Diphthongs:

ae /e:/ - anaemia /ane:mija/

! ea /ea/ - nauzea /nauzea/

oe /oe/ - dyspnoe /dyspnoe/ - at the end of a word (difficult breathing)

oe /e:/ - lagoena /lage:na/ - in any other position, not at the end (bottle)

eu /eu/ - eupnoe /eupnoe/ - good breathing

consonants

c /ts/ - + e,i,y, ae/e:/ , oe/e:/ : ce, ci, cy, cae, coe /e:/ - certus /tsertus/ (sure),
acidum/atsidum/ (acid), caecus /tse:kus/ (blind), coeliacus /tse:lijakus/

c/k/ - in all other positions: next to other vowels, next to consonants, at the end of a word –
cancer /kantser/, lac /lak/ (milk) bucca /buka/ (cheek), buccae /buktse:/ (another form of bucca)

ch /khi/ - chirurgia /kchirurgija/

gua /gva/ - lingua /lingva/ tongue

qua /kva/ - aqua /akva/ water

s /z/ - between two wovels, or a wovel+r,l,n: nasus /na:zus/ (nose), bursa /burza/ (bag)

s/s/ in all other positions sutura/sutura/ (suture)

ss/s/ crassus /krasus/ fat, large

t /t/ trauma /trauma/

ti+wovel /tsi/ operatio /operatsijo:/ (operation)

th /t/ thorax /torax/

rh/r/ ph/f/ rhaphe /rafe:/ - suture

grammar categories

nouns – relate to things, people,e.g.  instruments, chemicals, structures

adjectives – express qualities – big, small, dangerous, lethal, poisonous,

numerals- words expressing amount, numbers

preposition – small words expressing relations among words – under, next to, below, above..

verb – express action, let it be done, make it! Go!

Categories of nouns:

Gender: he, she, it: he-masculine, she-feminine, it – neutral

Number: one-singular, more-plural

Case: 6 cases in Latinm, we only need 4:

No.1 = nominative = basic form , subject, 1st postition in a sentence

No.2 = genitive, it is used after another noun

No.4 = accusative, it is used after prepositions

No. 6 =ablastive, i tis used after prepositions (see textbook p 5)

a, ab = away from e, ex = out of, out from

cum = with pro = for

de = down, about sine = without

Declension – group of words having the same forms:

All nouns with the genitive ending -ae belong to the first declension.

• All nouns with the genitive ending -ī belong to the second declension.

• All nouns with the genitive ending -is belong to the third declension.

• All nouns with the genitive ending -ūs belong to the fourth declension.

• All nouns with the genitive ending -ēī belong to the fifth declension