubile sirupus arteficialis, arteficiale Capsula mollis, molle planta medicinalis, medicinale dosis letalis, letale remedium cardinalis, cardinale dolor acer, acris, acre expeditio originalis, originale B) change the above couples into plural: Example: oleum virginale: olea virginalia 3 Fill in proper endings: Example: remedium adiuvan...: remedium adiuvans 39 lagoena sirupi simplic....., emplastrum medicinal....., succus recen....., unguentum simpl...., pasta zinci moll....., mors post dosim letal......., tabulettae fort......, mixtura solven..... 4 Translate into English: the dose of simple syrup, simple ointment, fresh juice, original package, medical herb, a bottle with colourless solution, intravenous and intramuscular injection, death after a lethal dose, liquid extract, semi-hard medicine administrated by mouth Vocabulary acer, cris, ere sharp ascendens, entis ascending brevis, e short Capsula, ae, F capsule commitans, antis accompanying communicans, antis communicating, connecting decolor, oris colourless deformans, antis disfiguring, deformated delirium tremens, entis state of complete drunkenness descendens, entis descending enterosolvens, entis soluble in the intestine fortis, e strong gravis, e heavy, hard, difficult hypoglossus, a, um under the tongue letalis, e lethal liquidus, a, um liquid mollis,e soft multiplex, multiplicis multiple perforans, antis penetrating peroralis, e administered through the mouth progrediens, entis proceeding ramus,i, N branch 40 semisolidus, a, um simplex, cis solubilis. e spondylitis, itidis, F tuber,eris, N ulcus, eris, N versicolor, oris virginalis. e half hard simple soluble inflammation of vertebrae tubercle ulcer colourful virginal Living Latin phrases: Homo mortalis, opus immortale. Experentia docet. Bona fide. Ars longa, vita brevis. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: opus, eris, N = work, art; experentia, ae, F = experience, doceo,ere (doctum) = teach; fides, ei, F = goodwill, believe, trust; ars, tis, F = art 41 Unit 7 Prepositions in Latin: In Latin as well as in other languages prepositions are incapable of inflection and they always precede the words (a noun or nouns and adjectives) which they control. Generally where English mostly always puts the prepositions Latin always employs the inflection to show the relation between or among the words. But of course in Latin there are also certain relations expressed by prepositions but comparing to English the amount of them is rather low. Moreover the use of Latin prepositions is only limited to two cases - the accusative and the ablative. Prepositions with accusative are: Preposition English meaning Example ad to, up ad usum veterinarium ante before, in front of ante pilulam gelatinosam contra against contra febrim intra inside intra musculum extra outside extra periculum supra above supra linteum infra under infra genu dextrum post after, afterward post mortem per through per os propter because of propter tumorem trans over trans cutem Prepostions with ablative are: a, ab off, away ab ovo cum with cum febri de about de remediis 42 e,ex from, because of e vitro pro for pro narcosi sine without sine dolore It has to be noticed that there are two prepositions in (in, inside) and sub (under) which can be used with either accusative or ablative depending on its meaning. When you can ask: where to? meaning direction - then use the accusative. When you ask where in? meaning location - then use the ablative. Eg.: Where to? In venam. Where in? In vena. Where to? Sub scapulam. Where in? Sub scapula. Status post collapsum. Remedium contra vomitum. Morbus cum febri. Iniectio contra dolorem. Abortus post trauma grave. Dolores ante operationem. Sepsis in regione abdominali. Dermatitis e contactu cum acidis. Sanatio cum defectu. Pro balneo. Per os. Per rectum. Suppositoria pro infantibus. Remedium ad usum internum. Dosis maxima pro die. Unguentum ad usum externum. 2 Change the endings of nouns according their prepositions: amputatio sine (narcosis) remedium contra (febri s) emulsio pro (usus veterinarius) status post (operatio) pro (balneum externum) ex (oculus sinister) ad (lagoena pura) febris cum (dolor) Exercise: 1 Translate into English: 43 3 Put the prepositions in these following expressions into their opposite forms: febris ante abortum post operationem cordis sine defectu genus sinistri ex oculo sinistra ante trauma capitis supra nasum fractum extra uterum ad lagoenam puram 44 Unit 8 Latin Nouns of the 4 and 5 Declensions (-U- and -E- Stems) Nouns of the 4 Declension: We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in the nominative of singular with -us and in the genitive of singular they have the ending -us. The main representative is processus, us, M (projection or protrusion or bulge). The genitive of singular is -us and it differs from the nominative of singular only by the length which does not have to be marked. The nouns belonging to the 4th declension are mostly masculine (apart from a few exceptions e.g. manus, us, F - hand). There are also some neuters e.g. genu, us. N (knee). Note: there are neither any adjective of the 4th nor any adjectives of the 5th declension. Paradigm of masculine (+a few feminines): Singular (sg.) Plural (pi.): 1. process-us process-us 2. processus-us process-uum 3. process-ui process-ibus 4. process-um process-us 6. process-u process-ibus Case endings of 4th masculine and femine declensions: sg. pi. 1. -us -us 2. -us -uum 3. -ui -ibus 4. -um -us 6. -u -ibus 45 Paradigm of neuter nouns: sg. pi. 1. gen-u gen-ua 2. gen-us gen-uum 3. gen-u gen-ibus 4. gen-u gen-ua 6. gen-u gen-ibus Case endings of 4th neuter declension: sg. pi. 1. -u -ua 2. -us -uum 3. -u -ibus 4. -u -ua 6. -u -ibus Nouns of the 5 Declension: We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in nominative of singular with -es e.g. faci-es (face) and in the genitive of singular they have the ending -ei e.g faci-ei. The paradigm sample is facies, ei. F (face).They are almost entirely feminine (apart from a few exceptions e.g. dies, ei, M - day). Paradigm of masculine (+a few feminines): Singular (sg.) Plural (pi.): 1. faci-es faci-es 2. faci-ei faci-erum 3. faci-ei faci-ebus 4. faci-em faci-es 6. faci-e faci-ebus 46 Case endings of 5 masculine and femine declensions: sg. pi. 1. -es -es 2 -ei -erum 3. -ei -ebus 4. -em -es 6. -e -ebus Exercises: 1 Read and translate: Apparatus respiratorius. Arcus vertebrae. Facies interna. Apparatus digestorius. Ductus lymphatucus. Musculi faciei. Partus complicatus. Genu sinistrum. Organa sensuum. Per aspectionem. Per auscultationem. Collapsus circulatorius. Dermatitis e contactu cum acidis. Extractio dentis molaris propter cariem. Fractura processus transversae sine laesione medullae spinalis. Pro balneo. Per rectum. Species stomachicae. Lagoena spiritus. Quercus cortex. Remedium contra vomitum. Myrtilii fructus recens. Remedium ad usum internum. Dosis maxima pro die. Unguentum contra decubitus profundos. Species aromaticae. Effectus medicamenti. 2 Add a corresponding loose attribute to each expression: Example: lagoena (+spiritus compositus) lagoena spiritus compositi articulatio (+ genu sinistrum) arcus (+vertebrae thoracicae) fractura (+manus dextra) effectus (+species pectorales) sanatio (+ abscessus + palpebra) collapsus (+systema respiratorius) 47 3 Translate into Latin: internal ear, breathing tract, complicated birth, the collapse of circulatory tract, dental caries inside the mouth, fresh fruit of the orange, the contact with acids, vomiting after the operation, deep bedsores after the operation, sanation of deep bedsores, remedy for external use, urological tea, aromatic tea for the treatment of the respiratory organs Vocabulary: acidum, i, N acid ad (prep, with accus.) to, for, towards apparatus, us, M apparatus arcus, us M arch aromaticus, a, um aromatic aspectio, onis, F watching auscultatio, onis, F hearing balneum, i. N bath caries, ei, F dental caries circulatorius, a, um circulating collapsus,us, M collapse contactus, us, M contact contra (prep, with accus.) against cortex, ticis, M peeling, outer part of the body, bark cum (prep. with, abl.) with decubitus, us, M decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer dermatitis, iridis, F inflammation of skin dies, ei, M day ductus, us, M duct effectus, us, M effect facies, ei. F face fructus, us, M fruit internus, a, um internal lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic myrtilium, i. N mirth 48 organum, i. N partus, us, M per (prep, with accus.) pro (prep, with ablat.) processus, us M profundus, a, um quercus, us, F recens, ntis rectum, I, N respiratorious, a,um sensus, us, M sine (prep, with abl.) species, ei. F spiritus, us, M stomachicus, a, um urologicus, a, um usus, us, M vomitus, us. M organ birth through for process, projection, outgrowth deep oak fresh bottom breathing sense without species, mixture spirit stomachic, gastric urological use vomiting Living Latin phrases: Medicina omnium artium nobilissima. Vis maior. Repetitio est mater studiorum. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: omnis, e = all, everything; ars, is, F = art; nobilis, e = noble; vis, is, F = power, puissance; repetitio, onis, F = revision; est = is 49 Unit 9 Comparison of Adjectives in Latin The adjectives are capable to express different degrees of their quality and for this the Latin language uses comparison forms. There are three degree for expressing it. The basic (1st) level, which is the adjective found in the vocabulary, is called the positive (e.g.complicatus, a, um; letalis, e etc.) and such an adjective means the standard level of its adjective quality. The higher (2nd) degree is called the comparative and the highest (3rd) degree is called the superlative. More details relating the comparative and superlative will be explained below. The comparison of adjectives is divided into four groups: 1st Regular 2nd Irregular 3rd Periphrastic 4th Incomplete 1st Regular comparative and superlative of adjectives: the comparative is made using special suffixes: -ior (M+F) and -ius (N) which have to be added to the genitive stem and it does not make any difference if you form these comparatives from the adjective belonging to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declensions. The superlative suffixes are: -issimus (M), -issima(F), -issimum (N) which have to be added to the genitive stem and again it does not make any difference if you form these superlatives from the adjective belonging to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declensions. Positive Comparative Superlative M + F + N M + F, N M + F+N comparative suffix superlative suffix the adjective (basic form) -ior,-ius -issimus,-a,-um e.g.: longus, a, um brevis, e long-ior, long-ius brev-ior, brev-ius long-issimus, a, um brevissimus, a, um 50 acer, is, e acr-ior, acr-ius acerr-imus, a, um The comparative forms are declined as dolor (M+F) and corpus (N). sg. pi. M F N M FN 1. acrior acrius acriores acriora 2 acrioris acriorum 3. acriori acrioribus 4. acriorem acrius acriores acriora 6. acriore acrioribus The superlative forms of all adjectives are declined according to the Is and 2" declensions: e.g. longissimus, acerrimus, difficillimus like sirupus; longissima, acerrima, difficillima like gutta; longissimum, acerrimum, difficillimum like unguentum. e.g.: sg. pi. 1. musculus longissimus musculi longissimi 2. musculi longissimi musculorum longissimorum 3. musculo longissimo musculis longissimis 4. musculum longissimum musculos longissimos 6. musculo longissimo musculis longissimis Note. Some adjectives can have their stem ending finished in -1. -r: e.g. similis, acris etc. In such a case they form the superlative just by „doubling" this stem consonant, e.g. simillimus, acerrimus etc. The most frequently used adjective belonging to this group are: similis,e = similar difficilis,e = difficult facilis, e = easy dissimilis,e = dissimilar 2" Irregular comparison of adjectives: 51 In Latin there also exist some irregular adjectives having different stems for their comparative and superlative. The most frequently used are stated below: Positive Comparative magnus,a,um(large, big) maior, maius (larger, bigger) Superlative maximus,a,um (the largest) minimus,a,u (the smallest) optimus,a,um (the best) pessimus,a,um (the worst) plurimi,ae, a (the most numerous) parvus,a,um (small) minor, minus (smaller) bonus,a,um (good) melior, melius (better) malus,a,um (bad) peior, peius (worse) multus,a,um (many,much) plures, plura (more) NOTE: As you can see the superlative and comparative of multus occur usually in plural form. The genitive form of plures, plura is plurium! 