GIT
10 s
↓
1-3 h
↓
7-9 h
↓
25-30 h
↓
30-120 h
DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT OF GIT
DISORDERS
 Drugs of oral cavity and esophagus
 Drugs affectin digestive process
1. Digestive (eupeptics)
2. Stomachics, Amare
3. Antacids, Antiulcerotics
4. Cholagogic
 Drugs affecting motoric activity (Prokinetics)
1. Laxatives
2. Antidiarhoics
3. Carminatives (deflatulents)
4. Spasmolytics
 Drugs affecting nausea and vomiting
1. Emetics
2. Antiemetics
DRUGS OF ORAL CAVITY AND ESOPHAGUS
 Antiphlogistics – antiseptics
- Chamomillae flos (essential oil, flavonoids)
- Salviae herba (essential oil, tannins, flavonoids)
- Gummiresina myrrha (essential oil, triterpenic acids)
- Rhei radix (lindleyin, isolindleyin)
 Astringents – tannins
- Tormentillae radix
- Ratanhiae radix
- Galla
- Quercus cortex
- Tct. gingivalis
LINDLEIYN
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
phenylbutanone
glucose
gallic acid gallic acid
DRUGS OF ORAL CAVITY AND ESOPHAGUS
 Protectives – mucilages
- Althaeae Radix et Folium
- Farfarae folium
- Plantaginis folium
- Lichen islandicus
 Baktericids, virocides
- Propolis (flavonoids, esters of caffeic acid and others) !! Allergy!!
- Lysosyme (basic polypeptid – hydrolase, stimulating antibacterial and antiphlogistic
effect). Ocurrence: tears, saliva, egg white – albumen, some plants)
- Antibiotics (Candidoses) - (Amphotericine B, Nystatine, Bacitracine, Gramicidine)
DRUGS AFFECTING DIGESTIVE PROCESS
DIGESTIVES (Eupeptics)
 Dyspepsia – symptom accompanying disorders of digestive
process (feelings of pressure and fullness, slow digestion, belch, loss of appetite,
stomach „on water“, meteorism, flatulence, irregular defecation)
 D. organic (accompanies serious diseases)
 D. secondary (problems induced by diseases of other organs, or by using ATB)
 D. functional (individual disease, disorder of activity of GIT, especially stomach).
- disorders or errors in regimen
- negative psychosocial influences (stress, fears, anxiety, tension)
- break of gastric juice secretion
DRUGS: missing enzymes (substitution therapy)
stomachics (increase excretion of gastric juice - spices)
PEPSINI PULVIS – Pepsin powder (ČL 2005)
 Gastric proteinases active in acidic environment (pH 1 to 5).
 Preparations from gastric mucose of pigs, cows or sheep.
 Counted on dried substance, activity at least 0,5 Ph. Eur. u. in milligram.
Manufacturing:
- Animals for obtaining must fulfill requirements of relevant authority on health of animals
used for consummation by human.
- The manufacturing process must prove the rate of inactivation or possibility of
decontamination (impurities, contamination by viruses or microbial infection).
Properties: White or yellowish, crystalline or amorphous hygroscopic powder. It is well soluble in
water, practically insoluble in 96% ethanol. Water solution can show weak opalescence and
weak acidic reaction.
Effect: catalyses hydrolysis of peptidic bonds formed by aminogroups of tyrosine and
phenylalanine (Phe-Leu, Phe-Phe, Phe-Tyr) to give rise to peptons (mixture of peptides with
MW 300-3000.
Usage: gastric indigestion accompanied by gastritis; cholecystopathy; hepatopathy; loss of
appetite; disorders of digestion after GIT surgery
PANCREATINI PULVIS – Pancreatin powder (ČL 2005)
 Preparation contains enzymes with proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic activity.
 It is prepared from fresh or frozen mammalian pancreas.
 1 milligram of substance contains at least 1,0 Ph. Eur. U. of total proteolytic activity, 15 Ph. Eur. U. of
lipolytic activity and 12 Ph. Eur. U. amylolytic activity.
Production: Prepared under conditions minimalizing the level of microbial contamination.
Properties: Bright brown amorphous powder. It is partially soluble in water, practically insoluble in 96%
ethanol and diethylether.
