1
Toxicology of alkaloids II.
Toxic amines and aminoacids of plants
Toxic plant proteins
• Indolizidine alkaloids
– Castanospermine
• Castanospermum australe,
Alexa leiopetala Fabaceae
• Black bean tree
• Inhibitor of α,β-glucosidase
– Biogenesis glycoproteins
• Inhibition of sugars utilization
• Intoxication
– Nausea, vomiting
– Deadly for horses and cattle
N
OH OH
OH
OH
H
2
– Swainsonine
• Swainsonia, Astragalus, Oxytropis
Fabaceae
• Probably product of parasite
– Fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola
• Damage of CNS
– Axonopathy (locoism)
– Inhibition of α-D-mannoxidase
– Inhibition of biosynthesis of
glycoproteins
» Including hormones,
membrane receptors,
enzymes
• Intoxication
– Skeletar changes
– Hepatosplenomegalia
– Depression, exhaustion, nervosity
– Tendention to aborts
– Cardiovascular problems
– Death from exhaustion of
organism
N
OHOH
OH
H
– Tylophorine, tylocrebine
• Phenanthroindolizidine
alkaloid
• Tylophora spp.,
Asclepidiaceae
• Ficus septica Moraceae
• Skin irritant, vesicant
compounds
N
O
O
O
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
3
• Tryptamines
– Bufotenine
• In water poorly soluble compounds
• Piptadenia peregrina Mimosaceae
– Cojoba Tree
• Arundo donax Poaceae
• Several fungi and frogs
• Intoxication
– Halucinogennic efect, influence on psychic
» Similar to LSD and mescaline
– Frame of mind: anxiety, percetion disorders
– Mydriasis, hypertension
– High dosage
» Respiratory paralysis
» Motoric paralysis
– N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
• Prestonia amazonica Apocynaceae
• Piptadenia peregrina Mimosaceae
• Shortly effective halucinogennic compound
– 0,7-1mg/kg
• Model psychosis
– Vegetative symptomatology
– Emocional and perception disorders
– Illusions and visions
– Space-time distortions
NOH
N
CH3
CH3
4
5
– Physostigmine (eserine)
• Physostigma venenosum
Fabaceae
• Competitive inhibitor of
acetylcholinesterase
• Administration i.v. highly
toxic
– Cca 1 mg
• Symptoms of intoxication
– Vomiting, colic,
salivation
– Diarrhea, sweating,
vertigo
– Bradycardia, miosis,
total exhaustion
– Respiratory paralysis
CH3
N
N
CH3
CH3
O
N
O
CH3
6
• β-carboline indol alkaloids
• Harmane, harmaline, harmine
• Peganum harmala, Zygophylum
fabago, Tribulus terrestris
Zygophyllaceae
• Passiflora incarnata
Passifloraceae
• Inhibitory MAO
– Elevated levels of
neuromediators
» Serotonine, noradrenaline
– Especially in brain
» Central effect
– Early symptoms of intoxication
» Nausea, vomiting, pale skin
» Signs of aggression
– Further progression
» Half-sleep with dreaming
» Hallucinations
N
CH3
N N
N
CH3
O
CH3
N
N
CH3
O
CH3
Peganum harmala
7
• Ergolines
– Hlavně čeleď Convolvulaceae
• Rivea corymbosa, Ipomoea
spp.
– Ergine (lysergamide)
• Toxic dose 1 μg/kg p.o.
• Mexican ceremonial drugs
– Ololiuqui, coaxihuitl and
further
– Ergosine
• Similarly to ergine
• Inhibition of prolactine
secretion
– Chanoclavin
– Agroclavine
– Lysergol
N
N
CH3
O NH2
H N
O
O
N
N
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
N
CH3
N
H
H
N
N
CH3
CH3
OH
H
N
N
CH3CH3
H
H
N
N
CH3
OH
H
8
• Monoterpenoid indols
– Large group pf compounds
– Biosynthesis from
tryptophan and loganine
– Apocynaceae,
Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae
– Huge spectrum of biologic
activity and toxicity
– Affinine, affinisine
• Peschiera affinis, P. latea,
Tabernaemontana
psychotrifolia Apocynaceae
• Toxic dose 300 mg/kg
– Changes of behavior
– CNS depression
– Tremor, ataxia
– Hypothermia, bradypnoe
N
O
N
OH
H
H
Ajmalicine (raubasine)
• Pausinystalia
yohimbe, Rauwolfia
spp., Vinca rosea
Apocynaceae
• Adrenolytic
– Antagonist of α-
receptors
– Effect on
vasomotoric
centers in brain
stem
» Strong
hypotensive
9
– Ajmaline
• Rauwolfia spp. Apocynaceae
• Inhibition of glucose utilization in
myocardium
• Toxic dosae
– Convulsions, arrhythmia, strong
fluctuation of blood pressure
• Antagonist of thrombocyte
activation
• Agranulocytosis after long-termed
use
– Alstonine, serpentine
• Rauwolfia spp., Vinca spp.