3rd Periphrastic comparison of adjectives: This comparison is used in these adjectives where the root ends in a vowel (e.g. necessari-us = necessary, dubi-us = disputable) and they form their comparative and superlative by the means of the adverb magis = more, maxime = the most. That is as follows: Positive Comparative Superlative necessarius,a,um magis necessarius,a,um maxime necessarius,a,um dubius, a, um magis dubius, a, um maxime dubius, a, um 4th Incomplete comparison of adjectives: This way of forming comparative and superlative can seem as very strange but it existed in Latin and it has been used up to now. Some prepositions can form something like "regular comparative and superlative" and they serve to denote positions on human and animal body (e.g. membrum superius, membrum inferius). Most of the commonly used are stated below: Positive (preposition) Comparative Superlative ante anterior, ius does not exist post posterior, ius postremus, a, um 52 supra superior, ius supremus, a, um summus, a, urn infra inferior, us infimus, a, urn ímus, a, urn intra interior, ius exterior, ius intimus, a, urn extra extremus, a, urn Exercises: 1 Translate into English: Vena cordis minima. Tunica intima. Pars corporis mollis, mollior, mollissima. Circulatio sanguinis maior. Musculus longissimus capitis. Transfusio sanguinis maxime necessaria. Operatio facillima. Pulsus frequentior. Prognosis optima. Infarctus recentissimus. Causa morbi maxime dubia. Symptomata simillima. Dosis maxima. Unguentum simplicissimum. Pulvis subtillimus. Solutio fortior. Venenum acerrimum. Medicamentum optimum. Remedium fortissimum. 2 Give comparatives and superlatives of the adjectives in the following couples: Example: prognosis mala: prognosispeior, prognosispessima prognosis mala dosis parva pulvis subtilis aqua pura symptomata similia prognosis dubia solutio fortis curatio facilis 53 3 Use the expressions from the exercise 2 with the preposition "cum": Example: cum prognosipeiore, pessima 4 Fill in missing endings in superlative: Example: ante operationem difficillimam ante operationem difficill................, dosis maxim vaselinum subtil......................., sirupus puri......... tinctura acer........................... 5 Tranlate into Latin: the most dubious cause of death, the box of the most subtle powder for children, bottle of pure water, injection into the lower extremity, the strongest solution, the most necessary transfusion of blood, the best and the worst prognosis. post infarctum recent. , amputatio digiti mini... Vocabulary: causa, ae, F flexura, ae, F frequens, entis meatus, us, M parvus, a, um recens, entis symptom, atis, N teres, teretis cause, reason bend frequent meatus, passage small recent, fresh symptom round Living Latin phrases: Optimus medicus etiam philosophus. 54 Optima res est bona valetudo. Melius est copore aegrotare quam animo aegrotare. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: etiam = also; res, ei, F = thing, matter; est = is; valetudo, inis, F = health; aegroto, are (aegrotus) = be ill, sicken; quam = than; animus, i, M = spirit 55 Unit 10 Latin Numerals The numerals in Latin, mainly in pharmaceutical Latin, are quite essential. They are divided into four groups. The first group which indicates the basic number is called cardinals, the second one denotating the order is named ordinals, the multiplicity can be expressed by numerals called multiples and they can also express how many times something is or should be done, taken and in such a case they are also called numeral adverbs. The last group is called distributive numerals and they express the number by which something is distributed etc., e.g. how many pills are there distributed in the package etc. 1st Cardinal numbers As shown below only three of the basic low cardinal numerals can be declined: unus, a, um = one, duo, duae, duo = two, tres, tres, tria = three. They are declined as follows: M F N 1. unus una unum 2. un-ius 3. un-i 4. un-um un-am un-um 6. un-o un-a un-o M F N 1. duo duae duo 2. du-orum du-arum du-orum 3. du-obus du-abus du-obus 4. du-os du-as du-o 6. du-obus du-abus du-obus 56 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. M tres tres F tres tri-um tri-bus tres tri-bus N tria tria NOTE: The above stated numerals behave like adjectives (close attributes), i.e. they conform to the noun they belong to in number, gender and case: unus digitus, una gutta, duae pilullae etc. The higher numerals up to two hundred are indeclinable. 57 Table No. 1 - Cardinal numerals Arabic 1-10 Arabic 11-20 Arabic 21-100 Arabic 200-300 1 i unus, una, unum 11 XI undecim 21 XXI viginti unus 200 cc ducenti, ae, a 2 II duo, duae,duo 12 XII duodecim 30 XXX triginta 300 CCC trecenti, ae, a 3 III tres, tres, tria 13 XIII tredecim 40 XL quadraginta 400 CD quadringenti, ae, a 4 IV quattuor 14 XIV quattuordecim 50 L quinquaginta 500 D quingenti, ae, a 5 V quinque 15 XV quindecim 60 LX sexaginta 600 DC sescenti, ae, a 6 VI sex 16 XVI sedecim 70 LXX septuaginta 700 DCC septingenti, ae, a 7 VII septem 17 XVII septendecim 80 LXXX octoginta 800 DCCC octingenti, ae, a 8 VIII octo 18 XVIII duodeviginti 90 XC nonaginta 900 CM nongenti, ae, a 9 IX novem 19 XIX undeviginti 100 C centum 1000 M mille 10 X decem 20 XX viginti 2000 MM duo milia 58 Note: In tens the last two numerals (18, 19; 28, 29; 38, 39 etc.) in front of a whole number are subtracted from the following whole number e.g.: 18 = 2 subtracted from 20 = duo - de-viginti, 19 = un - de- viginti, 28 =duo - de- triginta, 29 = un- de- triginta. Normally, these numbers are written as one word, hyphen is just used for better understanding: duodetriginta etc. But we never subtract from one hundred: 98 = nonaginta octo, 99 = nonaginta novem. Note: One hundred - centum is indeclinable in singular, but in plural (i.e. from 200 = ducenti, ae, a up to 900 = nongenti, ae, a they are declined like 1st and 2nd declensions: sirupus, gutta, unguentum in plural, e.g. ducentae guttae etc. Mille is indeclinable in singular, in plural it has the same forms as the example cochlear i.e. milia, milium, milibus. 2nd Ordinal numerals which are used for denoting the order in a sequence are declinable and basically they are inflected like sirupus, gutta, unguentum. They behave like adjectives in the function of close attributes so they conform to the noun belonging to them in number, gender and case, e.g. digitus primus etc. The most needed ordinal numers mostly in anatomy are only up to the 12th and they are as follows: 1st primus, a, um 2nd secundus, a, um; (alter, a, um) 3rd tertius, a, um 4th quartus, a, um 5th quintus, a, um 6t sextus, a, um Septimus, a, um 8th octavus, a ,um 9th nonus, a um 10th decimus, a, um 11th undecimus, a um 12th duodecimus, a, um 59 3rd Multiple numerals are used to express the multiplicity for which they add the suffix -pi ex (nom.sg), -plicis (gen.sg). They are declined like one-ending adjectives of the 3rd declension. The most frequently used are: simplex, simplicis simple duplex, duplicis double triplex, triplicis triple quadriplex, quadruplicis quadruple multiplex, multiplicis multiple Numeral adverbs belong among indeclinable numerals and as said above they express the frequency of an action which should be performed, taken etc. The basic ones are: semel once bis twice ter three times quater four times quinquies five times 4th Distributive numerals specify the exact number by which something is distributed. They are declinable and use the plural of nouns belonging to the 1st and 2nd declensions: e.g. singuli, ae, a like sirupi, guttae, unguenta. singuli, ae, a = by one bini, ae, a = by two terni, ae, a = by three quaterni, ae, a = by four Note: In pharmaceutical Latin the fragments are expressed in the following way: 1 g = unum gramma O.lg = unum decigramma O.Olg = unum centigramma 0.001 = unum milligramma 60 Exercises: 1 Read and translate: Ventriculus quartus cerebri. Tres partes ossis coxae. Quattuor extremitates. Tria capita. Viginti dentes decidui. Unus dens molaris. Triginta tres vertebrae columnae vertebralis. Quattuor cava cordis. Duae facies hepatis. Fissura prima et secunda. Os metacarpale tertium. Duodecim nervi capitis. Quinque sensus. Septem vertebrae cervicales. Musculus biceps. Digitus quintus seu minimus. Extractio amygdalae amarae grammata duo. Terni pulveres per diem. Dosis octo tabulettarum. Viginti quinque guttae tincturae stomachicae. Unum cochlear sirupi. Undecim grammata adipis lanae cum aqua. 2 Express the following numerals in words and connect them with given expressions: 10 gramma unguenti 30 tabuletta mollis 29 iniectio intravenosa 21 gutta solutionis 100 glyceroli suppositorium 1000 millilitrum aquae destillatae 100 grammata spiritus 3 Give cardinal and ordinal numerals with the following expressions: Example: os metacarpale unum, os metacarpale primum 1+ os metacarpale 2+ phalanx 3+ unguentum 4+ cavum 5+ digitus 6+ cellula 61 7+ costa 8+ dens 9+ cochlear 10+ tabuletta 11+ injectio 12+ nervus 4 Give the amounts of the following expressions: Example: unum decigramma extract! 1 + decigramma + extractum 30 + dosis + peroralis, e 3 + cochlear + sirupus + dulcis, e 5 + expeditio + originalis, e + tabuletta 100 + centigramma + aqua+ destillatus, a, um 200+ gutta + extractum+ amygdala 1000+ milligramma+ solutio 5 Translate into Latin: one original package, ten equal doses, 6 milligrams of the quinine bark, 25 tablets in a box, 8 drops of an extraction, 70 grams of valerian tea, 1000 grams of concentrated ethanol, twice a night, three times a day Vocabulary: adeps lanae wool fat, adeps, adipis, M fat amygdala, ae, F almond bilateralis, e bilateral cinchona, ae, F quinine cortex, icis, M bark 62 dens deciduus milky tooth dens molaris molar tooth dens, entis, M tooth dulcis, e sweet ethanolum, i, N ethanol expeditio, onis, F packing extractio, onis, F extract extremitas, atis, F extremity, limb fissura, ae, F fissure, groove hepar, tis, N liver insufficientia, ae, F insufficiency os coxae pelvic bone os metacarpale metacarpal bone purificatus, a, um purified species, erum, F /PL!/ tea tinctura stomachica stomach tincture valva, ae, F valve Living Latin phrases: Tres faiunt collegium. Primum est non nocere. Alter ego. Summa summarum. Pathologia physiologiam illustrat. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: facio, ere (factum) = do, perform, create; non = not, negation; noceo, ere = harm, damage; illustro, are (illustratum) = expalain, exemplify, illustrate 63 Unit 11 Basic Verbal Forms in Latin. In Latin the conjugation of verbs uses a much more extended use of inflection as nouns or adjectives but since the pharmaceutical Latin employs the verbs mostly in giving the instructions on a prescription there will be explained only some of their basic grammatical categories. Generally the verbs are used as the word category denoting any activity performed by any person or subjet and they are classified according to their root vowels into four categories (conjugations) as follows: 1st conjugation: san-a-re (to heal, to treat) 2nd conjugation: vid-e-re (to see) 3rd conjugation: scrib-e-re (to write) 3rd irr. conjugation: recip- e-re (to take) 4th conjugation: aud-Tre (to hear) Note: But remember that the length is usually not marked in the textbook. As mentioned above the Latin system of verbal forms is quite extended but very logical. The most important verbal forms being necessary for pharmaceutical terminology are the following ones: Indicative present active: Indicative present passive 1st conjugation pi. pi. 1. sano sanamus sanor sanamur 2. sanas sanatis sanaris sanamini 3. sanat sanant sanatur sanantur 64 2nd conjungation sg. pi. 1. video videmus 2. vides 3. videt videtis vident sg- videor videris videtur pi. videmur videmini videntur 3 conjungation sg. pi. 1. scribo scribimus 2. scribis scribitis 3. scribit scribunt sg- scribor scriberis scribitur pi. scribimur scribimini scribuntur Note: Within the 3rd conjungation we can find also some irregular verbs belonging partly to the 3rd and partly to the 4th conjugation. The most important example is the verb recipio, recipere (to take) which is extremely frequently used in pharmacy and therefore it is mentioned here as well. sg- 1. recipio 2. recipis 3. recipit pi. recipimus recipitis recipiunt sg- recipior reciperis recipitur pi. recipimur recipimini recipiuntur 4th conjungation sg. pi. 1. audio audimus 2. audis 3. audit auditis audiunt sg- audior audiris auditur pi. audimur audimini audiuntur 65 Imperative As in English also in Latin we form the imperative of the 2nd person of singular and plural and this is done simply by abstracting the infinitive ending -re (in singular) and by adding the -te suffix in plural: sg- pi. English meaning 1st Sana! Sanate! Treat! 