Effect: Catalysis of fission reactions at pH 7,5-8,5 (only in from of enteric preparations)
Proteases hydrolyse peptids to aminoacids
Lipase hydrolyses triacylglycerols at position 1 and 3 forming 2-monoacylglycerol
Amylase is identical with alfa-amylase from saliva
Important are also present ribonucleases, deoxyribonucleases, cholesterolesterase,
retinylesterhydrolase
Usage: excretoric insufficience of pancreas (pancreatitis); hepatopathy, cholecystopathy; inhibition of
digestive enzymes during ATB therapy; dispepsy of unknown ethiology.
Preparations: Kreon; Pancrease; Pangrol; Panpur; Panzynorm; Panzytrat; Prolipase; Combizym; Digestif
Rennie; Pancreon compositum; Wobenzym
TRYPSINUM – Trypsine (ČL 2005)
 Proteolytic enzyme obtained by activation of trypsinogen extracted from mammalian
pancreas of healthy organisms.
 Activity at least 0,5 microcatal in milligram, expressed for dried material. Highest
activity of solution at pH 8; activity is reversible inhibited at pH 3, at which is the
enzyme most stabile.
Production: Animals for obtaining of trypsin must fulfill requirements of responsible
authority on health of animals determined for consummation by human. It must be
proved in which range the manufacturing process allows the inactivation or removal
of any contamination by viruses or other agents causing infection.
Properties: White or almost white crystalline or amorphous powder, mildly soluble in
water, amorhpous form is hygroscopic.
Effect: Cleavages lysyl and arginyl bonds of peptides
Usage: part of pancreatine in combined preparations
Fibrinolytic in local application (cleavage not only nutritional peptides)
Preparations: Mulsal N; Wobe-Mugos; Phlogenzym; Wobenzym; Trypsin Retard;
Chypsin
CHYMOTRYPSINUM - Chymotrypsine
 Proteolytic enzyme, does not affect healthy tissue
 Peptid obtaind from zymogen by activity of chymotrypsinogen A
Production: Acidic extraction of pancreas and fraction crystallization yields
chymotrypsinogen, which is activated by trypsine, dialyzed, sterilized and lyophilized
Properties: weakly yellowish hygroscopic powder, stable under acidic conditions (pH 4)
Effect: Preferential cleavage of carboxyl group bonds of Phe, Tyr, Trp and ester bonds.
Possibility to cause milk coagulation. Cleavage of necrotic tissue, pus and fibrin
Usage: Internally combined preparations with pancreatine
externally fibrinolytic – acute purulent processes; necrotic wounds; lower leg ulcers,
rentgen and trophic ulcers, gangrenes
Ophtalmology – zonulolýis during intracapsular extraction of lens
Preparations: Wobe-Mugos; Wobenzym; Chymotrypsin Infusia; Chypsin
Zolyse a.u. opht.
TAKA-AMYLASE – TAKADIASTASE
 Bacterial α-amylase
 Protein single chain, contains Ca ionts; N-terminal Ala, C-terminal Ser;
Preparation: Isolation from Aspergillus oryzae, crystallization
Properties: yellowish hygroscopic powder
Effect: facilitates digestion of starches, effective also under acidic condition (contrary to
pancreatic amylase)
Usage: dyspeptic syndrome, during disorder of starch digestion, legumes, fruit and
vegetables; limitation of meteorism before and after surgery
Preparation: Orenzym, Nortase
PAPAIN – PAPAYOTIN
Carica papaja L., papaya (Caricaceae)
A shrub cultivated in tropic areas of South America,
fruits very popular
Preparation: from milky latex of unripe fruits
Properties: Protein of single chain, contains thiol
groups
Effect: Cleavage prevalently of peptides with basic
building blocks basic aminoacids, mainly leucin
and glycin. Optimal pH ~7. Activators are
reduction agents.