Apocynaceae
• Strychnos camptoneura
Loganiaceae
• Strong inhibitors of acetylcholine
esterase
• Negative chronotropic effect
N
OH
N
CH3 OH
CH3
N
N
OO
O
H
H
N
N
OO
O
H
H
H
–Brucine, strychnine
• Strychnos spp. Loganiaceae
• Toxicity
–Stimulation of vasomotoric and respiratory
centre
» Block of inhibition aminoacid glycine
–Spinal convulsant
• Metabolism
–Good gut absorption
–Partially excreted unchanged via urine
–Metabolism in liver
• Intoxication
–High sensitivity on sensoric stimuli
–Convulsions
» Generalized with agonizing pains
» Respiratory and metabolic acidosis
–Rapid onset of effect without warning
» Anxiety, twitches of members and
face, frightening image
–Death caused by paralysis, total
exhaustion, spastic paralysis of respiratory
muscles, anoxia
N
N
OO
N
N
O O
O
O
10
– Gelsemicine, gelsemine,
gelsemidine
• Gelsemium sempervirens,
Mostua spp. Loganiaceae
• Highly toxic
• Inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
• Toxicity
– Respiratory depression
– Tremor, discoordination of
movements
– Pralysis of numbsParalýza
končetin
– Urination, defacation,
vomiting, salivation
• Human
– Vertigo, vision disorders,
sweating
– Muscle weakness,
convulsions, respiratory
depression
O
N O
O
N
O
H
H
11
– Ibogaine, tabernathine
• Tabernanthae iboga,
Voacanga spp. Apocynaceae
• Activity in CNS
– Inhibitor of neronal nicotine
receptors
– Lower dosage
» Central stimulation
» Tremor, bristlin hair
» Salivation, mydriasis
» Anxiety, aggression
– High doses
» Hallucination serotonine
effect
» Deep depression and
anxiety
• Cardiovascular system
– Negative ionotropic and
chronotropic effect
N
N
O
H
H
N
N
O
H
12
– Mitragynine
• Mytragina speciosa,
Unacana spp.
Apocynaceae
• Sedative effect on
CNS, narcotic effect
N
N
O
O
O
O
13
–Reserpine
•Rauwolfia spp. Apocynaceae
•Toxicity
–Depletion of CA a 5-HT in
tissues
»Inhibition of ATP-MG2+
mechanism of CA and 5-HT
into neuronal vesicles
•Intoxication
–Pain in underbelly, diarrhea
–Hypotension, depression,
development of Parkinson
syndrome
•Chronic intoxication
–Potential carcinogen, teratogen
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
14
– Schizozygine
– Yohimbine
• Mixture of α,β-isomers
• Pausinystalia yohimbae,
Corianthe spp.,
Pseudocinchona spp.
Rubiaceae
• Catharantus, Vinca, Ruwolfia
Apocynaceae
• Short-termed adrenolytic effect
– Antagonist of α-
adrenoreceptors
» High selectivity for
presynaptic α2adrenergic
receptors
• Antagonist of dopamine and
serotonine
• Symptoms of intoxication
– Irritation, tremor, migraine,
vertigo
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
– Priapism
N
N
OH
O
O
H
H
H
• Bis(indol) alkaloids
– C-curarine, C-
dihydroxytoxiferine
• Calebas curare
• i.v. toxicity
– Calebasine
• Strychnos spp. (S.
divaricans, S. triervis…)
Loganiaceae
• South American calebas
curare
• Strong neuromuscular
blockator
• Deep long-termed loss
of blood pressure
• Complex muscular
paralysis
15
– Toxiferine I (toxiferine C)
• Strychnos spp. (S.