2nd Vide! Videte! See! 3rd Scribe! Scribite! Write! 3rd irr. Recipe! Recipite! Take! 4th Audi! Audite! Hear! Subjunctive The subjunctive in the present tense both active and passive is quite necessary and the 3rd persons of singular and plural are formed by: changing the root vowel -a-/-a- into -e-/-e (1st conjugation) changing the root vowel -e- into -a-/-a- (3rd conjugation) or adding the vowel -a-/-a-behind the root vowel (2nd and 4th conjugations). Subjunctive in active voice 1st conjugation: san-a-re - san - E - t (he should be healed); san - E - nt (they should be healed) 2nd conjugation: vid-e-re - vide - A - t (he should be seen); vide - A - nt (they should be seen) 3rd conjungation: scrib-e-re - scrib- A - t (he should be written); scrib - A - ntur (they should be written) 3rd conjugation: recip-e-re - recipi - A -1 (he should be taken); recipi - A - nt (they should be taken) 4th conjugation: aud-T-re - audi - A - t (he should be heard); audi - A - nt (they should be heard) Subjunctive in passive voice The passive voice in the subjenctive form is done by adding the suffix -tur for the 3rd person of singular and -ntur for the 3rd person of plural: 66 1st conjugation: san-ä-re - san - E - tur (it is to be healed); san - E - ntur (they are to be healed) 2nd conjugation: vid-e-re - vide - Ä - tur (it is to be seen); vide - A - ntur (they are to be seen) 3rd conjungation: scrib-e-re - scrib- Ä - tur (it is to be written); scrib - A - ntur (they are to be written) 3rd conjugation: recip-e-re - recipi - Ä - tur (it is to be taken); recipi - A - ntur (they are to be taken) 4th conjugation: aud-T-re - audi - Ä - tur (it is to be heard); audi - A - ntur (they are to be heard) If the negation of this verbal form is necessary to be formed then we use the expression ne (ne recipiatur = it is not to be taken, it cannot be taken). But the common negation is non (e.g., in imperative: non recipe) Irregular verb ESSE (to be), indicative of present tense: est - he, she, it is sunt - they are Exercises: 1 Read and translate: Sana. Misce cum pulvere.Vasa organa nutriunt. Para extractum chamomillae. Serva aquam in lagoena. Destillate solutionem. Da ad Chartas ceratas. Praepara desinfectionem pro injectione. Da medicamentum in scatulam. Misce massam pilularum pro adultis. Massa flava in quinque partes aequales dividatur. Para extractum contra dolorem permanentem. Da sirupum pro infantibus. Da injectionem pro anaesthesia. Detur cum formula. Divide pulverem adspersorium in tres scatulas. Praeparetur serum antiasthmaticum. Ad guttas ophtalmologicas adde guttatorium. Mixtura filtretur in vitrum sterilisatum. Punctio genus post diem tertium ne 67 repetatur. Ante operationem instrumenta sterilisentur. Misce, fiant pilulae lege artis! Operatio ne postponatur! Vulnus desinficiatur. Dentur tales doses numero septem. Misceatur unguentum contra decubitus in regione sacrali. Recipe pulverem ter per diem, bis per noctem. Contra tussim dentur species pectorales. Multi sunt morbi contagiosi. Recipe cacao olei quantum satis, ut fiant suppositora numero X. Tinctura in vitro guttatorio sit. 2 Find the corresponding conjugation of the following verbs: da, recipe, dividuntur, sana, cura, audi, vide, divide, misce, signa, da, adde, recipiatur, dividantur, sanetur, curetur, audiantur, misceatur, signetur, dentur, addatur, fiat 3 Tranlate into Latin: give and sign, 50 grams of ointment should be mixed with distilled water, a solution should be made, mix until you make a solution, prepare the pills for children, the medical prescription should be signed, divide the mass into ten equal parts Vocabulary: addo, ere, (additus) add antitetanicus, a, um against tetanus ars, tis, F art audio, ire, (auditus) hear ceratus, a,um cerated, wax-coated euro, are (curatus) treat, heal desinfectio, ere (desinfectus) disinfect destillo, are (destillatus) distill digital, alis, M digitalis, medical plant divido, ere (divisus) divide do, are (datus) give extractum, i, N extract filtro, are (filatratus) filter, filtrate fio, fieri (factus) become frigidus,a,um cold 68 guttatorium, ii, N lege artis misceo, ere (mixtus) mixtura, ae, F paro, are (paratus) quantum satis repeto, ere (repetitus) sano, are (sanatus) serum, i, N servo,are (servatus) signo, are (signatus) solvo, ere (solvens) species pectorales species, erum, F steriliso, are (strerilisatus) sum, esse sumo, ere (sumptum) talis, e vitrum, i, N dropper according to the laws of pharmacy or other disciplines mix mixture prepare the amount which is needed repeat heal serum serve, conserve sing solute decoction to heal a cough mixture of dried plants sterilisate be take such bottle Living Latin phrases: Quid morbi est? Experte credite! Fac totum! Ignorantia non est argumentum. Mortui vivos docent. Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases: quid = what, which; credo, ere (creditus) = believe, trust; facio, ere (factum) = do, manage, ignorantia, ae, F = dumbness, 69 Unit 12 Medical Prescription The medical prescription is a written order issued by the physician to the pharmacist and it exactly states which medicaments should be dispended to the patient. A complete prescription consists of the following parts: 1st Date and name of the patient 2nd Superscription 3rd Inscription 4th Subscription 5th Signature 6th Name of physician Basically there exist two types of prescriptions: the original which relates to the mass produced medicaments and the individually prepared medicaments for the patient depending on individual physician's or patient's requirements. But generally there are not any substantial differences between these two types. The main differences are: 1st ORIGINAL (or MASS MADE) PACKING - the name of the drug is stated exactly as it is on the packing and the quantity of the packing is given in Roman figures (Latin denotation of the numeral is in accusative) 2nd INDIVIDUALLY PREPARED remedy by a pharmacist (i.e., "magistraliter"): the particular components are stated in the following order: 1st remedium cardinale 2nd remedium adiuvans 3 rd remedium corrigens 4th remedium constituens and these singular componens are expressed in genitive, the quantity (in grams) is given in accusative and quantities are given in Arabic decimal figures. 70 Note how to write the grams: 1 = gramma, tis, N 0,1 = decigramma, atis, N 0,01 = centigramma, atis, N 0,001 = milligramma, atis, N In medical prescriptions we use exact pharmaceutical abbreviations. Their complete list is stated at the end of the textbook. Examples: Ex 1: Rp. Paralen Exp. orig. No. II (duas) D.S. 3 x 1 tbl. How to read it: Recipe Paralen, expeditiones originales numero duas, da signa It means in English: Take Valium, two pieces of original package, label (mark) three tablets per day Ex 2: Rp. Celaskon Exp.orig No. II (duas) D.S. 3 x 1 tbl three times a day one tablet How to read it: Recipe Celaskon, expeditiones originales numero duas, da, signa It means in English: Take Celaskon, two pieces of original package, label (mark) three times a day one tablet 71 Ex 3: Rp. Phenobarbitali 0,02 Bromisovali 0,2 M.F.pulv. D.t.d. No. XX (viginti) D.S. three times a day 1 dose How to read it: Recipe Phenobarbitali centigrammata duo Bromisovali decigrammata duo Misce fiat pulvis Dentur tales doses numero viginti Da signa It means in English: Take two centigrams of phenobarbital Divide the mass into two equal parts. Dissolve in 500 milligrams of water. Mix the solution, sign and give into the dark brown bottle. Mix four parts of solution with 1000 miligrams of distilled water. Mix, pills should be done according to the law of science. Give two bottles of the belladonna extract. Take 20 milligrams of the sulphuric powder. two decigrams of bromisoval mix until it becomes powder evenly divide into twenty doses label (mark) three times a day one dose Exercises: 1 Form parts of medical prescriptions: 72 2 Read the following pharmaceutical prescriptions: Rp. Tanakan tbl. Exp.orig. No III (tres) D.S. Three times daily one tablet Rp. Ophthalmo-Framykoin ung. ophth. Exp.orig. No I (unam) D.S. Three times daily put the ointment into the right eye Rp. Potassii bromidi 0,8 Chloralis hydratis 0,5 Tincturae hyoscyami 0,25 Syrupi aurantii 0,75 M.f.sol. D.S. Teaspoonful in water at bedtime Rp. Extracti canabis indicae 0,5 Acidi salicylici 0,2 Olei terebinthinae 0,05 Acidi acetici glacialis 0,2 Cocainae 0,1 Fac pastam D.S. Apply a thin coating over the corn every night as long as necessary 73 Layout of Prescription Form Inscriptio Personalia aegroti Invocatio Praescriptio Compositio Subscriptio Signatura Datum Nomen et sigillum medici Code Semi □f Insurance Company PRESCRIPTION Number Surname and Name Number of Policyholder j_i_L Address Rp. Gr. -i—i—i—i Code Kalii jodidi Ephedrini hydrochloridi Cľ2 Thymi sirupi comp. 20,0 Aauae purif. ad 100,0 M.f. sol. D. ad lag. 1 Code D.S. three times per day one spoon Date: Stamp of Medical Institution remedium cardinale i remedium adiuvans i ~ remedium corrigens i ~ remedium constituens Prepared by 74 Unit 13 Latin and Greek Prefixes Short survey of pharmaceutical and medical terminology The Latin language, even though it is a dead language which is not longer used for common communion, but despite this it is not completely dead as serving besides others as the language of medical, pharmaceutical and veterinary terminology and this helps to the communication among physicians, pharmacists and some other related scientists. It is very constituent, logical and organized and it is still productive and even changing language today. The Latin pharmaceutical terminology having to form exact terminological names makes use not only of the Latin language but also of the Greek language. The professional Latin and Greek expressions are formed by using their word roots and by: a) extending them by (Latin or Greek) prefixes b) extending them by (Latin or Greek) suffixes c) extending them by (Latin and Greek) both prefixes and suffixes d) composition of two or more stems of Latin or Greek origins e) combining all the possibilites mentioned above. Latin and Greek Prefixes Latin and Greek prefixes play an important role in the really exact pharmaceutical terminology and they mostly define the specific professional meaning of the appropriate word. Originally, most prefixes in Latin and Greek terminology were standard prepositions or they were something like "particles" which did not have the meaning of its own. The practical forming of these new professional expressions is performed by adding an appropriate Latin or Greek prefix to the word's root. Contrary to Latin, the Greek prefixes are more productive. As said above the most of prefixes originated from Latin and Greek prepositions. Some of these preposiotions existed on their own as they were e.g. ad, ante, circum etc. which gave the origin to such nouns as adductor, antebrachium, circumflexus etc. But some prefixes did not exist „solely" as e.g. dys - dysfunctio but they started to be used in the same way. 75 Latin prefixes 1. Latin prefixes which originated from Latin prepositions: prefix meaning example a-,ab-, abs- away from, distance ab-usus ad,-af-,ac-,ap-,as- towards, to, joining ad-ductor ante- before, in front of ante-positio circum- around circum-ferentia contra- against contra-indicatio cum:com-,co-,cor-con-,col- with, together co-agulatio de-, des- from, downwards des-infectio dis- away from dis-penso e-, ex-, ef- away from ex-tractum extra- outside extra-cellularis in-, il-, im-, ir- inside, within in-fusum in-, il-, im-, ir- negation in-solubilis infra- below, under infra-scapularis inter- between inter-osseus intra- inside intra-muscularis ob-, oc-, op-, 0-, os- opposite, behind ob-ductus per- through, during per-oralis per- excessive per-acutus post- after, behind post-operativus prae- earlier, before prae-scriptio pro-, prod- before, in front of pro-cessus sub-, sue-, suf-, sup-, sus- below, under sup-positorium super-, supra- above supra-renalis trans-, tra- across, over trans-fusio 76 2. Prefixes which came into origin from special "parts" which did not exist "solely": prefix meaning example dys- in-, il-, im-, ir- operablilis, re-, red- infecio se-, sed- negative, spreading, dividing negative repeatition (again) separation dys-funcio in- in- sufficientia re-cidivus, re- se-paranda, se-lectio Greek prefixes prefix meaning example a-, an-ana-anti-apo- cata-, kata- dia- di- dys- ecto-, ec-, exo-en-, em-endo-epi-, ep-hypo-, hyp-hyper-meta-, met- negation up, again, repeated against away from, of downwards through, dissolution twice disorder outside, displaced in, inside inside over, at under, below above, over over, after 77 a-vitaminosis ana-lysis anti-bioticus apo-theke cata-racta dia-lysis di-gastricus dys-pepsia ecto-derma em-bolia endo-cardium epi-glottis hypo-physis hyper-aciditas meta-stasis para-, par- at, beside para-plegia peri- around pen-osteum pro- syn-, sym- before, earlier with, together pro-phylaxis sym-ptoma Exercise 1 Translate: Dens praemolaris. Fascia antebrachii. Vasa afferentia et efferentia. Dilatatio cordis. Peritonitis chronica. Carcinoma cum metastasibus. Glandula suprarenalis. Arteria interossea. Caput musculi adductoris. Arteria circumflexa. Morbus recidivus. Infractio ossis. Morbus subacutus, acutus, peracutus. Tumor inoperabilis. Exsanguinatio post rupturam arteriae femoralis. Praemedicatio. Adstringentia. Expectorantia. Injectio subcutanea, intramuscularis, intravenosa. Analgeticum contra dolorem. Contraceptiva. Praescriptio medicamenti lege artis. Acidum dilutum. Remedium constituens. Analysis sanguinis. Contraindicatio remedii. Venena et separanda. Applicatio peroralis. 