Usage:
 Per oral substitution therapy
 Liquefaction of oral and gastric mucosa
 Anthelmintic of endoparasites
 Food industry of South America
The same usage:
BROMELIN (Ananas comosus – ananas
(Bromeliaceae)
FICIN (Ficus spp. L. – fig tree (Moraceae)
CAPSICI FRUCTUS – pepper fruits
Capsicum annuum L., pepper (Solanaceae)
C. frutescens, C. chinense
 Annual herb native to Central and
South America
 C. frutescens, C. chinense can
be perennial
 Lots of hybrides
 Drug – dried berries
 Capsaicin is localized mainly in
placentas and seeds
 Carotenoids: capsanthine,
capsorubin and others
 Ascorbic acid, essential oils
 Internal stomachic
 External rubefacient
 Spices, vegetables
 Industry
Capsici fructus – content compounds
OH
O OH
capsanthine
OH
MeO
C
H2
N
H
CO (CH2
)4
C
H
C
H
C
H CH3
CH3
Capsaicin
vanilylamin isodecenic acid
PIPERIS NIGRI FRUCTUS – Black pepper fruit
Piper nigrum L., black pepper (Piperaceae)
 Perennial climbing woody wine,
cultivated in many tropical areas
 Cultivated similarly to hop on sticks
and wires
 Infrutescence is cut, when lower
fruits starts to getting to be red
 Drug is berry-like fruit harvested
before ripening
Characterisitic: Sharp pungent taste,
aromatic, aromatic odour
 Internally stomachic, carminative
 Externally rubefacient (chavicin)
 Spice
Piperis nigri fructus – content compounds
N
H
H
H
H
O
O
O
Piperin (trans-trans)
O
O
N
H
O
H
H H
Chavicin (cis-cis)
• Piperin and chavicin are
unsymetrically substituted dienes
• Biogenetically derived from lysin
• Essential oil: pinenes, phellandrene,
piperonal, caryophyllene
Piperis albi fructus
• Fruits of the same plant
• After harvesting macerated in water
• External layers of pericarp removed
• More smooth cullinary use
CALAMI RHIZOMA – Sweet flag rhisome
Acorus calamus L., sweet flag or calamus (Araceae)
 Perennial herb of the banks of
watercourses and swampy places
 Types – diploid, triploid and tetraploid,
differ in composition and amount of
essential oil
 In central Europe common triploid
sterile type, propagation vegetative
 Drug: in autumn harvested rhizome
dried by temperature up to 35 0C
 Content compounds: essential oil (2-4
%), bitter substances, tannins
 Internally: stomachic, aromatic amare
 Liquors manufacturing. Essential oil in
perfumeries.
Calami aromatici radix – content
compounds
MeO
MeO OMe
H
H
CH3
O
O
-Asaron (sedative, hypnotic) Acoron (bitter substance)
MYRISTICAE SEMEN – nutmeg seed
Myristica fragrans, nutmeg (Myristicaceae)
 Evergreen, permanently flowering trees
cultivated in tropic areas, harvest
3x/year
 Arillus myristicae, Macis – nutmeg
flower
 Seeds are dried and testa is removed
 Drug is composed by perisperm,
endosperm and sprout (calcified)
 Content compounds: 25-40 % of fatty
oil (Oleum nucistae), 8-15 % of
essential oil, hydrodistillation produces
Myristicae etheroleum, proteins, starch,
pigments, phytosterols
 Usage: aromatic stomachic
 Misuse – hallucinogenic
Myristicae semen – content compounds
MeO
OMe
OMe
CH2
CH
CH2
MeO
OMe
OMe
CH2
CH2
NH2
O
O
OMe
CH2
CH
CH2
Elemicine Mezkaline (Anhalonium)Myristicine
Zingiberis rhizoma – ginger rhizome (ČL 2005)
Zingiber officinale, ginger (Zingiberaceae)
 Perennial herb cultivated only, tropic areas
 Sterile, propagation vegetative only
(similar to potatoes cultivation)
 Drug: dried rhizome, removed cork
 Contains at least 15 ml of essential oil / kg
of dried drug
 Content compounds:
- Essential oil: sesquiterpenes bisabolene,
zingiberene, zingiberol
- Non-volatile phenolic ketones: zingerone,
gingerol, shogaol
- Starch
Usage:
- Stomachic aromatic, choleretic,
antiemetic
- Curry spices
- Production of ginger beer, lemonades
and appetitives
Zingiberis rhizoma – content compounds
O
Zingiberene Zingiberol
OH
O
CH3
O
OH
O
(CH2
)4
CH3
CH3O
O
CH3
O
CH3
O
(CH2
)4
CH3
OH
zingerone
shogaol
methylgingerol
Cardamomi fructus – Cardamom fruit
Elettaria cardamomum, green cardamom, true cardamom
(Zingiberaceae)
 Perennial herb, India, Sri Lanka, Guatemala
 Fruit – three-capsuled ball, in capsule 5 sedds
 Fruits are after drying process bleeched by
sulphurous oxide
