Pharmacognosy lab exercise 4 Roots and rhizomes of dicotyledonous plants Althaeae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Althaea officinalis, Malvaceae (marsh-mallow) wAlthaeae syrup CzPh 2017 w § § altheae Obrázok, na ktorom je rastlina, vonkajšie, trávnik, list Automaticky generovaný popis https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Althaea_officinalis.jpeg Althaeae radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: moderately twisted root, with many scarifications after side roots, on a surface often projected white fibers of sclerenchyma, weak odour, floury mucous taste § §Content compounds: mucilage, starch, glucose, pectin, mineral compounds, flavonoids § §Usage: mucilaginose, antitussic, antiphlogistic § althae1 Althaeae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: in secondary bark phloem fibres, medullar rays, vessels with libriform, phloem sieve tubes, cells with mucilage and cells with starch w w w althae2 cambium cavities with mucilage xylem parenychyma with starch medullar rays altheae radix1 Althaeae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: § § medullar rays phloem fibers sieve tubes cambium vessel aggregated crystals of oxalate libriform cell with mucilage Ipecacuanhae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Cephaelis acuminata Rubiaceae, Ipecacuanha (ipecacuanha) §Ipecacuanhae extractum fluidum normatum CzPh 2017 §Ipecacuanhae pulvis normatus CzPh 2017 § § w § § https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cephaelis_acuminata5.jpg ipeka Obrázok, na ktorom je vonkajšie, rastlina, zelené, list Automaticky generovaný popis Ipecacuanhae radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: annular roots, with red-brown surface, broad bark, which can be easily peeled off from yellow wood, undistinguished odour, sharp bitter taste § §Content compounds: alkaloids - emetine, cephaeline, saponins § §Usage: expectorant, emetic, chemotherapeutic to threat amoeba dysentery § ipeka1 emetine cephaeline Ipecacuanhae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: disproportion between width of bark and wood (4:1), secondary bark with starch cells and rafides of calcium oxalate, sieve tubes, wood with vessels, libriform, parenchyma of wood with starch w w Ipecacuanhae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w rafides w starch w sieve-tubes w w cambium w w vessels with libriform w § w w Ipecacuanhae radix CzPh 2017 §Ipecacuanhae pulvis normatus CzPh 2017 wIn powder can be observed: pices of cork, parenchym, rafides, starch grains, pieces of libriform and vessels w w w ipeka4 Liquiritiae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. inflata, G. uralensis Fabaceae (liquorice) wLiquiritiae extractum fluidum ethanolicum normatum CzPh 2009 wLiquiritiae extractum siccum ad saporandum CzPh 2017 § w w § § lekorice Liquiritiae radix CzPh 2017 •Macroscopy:non-branched capitate (spindle-shaped) root, from outside rugged, grey-white, on the section yellow, sweetish odour, unpleasant sweet taste § §Content compounds: saponins (glycyrrhizin), flavonoids, estrogen-like compounds, starch, sugars § §Usage: expectorant, bacteriostatic effect, (not) diuretic, antiulcerotic, spasmolytic § lekorice1 glycyrrhizin Liquiritiae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: cork, crystals of calcium oxalate, medullar rays, cambium, vessels with libriform and with cellular cells, sieve-tubes, typical keratenchyma, phloem fibers, wood parenchyma with starch w w Liquiritiae radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: wcork wkeratenchyma wphloem fibers wsieve-tubes wkambium wvessels wlibriform w w wstarch § w w liquiritiae radix Liquiritiae radix CzPh 2017 §Liquiritiae radicis pulvis wCan be observed: pieces of cork, bark with keratenchyma, pieces of parenchyma and sclerenchyma, cellular fibres, vessels, crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains lekorice4 Ononidis radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Ononis spinosa, Fabaceae (spiny restharrow) w § § jehlice Obrázok, na ktorom je trávnik, rastlina, kvet, vonkajšie Automaticky generovaný popis https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ononis_spinosa_white_01.jpg Ononidis radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: long twisted root, non-branched, rugged, grey-brown, on the section yellow, drug without odour, acidish tart taste § §Content compounds: flavonoids (ononin), essential oil, tannins, mineral compounds, organic acids w §Usage: diuretic, stomachic, metabolic, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic § jehlice1 Ononidis radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: cork, primary cortex, secondary cortex, cells with crystals of calcium oxalate, phloem fibers, cambium, sieve-tubes, libriform, cellular fibers, visible medullar rays, rosette of primary vessels w w Ononidis radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: wcork w wcrystals wsieve-tubes wkambium wvessels wlibriform w wmedullar rays w w w ononidis radix Tormentillae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Potentilla tormentilla syn. P. erecta, Rosaceae w (common tormentil) wTormentillae tinctura CzPh 2017 w w w § § https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_erecta_RF.jpg torm Obrázok, na ktorom je rastlina, kvet, zelené, vonkajšie Automaticky generovaný popis Tormentillae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: very hard cylindric rhizome, spindle-shaped, dark red with scarification after side roots, on the section brighter, weaved with sclerenchymatic fibers, odour indistinctive, very constricting taste w §Content