Selekční jazyky 2 Filozofická fakulta Masarykova Univerzity, Kabinet knihovnictví - Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví jarní semestr 2006/2007 Zpracoval Josef Schwarz (schwarzjv@seznam.cz), duben 2007 2. nepovinný úkol Termín odevzdání práce: 30.5.2007 ZADÁNÍ ÚKOLU 1. Zvolte si libovolnou (podle svého zájmu) oborovou bibliografickou nebo plnotextovou databázi, volně přístupnou na internetu nebo přístupnou licencovaně v síti MU, popř. jinde. Uveďte název, URL a krátkou charakteristiku zvolené databáze. 2. Popište, jakým způsobem lze ve vybrané databázi věcně vyhledávat, tj.: o jaká pole věcného popisu databáze obsahuje o jaké jsou k dispozici řízené slovníky, jaký je jejich rozsah a struktura o jaká jsou pravidla pro věcné vyhledávání (a příp. prohlížení) v databázi 3. Vyberte si libovolné téma z oblasti, kterou pokrývá zvolená databáze, a formulujte informační požadavek tak, aby obsahoval minimálně tři významově plnohodnotné výrazy. (např. dopink australských běžců, pojem informační ekonomie v díle Marca Porata, neonacistické symboly a hudba, středověké sekty ve Francii, ekologicky šetrné prostředky proti plísni bramborové, vliv morčat domácích na vznik alergií u dětí do 3 let, reflexe Dantova díla ve slovenské literatuře 19. století apod. Pozn.: tato témata již nelze pro zpracování úkolu použít). 4. Na základě zvoleného informačního požadavku sestavte informační dotaz, který zodpovíte pomocí jednoho nebo více polí věcného popisu ve zvolené databázi. a. V případě, že informační dotaz bude generovat řádově stovky až tisíce dokumentů, pokuste se informační požadavek věcně zúžit (např. dopink australských běžců zužte na dopink australských maratonců). Pokud se ani po opakovaném zúžení věcného rozsahu požadavku nedoberete k množině záznamů, která bude obsahovat maximálně několik desítek záznamů (cca 10 až 30), omezte dotaz pomocí formálních kritérií (typ dokumentu, rok vydání apod.). b. V případě, že informační dotaz bude generovat méně než 5 dokumentů (tedy žádný až čtyři), pokuste se informační požadavek věcně rozšířit (např. ekologicky šetrné prostředky proti plísni bramborové rozšiřte na prostředky proti plísni bramborové nebo na ekologicky šetrné prostředky proti plísním). Pokud se ani po opakovaném rozšíření věcného rozsahu informačního požadavku nedoberete k minimálně pěti záznamům, je zřejmě chyba ve volbě informačního požadavku nebo formulaci informačního dotazu a je třeba zvolit jiné téma. 5. Uveďte případný komentář k vyhledaným záznamům a vyhledávání jako takovému. 6. Úkol bude obsahovat tyto položky: a. název, URL a krátkou charakteristiku zvolené databáze podle bodu 1 b. popis možností věcného vyhledávání podle bodu 2 c. informační požadavek podle bodu 3 d. informační dotazy podle bodu 4, včetně všech jejich úprav + počty vyhledaných záznamů e. případný komentář podle bodu 5 f. vyhledané záznamy (jako příloha) 7. Soubor pojmenujte: [prijmeni]_ukolSJn2.doc (např. novak_SJn2.doc). Výsledek uložte do 30.5.2007 do Odevzdávárny v IS MU PŘÍKLAD ŘEŠENÍ: Pozn: databázi ani informační požadavek uvedené v tomto příkladu nelze při řešení úkolu použít. 1: Databáze: Philosopher’s Index, URL: http://bi.cuni.cz (interní přístup) Bibliografická databáze z oblasti filozofie (etika, estetika, sociální filozofie, politická filozofie, epistemologie, metafyzika) a přilehlých oblastí (filozofie práva, náboženství, vědy, dějin, vzdělávání a jazyka) s retrospektivou od roku 1940, obsahuje záznamy článků z více než 300 odborných časopisů a záznamy monografií; větší část záznamů má abstrakty. 2: Možnosti věcného vyhledávání: Databáze obsahuje tato pole věcného popisu: o DE descriptors o PS personal name as subject o SU subjects Pole „DE descriptors“ obsahuje deskriptory tezauru, ale přístup k tezauru samotnému není umožněn ideálně. Volba „Thesaurus“ v databázi není aktivní, využít lze jen prohlížení rejstříku (Index), který obsahuje jen seznam jednotlivých lexikálních jednotek, a položku „Suggest“ – po zapsání výrazu se objeví seznam deskriptorů, které jsou s daným výrazem v nějakém (zřejmě hierarchickém a asociativním) vztahu. Pole „PS personal name as subject“ obsahuje jméno osoby jako předmět a je zajímavé, že kromě rejstříku lze použít opět volbu „Suggest“, která po zadání jména osoby vygeneruje seznam pojmů (deskriptorů), věcně spojených s dílem zadané osoby (např. zadání „Socrates“ vygeneruje METAPHYSICS-, PHILOSOPHY-, DEATH-, KNOWLEDGE-, SOUL-, ETHICS-, VIRTUE-, DEFINITION-, DIALECTIC-, EDUCATION-). Pole „SU subjects“ se v záznamech nevyskytuje, je to vlastně pouze „virtuální“ vyhledávácí pole, které sdružuje údaje z polí DE a PS. Kromě už zmíněného rejstříku a volby „Suggest“ lze v databázi věcně vyhledávat formulací dotazu v jednotlivých polích věcného popisu nebo pomocí sdruženého pole „Subject“, které vyhledávání ve všech třech (ale vlastně dvou) polích věcného popisu. Používají se standardní znaky pro rozšiřování výrazů - * a ?, fráze se zapisují do uvozovek nebo lze využít spojovníku mezi slovy ve víceslovných deskriptorech (např. moral-philosophy). 