divaricans, S. triervis…)
Loganiaceae
• South American calebas
curare
• Strong neuromuscular
blockator 6-8× more
effective than tubocurarine
– Usambarensine, usambarine
• Strychnos usambarensis
Loganiaceae
• African arrow poison
• Muscular paralysis,
antagonist of muscarine
receptors
N
N
N
N
H
H
16
– Vinblastine, vincristine, leurosine,
leurosidine
• Vinca rosea, Apocynaceae
• Inhibition of cell division
– In metaphasis linkage to tubuline
– Inhibition of mitotic spindle formation
• Inhibition of synthesis of DNA and
RNA
• Toxicity
– More toxic vincristine
– Central and peripheral neurotoxicity
» Parestesia, neuralgia, myalgia
– Further effects
» Alopecia, dyspnoe and
bronchospasm
» Headache, tramsient blidness
» azoospermia
– Teratogenic
N
N
OH
O
O
O
O
O
N
O
O
N
OH
H
H N
N
O
O
OOO
O
O
N
O
O
N
OH
H
H
H
• Other indol alkaloids
– Mezembrenone,
mezembrine,
mezembrinol
• phenyloxyindols
• Sceletium alkaloids
Aizoaceae
• Narcotic, coca-like effect
• Addictive drug
– channa
N O
O
O
H
Kosmatec
17
• Quinoline derivatives
• Biogenetically derived
from tryptophan or
anthranilic acid
• Not large number of
compounds
– Arborinine
• Acridone alkaloid
• Teclea spp. Rutaceae
• Part of arrow poisons
– Haplophylidine
• Haplophyllum perforatum
Rutaceae
• Strong CNS depression
N
O OH
O
O
O
O
O
NOH
O
O
–Quinine
• Cinchona spp., Remija pedunculata
Rubiaceae
• Toxic dose 8-15 g
• Protoplasmatic poison
• Intoxication
–GIT irritation
» Vomiting, nausea
–Neurologic symptoms
» Diplopia, decreased perception of
light
» desorientation
–Arrhytmia, hypotension
–Oliguria, hematuria
–Spermatocidal, induction of abortus or
premature birth
N
OH
N
O
H
18
– Calycanthine
• Calycanthus spp.,
Chionantus spp.
Calycanthaceae
• Palicourea alpina
Apocynaceae
• Toxicity
– Convulsions, cardiac
depression, paralysis
– Stimulation of uterus
NN
N N
– Campthotecine
• Camptotheca acuminata
Nyssaceae
• Gastrointestin toxicity
– vomiting, nausea and
diarrhea
• myelosupression,
hemorrhagic cystitis,
dermatitis
• Important cytotoxicicty
– Inhibition of
topoisomerase I
» Formation of
covalent bonds
• Topotecane, irinotecane
O
O
O
N O
N
19
• Imidazol derivatives
– Small group of compounds
derived from histidine
– Alchorneine, alchornine
• Alchornea floribunda, A.
hirtela Euphorbiaceae
• iporuru
N
N
O
20
– Pilocarpine, pilosine
• Pilocarpus spp. Rutaceae
• Cholinergic activity
– Salivation, lachrymation
– Increased stomach
secretion
– Increased gut motility
– Bronchial constriction
– Excitation to epileptic
state
O
O
N
N
• Diterpenic alkaloids
– Biologic precursor isoprene
• Consequent introduction of nitrogen
– Pseudoalkaloids
– Aconitum spp., Consolida spp., Delphinium spp
Helleboraceae
– Ester alkaloids more toxic
– Non-ester so called atisine alkaloids less toxic
– Aconitine
• Diterpenic ester compound
• Aconitum spp. Helleboraceae
• Toxic dose 3-6 mg p.o. (2-15 g of tubers)
• Cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity
• Rapid absorption
– Good transition through membrane
– Absorption through the skin
• Persistant opening of sodium channel of axones
• Inhibition of repolarisation
• Symptoma of intoxication
– Anaesthesia of tongue
– Nausea, vomiting
– Diarrhea, colic
– Parestesia
» „pins and needles“, chills
» pains
– Mydriasis changes to miosis
– Arrhytmia, paralysis
– Death
» Ventricular fibrilation
» Respiratory arrest
N
O
O
OH
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
H
H
21
– Taxin A
• Pseudoalkaloid
• Taxus baccata Taxaceae
• Main alkaloid of yew
• Cattle intoxication from
eating of needles
• Suicides
– 50-100 g of needles for
adult man
• Symptoms
– After 30 minutes
– Nausea, vomiting
– Vertigo
– Painful stomach colic
– Shallow respiration,
arrhythmias
» Similar to
hypokalemia
– Death
» Respiratory paralysis
» Cardiac arrest in
diastole
OH
O
O
O
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
N
• Steroid alkaloids
– C-21 alkaloids of pregnane type
• Apocynaceae and Buxaceae
– C-24 alkaloidy derived from cycloartenol
• Buxaceae
– C-27 alkaloids
• Solanaceae and Liliaceae
– Alkaloids Solanaceae
• Derivatives of solanine and spirosolane
• In form of glycosides
• Physico-chemical properties similar to saponins
• Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase
• Formation of GIT necrosis
– Alkaloids Liliaceae
• Heterocyclus of different viosynthetic origin
• C-nor-D-homosteroids
• Effect on heart similar to cardioglycosides
• Effect on blood pressure
• Veratrum spp.