2 Give opposites to the following expressions: postoperativus hypertonia mobilis hypofunctio subaciditas ad usum externum supraorbital! s musculus adductor hypertonia 78 3 Make new expressions using given prefixes and translate them: dis: locatio prae: maturus similis carcinoma torsio vertebralis functio natalis sub: totalis chronicus mucosus cutaneus re: infectio destillatus sutura positio 4 Make words with given meanings using suitable prefixes: amputatio: repeated amputation oralis: given through the mouth cephalon: inside the head tomia: repeated cutting bioticus: against life physis: growing together osteum: around the bone 5 Translate: the premature birth, higher tension, reposition of the bone, diluted acid, repeated infection of contagious disease, subcutaneous injection, medicaments causing shrinkage, low acidity, pills administered through the mouth Vocabulary: abscessus, us, M adstringentia affrenens, entis amputatio, onis, F apoplexia, ae, F bios (Greek) contraceptivum, I, N contraindicatio, onis, F abscess, localized collection of pus hurried in tissues medicine causing shrinkage afferent amputation apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke life medication for the birth control factors that increase the risk involved in using a particular drug 79 dyspepsia, ae, F efferens, entis epicardium, ii, N epinephriticus, a, um expectorantia hypertonia, ae, F ignotus, a, um infusio, onis, F intramuscularis, e kefale (cephalon) (Greek) massa, ae, F metastasis, is, F osteon (osteum) (Greek) otos (otis) (Greek) paranephriticus, a, um perimetrium,ii, N physis (Greek) polyneuritis, idis, F praemedicatio, onis, praemolaris, e praescriptio, onis, F remedium constituens separanda subclavius, a, um subcutaneus, a, um suppositorium, ii, N tome (tomia) venenum, i, N impairment of digestion efferent the layer of serous pericardium on the surface of the heart pertaining to the adrenal gland expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus excessive tone of the skeletal muscles unknown infusion into the muscle head mass metastasis, transfer of disease from one organ to another bone ear paranephric, near the kidney the serous coat of the uterus grow inflammation of many nerves premedication, a drug treatment given to a patient before a medical procedure premolar prescription vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution medicaments that must be separated from others under the clavicle under the skin a medicated mass to be introduced into a body orifice cut, cutting venom, poison 80 Unit 14 Latin and Greek Suffixes Latin and Greek suffixes determine mostly the grammatical rules i.e. the gender, the number or the case; but contrary to it they can have also some specific professional meanings as well. This is for instance the inflammatory ending -itis: gastr-itis or deminutive ending -ulus: lobulus etc. The formation using both suffixes and prefixes at the same time is quite standard practice in Latin. The Latin or Greek suffixes have to be added to the end of the word-stems which are the bearers of its meaning. These suffixes can be added either to nouns or to adjectives and they are fixed directly to the stem of the noun or the adjective. The most frequently used Latin and Greek suffixes are as follows: 1. Latin suffixes added to the nouns: suffix meaning example -ia, -antia, -entia quality, state -bra, -brum -ina, -inum -io, itio, -sio,-xio -itas -ium -men -mentum -or -tor, -xor, -sor audit-or instrument, organ science, concrete names activity or result quality, state concrete names chemical substances mean, result of action mean, result of an activity physical and psychical state agent dement-ia, subst-antia, virul-entia cere-brum (brain) offic-ina, vac-inum circula-tio, iniec-tio obesi-tas, qual-itas remed-ium acid-um, calc-ium medica-ment instru-mentum medica-mentum tum-or, rub-or flex-or, 81 -ura -tus, -sus, -xus activity, result status, action incis-ura, fract-ura par-tus, us- us 2. Latin diminutives (the gender does not change from the original noun): -elleus, -ella, -ellum cereb-ellum (from cerebrum) -cuius, -a, -um corpus-cullum (little body) -illus, -ilia, -ilium pup-illa (pupil) -olus, -ola, -olum arteri-olum -ulus, -ula, ulum cell-ula 3. Latin suffixes of adjectives suffix meaning example -aceus -alis -aris -arius -atus -ax -bilis -eus -icus -idus -ilis -inus matter of which the phenomenon is formed relation, appurtenance relation, appurtenance appurtenance, coherence similar to, equipped tendency, disposition possibility, qualification matter of which phenomenon is formed appurtenance, coherence quality, appetence possibility, qualification relation, appurtenance appurtenance, coherence 82 amyl-acues (of starch) later-alis cappil-aris coron-arius pulver-atus cap-ax (having capacity) solu-bilis, sana-bilis sanguin-eus optic-us frig-idus ut-ilis, mob-ilis solub-ilis, infant-ilis palat-inus -his appurtenance, coherence poster-ius -ivus coherence abort-ivus -ix tendency to, deposition fel-ix -lentus full of puru-lentus, viru-lentus -neus matter of which the phenomenon is formed subcuta-neus -orius having the function of olfact-orius -osus having the function of cari-osus, ven-osus -ox tendency to, disposition prae-ox -tus equipped with, similar to denta-tus 4. Greek suffixes suffix meaning example -m -ismus -oideus/-isodes -it is -oma -osis denotes a disease condition, status similarity to inflammatory process inflammatory disease usually a new growth of a tumor ischem-ia, pneumon-ia albin-ismus xiph-oideus (xyph-oideus) arthri-itis oste-oma, lip-oma state or character of a diseasetubercul-osis 83 Exercises: 1 Read and translate: Lobulus thymi. Ossicula auditis. Caniculus lacrimalis. Bronchitidis bilateralis. Nercrosis post operationem gravem. Morbus respiratorius. Cancer sanabilis. Pars lateralis. Infectio purulenta. Corpusculum parvum. Opium pulveratum. Solutiones aequosae et spirituosae et oleosae. Linimenta ad usum externum. Emulsio oleosa. Vitrum operculatum. Charta cerata. 2 Make adjectives from the following nouns using suffixes -alis, -aris, -ilis: Example: febris - febrilis superficies, latus, nasus, facies, musculus, ulna, tonsilla; tempus, costa, lumbus, pulmo, iuvenis 3 Translate into Latin: aromatic water, returning disease, soluble powder, pills against chronic inflammation of joints, danger of meningitis, venous network of the brain, the anamnesis necessary for a good diagnosis, universal arteriosclerosis, prevention of hypertension, pathologic forming of bone matter, liquid and dry extracts, the deformation of lateral part Vocabulary: amylum, i, N starch brachialis, e brachial caudatus, a, um caudate ceratus, a, um waxy congvergens, ntis convergent divergens, ntis divergent focalis, e focal 84 gaster, tris, F stomach glans, ndis, F gland hypertensio, onis, F hypertension immunis, e immune invalidus, a, um invalid, with a handicap levator, oris, M levator, the muscle pusing up linimentum, i, N ointment meningitis, iridia, F meningitis necrosis, is, F necrosis, decay obesita, atis, F obesity 85 Unit 15 Latin and Greek Compound Words Compound words in pharmaceutical and medical terminology Compound words are within Latin professional terminology very frequent. They are created by putting two or more word-roots together. These roots can be of Latin or Greek origin and they can be created from various word categories - nouns, adjectives, numerals and verbs as e.g. oculoguttae (oculus + gutta), malformatio (malus + formatio), primipara (primus + parere) etc. Sometimes we may also find so called hybrids what means we can combine Latin and Greek components together; this is e.g. dysfunctio = dys a Greek prefix + functio a Latin word. The individual categories are not limited when putting them together. Mostly we also combine these compound words with different Latin and Greek prefixes or suffixes what enables to express more precious meaning of them. Latin compound words term components meaning 1 group Noun+noun cerebrospinalis (cerebrum+spina) sternocostalis (sternum+costa) cerebrospinal sternocostal 2na group Adjective+noun multicelluralis (multus+cellula) malformatio (malus+formatio) multicellular malformation 3 group Noun+verb ossificatio (os+facere) lactifer (lac+ferre) milkconduting ossification 4 group Adjective+verb purificatus (purus+facere) purified 86 5 group Numeral + noun Ta group Numeral+adjective being Greek compound words dextropositio (dexter+positio) secundi-gravida bilateralis (bis + lateralis) Primigravida (primus+gravis) right position woman pregnant for the second time trilobate woman giving birth for the first time ambivalent bilateralis woman pregnant for the first time example (+meaning if necessary) haem-o-globinum hydr-o-cephalia (forming water in head) py-uria = pus in urine ur-eamia = urine in blood pyr-omania = obsession to set fire term derived of original meaning 1st group Mostly used nouns haem(at)-o haima = blood hydr-o hydor = water pyo- pyon = pus uro- uron = urine pyr-o pyr = fire 6th group tri-lobatus (tres+lobus) Numeral + verb primipara (primus+parere) ambivalens (ambo+valere) 87 2na group Mostly used adjectives: auto- autos = the same, by oneself brady- bradys = slow macr-o- macros = long micr-o- micros = small observation poly- polys = numerous pseudo-o- pseudes = false, wrong tachy- tachos = fast 3 group Mostly used numerals: mono- monos = one, unique di- dyo = two tri- treis = three tetra- tettares = four term derived of original meaning 4th group Most frequently used second-position expressions: -aemia aemia, haima = blood -algia algos = pain 88 auto-trophia = auto-trophy brady-cardia = slower caridiac action macro-scopia = observation by naked eye micro-scopia = of small objects poly-morphismus = polymorphic pseudo-cystis = false cyst tachy-cardia = faster cardiac action mono-bromatus di-sacharidum tri-gonum (triagngle) tetra-plegia (handicap of four limbs) example (+meaning if necessary) leucaemia (insufficieny of red blood cells) nephralgia (pain of kidneys) -ectomia -genes -logia -mania -rrhagia -scopia -stomia -therapia -trophia ektome = excision gennao = give a birth logos = science mania = obsession rhegnymi = bleeding scopeo = observe, see chirurgial ending therapia = treatment trofe = nutrition hysterectomia (surgical excision of the womb) cryptogenes (of unknown origin) pathologia toxicomania enterorrhagia (bleeding from the intestines) laparoscopia tracheostomia = tracheostomy pharmacotherapi a heterotrophia (nutrition on other substances which were prepared from different organisms) Exercises: 1 Translate into English: Macrocytus. Erytrocytus. Microfracura. Coma hypoglycaemicum. Gastroectomia subtotalis. Immobilitas membrorum. Dysfunctio renum gravis. Tracheotomia. Pandemia influenzae. Uraemia post dysfunctionem renum gravum. Neuropathia. Pyodermia. Haemostatica. Dermatologica. Chemotherapia. Phytotherapia. Laparoscopia. Gastrorrhagia. Gastrologia. Cardiopathia. 