 Pharmacopoeias of Asian countries demand
small, so called malabar cardamoms, not
ceylon cadamom
 Content compounds:
- essential oil
- proteins, oil
 Usage:
- Aromatic carminative
- Curry spices
- Liquors manufacturing
Cardamomi fructus – content compounds
O
OH
OH
1,8-cineol limonenealfa-terpineol borneol
Cinnamomi cortex – Cinnamom bark ČL 2005
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, cinnamon tree (Lauraceae)
 Trees cultivated in form of shrubs
 Cultivated at Ceylon, in south India,
at Jamaica, in Brazil
 Drug: Dried bark without external
cork layer and parenchyma – peeled
bark
 Content compounds:
- Essential oil (12 ml/1 kg of drug)
- Tannins, starch, mucilage, mannitol
 Usage:
- Stomachic
- Coregent of taste and odor
- Spice
Cinnamomi zeylanici corticis etheroleum – Essential oil
of cinnamon bark ČL 2005
 Essential oil obtained by steam
distillation of young branches
 Bright yellow, while aging reddish
liquid
 Pinene, phellandrene,
caryophyllene, esters, ketons
CH C
H
CHO CH2
C
H
CH2
OH
OMe
Cinnamoyl aldehyd (60-75 %) Eugenol (4-10 %)
Crocus – Saffron
Crocus sativus, saffron (Iridaceae)
 Perennial herb cultivated in Spain,
France, Iran, Balkan Peninsula
 Drug: „Stigmata croci“ stigmas
obtained from opened flowers in the
morning, dried over the hot
charcoal
 Content compounds: crocin,
picrocrocin, safranal, carotene,
lycopene, zeaxanthin
 Stomachic, coregent of taste and
odor
 Spice
Saffron – content compounds
HOOC COOH
O
CHO
Glc CHO
protocrocin
1 crocin
2x
gentiobiose
picrocrocin
D-glucose
safranal
AMARA – BITTER SUBSTANCES
 Drugs containing bitter substances without other important or marked
pharmacological effects
 Structurally not uniform, mostly belong to terpenoids
 Formal division:
- bitter substances of Gentianaceae family (modifications of panel of
monoterpenes)
- bitter substances of Asteraceae (sesquiterpenic lactones)
 Proof and quantification according to the pharmacopoeia by biological
assay – number of bitterness
 Bitter substances are used as decoctions, tinctures, extracts and
medicinal wines. They are not used as isolated pure substances.
 Administered before eating they increase the secretion of gastric juices
and increase the gastric acidity
 Large consumption in food industry – bitter beverages, apperitifs
Bitter substances of Gentianaceae
OH O O O
O
O-Glc
OH
O
OOH
O-Glc
COOCH3
O O
OHC
- H2O
O
O O
O-Glc
N
O O
Swertiamarine
Loganine Erythrocentaurine Gentianine Gentiopicroside
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
base
Bitter substances of Asteraceae
O
O
O
O
O
OH
HOOC
O
CH2
OH
O
O
O2
OH -
CO2 H
+
O
O
CH2
O
OH
OCO
OH
CH2
OH
-
O2
CO CH CH2
OH
CH2OH
O
CH3
O
CH3
OH
CH3
CH3 OH
O
O
CH3
guajane achilliine
artabsine
+
distillation
chamazulencarboxylic acidchamazulene
cnicine
lactukopicrine
distillation
C
Absinthine (dimeric sesquiterpenic lcktone)
Gentianae radix – Gentian radix ČL 2005
Gentiana lutea – great yellow gentian, G. pannonica, G. punctata,
G. purpurea (Gentianaceae)
 Perennial plants native to mountain meadows
 Main suppliers: France, Spain
 Drug: non-fermented, rapidly dried roots
 Content compounds:
- glycosidic bitter substances: gentiopicrosid
and amarogentine
- yellow derivative of xanthone: gentisine
- tannins, mucilages, pectins
- no starch, present is trisaccharide:
gentianose
Gentianae radix – content compounds
N
O O
gentianine
O
O
OH
OH
OMe
gentisine
O
O O
O-Glc
gentiopicroside
O
O
CH2
O
R1
H
O
O
CH2OH
H
OH
OH
O
C=O
OH
OH R2
Amarogentin: R1 = H; R2 = OH
Amaroswerin: R1 = R2 = OH
Amaropanin: R1 = R2 = H
Centaurii herba – Centaury herba ČL 2005
Centaurium minus, C. erythrea - centaury (Gentianaceae)
 Annual or biennial herb (Europe,
Asia, America)
 Drug: dried haulm, harvested in VII-
VIII
 Content compounds:
- bitter substances gentiopicroside,
erythrocentaurine, swertiamarine
- flavonoids
 Bitter substances present in stalks, in
leaves in minimal concentration
 Usage: amare, digestive, stomachic
 Dosage: 0,5 g in 200 ml of
maceration
Centaurii herba – content compounds
O
O O
O-Glc
Gentiopicroside
O O
OHC
O-Glc
O
O O
OH
Swertiamarine Erythrocentaurine