– teratogenic
22
– Buxamine, Cyclobuxine A, B, C, D
• Buxus spp. Buxaceae
• Convulsants
• Vomiting, colics of GIT
• Diarrhea, muscular pain
– Cyclopamine, cycloposine
• Veratrum spp. Liliaceae
• Strong teratogen
– Malformation of cyclopia type
• Dual mechanism:
1. Interference with development of
vývojem embrional tube
– Hit into function of neuroembryonal
epithel
» Inhibition of catecholamine
release
– Craniofacial deformation
2. Interference with metabolism
ofcartilages
– Tracheal stenosis
– Contraction of metacarpal and
metatarsal bones
– Contraction of tibias
– Jervine
• Veratrum spp. Liliaceae
• 1g acute toxicity
• Teratogen
• Circulatory failure, diarrhea,
convulsions
O
N
OH
N
N
O
N
O
OH
H
H
H H
H
23
– Germine, germidine
• Zygadenus venenosum, Veratrum
spp. Liliaceae
• Strong emetics
• Cardiotoxic compounds
– Arrhythmias, slowering of
excitement transition
– Protoveratrine A and B
• Veratrum spp. Liliaceae
• Lethal dose 20 mg
• Symptoms of intoxication
– Inflammation of oral mucosa
– Anesthesia of mucosa membrane
– Vomiting, diarrhea
– Sneezing, nasal bleeding,
lachrymation, congestion of
conjuctiva
– Dilatation of vessels (influencing
baroreceptors)
» Lowering of blood pressure,
bradycardia, bradypnoe
• Death
– Cardiac and respiratory failure
O OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
N
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
OH
O
OH O
O
O
OH
O
N
O
O
OH
O
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
24
– α-solanine, α-chakonine
• Glycosylated form more toxic than
aglycon solanidine
• Solanum spp. Solanaceae
• Presence of alkaloids in whole
plant
• In tubers variable content
– Increased by different factors
» Genetic, rippening,
fertilization
» Mechanic damage,
stressors
• Heat resistance, only removal by
hot water
• High glycoalkaloids content
– Burning and bitter taste
• Low absorption from GIT –
advantage, safe
– Intoxication at more than 1 mg/kg
• Mechanism of intoxication
– Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase
– Damage of mucose layer of GIT
» Necrosis, gastroenteritis
• Symptoms
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
– Stomach pain, headache, vertigo
– Halucination, neurologic
disorders, coma
N
OO
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H H
H
H
25
• Chinazolinové
alkaloidy
– Vasicine, vasicinol,
vasicinone
• Adhatoda vasica
Acanthaceae
• Lunaria spp.