2 Say the term in the opposite meaning: tachycardia, macrosomnia, bradypnoe, polysacharidum, heterogenes, subtotalis, mobilitas, dysfunctio, isomorphismus, allopathia 89 3 Translate into Latin: malformation of the heart, urinary calculi, nasolacrimal duct, pregnancy outside the uterus, abnormally large heart, fear of closed rooms, pain originating in nerves, handicap on three limbs, abnormally small body growth, artificial outlet of the large intestine at the body surface Vocabulary: allopathia, ae, F allopathy autointoxicatio, onis, F autointoxication autotrophia, ae, F autotrophy bacteriaemia, ae, F bacteriaemia bradycardia, ae, F bradycardia cardialgia, ae, F pain in the cardiac region enterorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside intestines gastralgia, ae, F pain in the stomach region gastrodynia, ae, F pain in the stomach region gastrorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside the stomach gastrospasmus, i, M spasm inside the stomach haematologia, ae, F science relating the blood haematuria, ae, F urine in the blood hydrofobia, ae, F fear of water hydrotherapia, ae, F therapy using water macrocytus, i, M extremely large blood cell megalocardia, ae, F extremely large heart myocytus, i, M muscle cell myospasmus, i, M spasm of the muscle nephrectomia, ae, F excision of kidney otalgia, ae, F pain in the ear otodynia, ae, F pain in the ear pathologia, ae, F science relating pathology pharmacotherapia, ae, F pharmaceutical therapy pneumothorax, cis, M air inside the thoracic cavity pyuria, ae, F pus in urine tracheostomia, ae, F excision of trachea 90 urophobia, ae, F fear of nature urination zoophobia, ae, F fear of animals 91 Unit 16 Revision Revision TJ 1 - 5 1 Translate into English: Remedium ad usum internum. Lagoena aquae destillatae. Musculus flexor. Cavum oris. Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula. Guttae in vitro. Brachium sinistrum. Papaveris flos. Tabulattae fortes. Aurantii sirupus. Olivae oleum raffinatum. Olla vaselini albi. 2 Translate into Latin: Ointment for external usage. Transfusion of blood because of complicated operation. Concentrated solution of acid. Distillated extract of herbs. Water in the flask. Original package. Death after a lethal dose. Complicated operation. 92 3 Decline the following couples in Latin: Fractura complicata. Injectio intravenosa. Rremedium bonum. Sal amarum. Cancer benignus. Extractum siccum. Vulnus lacerum. Tinctura amara. Acidum sulphuricum. Revision U 6 - 10 Exercises: Task 1 Translate into English Liquidus ad desinfectionem. Luxatio congenita coxae dextrae. Capsulae gelatinosae in vitro. Tabulatta effevescens. Species stomachicae. Dosis originalis una. Expeditiones originales tres. Musculus pectoralis maior. Pulvis subtillimus. Inflamatio ventriculi. Mixtura destillata pro iniectione. Post amputationem femoris sinistri. Octo ossa carpalia. Ter per diem. Scatula cum viginti tabulettis. Mors die sexto post operationem. Fractura duarum costarum complicata. 93 Task 2 Put the adjectives in these short expressions into their comparative and superlative: forms: Sanatio facilis. Dolor acer. Trauma grave. Os breve. Prognosis bona. Periodus longa. Infarctus recens. Pars mollis. Task 3 Put the words in brackets into their right forms: contusio (genu+sinister, a, urn) operatio propter (trauma +gravis, e) scatula (species+pectoralis, e) lagoena (spiritus+dilutus, a, urn) olla (unguentum+simplex) scatula cum (pulvis+mollis, e) expeditio (remedium) contractio (cor) sine (dolor) Revision U 11 - 15 Task 1 Decline: Dosis therapeutica. Pulvis compositus. Dens molaris. Manus dextra. Species stomachicae. Expeditiones originales tres. Oleum originale. Una facies interna. 94 Capsula entroslovens. Gramma unum. Task 2 Translate these short expressions into English: Graviditas extrauterina secundigravidae. Ostium appendicitis. Dextropositio cordis. Xenophobia sine causa. Narcomania. Claustrophobia. Tetragravida cum hemmorrhagia gravis. Malformatio columnae vertebralis congenita. Task 3 Put these words into their opposite meaning: tachycardia macrosomnia polysacharidum hyperglycaemia dyspnoe monosacharidum bradykynesis autotrophia Task 4 Change the words in brackets into their right forms: collum (femur) carcinoma (insanabilis, e) fractura (vertebra cervicalis,e) foramen (ischiadicus,a, um + minor, us) therapia (diabetes +melitus, a,um) recipe (3 tabuletta) dentur (2 suppositorium) operatio cum (narcosis + intravenosus, a, um) sanatio propter (luxatio +coxa) 95 Task 5 Explain the exact meaning of these words: contraindicatio pneumothorax Primigravida carcinogenes phytootherapia laparoscopia pseudocystis tracheostomia psychopathia pandemia enterorrhagia Task 6 Read the following pharmaceutical prescriptions: Rp. Aspirin tbl. Exp.orig. No II (duas) D.S. Three times daily one tablet Rp. Maxitrol ung. ophth. Exp.orig. No I (unam) D.S. Three times daily put the ointment into the right eye Rp. Quinnini sulfatis dihydrici 0,2 Papaverini hydrochloride 0,05 Lactosi q. s. ut f. pulv. D.t.d. No XXX (triginta) ad caps, gelat. D.S. One pill per night 96 Unit 17 Survey of Pharmaceutical Prescription Abbreviations In medicine and pharmacy it is quite common practice to abbreviate all possible Latin words except of cases where the confusion could appear. The pharmaceutical abbreviations include the names of ingredients, amounts and directions to the pharmacist which were formerly fully written in Latin. The names of the drugs which could be confusing or not being exact are not written in abbreviations to avoid the possibility of a serious mistake. A complete list of established abbreviations follows: A aa (p. aeq.) ana (partes aequales) of each, in the same amount aa ad ana ad of each to ... (something) ac, acid. acidum; acidus acid; acidus, sour acet. acetum; aceticus vinegar ad caps, gelat. ad capsulas gelatinosas in (into) gelatinous capsules ad inf. med. ad informationem medici for the doctor's information ad man. med. ad manus medici to (into) doctor's hands ad us. ext. ad usum externum for external use ad us. int. ad usum internum for internal use ad us. propr. ad usum proprium for his/her own (personal) use ad us. vet. ad usum veterinarium for veterinary use ad vitr. ad vitrum into the bottle add. adde, addatur, addantur add agit. agita shake amp. ampulla ampoule anhydr. anhydricus anhydrous, without water aq.; aquos. aqua; aquosus water, of water aq. dest. aqua destillata distillated water aq. pro inj. aqua pro injectione water for the injection aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water 97 aq. steril. aqua sterilisata sterilized water aq. ophth. aqua ophthalmica ophthalmic water arom. aromaticus aromaticus B bac. bacillus stick, chopstick C c. cum with c. f. cum formula with a copy of a prescription comp. compositus composed cone. concentratus concentrated cor. cortex peel, bark crm. cremor cream D d.; D.; dent. da; detur; dentur give, let it be given, let them be given D. ad amp. da ad amplullas give into the ampoules D. ad caps. da ad capsulas give into the capsules D. ad lag. da ad lagoenam give into the bottle D. ad scat. da ad scatulam give into the boxes D.ad vitr. da ad vitrum give into the glass botle D. c. f. detur cum formula let it be given with a prescription D. S. da signa; detur signetur give and sign, let it be given and signed D. t. d.; Dent. tal. dos. dentur tales doses let such same doses be given dil.; dilut. dilutus diluted Div. divide divide, to be dived Div. in d. aeq. divide in doses aequales divide in the same doses dos. dosis; doses dose, doses E exp. expeditio expedition 98 original expedition effer. effervescens effervescent exp. orig. expeditio originalis original packaging extr. extractum extract empl. emplastrum plaster emul. 17 emul si o emulsion r f. fiat; fiant make, let it (them) be made flav. flavus yellow fl.; flor. flos; flores flower, herb f Ol. folium; folia leaf, leaves fr., fruct. fructus fruit ft. empl. fiat emplastrum let a plaster be made ft. emul. fiat empulsio let an emulsion be made ft. infus. fiat infusum let an infusion be made ft. mass fiat massa let a mass be made ft. pil. fiat pilulae let pills be made ft. solut. fiat solutio let a solution be made ft. ung. fiat unguentum let an ointment be made G garg. gargarisma gargle glob. globulus globule, ball gtt. gutta, guttae drop, drops guttat. guttatorium by drops H hyd.; hydr. hydrosus of water, hydrous herb. herb a plant, flower H. hora hour HD. hora decubitus at the hour of retiring HS. hora somni at the hour of sleep I isoton. isotonicus isotonic 99 inj. in. d. int. L lag. 1. a. liq. lot. M m. (M.) mac. mag. mas. M. d. s. M. f. M.f. mixt. M.f.plv. M.f. sol. M.f.sp. M. f. ung. minut. muc. N No. iniectio in dies internus injection daily internal lagoena lege artis liquor; liquidus loti o misce macera magnus massa misce, da, signa; miscetur, detur, signetur misce, fiat misce, fiat mixtura misce, fiat pul vis misce, fiat solutio misce, fiant species misce, fiat unguentum minutum mucilago numero bottle, flask in accoradance with the legislation liquid lottion mix macerate large mass mix, give and label (sign); let it (them) be given, mixed and signed mix until it becomes mix until it becomes the mixture mix until there becomes the pill mix until there becomes the solution mix until there becomes the tea mixture mix until there becomes the ointment minute mucilage in number 100 non rep. O orig. obd. ol. ophth. O.M. O.N. P p. a. part. vie. pas., pastil, pil. p. aeq. p. d. p. die peroral.; p. o pot. pro adult, pro inf. P. P. A. P. R. N. pulv. pulv. ads. Q q. s. Q.L. Q.P. Qq. Qq. hor. Q. S. Q. V. non repetatur originalis obductus oleum ophthalmicus omni mane omni nocte pro anylysi partitis vicibus pastillum pilula partes aequales pro dosi pro die peroralis potus pro adultis pro infantibus phial a prius agitate pro re nata pulvis, pulveres pulvis adspersorius quantum satis quantum libet quantum placet quaque quaque hora quantum sufficiat or quantum satis quantum vis let it not be repeated original coated oil eye, ophthalmic, ocular every morning every night for analysis equal parts a small lozenge pill in the same amount (portion) for a (sole) dose per day, daily per oral, used by mouth a drink for adults for children (infants) after shaking a bottle occasionally powder adspersory powder as much as needed as much as you please as much as you please each, every every hour as much as may be sufficient as much as you please 101 R R.; Rp.; Re; Rec. rec. rep.; rept; rpt. S s. S.; sig. s. a. s. n. scat. sem. sic. solv. sir. sp.; spec. spir.; spirit. sub sig. ven.; s. s. v. T t.d. tab(l).,tbl. tct.,tinct. U ung. utend. V ven. vitr. virid. recipe recens repetatur satis signa, signetur signatura sine antimicrobico suo nomine scatula semen siccus solve sirupus species spiritus sub signo veneni tales doses tabulleta, tabulletae tinctura ungunetum untedum venenum vitrum viridus, a, um take fresh repeat, let it be repeated enough label labelling without any microbiological additions under its name box semen, sperm dry dissolve syrup tea mixture spirit, alcohol under the labelling (name) poison in such doses tablet, tablets tincture ointment to be used poison, venom glass bottle green 102 Unit 18 Chemical Nomenclature The chemical nomenclature in Latin is basically divided into two types, the first one is called the Latin traditional formulary nomenclature and the second one is named the Latin international formulary nomenclature. The traditional Latin formulary nomenclature presents the classical middle European nomenclature which started to be used at the time of the validity of Austrian formulary nomenclature and this nomenclature was also later overtaken into the first edition of the Czechoslovakian formulary nomenclature issued in the year 1947 and a few years later again used in the following Czechoslovakian formulary nomenclature. But in the new Czech formulary nomenclature issued in the years 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2009 there has been consistently applied the international Latin formulary nomenclature. There exist a number of differences between these two types. 