Verb, verb tenses, imperatives Transcribe phonetically the following verbs? - kicks `a [kiks] - pushes `a [pušiz] - manages `a [maenidžiz] - adds `a [aedz] - laughs `a [la:fs] - digs `a [digz] - dreams `a [dri:mz] - says `a [sez] - mixes `a [miksiz] - does `a [dΛz] - drops `a [drops] `a The simple present tense – Pronunciation of the 3^rd person singular § [s] after [f], [p], [k], [t]: laughs, puffs, drops, kicks, lets § Verbs ending in [z], [dž], [s], [š], [tš], and [ks] take an extra syllable in the third person which is pronounced [iz]. § Most other verbs are pronounced with a [z] in the third person. Supply -ing forms: - carry `a carrying - drink `a drinking o We add -ing to most verbs without changing the spelling of their base forms. - write `a writing - have `a having o If a verb ends in -e, we omit the -e and add -ing. - see `a seeing - agree `a agreeing o The above rule does not apply to verbs ending in double e. - age `a ageing o an exception - hit `a hitting - run `a running o A verb that is spelt with a single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles its final consonant: hit/hitting, let/letting, run/running. - beat `a beating o not spelt with a single vowel - prefer `a preferring - forget `a forgetting - benefit `a benefiting - differ [difə]`a differing - profit `a profiting o With two-syllable verbs, the final consonant is normally doubled when the last syllable is stressed: begin/beginning, prefer/preferring (compare: benefit/benefiting, differ/differing, profit/profiting). - label `a labelling - quarrel `a quarrelling - signal `a signalling - travel `a travelling o exceptions to the above rule, but only in BrE (labeling, quarreling, signaling, and traveling in AmE) - panic `a panicking - picnic `a picnicking o -ic at the end of a verb changes to -ick when we add -ing: panic/panicking, picnic/picnicking, traffic/trafficking - lie `a lying - die `a dying o just remember these Transcribe phonetically the following verbs. o arrived `a [ə’raivd] § Verbs which end in the following sounds have their past endings pronounced [d]: [b], [g], [dž], [l], [m], [n], vowel + [r], [v], [z] o rubbed `a [rabd] § see above o managed `a [maenidžd] § see above o listened `a [lisnd] § see above o packed `a [paekt] § Verbs which end in the following sounds have their past endings pronounced [t]: [k], [s] (passed), [tš] (watched), [š] (washed), [f] (laughed), [p] (tipped). o passed `a [pa:st] § see above o washed `a [wošt] § see above o posted `a [pəustid] § Verbs which end in the sounds [t] or [d] have their past endings pronounced [id]. Supply forms of the simple past tense o arrive `a arrived o wait `a waited o stop `a stopped o beg `a begged § Verbs spelt with a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter double the consonant. o occur `a occurred o refer `a referred § In two-syllable verbs the final consonant is doubled when the last syllable contains a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter and is stressed. o benefit `a benefited o profit `a profited § stressed on their first syllables (see above) o label `a labelled o quarrel `a quarrelled § In BrE labelled, quarrelled, signalled and travelled are exceptions to the above rule. o deny `a denied o fry `a fried o delay `a delayed o obey `a obeyed § When there is a consonant before -y, the y changes to i before we add -ed: try/tried. Supply the past tense and the past participle and translate - fling `a flung flung – (prudce) hodit (co/čím) - forsake `a forsook forsaken – opustit (forsake one’s wife and children) - lay `a laid laid – snášet (vejce) - lie `a lay lain – ležet - light `a lit lit – osvětlit - slay `a slew slain – zabít, zavraždit, pobít, povraždit - slide `a slid slid – klouzat, vyklouznout, uklouznout, sklouznout - slit `a slit slit § rozříznout, rozstřihnout (podél n. na proužky) (slit an envelope open otevřít obálku rozříznutím) § podříznout, proříznout (slit a man’s throat podříznout člověku hrdlo) § uříznout, odříznout, vyříznout (They slit his tongue for insolence. – Pro drzost mu vyřízli jazyk.) - stride `a strode stridden – kráčet (dlouhými kroky) - string `a strung strung - svázat provazem (apod.) (string a pony – svázat poníka) - thrust thrust thrust § vrazit (he thrust his hand into his pocket, he thrust a coin into the beggar’s hand) násilím vecpat, nacpat, v|tlačit § pro|razit si (cestu through skrze, čím) – we had to thrust our way through the crowd) - tread `a trod trodden/trod – šlapat (on na), pošlapat (co) - wring `a wrung wrung – (tlakem n. kroutivým pohybem) vy|mačkat, vy|ždímat (out of/from z) – wring wet clothes; wring the water out of the wet clothes; tried to wring some money out of his parents Translate the following sentences, using the above verbs. Hodil své knihy na stůl. `a He flung his books on the table. Právě po něm hodil kámen. `a He has just flung a stone at him. Opustil svou ženu a děti. `a He forsook his wife and children. Klouzala se po ledu. `a She slid along the ice. Pro drzost mu vyřízli jazyk. `a They slit his tongue for insolence. Otevřela tu obálku (= rozstřihla ji). `a She slit the envelope open. Vrazil žebrákovi minci do ruky. `a He thrust a coin into the beggar’s hand. Právě jsem ty mokré šaty