Brassicaceae
• Peganum harmala
Zygophyllaceae
• Stimulation of uterus
– Probably via
deliberation of
prostaglandins
• Abortive effect
• Fast absorption, upto 30
minut max.
concentration in target
tissue
N
N
OH
• Securinega alkaloids
– Sekurinin, virosekurinine,
norsecurinine
• Nitrogenous tricycle with
butenolide ring
– Typical for cardioglycosides
• Securinega suffruticosa,
Phyllanthus discoides
Euphorbiaceae
• Stimulation effect on CNS
(spinal cord)
• Affection of autonomous nerve
system
• Antagonists at GABA receptor
• Toxic doses 5-10 mg/kg
– Stimulation similarly to
strychnine
– Convulsions, death via
espiratory failure
• i.v. and p.o. administration
– Extremly fast onset, but rapid
metabolism
• High cytotoxicity
O
N
O
H
26
Toxic aminoacids and amines
• Aminoacids
• Production of more than 300 non-protein AMA
• Free or as γ-glutamylpeptids
• Metabolic interaction in strange organism
– Similarity to protein AMA
• toxicity
– Direct antagonists
• Lowering of intake of AMA through membranes
• Block of implementation of AMA into protein
• Problem especially for young and developing organism
• For fetus - teratogenic
– Indirect antagonists
• Inhibition of oxidation of faty acids
– Organism switches metabolism to saccharides utilization
» Deadly hypoglycaemia
• Strumigens
• Metabolism of selenium
– selenosis
• Protein AMA
– In supraphysiological concentration
• Neurotoxins (glutamate, aspartate)
– GABA
• Seeds of Fabaceae, Pisum, Vicia, Phaseolus
• Inhibition neurotransmitter
– L-α-amino-γ-oxalylaminobutyric acid
• Lathyrus, Acacia Fabaceae
• Osteolathyrism
– Inhibitor of aminooxidase to convert lysyl to
lysylaldehyde
» Malfunction of collagen networking
» Loss of cohezion between cartilage
and epiphysis of bone
• Neurolathyrism
» Neurotoxic syndrome
» Mediterranean, India, Asia Minor
» Lowered tonus of muscles,
consequent paralysis
– L-α-amino-β-oxalylaminopropionic acid
• Lathyrus, Crotolaria Fabaceae
• Similar to above mentioned, can cause
chronic disorders and death
• Neurolathyrismus
– Inhibition of liver aminotrasferase
» Increased levels of tyrosine
» Increased synthesis of DOPA,
dopamine and toxic metabolites
27
28
– β-aminopropionilnitrile
• Lathyrus spp. Fabaceae
• Osteolathyrism
– Asparagic acid
• Protein AMA – ubiquitous
• Toxicologic important high levels
in Centaurea solstitialis
Asteraceae
• Extrapyramidal disease
– Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
– Animals on pasture, mainly
horses
– Excitation neurotransmitter
– Brain damage
– Manifestation during feeding and
drinking - chewing desease
– Animals with low mobility, to
spontaneous physical activity
– Similar to glutamate
– L-djenkolic acid
• Albizia lophanta, Acacia
spp., Mimosa spp.
Mimosaceae
• Djenkol bean ,velvet bean
– Vegetable of SouthEast
Asia
• Long-termed intake
– Formation of needleshaped
crystals in
kidneys
– Mechanic damage of
kidney parenchyma
29
– Hypoglycine B and A
• Unripen seeds and fruits of Blighia
sapida Sapindaceae
• Seeds of maples Acer spp.
• Mechanism of toxicity
– Inhibition of Cori cycle
– Inhibition of glucose/glukose-6phosphate
cycle
– Inhibition of oxidation of fatty acids
– Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
• Symptoms
– Deep hypoglycemia
– Vomiting
» Formation of isovaleric acid via
inhibition of leucine metabolism
– Total degradation of liver glycogen
– Accumulation of fat in liver
• Death via general failure
• Common intoxications
– L-canavanine
• Seeds of different Fabaceae
• Analogue of arginine
– Arginyl-RNA synthase uses it
– Incorporation to peptides
» Non-functional
» Interference with synthesis of RNA/DNA and proteins
– Interferrence with arginine metabolism
– Inhibition of NO-syntethase
– Increased production of superoxide radical
• Toxicity
– Teratogen
– Evocation of aborts
– Hepatotoxic
30
– Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine
– L-selenocystathionine
• Seeds of Fabaceae plants
Astragalus spp. Melilotus
spp.