1st Nomenclature of elements All the chemical elements except phosphorus and sulphur are the neuter nouns of the second declension. They are finished in nominative of singular in their ending -um or -ium (genitive -i, -ii). The exceptions - phosphorus is a masculine noun of the second declension and sulphur is a neuter noun of the third declension. The most commonly used elements are for instance aluminium, arsenům, barium, calcium, chloridům, hydrogenium, ferrum, kalium and many others. 2nd Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 2.1 Nomenclature of oxides The traditional Latin formulary nomenclature terms of oxides consists of the term of the element and the adjective oxydatum for a common oxide, oxydatulum for a lower oxide and 103 peroxydatum for a higher oxide. Or the oxide is considered as the anhydride of the oxide and the multiples of oxygen are denominated with the numerical prefixes. Examples Chem. abbrev. CaO Fe02 FeO Mn02 Latin type Calcium oxydatum common oxide Ferrum oxydatum common oxide Ferrum oxydatulum lower oxide Manganům peroxydatum lower oxide The Latin international formulary nomenclature forms the terms of oxides with the regard to the number of oxygen atoms inside the molecule, eventually the number of atoms. This international term consists of the substantive genitive of the element and of the nominative of the substantive oxidum using a suitable numerical prefix. Examples Cu20 CuO Cr203 Cr02 Dicupri oxidum Cupro oxidum Dichromii trioxidum Chromii dioxidum 2.2 Nomenclature of peroxides The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term uses the nominative of the element and the adjective peroxydatum. The Latin international formulary nomenclature term consists of the genitive of the element and the nominative of the substantive peroxidům Examples Chem. abbrev. H202 Na202 traditional term international term Hydrogenium peroxydatum Hydrogenii peroxidům Natrium peroxydatum Natrii peroxidům 104 2.3 Nomenclature of hydroxides Latin terms of hydroxides are formed similarly as the terms of oxides this is concretely used for both types - traditional or international formulary nomenclature. In the traditional nomenclature instead of the adjective oxy datum there is used hydroxy datum, in the international nomenclature there is used instead of oxidum hydroxidum Examples Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term NaOH Natrium hydroxydatum Natrii hydroxidum Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxydatum Calcii hydroxidum Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxydatum Aluminii hydroxidum 2.4. Nomenclature of hydroxide- and oxide- salts (alkali salts) The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is created from the nominative of the element and the adjective of the acid with the prefix sub-, or the nominative of the element and the adjective of the acid which is completed with the adjective basicum. Example Chem. abbrev. traditional term SbN03(0) Stibium subnitricum Stibium nitricum basicum The Latin international formulary nomenclature - the term of these salts consists of the genitive of the Latin element and the nominative of the anoint of particular salt with the prefix sub-. If the salt appears in the hydroxide or oxide form, there is no particular term in the international formulary nomenclature. Example Chem. abbrev. international term SbCl(O) Stibii subchloridum (used for both alakali or no alkali) BiN03(OH)2 Bismuthi subnitrans (used for both alkali or no alkali) 105 2.5 Nomenclature of acids 2.5.1. Oxygen acids The traditional and international Latin formulary nomenclature of oxygen acids uses the substantive acidum and the adjective consisting of the Latin element and the suffix - icum for higher acid and -ossum for lower acid, eventually with the prefix per- for higher acids or hypo- for lower acids. Example Chem. abbrev. traditional and international terms HCIO Acidum hypochlorosum HC102 Acidum chlorosum HCIO3 Acidum chloricum 2.5.2 No oxygen acids The traditional and international Latin formulary nomenclature of no oxygen acids consists of the substantive acidum and the adjective having the prefix hydro- and the Latin element and the suffix -icum. Example Chem. abbrev. traditional and international terms HCl Acidum hydrochloricum HBr Acidum hydrobronicum 2.6. Nomenclature of salts 2.6.1. Nomenclature of salts of oxygen acids The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is composed of the nominative of the Latin element and the adjective of the acid. The Latin international formulary nomenclature term consists of the genitive of the Latin element and the nominative of the salt (suffix -is for lower oxidative number and suffix -as for common or higher oxidative number). 106 Examples Chem. abbrev. NaCIO NaCi02 NaC103 NaC104 traditional term international term Natrium hypochlorosum Natrii hypochloris Natrium hypochlorosum Natrii hypochloris Natrium chloricum Natrii chloras Natrium perichloricum Natrii perchloras 2.6.1.1. Nomenclature of hydrogen salts The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term consists of the nominative of the Latin element and the adjective of the acid with the prefix hydro- or bi- (nowadays there is not recommended to use the prefix bi-). The Latin international formulary nomenclature term - the presence of "acid hydrogen" in salt in its Latin term is expressed by using the prefix hydrogeno- in front of the appropriate salt (anoint). The number of hydrogen atoms is expressed with the numerical prefix (the prefix mono- is usually not stated). Example Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term NaHSÜ2 Natrium hydrosulfuricum Natrii hydrogenpsulfas 2.6.2. Nomenclature of salts of no oxygen acids The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is composed of the nominative of the Latin element which is formed form the cation and the adjective is formed from the Latin element which creates this anion with the suffix -atum, possibly also with the numerical prefix. The Latin international formulary nomenclature terms of salts of no oxygen acids are formed by the genitive of the Latin element and the nominative of the salt term. Example Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term NaCl Natrium chloratum Natrii chloridům NaF Natrium fluoratum Natrii fluoridům 107 2.6.2.1. Nomenclature of hydrogen salts The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is created from the nominative of the Latin element and the adjective being formed from the Latin element which creats the anion with the prefix hydro- or bi - (nowadays there is not recommended to use the prefix bi-) and the suffix -atum Chem. abbrev. traditional term KHF2 kalium hydrofluoratum The Latin international formulary nomenclature - the presence of "acid hydrogen" in the salt is expressed by using the prefix hydrogeno- in front of the appropriate salt term (anion). The number of hydrogen atoms is expressed by the numerical prefix (the prefix mono- is usually not stated). Chem. abbrev. international term NaHC03 Natrii hydrogenocarbonas 2.6.3. Nomenclature of salt of acids with different oxidative number (valence) of elements of cations The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature creates the differentiation of the oxidative number using the other adjective "oxydatum" (for salt with higher number of cation) or oxydulatum (for salt with lower oxidative number). The Latin international formulary nomenclature performs this differentiation using the change of the element term (genitive -i for higher oxidative number and -osi for lower oxidative number). Example Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term Fe2(S04)3 Ferrum sulfuricum oxydatumFerri sulfas CuCl2 Cuprum chloratum oxydatum Cupri chloridům 108 2.6.4. Nomenclature of binary salts The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature - the salt with two cations uses nominatives of the Latin elements (the order is given with the increasing oxidative number). Chem. abbrev. traditional term KISO4 Kalium lithium sufuricum The Latin international formulary nomenclature - the terms of binary salts are formed by the genitive of the elements and the nominative of the ion or ions of the particular acid. Chem. abbrev. international term CaCl(ClO) Calcii chloridům hypochloris 2.7. Nomenclature of hydrates A large number of elements can be found in different hydrate form. In the Latin international formulary nomenclature the terms of hydrates are formed using the adjectives hydricus,a, urn with the numerical prefix, by no water hydrates using the adjective anhydricus, a, urn. Chem. abbrev. international term CaSÜ4 . 2H20 Calcii sulfas dihydricus NaC03 . H20 Natrii carbonas monohydricus 3rd Nomenclature of organic compounds 3.1. Nomenclature of one word basic substances The Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature is coincident as e.g. Saccharosum, Paracetamolum. 3.2. Nomenclature of acids The Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature is coincident, i.e. acids have either one-word term, e.g. Phenobarbitalium or the term is formed from the substantive acidum and the adjective consisting of the fixed part of the Latin term of the element and the suffix -icum, e.g. acidum aceticum. 109 3.3. Nomenclature of salts 3.3.1 Nomenclature of acid salts with one-word terms In both Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature the term of the salt is formed from the nominative of the acid and the adjective with the suffix -icum (calcicum, magnesicum, natricum, zincicum etc.), e.g. Phenobarbitalum natricum, Ampicillinum natricum etc. 3.3.2 Nomenclature of acid salts with two-word terms The principle is the same for the traditional and international formulary nomenclature when forming the terms of inorganic salts. Example Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term CyH5Na02 Natrium benzoicum Natrii benzoas C6H7KO2 Kalium sorbicum Kalii sorbas 3.3.3 Nomenclature of salts on organic basis The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature - the term is formed by the nominative of the organic basis and the adjective of the acid. In accordance with the rules of IUPAC there is applied the "anion" nomenclature for salts with the basis of tertiary or quartiary nitrogen (in this case both types are supposed as amino salts). The endings -inium and -onium indicate that there is dealt with the salt of organic basis but from its name it is not possible to identify which type it is concretely. The Latin international formulary nomenclature - the terms of salts on organic basis (with the exception of halogenoid salt on organic basis with tertiary nitrogen) they are formed from the genitive of the organic basis and the nominative of the anion of the particular salt. From the name of the medicament with the exception of halogenoid salt it is not possible to specify if there is is dealt with the basis of tertiary or quarticary nitrogen. By the halogenic salts on organic basis with tertiary nitrogen there is added to the term of the anion of the halogenic salt the prefix hydro-. By salts with quartiary nitrogen there should be applied the rule of "anion" ending of the basis (e.g. cetrimonium, gen. cetrimonii). 110 Example traditional term international term Pilocarpinium nitrucum Pilocarpini nitras Hydroxocobalaminium aceticum Hydroxocobalamini acetas Procainium chloratum Procaine hydrochloridum In a large number of salts there can also appear their shortened chemical terms approved by the WHO as INN (International Non-proprietary Names) within particular groups as e.g. besilas, hyclas or triflutas. 3.4. Nomenclature of hydrates Similarly as for the inorganic compounds - in the Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature there is added to the compound the adjective hydricus, a, urn, possibly with the numerical prefix. 