compounds: catechine tannins, organic acids, waxes, traces of volatiles § §Usage: strong astringent, antidiarrhoic, antiphlogistic, haemostyptic § torm1 Tormentillae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: cork, feloderm, cortical parenchyma, cambium, sieve-tubes, vessels with libriform, cells with aggregates of calcium oxalate and starch w w Tormentillae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w cork w feloderm sieve-tubes w cambium wparenchyma w vessels w w starch w oxalate aggregate w Bistortae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Polygonum bistorta syn. Persicaria bistorta (Bistorta major), Polygonaceae (Bistort) w § § https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Polygonum_bistorta_a3.jpg Obrázok, na ktorom je stôl, jedlo, kvet Automaticky generovaný popis Obrázok, na ktorom je trávnik, vonkajšie, rastlina, kvet Automaticky generovaný popis Bistortae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: flat, twisted, dark brown rhizome, on the section red-brown, without odour, constricting taste § §Content compounds: catechin tannins, pigment – bistort red, higher amount of starch § §Usage: astringent, haemostyptic, externally on inflamed mucous membrane and edema, antidote for intoxications § bist1 Bistortae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: cork, flobaphene cells, cells with aggregates of calcium oxalate, sieve-tubes with phloem fibers, cambium, vessels with libriform, parenchyma with starch w w Bistortae radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: wcork wflobaphene cells w woxalate aggregates w wsieve-tubes wkambium w wvessels with labriform w wstarch w w MACROSCOPY Angeliceae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Archangelica archangelica, syn. Archangelica officinalis, Apiaceae, (angelica) w § § https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AngelicaArchangelica1.jpg Image of Illustration of Archangelica officinalis Obrázok, na ktorom je vonkajšie, rastlina, strom, zelené Automaticky generovaný popis Angeliceae radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: short rhizoma, transversally stripped with roots scarification, grey-brown to red-brown colour, on the section grey-yellow wood, spicy odour, taste sharp spicy § §Content compounds: volatile oils (pinen), coumarins (angelicin), bitter compounds § §Usage: amare, stomachic, spasmolytic, carminative, sedative § radix Bardanae radix §Mother plant: Arctium tomentosum, A. lappa, A. minus, Asteraceae (downy burdock ) w w § § Arctium Bardanae radix §Macroscopy: roots of grey-brown colour, on the section whitish, without odour, bitter taste § §Content compounds: inulin, polyacetylenes, mucilage, tannins, essential oil, bitter compounds § §Usage: dietetic, diagnostic, diuretic, bacteriostatic and mycostatic effects § bardanae1 Graminis radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Elymus repens (Agropyron repens, Elytrigia repens), Poaceae, twitch, quick grass, quitch grass § Agropyron_repens Graminis radix (rhizoma) CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: yellow peaces of rhizome – articulate and hollow, only in nodes full, without side roots, without odour, sweetish taste § §Content compounds: sugars, inuline, mucilage, inositol, saponins, silicic acid, volatiles § §Usage: diuretic, metabolic § graminis1 Inulae radix §Mother plant: Inula helenium, Asteraceae, (Elecampane, also called Horse-heal) § § inula-helenium Inulae radix §Macroscopy: side roots - cylindrical, from outside yellow to grey-brown, inside brown, rhizomes – grey-brown, wrinkled, aromatic odour, spicy bitter taste § §Content compounds: essential oil, inulin, bitter compounds, sugars w §Usage: expectorant, spasmolytic, diuretic inuradix Primulae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Primula veris, Primula elatior, Primulaceae w (primrose) w § § primula Primulae radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy:irregular, twisted root, P. veris – roots break-able, bright yellow, P. elatior - brown to brown-red, acidish taste, weak odour § §Content compounds: saponins (primulic acid), phenolic glycosides (primulaverine), flavonoids, essential oil § §Usage: expectorant, diuretic § primulae2 Rhei radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale or their hybrids, Polygonaceae, (rhubarb) Image of Illustration of Rheum officinale Rhei radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy:round or cylindric rhizomes, peeled off, yellow-brown – marble-like, characteristic unpleasant odour, spicy acrid taste w §Content compounds: wanthraquinone glycosides (aloe-emodin), tannins, rutin, pectine, calcium oxalate w §Usage: laxative, stomachic, astringent § rhei4 aloeemodin Saponariae radix §Mother plant: Saponaria officinalis, Caryophyllaceae, w (Soapwort) § § saponaria-officinalis Saponariae radix §Macroscopy: red-brown cylindrical roots, longitudinally wrinkled, white cortex an yellow wood on the section, taste at the beginning sweet, than bitter and soapy w §Content compounds: saponins, sugars w §Usage: expectorant, diuretic, antiphlogistic § saponariae3 Valerianae radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae (valerian) wValerianae extractum siccum CzPh 2017 wValerianae tinctura CzPh 2017 w § § valeriana-officinalis Valerianae radix CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: obovate rhizome with small roots, red-brown to grey-brown, strong characteristic odour, sweet spicy taste § §Content compounds: essential oil, valepotriates, pyridine alkaloids, valerenic acid, flavonoids § §Usage: sedative, spasmolytic, antiemetic § Valerianae radix valerenic acid