Green Chemistry Green Chemistry ▪ = sustainable chemistry ▪ design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances and waste ▪ environment friendly ▪ cost-effective ▪ renewable plant resources ▪ alternative solvents ▪ reduction of energy consumption Green Chemistry Principles Sustainable Processes ▪ Social sustainability = the ability of a social system to function with a level of well-being ▪ Environmental sustainability = the ability of the environment to provide a level of environmental quality and to assure that no species becomes endangered or even extinct ▪ Economic sustainability = the ability of an economy to assure a defined level of economic production Pillars of sustainability Green Extraction Principles ▪ Innovation by selection and use of varieties of renewable plant resources ▪ Use of alternative solvents, principally water or bio-based solvents ▪ Reduction in energy consumption by energy recovery, using innovative technologies ▪ Manufacture of coproducts instead of waste to include the bio- and agro-refining industries ▪ Reduction in unit operations, favoring safe, robust, and controlled processes ▪ Aiming for a non-demand and biodegradable extract without contaminants Green Extraction Innovation by Selection of Varieties and Use of Renewable Plant Resources ▪ Proper selection of feedstock biomass ▪ Breeding ▪ Seed production/Vegetative propagation ▪ Crop rotation ▪ Choice of cultivation location ▪ Fertilization ▪ Organic farming ▪ Diseases and pests Use of Alternative Solvents and Agro Solvents ▪ Chemically inert, nonflammable, temperature stable, and of low or negligible corrosiveness ▪ HSE (health, safety, environment) ▪ Bio-sourced/bio-based solvents are not necessarily „green“ Physical properties of solvents Alternative green solvents - criteria Alternative green solvents ▪ Subcritical water ▪ Supercritical fluids ▪ Bio-based solvents ▪ Surfactant-based solvents ▪ Deep eutectic solvents ▪ Ionic liquids ARMENTA, Sergio, et al. Alternative green solvents in sample preparation. Green Analytical Chemistry, 2022, 1: 100007. DOI: 10.1016/j.greeac.2022.100007 Alternative green solvents Production of Coproducts Instead of Waste ▪ An effort to use as much as possible ▪ Coproduct = product manufactured along with a different product, in a process in which both are required in the production of another product ▪ By-product = output other than the principal product(s) of an industrial process; usually an undesirable product of low value ▪ (see Citrus example) Prioritizing a Non-denatured and Biodegradable Extract without Contaminants ▪ Resulting safe extract ▪ Without residual solvents ▪ Without contaminants from raw material ▪ Without denatured compounds due to drastic extraction conditions (= artifacts of separation procedure) Study literature ▪ Green extraction of natural products : theory and practice. Edited by Farid Chemat Jochen Strube. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2015. xviii, 363. ISBN 9783527336531. ▪ KUSUMA, Heri Septya; ALTWAY, Ali; MAHFUD, Mahfud. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018, 58: 343-348. ▪ ARMENTA, Sergio, et al. Alternative green solvents in sample preparation. Green Analytical Chemistry, 2022, 1: 100007.