3.5. Nomenclature of esters 3.5.1 Nomenclature of esters of common acids and simple hydroxyderivates The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature is formed by the nominative of the alkyl or aryl and the basic anion of the acid with the suffix -icum. The international Latin formulary nomenclature of esters of this type is formed by the genitive of the alkyl or aryl, for example ethylis and the nominative of the group representing the particular acid, possibly also methyl, phenyl etc. and the nominative of the group which represents the particular acid, eventually acetas. Example traditional term international term Coffeinum monohydricum Calcium lacticum trihydricum Coffeini monohydricum Calcii lacticum trihydricum Example traditional term international term Methylum salicylicum Benzylum bonzoicum Methalis salicylas Benzylis benzoas 111 3.5.2 Nomenclature of esters of acids and hydrogen deriváte with more complicated structures To esters of this type there is mostly assigned a particular INN term e.g. gefarnatum or tocofenoxanum. In the Latin traditional formulary nomenclature the terms of esters are formed with the nominative of the INN term of the hydroxiderivate and the adjective formed with the anion of the acid and with the suffix -icum. The international Latin formulary nomenclature of this type is formed by the genitive of the hydroxi deriváte (or INN term of hydrogi deriváte) and the nominative of the group which represents the particular acid (i.e. formed in the similar way as salts). Example traditional term international term Erythromycinum ethyl succinicum Erythromycin! ethyl succinas Estradiolum benzoicum Estradioli benzoas 112 Vocabulary Latin - English A abductor, oris, M abscessus, us, M acer, cris, ere acidum, i, N ad ad (prep, with accus.) addo, ere, (additus) adductor,oris, M aden, i, N (Latin) adenos, I, (M) (Greek) adeps lanae adeps, adipis, M adspersorius, a, um adstringentia, afferens, entis alcohol, lis, M allopathia, ae, F amarus, a, um amputatio, onis, F amygdala, ae, F amylum, i, N antitetanicus, a, um apex, icis, M apnoe, es, F apoplexia, ae, F apparatus, us, M appendicitis, itidis, F appendix, icis, F aqua, ae, F arcus, us M aromaticus, a, um ars, tis, F muscle the role of which is abducting from the body abscess, localized collection of pus burried in tissues sharp acid to, into to, for, towards add muscle drawing the part towards to the body gland gland wool fat, fat adspersory medicine causing shrinkage afferent alcohol allopathy bitter amputation almond starch against tetanus apex, top point breathing arrest apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke apparatus appendicitis appendix water arch aromatic art 113 arteria, ae, F ascendens, entis aspectio, onis, F atrium, i, N audio, ire, (auditus) aurantium, i, N auris, is, F auscultatio, onis, F autointoxicatio, onis, F autotrophia, ae, F B bacteriaemia, ae, F balneum, i. N betula, ae, F bilateralis, e bios (Greek) brachialis, e bradycardia, ae, F brevis, e c cancer, i, M Capsula, ae, F Capsula, ae, F caput, itis, N carcinoma, atis, N cardialgia, ae, F caries, ei, F carminativus, a, um carpus, i, M. caudatus, a, um causa, ae, F cavitas, atis, F ceratus, a, um cerebrum, i, N chamomilla, ae, F artery ascending watching atrium hear orange ear hearing autointoxication autotrophy bacteriaemia bath birch bilateral life brachial bradycardia short cancer capsule capsule head carcinoma pain in the cardiac region dental caries against flatulence carpus, wrist caudate cause, reason cavity, hollow cerated, wax-coated, waxy brain chamomile 114 charta, ae, F cinchona, ae, F circulatorius, a, um clavicula, ae, F cochlear, ris, N collapsus,us, M colon, i, N coma, atis, N commitans, antis commotio, onis, F communicans, antis complicatus, a, um congenitus, a, um congvergens, ntis contactus, us, M contagiosus, a, um contra (prep, with accus.) contraceptivum, I, N contraindicatio, onis, F coronarius, a, um corpus, oris, N cortex, icis, M costa, ae, F coxa, ae, F cranium, i, N crassus, a, um. cum (prep. with, abl.) euro, are (curatus) D decolor, oris decubitus, us, M deformans, antis deformatus, a, um delirium tremens, entis dens, entis, M dens deciduus chart, firm paper, paper quinine circulating collar bone spoon collapse large intestine coma accompanying commotion, concussion, shock communicating, connecting complicated, difficult congenial, native convergent contact contagious against medication for the birth control factors that increase the risk involved in using a particular drug coronary body bark, cortex, peeling, outer part of the body rib hip skull thick with treat, heal colourless decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer disfiguring, deformated deformed status of complete drunkenness tooth milky tooth 115 dens molaris depuratus, a, um. derma, atis, N dermatitis, iridis, F descendens, entis desinfectio, ere (desinfectus) desinfectio, onis, F destillo, are (destillatus) dexter, a, um diabetes, ae, M diarrhoea, ae, F diastole, es, F dies, ei, M digital, alis, M digitus, i, M divergens, ntis divido, ere (divisus) do, are (datus) dosis, is, F ductus, us, M dulcis, e durus, a, um dyspepsia, ae, F dyspnoe, es, F E effectus, us, M efferens, entis emesis, is, F encephalon, i, N enteron, i, N enterorrhagia, ae, F enterosolvens, entis epicardium, i, N epinephriticus, a, um ethanolum, i, N expectorantia molar tooth purified skin inflammation of skin descending disinfect disinfection distill right diabetes diarrh(o)ea diastole day digitalis, medical plant finger divergent divide give dose duct sweet hard impairment of digestion dysfunction of breathing effect efferent vomiting brain intestine bleeding inside intestines soluble in the intestine the layer of serous pericardium on the surface of the heart pertaining to the adrenal gland ethanol expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus 116 expeditio, onis, F extractio, onis, F extractum, i, N packing extraction extract extremitas, atis, F F facies, ei. F fascia, ae, F felleus, a, um femur, oris, N fibula, ae, F filtro, are (filatratus) fio, fieri (factus) fissura, ae, F flavus, a, um flexura, ae, F flos, oris, M focalis, e foeniculum, i, N folium, i, N fortis, e fractura, ae, F frequens, entis frigidus,a,um fructus, us, M extremity, limb face fascia, serious tissue covering of gall femur, tight bone fibula filter, filtrate become fissure, groove yellow bend flower focal phenycul, type of plant leaf strong fracture frequent cold fruit gargarisima, matis, N gaster, tris, F gastralgia, ae, F gastrodynia, ae, F gastrorrhagia, ae, F gastrospasmus, i, M gelatinosus, a, um glandula, ae, F glans, ndis, F gargling water stomach pain in the stomach region pain in the stomach region bleeding inside the stomach spasm inside the stomach jelly gland gland 117 glycerolum, i, N glycerine gossypium, i, N cotton wool gramma, atis, N gram gravis, e heavy, hard, difficult gutta, ae, F drop guttatorium, ii, N dropper H haematologia, ae, F science relating the blood haematuria, ae, F urine in the blood haemorrhagia, ae. F bleeding hepar, atis, N liver hepar, tis, N liver herba, ae, F plant humerus,i, N humerus hydrofobia, ae, F fear of water hydrotherapia, ae, F therapy using water hypericum, i, N Aaron's beard (herb) hypertensio, onis, F hypertension hypertonia, ae, F excessive tone of the skele hypoglossus, a, um under the tongue I ignotus, a, um unknown immunis, e immune in (preposition with acc.+abl.) in, into, within, inside infans, ntis, M or N child infusio, onis, F infusion iniectio, onis, F injection injectio, onis, F injection insufficientia, ae, F insufficiency internus, a, um internal intestinum, i, N intestine intramuscularis, e into the muscle intravenosus, a, um intravenous, into the vein invalidus, a, um invalid, with a handicap K 118 kefale (cephalon) (Greek) L lac, tis. N laesio, onis, F lagoena, ae, F lana, ae, F larynx, gis, F latus, a, um lege artis letalis, e levator, oris, M ligamentum, i, N linimentum, i, N lipos, i, M liquidus, a, um locus, i, M luteus, a, um luxatio , onis, F lymphaticus, a, um M macrocytus, i, M mandibula, ae, F massa, ae, F matricaria, ae, F maxilla, ae, F meatus, us, M medius, a, um megalocardia, ae, F mel, mellis, N melissa, ae, F meningitis, itidis, F metastasis, is, F misceo, ere (mixtus) mixtura, ae, F mollis, e head milk lesion, damage bottle wool larynx wide according to the laws of pharmacy or other disciplines lethal levator, the muscle pusing up ligamentum ointment oil liquid place, location yellow luxation, dislocation lymphatic extremely large blood cell lower jaw mass camomile upperjaw meatus, passage mediary, middle extremely large heart honey melissa (herb) meningitis metastasis, transfer of disease from one organ to another mix mixture soft 119 mora, ae, F morbus, i, M mucosus, a, um multiplex, multiplicis musculus, i, M myocytus, i, M myospasmus, i, M myrtilium, i. N N narcosis, is. F nasus, i, M necrosis, is, F nephrectomia, ae, F nephros, i, M niger, a, um hesitation disease, illness mucosal multiple muscle muscle cell spasm of the muscle mirth narcose nose necrosis, decay excision of kidney kidney black o obductus, a, urn obesitas, atis, F obliquus, a, um olla, ae, F organum, i. N os coxae os metacarpale os, oris, N os, ossis, N osteoma, atis, N osteon (osteum) (Greek) otalgia, ae, F otodynia, ae, F otos (otis) (Greek) P palatum, i, N papaver, ris, N paranephriticus, a, um coated obesity oblique galipot organ pelvic bone metacarpal bone mouth bone osteoma bone pain in the ear pain in the ear ear palate poppy paranephric, near the kidney 120 paro, are (paratus) pars, tis, F partus, us, M parvus, a, um pasta, ae, F pathologia, ae, F per (preposition with accus.) perforans, antis periculum, i, N perimetrium,ii, N peroralis, e pes, pedis, M pharmacotherapia, ae, F physis (Greek) piper, eris, N pneumothorax, cis, M pollex, icis, M polyneuritis, idis, F praemedicatio, onis, F praemolaris, e praescriptio, onis, F primula, ae, F pro (prep, with ablat.) processus, us, M profundus, a, um prognosis, is, F progrediens, entis pulmo, onis, M pulmonarius, a, um pulvis, eris, M purificatus, a, um pyuria, ae, F Q quantum satis quercus, us, F prepare part birth small paste science relating pathology through penetrating danger the serous coat of the uterus administered through the mouth foot, leg pharmaceutical therapy grow pepper air inside the thoracic cavity thumb inflammation of many nerves premedication, a drug treatment given to a patient before a medical procedure premolar prescription primrose for process, projection, outgrowth profound, deep prediction proceeding lung pulmonary powder purified pus in urine the amount which is needed oak 121 R radius, i, M radius, ray radix, icis, M root ramus,i, N branch raphe, es, F suture recens, entis recent, fresh rectum, i, N rectum, bottom rectus, a, um direct remedium constituens vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution remedium, i, N medicament, pill, remedy ren, nis, M kidney repeto, ere (repetitus) repeat respiratorious, a, um breathing rubeola, ae, F rubeolla,German measles ruptura, ae, F rupture s saccharum, i, N sugar sacer, a, um holy, sacral sal, is, M or N salt sano, are (sanatus) heal sanus, a, um heathy scapula, ae, F shoulder blade scatula, ae, F box semisolidus, a, um half hard sensus, us, M sense separanda medicaments that must be separated from others septum, i, N septum serum, i, N serum servo, are (servatus) keep, conserve signo, are (signatus) sing (verb) signum, i, N Sign (noun) simplex, cis simple sine (prep, with abl.) without sinister, a, um left sirupus, i, M syrup 122 solubilis, e solutio, onis, F solvo, ere (solvens) species pectorales species, ei. F species, erum, F (pi.) spina, ae, F spiritus, us, M spondylitis, itidis, F steriliso, are (strerilisatus) stomachicus, a, um sub (prep.