vyždímala. `a I have just wrung the wet clothes. Would you rather say A), B) or C)? A) I wonder if you could give me a lift. B) I wondered if you could give me a lift. `a (more tentative/polite) C) I was wondering if you could give me a lift. `a (even more polite and tentative than the simple past) `a Uses of the simple past tense Polite inquiries, etc. – The simple past does not always refer to past time. It can also be used for polite inquiries (particularly asking for favours), often with verbs like hope, think or wonder. Would you say A) or B)? A) She is very tired. She’s typed letters all day. B) She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day. `a B – We use the present perfect progressive when we wish to emphasize that an activity has been in progress throughout a period, often with consequences now. Depending on context, this activity may or may not still be in progress at the present time. This use often occurs with all + time references: e.g. all day. A) She was very tired. She had typed letters all day. B) She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. `a B (In the same way, the past perfect progressive is used for activities in progress during an earlier past, often with consequences then.) A) Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. B) Jim has phoned Jenny every night for the past week. `a A – The present perfect progressive for repeated actions (we show that an action is frequently repeated) A) Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. B) Jenny was annoyed. Jim had phoned her every night for a whole week. `a A – The past perfect progressive for repeated actions (we show that an action is frequently repeated) A) Your eyes are red. You’ve been crying. B) Your eyes are red. You’ve cried. `a A – The present perfect progressive for drawing conclusions A) Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had cried. B) Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. `a B – The past perfect progressive for drawing conclusions A) This room stinks. Someone’s been smoking in here. B) This room stinks. Someone’s smoked in here. `a A – The present perfect progressive often occurs in complaints. What is the difference between sentences A) and B)? A) I’ve been painting this room. `a (the activity is uncompleted) B) I’ve painted this room. `a (the job is definitely finished) A) When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room. `a (the activity was uncompleted then) B) When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room. `a (the job was definitely finished then) What is the difference between shall and will? `a shall is only used with I and we Are the following sentences correct? a) Tom’ll be here soon. b) The concert’ll start in a minute. c) When’ll they arrive? `a Yes, we might find ‘ll after names, after common nouns (concert), and after question-words. What do will not and shall not contract to? `a will not contracts to ‘ll not or won’t `a shall not contracts to shan’t [ša:nt] Translate the following sentence Zítra touto dobou budu ležet na pláži. `a By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. `a The future progressive tense is often used for visualizing a future activity already planned: By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. What is the difference between A) and B)? A) Mary won’t pay this bill. `a (she refuses to) B) Mary won’t be paying this bill. `a (futurity) A) Will you join us for dinner? `a (invitation) B) Will you be joining us for dinner? `a (futurity) A) Won’t you come with us? `a (invitation) B) Won’t you be coming with us? `a (futurity) Translate the following sentences, using the future perfect simple and future perfect progressive tenses. Do roku 2020 odejdu do důchodu. `a I will have retired by the year 2020. (see 1)) Touto dobou příští týden to bude 15 let, co pracuji pro tuto společnost. `a By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. (see 2)) 15. června budeme svoji přesně rok. `a We will have been married a year on June 15^th. (see 2)) `a The future perfect simple and future perfect progressive tenses o 1) We often use the future perfect to show that an action will already be completed by a certain time in the future: § I will have retired by the year 2020. This tense is often used with by and not…till/until + time and with verbs which point to completion: build, complete, finish. o 2) What is in progress now can be considered from a point in the future: § By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. § We will have been married a year on June 25^th. Translate the following sentences Nečekej! `a Don’t wait! Ty tu počkej! `a You wait here! Všichni buďte zticha! `a Everyone keep quiet! Nikdo neříkejte ani slovo! `a Nobody say a word! Ty se mnou takto nemluv! `a Don’t you speak to me like that! `a The imperative - Affirmative form: Wait! - Negative short form: Don’t wait! (The full form – Do not – is used mainly in public notices.) - Emphatic form: Do wait a moment! - Addressing someone: Don’t you speak to me like that! You wait here! Drink up your milk, Sally! Everyone keep quiet! Nobody say a word! - Imperative + question tag: Wait here, will you? - Imperatives joined by and: Go and play outside.