Trifolii fibrini folium – Bog-bean leaves ČL 2005
Menyanthes trifoliata, bog-bean or buckbean (Menyanthaceae)
 Perennial mud herb (Europe, middle
Asia, North America)
 Drug: dried trifoliate, long petiolated
leaves harvested in V-VI
 Content compounds:
- bitter substances loganine,
sweroside, swertiamarine,
menyanthin
- tannins, pectin
 Usage: amare, digestive, stomachic,
cholagogue
 Dosage: 0,5 g in 200 ml of
maceration
 Usage in liquors manufacturing
Trifolii fibrini herba – content compounds
 Loganine
 Sweroside, swertiamarine (originally in Swertia spp., used as amare in
Japan)
OOH
O-Glc
COOCH3
Loganine
Absinthii herba – wormwood aerial part ČL 2005
Artemisia absinthium, common wormwood (Asteraceae)
 Perennial herb of Europe, Asia, Africa
 Widely grows on infertile stony hillsides
 Chemical varieties (differ in content
compounds)
 For pharmaceutical purposes it is
cultivated.
 Harvested herb in VII-VIII
 Do not substitute with Artemisia vulgaris!
 Content compounds:
- Essential oil:
sesquiterpenoid guajanolides
thujone, thujylalcohol
phellandrene, cadinene
- Tannins
 Aromatic digestive, choleretic, spasmolytic
Absinthii herba – content compounds
O
O
OH
O
CH3
O
CH3
OH
CH3
CH3 OH
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
Absinthine (dimeric sesquiterpenic lactone) Artabsin
Thujone ChamazuleneThujol
Cardui benedicti herba – cnicus aerial part
Cnicus benedictus (Centauria benedicta) - St. Benedict's thistle
(Asteraceae)
 Annual herb native to
Mediterranean, today cultivated
 Drug: dried haulm harvested
before flowering period
 Content compounds:
- bitter substance: cnicin
- essential oil, mucilage
 Stomachic, amare, liquors
manufacturing
Cardui benedicti herba – content compounds
OH
CH3
O
O
O
OH
CH2
O
CH2
OH
Cnicin
germacranolide, lactone sesquiterpene
3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenbutanoic acid
Millefolii herba – common yarrow aerial part ČL 2005
Achillea millefolium, common yarrow (Asteraceae)
 Perennial herb common in Europe, North Asia
and North America
 Presence lots of chemical varieties, different
in presence of proazulenic compounds
 Drug: dried herb harvested during flowering
period
 Content compounds:
- bitter substance achillin (proazulene)
- essential oil (up to 40 % of chamazulene)
- caryophyllene, borneol, cineol
- flavonoids, tannins, coumarins
 Usage: stomachic, amare, carminative
 External usage of decoction - antiphlogistic
Millefolii herba – common yarrow aerial part ČL 2005
Achillea millefolium, common yarrow (Asteraceae)
O
O
O
achillin
Lupuli flos – hops ČL 2005
Humulus lupulus, hop (Cannabaceae)
 Perennial dioecious climbing plant
 Only female plants cultured
 Vegetative propagation
 Drug: dried hops
 Bracts covered with orange-colored
glandules
 Content compounds:
- resin composed from hop bitter
acids (derivatives of prenylated
monoacylphloroglucinol)
- essential oil (humulene,
pharnesene, myrcene,
caryophyllene, spiroketals)
 Usage – see sedatives
Lupuli flos – content compounds
OHO
OHO
OH
OHO
OHO
Humulone
Lupulone
Condurango cortex – Condurango bark
Marsdenia condurango (Asclepiadaceae)
 Climbing wine native to South
America (Ecuador, Peru, Colombia)
 Cultivated in east Africa
 Drug: dried brown-gray bark
 Content compounds:
- bitter substance condurangine
(pregnane glycoside esterified by
cinnamic acid and acetic acid). At
40 0C formats gel, therefore
macerations must be cold-filtered
- essential oil
- derivatives of triterpene amyrine
- cyclitol conduritol
 Usage: amare
Condurango cortex – content compounds
OP
AcO
O
OH
H
O
Cin
Condurangoglycoside A1
Cin = cinnamoyl, P = pentasaccharide
(D-glc-D-glc-[3-OMe-deoxy-D-allose]-D-ole-D-cym)
steroid of pregnane type
Herbal bitters – Becherovka
Mixture A Volume
 Absynthii herba 1
 Centaurii herba 2
 Menthae herba 4
 Melissae herba 4
 Calami radix 2
 Angelicae radix 4
 300 ml of mixture A into 5 l of EtOH 80%
add:
 Carvi fructus 2 tea spoons
 Anisi fructus 2 tea spoons
 Caryophylli flos 2 tea spoons
 Cinnamomi cortex 10 cm
 Vanillae fructus 5 pods
Macerate for 4 weeks, decant into 10 l bottle.