+abl.) subclavius, a, um subcutaneus, a, um sulf(ph)us, uris, N sum, esse sumo, ere (sumptum) suppositorium, i, N suspensio, onis, F symptom, atis, N systole, es, F T tabuletta, ae, F talis, e teres, teretis thorax, acis, M thyroideus, a, um tibia, ae, F tinctura stomachica tinctura, ae, F tome (tomia) tracheostomia, ae, F trauma, atis, N tuber, eris, N tunica, ae, F tussis, is, F soluble solution solute decoction to heal a cough species mixture of dried plants, tea back spine spirit inflammation of vertebrae sterilisate stomachic, gastric under under the clavicle under the skin sulphur be take suppository, a medicated mass to be introduced into a body orifice suspension symptom systole tablet, pill such round chest, thorax thyroid tibia stomach tincture tincture cut, cutting a hole made into the trachea wound, injury tubercle tunic, layer, coat coughing 123 u ulcus, eris, N urinarius, a, um urologicus, a, um urophobia, ae, F usus, us, M uterus, i, M V Valeriana, ae, F valvula, ae, F valva, ae, F varicella, ae, F vaselinum, i, N vena, ae, F venenum, i, N venenum, i, N ventriculus, i, M versicolor, oris vertebra, ae, F vesica, ae, F virginalis, e vitrum, i, N vitrum, i, N vomitus, us, M z zoophobia, ae, F ulcer urinary urological fear of nature urination use uterus, womb valerian (herb), type of plant valve valve measles vaseline vein poision venom, poison ventricle, stomach colourful vertebra bladder virginal glass bottle vomiting fear of animals 124 English - Latin A Aaron's beard (herb) abductor, muscle the role of which is abducting from the body abscess accompanying acid add adductor, muscle drawing the part towards to the body adrenal adspersory afferent against against against tetanus alcohol allopathy almond amputation apex, top point apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke apparatus appendicitis appendix arch aromatic art artery ascending atrium autointoxication autotrophy B hypericum, i, N abductor, oris, M abscessus, us, M commitans, antis acidum, i, N addo, ere, (additus) adductor,oris, M epinephriticus, a, um adspersorius, a, um affrenens, entis contra (prep, with accus.) contra (prep, with accus.) antitetanicus, a, um alcohol, lis, M allopathia, ae, F amygdala, ae, F amputatio, onis, F apex, icis, M apoplexia, ae, F apparatus, us, M appendicitis, itidis, F appendix, icis, F arcus, us M aromaticus, a, um ars, tis, F arteria, ae, F ascendens, entis atrium, i, N autointoxicatio, onis, F autotrophia, ae, F 125 back spine spina, ae, F bacteriaemia bacteriaemia, ae, F bark cortex, icis, M bath balneum, i. N be sum, esse become fio, fieri (factus) bend flexura, ae, F bilateral bilateralis, e birch betula, ae, F birth partus, us, M bitter amarus, a, um black niger, a, um bladder vesica, ae, F body corpus, oris, N bone os, ossis, N bone osteon (osteum) (Greek) bottle lagoena, ae, F bottle vitrum, i, N bottom rectum, I, N box scatula, ae, F brachial brachialis, e bradycardia bradycardia, ae, F brain cerebrum, i, N brain encephalon, i, N branch ramus,i, N breathing respiratorious, a,um breathing arrest apnoe, es, F c camomile matricaria, ae, F cancer cancer, i, M capsule capsula, ae, F carcinoma carcinoma, atis, N cardiomegaly megalocardia, ae, F carminatory carminativus, a, um carpus, wrist carpus, i, M. 126 caudate cause, reason cavity, hollow cavus, hollow cerated, wax-coated chamber, stomach chamomile chart chart, firm paper chest, thorax child circulating coated cold collapse collar bone colourful colourless coma commotion, concussion, communicating, connecting complicated, difficult congenial, native contact contagious contraceptive contraindication convergent coronary cortex, outer part of the organ, bark cotton wool coughing cut, cutting D damage danger caudatus, a, um causa, ae, F cavitas, atis, F cavus, a, um ceratus, a,um ventriculus, i, M chamomilla, ae, F charta, ae, F charta, ae, F thorax, acis, M infans, ntis, M or N circulatorius, a, um obductus, a, um frigidus,a,um collapsus,us, M clavicula, ae, F versicolor, oris decolor, oris coma, atis, N commotio, onis, F communicans, antis complicatus, a, um congenitus, a, um contactus, us, M contagiosus, a, um contraceptivum, I, N contraindicatio, onis, F congvergens, ntis coronarius, a, um cortex, ticis, M gossypium, i, N tussis, is, F tome (tomia) laesio, onis, F periculum, i, N 127 day decoction to heal a cough decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer deep deformed delirium, state of complete drunkenness dental caries descending diabetes diarrh(o)ea diastole digitalis, medical plant direct disease, illness disfiguring, deformated disinfect disinfection distill divergent divide dose drop dropper duct dysfunction of breathing dyspepsia E ear ear effect efferent epicardium, the layer of serous pericardium on the surface of the heart ethanol expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus extraction dies, ei, M species pectorales decubitus, us, M profundus, a, um deformatus, a, um delirium tremens, entis caries, ei, F descendens, entis diabetes, ae, M diarrhoea, ae, F diastole, es, F digital, alis, M rectus, a, um morbus, i, M deformans, antis desinfectio, ere (desinfectus) desinfectio, onis, F destillo, are (destillatus) divergens, ntis divido, ere (divisus) dosis, is, F gutta, ae, F guttatorium, ii, N ductus, us, M dyspnoe, es, F dyspepsia, ae, F auris, is, F otos (otis) (Greek) effectus, us, M efferens, entis epicardium, ii, N ethanolum, i, N expectorantia extractio, onis, F 128 extract extractum, i, N extremity, limb extremitas, atis, F F face facies, ei. F fascia, serious tissue covering fascia, ae, F fat adeps, adipis, M femur, tight bone femur, oris, N fibula fibula, ae, F filter filtro, are (filatratus) filtrate filtro, are (filatratus) finger digitus, i, M fissure, groove fissura, ae, F flower flos, oris, M focal focalis, e foot, leg pes, pedis, M for pro (prep, with ablat.) fracture fractura, ae, F frequent frequens, entis fresh recens, ntis fruit fructus, us, M G galipot olla, ae, F gargle gargarisima, matis, N give do, are (datus) gland aden, adenos, i, N (M) (Greek) gland glandula, ae, F, glans, ndis, F (Latin) glass vitrum, i, N glycerine glycerolum, i, N gram gramma, atis, N grow physis (Greek) H haemorrhage haemorrhagia. ae. F haemorrhage from the stomach gastrorrhagia, ae, F half hard semisolidus, a, um hard durus, a, um 129 head head heal hear hearing heathy heavy, hard, difficult hematology haematuria, urine in the blood hesitation hip hollow holy, sacral honey humerus hydrophobia hydrotherapy hypertension hypertonia hypoglossal, under the tongue I immune in, into, within, inside infusion injection insufficiency internal intestinal hemorrhage intestine intestine intramuscular intravenous invalid, with a handicap J jelly caput, itis, N (Latin) kefale (cephalon) (Greek) sano, are (sanatus) audio, ire, (auditus) auscultatio, onis, F sanus, a, um gravis, e haematologia, ae, F haematuria, ae, F mora, ae, F coxa, ae, F cavus, a, um sacer, a, um mel, mellis, N humerus,i, N hydrophobia, ae, F hydrotherapia, ae, F hypertensio, onis, F hypertonia, ae, F hypoglossus, a, um immunis, e in (preposition with acc.+abl.) infusio, onis, F inienctio, onis, F insufficientia, ae, F internus, a, um enterorrhagia, ae, F enteren, i, N (Greek) intestinum, i, N (Latin) intramuscularis, e intravenosus, a, um invalidus, a, um gelatinosus, a, um 130 kidney nephros, i, M (Greek) kidney ren, nis, M (Latin) L large intestine colon, i, N larynx larynx, gis, F leaf folium, i, N left sinister, a, um lesion laesio, onis, F lethal letalis, e levator, the muscle pusing up levator, oris, M life bios {Greek) ligamentum ligamentum, i, N liquid liquidus, a, um liver hepar, atis, N lower jaw mandibula, ae, F lung pulmo, onis, M luxation, dislocation luxatio , onis, F lymphatic lymphaticus, a, um M macrocyte macrocytus, i, M mass massa, ae, F measles varicella, ae, F meatus, passage meatus, us, M mediary, middle medius, a, um melissa (herb) melissa, ae, F meningitis meningitis, iridis, F metacarpal bone os metacarpale metastasis metastasis, is, F milk lac, tis. N milky tooth dens deciduus mirth myrtilium, i. N mix misceo, ere (mixtus) mixture mixtura, ae, F 131 mixture of dried plants species, erum, F molar tooth dens molaris mouth os, oris, N mucosal mucosus, a, um multiple multiplex, multiplicis muscle musculus, i, M muscle cell myocytus, i, M N narcose narcosis, is. F necrosis, decay necrosis, is, F nephrectomy nephrectomia, ae, F nose nasuš, i, M o oak quercus, us, F obesity obesitas, atis, F oblique obliquus, a, um of gall felleus, a, um oil lipos, i, M ointment linimentum, i, N oral peroralis, e orange aurantium, i, N organ organum, i. N osteoma osteoma, atis, N P packing expeditio, onis, F pain in the cardiac region cardialgia, ae, F pain in the ear otalgia, ae, F pain in the ear otodynia, ae, F pain in the stomach region gastralgia, ae, F pain in the stomach region gastrodynia, ae,F palate palatum, i, N paper charta, ae, F paranephric, near the kidney paranephriticus, a, um part pars,tis, F paste pasta, ae, F 132 pathology peeling, outer part of the body, bark pelvic bone penetrating pepper perimetrium, the serous coat of the uterus pharmaceutical therapy phenycul, type of plant place, location plant pneumothorax poision polyneuritis poppy powder prediction premedication premolar prepare prescription primrose proceeding process, projection, outgrowth profound, deep pulmonary purified pus in urine Q quinine R radius, ray recent, fresh rectum remedy repeat pathologia, ae, F cortex, ticis, M os coxae perforans, antis piper, eris, N perimetrium,!, N pharmacotherapia, ae, F foeniculum, i, N locus, i, M herba, ae, F pneumothorax, cis, M venenum, i, N polyneuritis, idis, F papaver, ris, N pulvis, eris, M prognosis, is, F praemedicatio, onis, F praemolaris, e paro, are (paratus) praescriptio, onis, F primula, ae, F progrediens, entis processus, us M profundus, a, um pulmonarius, a, um depuratus, a, um., purificatus, a, um pyuria, ae, F cinchona, ae, F radius, i, M recens, entis rectum, i, N remedium, i, N repeto, ere (repetitus) 133 rib right root round rubeolla, German measles rupture s salt sense septum serum keep, conserve sharp short shoulder blade sign simple sing skin skull small soft soluble soluble in the intestine solute solution spasm inside the stomach spasm of the muscle species, mixture spirit spondylitis spoon starch sterilisate stomach stomach tincture costa, ae, F dexter, a, um radix, icis, M teres, teretis rubeola, ae, F ruptura, ae. F sal, is, M or N sensus, us, M septum, i, N serum, i, N servo,are (servatus) acer, cris, ere brevis, e scapula, ae, F signum, i, N simplex, cis signo, are (signatus) derma, atis, N cranium, i. N parvus, a, um mollis,e solubilis, e enterosolvens, entis solvo, ere (solvens) solutio, onis, F gastrospasmus, i, M myospasmus. i. M species, ei. F spiritus, us, M spondylitis, itidis, F cochlear, ris, N amylum, i. N steriliso, are (strerilisatus) gaster, tris. F tinctura stomachica 134 stomachic, gastric strong subclavian, under the clavicle subcutaneous, under the skin such sugar sulphur suppository suspension suture sweet sycosis? dermatitis symptom syrup systole T tablet, pill take tea thick through through thumb thyroid tibia tincture to, for, towards to, into tooth tracheostomy treat, heal tubercle tunic, layer, coat u ulcer stomachicus, a, um fortis, e subclavius, a, um subcutaneus, a, um talis, e saccharum, i, N sulf(ph)us, uris, N suppositorium, i, N suspensio, onis, F raphe, es, F dulcis, e dermatitis, itidis, F symptom, atis, N sirupus, i, M systole, es, F tabuletta,ae, F sumo, ere (sumptum) species, erum, F /PL!/ crassus, a, um. per (prep, with accus.) per (preposition with accus.) pollex, icis, M thyroideus, a, um tibia, ae, F tinctura, ae, F ad (prep, with accus.) ad dens, entis, M tracheostomia, ae, F euro, are (curatus) tuber,eris, N tunica, ae, F ulcus, eris, N 135 under sub (prep.+abl.) unknown ignotus, a, urn upper jaw maxilla, ae, F urinary urinarius, a, um urological urologicus, a, um use usus, us, M uterus, womb uterus, i, M V valerian (herb) Valeriana, ae, F valve valvula, ae, F valve valva, ae, F vaseline vaselinum, i, N vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution remedium constituens vein vena, ae, F venom, poison venenum, i, N ventricle, stomach ventriculus, i, M vertebra vertebra, ae, F virginal virginalis, e vomiting emesis, is, F vomiting vomitus, us. M w watching aspectio, onis, F water aqua, ae, F waxy ceratus, a, um wide latus, a, um with cum (prep. with, abl.) without sine (prep, with abl.) wool lana, ae, F wool fat, lanolin adeps lanae cum aqua wound, injury trauma, atis, N Y yellow flavus, a, um yellow luteus, a, um 136 Picture attachment 137 Dp_ ET V HAKT CüttPQKtS riHETCr> T.inüR T. Fig. No. 1 - De humani corporis fabrica Liber I - Description of Skeleton Description of the basic directions of the human body Plant description flos Primula veris Salix alba Potentilla anserina herba Zingiber officinale Juniperus communis Allium cepa Fig. No. 3 - Plant description 140 Bibliography BUJ ALKO VÁ, Mária a Anna JUREČKOVÁ. Introduction to latin medical terminology. 1. vyd. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského, 1993, 144 s. ISBN 80-223-0701-7. DOKLÁDAL, Milan a Libor PÁČ. Anatomie člověka. 2. vyd. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 1997, 257 s. ISBN 80-210-1633-7. HAVLÍČKOVÁ, Ilona, Šárka DOSTÁLOVÁ a Zuzana KATEROVÁ. 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