• Brassicaceae
• Growth on soils with high
selenium content
• High intake of selenium toxic
mainly for animals
– selenosis
• Incorporation of selenium
instead of sulphur into AMA
• Disruption of protein
synthesis
• Inhibition of selenium
detoxication – methylation
– hepatotocity
• Amines
– Ephedrine
• Aromatic amine
• Ephedra spp. Ephedraceae
• Sympathomimetic activity
– Increase of blood pressure and
peripheral vasoconstriction
– Penetration to CNS
• Acute intoxication
– Sweating, headache, anxiety
– Muscular weakness and tremor
– Mydriasis
– Palpitation
– Insomnia
– Galegine
• Galega officinalis Fabaceae
• Derivative of guanidine
• Damage of mitochondrial function
• Convulsions, breath difficulties,
pulmonary edema
31
– Khatamines
• Arylalkylamines
• Catha edulis, Maytenus crucorii
Celestraceae
• Ephedra spp. Ephedraceae
• Khatine and khatinone the most
important
• Khatinone
– Similar properties to amphetamine
– During drying converts to
norpseudoephedrine and
norephedrine
• Drug is used via chewing
– North-East Africa
– Fast decomposition prevents large
transportation and business
– Suppression of sleep, stimulation,
against fatigue
• Intoxication
– Anorexia, hyperthermia, stimulation of
respiratory centre
– Mydriasis, arrhythmia, hypertension
– Psychic symptoms
» Anxiety, panic attack, aggresivity
32
• Toxic proteins
– Lectins (phytohemaglutinines)
• Proteins or glycoproteins containing 4-10 % of sugar component
• Molecules from 4 subunits
– Connection via non-covalent bonding
• Ability to bind the sugar residues on the surface of cell
– D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
– More binding sites
» Ability to li up neighboring cells - agglutination
• Inhibition of protein synthesis of eukaryota
• Some lectins
– Inhibition of mitosis
– Stimulation of lymphocyte maturation
– Killing of cancer cells
• Toxicity
– Binding to cells of GIT mucosa membrane
» Inhibition of absorption of nutrients – antinutrition factors
» Vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, loss of water and electrolytes
• Occurrence in plants
– Seeds and fruits of Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae
• Content in plants different
– Influenced by heat treatment
• Abrine
– Abrus precatorius, A.
pulchelus Fabaceae
– Mixture of similar compounds
abrine-a and abrine-b
» Each chains A and B
» Connection via
disulphide bridges
– A inhibition of
proteosynthesis
» Cell death
– B binding to a membrane of
GIT cell, enables the entry of
A into cell
– LD for mice p.o. 25 μg,
highly toxic compounds
– Intoxication
» Hemorrhagic diarrhea
» Electrolyte dysbalance
» Arrhythmia, brain
edema
» Convulsions,
cardiovascular collapse
» Death
33
• Phasine
– Phaselolus vulgaris
Fabaceae
– Mixture of five isolectines
– High p.o. toxicity
– Linkage to cells of GIT
epithelium, partially pass into
blood circulation
» Detoxication in liver or
kidneys
» Non-metabolized part
- slowering of growth
- interruption of
hormones synthesis
- decrease of
production of muscle
proteins
– Hypertrophy of intestine
– Hypertrophy of liver and
pancreas
• Ricine D
– Ricinus communis
Euphorbiaceae
– Component of ricine
– 4 lectines
» RCLI and RCLII non-toxic
» Ricine D and RCLIV toxic
– Dimeric
» Chains A and B
connected by disulphide
» B enables linkage to cell
» A is a cytotoxin
– High toxicity
» 1 mg in 1 g of seeds is a
lethal dose
– Interference with protein
synthesis and inactivation of
ribosomal subunit 28S
– Very sensitive are glial cells
– Oral intoxication – ricinism
» Nausea, headache
» Bloody diarrhea,
dehydratation
» EKG changes
» Liver necrosis
» Coma, death
34
• Viscolectins
– Viscum album Viscaceae
– ML I, ML II (viskumin) a ML III
– Specific to D-galactose (ML I)
– Specific to N-acetyl-Dglucosamine
(ML III)
– Specific binding to both these
sugars (ML II)
– Inhibition of proteosynthesis by
inactivation of 60S subunit
– Damage of cell membrane
– Toxic for a panel of animal species
• Viscotoxins
– Viscum album, Phoradendron
Loranthaceae
– Specific proteins
– Resistant to proteases and
increased temperature
– Toxic for myocardium
– Inhibition of DNA synthesis
– Damage to hepatocytes similar to
damage caused by hepB
– Acute intoxication
» Vomiting, stomach
convulsions, diarrhea
» Cardiac collapse