Drugs after decantation + 4 l of water, macerate 2 weeks. Than add to EtOH solution.
Separately dissolve 1,3 kg of sugar in 1 l of water and after cooling add.
2 weeks fine down, filter and use ad usum proprium.
ANTACIDS, ANTIULCEROTICS
Factors: stress, hyperacidity, pyrosis, bad life style,
Campylobacter pylori
 Diet, improvement of life style
 Antacids (compounds of Mg, Al, Bi, alkaline CO3)
 Parasympatolytics (tropane alkaloids)
 Mucoprotectives (mucilages, pectin, alginic acids)
 Cytoprotectives (carbenoxolon – BIOGASTRONE)
(glycyrrhizinic acid – k. glycyrrhetinic acid – + 3OH-succinic
acid)
mineralokortikoid effect (hypocalemia, retention of
natrium and water, increase of blood pressure,
edemas formation)
 Prostaglandins
Carbenoxolon
O
O
O
NaO
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
COOH
O
CH3
OGlcUA
GlcUA
A A
GlycyrrhizinCarbenoxolon (BIOGASTRONE)
Antacids – mixed preparations
VICALIN, ROTER tbl.
 Frangulae cortex
 Calami radix
 Rutoside
 Khellin
 Basic bismuth carbonate
 Magnesium carbonate
 Natrium hydrogencarbonate
CAVED-S
 Frangulae cortex
 Calami radix
 Liquiritiae succus
deglycyrrhizinatus
 Foeniculi fructus
 Aluminium hydroxide
colloidal
 Basic bismuth carbonate
 Magnesium carbonate
 Natrium hydrogencarbonate
CHOLAGOGUES
Preparations affeting bile production and gallbladder
kinetics
 Choleretics – support formation and excretion of bile
 Cholekinetics – support gallbladder evacuation
 Substitutive therapy with bile acids
Berberidis radicis cortex – Root bark of barberry
Berberis vulgaris - European barberry, Jaundice berry, Ambarbaris,
Barberry (Berberidaceae)
 Shrub wiledely spread in Europe, shrubberies,
hedgerows, soil rich in calcium
 Drug: root bark harvested in autumn
 Content compounds:
- alkaloids of isoquinoline type (berberin,
oxyacanthin, berbamin, columbamin, palmatin)
 Usage: choleretic, liver diseases, icterus,
cholelithiasis
 Reportedly preparation for removal of
morphine addiction
 Fructus berberidis – fruits of barberry
vitaminiferum
Berberidis radicis cortex – content compounds
O
O
CH2
N
OMe
OMe
N
CH3 O
H
OMe
OH
N
CH3
H
O
MeO
MeO
+
Berberin
Yellow colored alkaloid (choleretic, antiphlogistic,
antiamoebic, bacteriostatic)
In Japan from Coptis japonica
Oxyacanthin
Boldo folium – Boldo leaves ČL 2005
Peumus boldus, boldo (Monimiaceae)
 Dioecious evergreen tree (Chile, Peru)
 Drug: oval integerrimus leaves with
thickened gray-green underwinded blade
 Content compounds:
- essential oil (20-40 ml / 1 kg uncut
drug)
- aporphine alkaloids 0,1 % – boldine
- flavonoid glycosides
 Usage:
- choleretic (cholecystopathy)
- boldine relaxes smooth muscles and
possesses hepatoprotective effect
 Boldo etheroleum – for ascaridol content
as anthelmintic
Boldo folium – content compounds
N
CH3
OH
OH
MeO
MeO
O
O
O
Boldine Ascaridol
(+)-camphor
Boldo folium – formation of ascaridol
O
O
ascaridol
-pinene
-terpinene
h + v
chlorophyll
Cynarae radix, folium – Artychoke leaf and root
Cynara scolymus, artychoke (Asteraceae)
 Perennial herb with beet-shaped thickened
root
 Mediterranean, France, Spain
 Content compounds:
- cynarin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid
 Usage: choleretic
Cynarae radix, folium – content compounds
OH
OH
CO O
OH OH
O OC
COOH
OH
OH
OH
O OH
OH
COOH
COC
H
C
H
OH
OH
Cynarin
Chlorogenic acid
Taraxaci radix cum herba – Common dandelion root
with haulm
Taraxacum officinale, common dandelion (Asteraceae)
 Perennial weed herb
 Drug: roots with aerial part (leaves and
backward flower heads)
 Content compounds:
- taraxacin, lactukopicrin (bitter substances)
- Taraxasterol, taraxerol (triterpenes)
- Phytosterols
- Vitamin C in leaves
 Usage:
- cholagogue amare
- diabetics use it for inuline content – coffee
supplement
Taraxaci radix cum herba – content compounds
OH
H
OH
H
H
Taraxerol Taraxasterol
O
CH2
O
OH
O
OCO
OH
CH2
Laktukopikrin
Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma – Oddenek kurkumy
žlutokořenné ČL 2005
Curcuma xanthorrhiza, kurkuma žlutokořenná (Zingiberaceae)
 Vytrvalá bylina, pěstovaná v Indii a na
Jávě
 Droga: Usušené oddenky zbavené silné
vrstvy krycího pletiva spařením vodou,
nakrájené na plátky
 Obsahové látky:
- silice (50 ml v 1 kg)
- dicinnamoylmethanové deriváty
vyjádřené jako kurkumin (min. 1 %)
 Použití:
- Choleretikum, cholekinetikum s
antibakteriálními účinky
- koření, barvivo
Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma – obsahové látky
OH
MeO
CH CH CO CH2
CO CH CH
OH
OMe
Kurkumin
O
Turmeron Kurkumen Zingiberen
Silybi mariani fructus – Plod ostropestřece mariánského
Silybum marianum - blessed milk thistle, Marian Thistle, Mary
Thistle, Saint Mary's Thistle, Mediterranean Milk Thistle, Variegated
Thistle and Scotch Thistle (Asteraceae)
 Annual or biennial herb of south Europe
 Fruits (achenes) bear white papus
 Drug: dried fruit with removed flues
 Content compounds:
- flavonolignans 1,5-3 % (silybine,
silychristine, silydianine)
- flavonoids (taxifolin, chrysoeriol, quercetin)
- lipids, proteins, sugars
 Usage:
- choleretic
- hepatoprotective (inhibition of
lipoperoxidation of membrane lipids)
- stimulation of RNA-polymerase
(regeneration)
Silybi mariani fructus – obsahové látky
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
O CH2OH
OH
OMe OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
OH
OMe
OH
OH
O
O
H
H
O
OH
O
OH
OMe
TaxifolineSilybine (benzodioxane)
Koniferylalkohol
Silychristine
Silydianine
Dihydrobenzofurane
Oxatricyclodecene
Fel tauri – beef bile
 Excretion of bovine liver collected in gallebladder
Removal of mucilage-like compounds, bile pigments (products of
haemoglobine degradation), residue is thickened and dried
 Content compounds:
- bile acids (cholate, desoxycholate, lithocholate,
dehydrocholate) binded to glycin or taurin
- cholesterol
 Natrium choleinicum is mixture of natrium slats of these acids
 Cholagogue – improving of the fat digestion
Bile acids
C-NHCH2
COOH
OH
CH3
H
OH
OH
CH3
CH3
O
OH
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
COOH
O
OH
Glycin
Cholate
Glycocholate Dehydrocholate