3: Informační požadavek: pojem intenze a extenze v díle Rudolfa Carnapa (tj. zajímá mě, jak na práce R. Carnapa o intenzi a extenzi reagovali jiní autoři) 4: Informační dotazy: 1. dotaz (10 záznamů – viz příloha č. 1): (exten?ion* and inten?ion*) in de and carnap* in ps První dotaz nalezl poměrně relevantní záznamy. Protože mě však zajímají i dokumenty, ve kterých se píše nejen o intenzi a extenzi zároveň, ale i zvlášť, zkouším ještě další dotaz: 2. dotaz (46 záznamů – viz příloha č. 2): (exten?ion* or inten?ion*) in de and carnap* in ps Druhým dotazem jsem ještě získal některé další relevantní záznamy, ale některé už neodpovídaly zcela mým požadavkům (nebyly pertinentní). 5: komentář: Vyhledané záznamy, které považuji za nejužitečnější, jsem označil v příloze č. 2 žlutě. Všechny záznamy jsou sice relevantní (odpovídají formulaci dotazu), ale jen ty označené jsou pertinentní (skutečně vyhovují mým informačním potřebám) – takových záznamů je 20. PŘÍLOHY Příloha č. 1 Record 1 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: "La logica del Tractatus y la construccion logica de Carnap" in El Programa de Carnap: Ciencia, lenguaje, filosofia, Cirera, Ramon (ed), 149-167 AU: Terricabras,-Josep-Maria PB: Ed-Bronce : Barcelona, 1997 DE: EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; MEANING-; OBSERVATION-; REFERENCE-; VIENNA-CIRCLE PS: CARNAP-; WITTGENSTEIN LA: English DT: Contribution PY: 1997 UD: 321 AN: 1653239 Record 2 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: Bedeutung: Grundzuge einer internalistischen Semantik AU: Schweizer,-Herbert PB: Haupt : Berne, 1991 AB: Seeking for an ontologically acceptable definition of "meaning", the author draws radical conclusions from the discussion of Carnapian coined semantics and Quine's critics against them. He offers arguments that suggest to challenge Quine's naturalism and holism both in semantics and philosophy of science and he opts for a strict model theoretic version of Carnap's internalism in formal semantics. The book contains a readable introduction into the theories of meaning of Frege, Carnap and Quine and deals with many semantical concepts and problems like meaning, synonymy, analyticity, intensions. DE: EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; INTERNALISM-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; FREGE-; QUINE LA: English DT: Monograph PY: 1991 UD: 262 AN: 1229658 Record 3 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SYNONYMITY AND THE THESIS OF INTENSIONALITY. AU: BAKSI,-KALIPADA SO: Indian-Philosophical-Quarterly. O 80; 8: 31-46 JN: Indian-Philosophical-Quarterly:-Journal-of-the-Department-of-Philosophy-University-of-Poona IS: 0376-415X AB: THIS PAPER IS A STUDY ON THE INTENSIONAL THESIS OF CARNAP AS CONTRASTED WITH THAT OF FREGE IN AN ATTEMPT TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER IT PROVIDES A SATISFACTORY BASIS OF 'SYNONYMITY' OF NATURAL EXPRESSIONS (WHICH THE EXTENSIONAL THESIS ALLEGEDLY FAILS TO PROVIDE). IT IS ARGUED THAT CARNAP FARES NO BETTER THAN FREGE AND THAT THE INTENSIONAL THESIS IS NO BETTER SUBSTITUTE FOR THE EXTENSIONAL ONE. THIS PAPER LAYS BARE SOME OF THE MISCONCEPTIONS THAT LED CARNAP TO FORMULATE HIS THEORY IN THE WAY HE DOES AND SUGGESTS A RADICALLY DIFFERENT APPROACH TO THE ISSUES INVOLVED. IT CONCLUDES THAT SYNONYMITY BETWEEN EXPRESSIONS IS AN IDEAL LIMIT HARDLY ATTAINABLE IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. DE: EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYM- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1980 UD: 120 AN: 1109025 Record 4 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SEMANTICAL QUESTIONS IN CARNAP'S INDUCTIVE LOGIC. AU: SMOKLER,-HOWARD SO: British-Journal-for-the-Philosophy-of-Science. JE 77; 28: 129-135 JN: British-Journal-for-the-Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0007-0882 AB: CARNAP'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO INDUCTIVE LOGIC HAS BEEN TO CLARIFY THE LOGICAL AND SEMANTICAL BASIS OF THAT LOGIC. IN CONFORMITY WITH HIS EXTENSIONALIST PROCLIVITIES HE HAS DESIGNED A SEMANTICS FOR INDUCTIVE LOGIC WHICH EXTENSIONALIZES VARIOUS SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES: MEANINGS, LANGUAGE-FORMS, ETC., AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. HE NO DOUBT HAS ALSO BEEN GUIDED BY THE CONSIDERATION THAT SUCH A SEMANTICS IS TECHNICALLY EASIER TO WORK WITH THAN AN INTENSIONALIST ONE. HE HAS BEEN LED TO A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS WHICH SEEM AT VARIANCE WITH COMMON SENSE AND SEMANTICAL THEORY: PROPOSITIONS ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR EXTENSIONS AND ALSO WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING EVENTS. INFORMATION NORMALLY RELEVANT TO THE FORMULATION OF RATIONAL BELIEF IS EXCLUDED FROM EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF INDUCTION. THEREFORE I WANT TO OFFER ARGUMENTS AGAINST CARNAP'S POSITIONS AND INVESTIGATE WHAT ALTERNATIVES WOULD BE PRESENT IN A SEMANTICAL THEORY MORE REALISTIC THAN CARNAP'S. DE: EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSIONALITY-; INDUCTION-; INTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; PREDICATION-; PROBABILITY-; RATIONALITY-; SCIENCE-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1977 UD: 110 AN: 1056509 Record 5 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: INTENSIONAL CONCEPTS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE: THE RESULTS OF CARNAP'S BEHAVIORAL METHODOLOGY. AU: PANAGIOTOU,-NANCY SO: Dialogue-. O 72; 15: 1-7 JN: Dialogue:-Journal-of-Phi-Sigma-Tau IS: 0012-2246 AB: CONCEPTS OF ANALYCITY AND SYNONYMY AS FOUND IN CARNAP'S INTENSIONAL SEMANTICAL SYSTEM FOR LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ARE EXAMINED FOR APPLICABILITY TO PROBLEMS GROUNDED IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. APPLICABILITY HINGES UPON A METHOD OF DETERMINING INTENSION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. CARNAP'S OWN BEHAVIORAL METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING INTENSION, AS REFINED BY KATZ' SEMANTICAL THEORY, IS SHOWN UNDER EXAMINATION TO YIELD ONLY INDECISIVE VARIETIES OF SYNONYMY IN NATURAL LANGUAGE WITH CORRESPONDING ANALYCITY. CARNAP HAS SHOWN A CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR COMPLETE SYNONYMY, BUT HAS NOT SHOWN IT TO OCCUR. DE: ANALYTICITY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; KATZ,-J; QUINE-; WHITE,-M LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1972 UD: 060 AN: 1036586 Record 6 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CARNAP'S ONTOLOGY AND CHALLENGES. AU: SWEIGART,-JOHN SO: Philosophy-of-Science. JA 63; 30: 71-80 JN: Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0031-8248 AB: IN VARIOUS ARTICLES PROFESSOR R CARNAP EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENTS AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS. I WANT TO APPRAISE HIS OWN POSITION AND RESPOND TO HIS CHALLENGES CONCERNING AN EXTENSIONALISTIC, INSTEAD OF AN INTENSIONALISTIC (SUCH AS HIS), METHOD OF ANALYSIS. CRITICAL OBJECTIONS TO THE LATTER ARE DEVELOPED FOR BOTH FORMALIZED LANGUAGES AND NATURAL LANGUAGE. DRAWING UPON CERTAIN STUDIES OF R M MARTIN AND N GOODMAN, PLUS SOME PREVIOUS WORK OF MY OWN, I THEN SHOW THAT THE VAGUENESSES AND CONFUSIONS OF EXCESSIVE ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENTS ACCOMPANYING INTENSIONALISM CAN BE AVOIDED BY EXTENSIONALISTIC APPROACHES IN WHICH INTEGRAL CONCEPTS CAN BE WELL DEFINED. DE: ABSTRACT-ENTITY; EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSIONALISM-; LANGUAGE-; METAPHYSICS-; ONTOLOGY- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1963 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010033 Record 7 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: PRAGMATICS AND INTENSION. AU: MAYS,-W SO: Australasian-Journal-of-Philosophy. MY 61; 39: 1-12 JN: Australasian-Journal-of-Philosophy IS: 0004-8402 AB: THE AUTHOR CLAIMS THAT CARNAP TRIED TO MEET QUINE'S CRITICISMS OF HIS DEFINITIONS OF SYNONYMY AND ANALYTICITY BY "TESTING INTENSIONS PRAGMATICALLY." THE AUTHOR ACCUSES CARNAP OF PERPETUATING THE "SHARP" ANALYTIC/SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION. HE CONCLUDES THAT CARNAP IS MISTAKEN IN ARGUING AN ANALOGY BETWEEN MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS AND ORDINARY LANGUAGE "WHICH MAY NOT HAVE A PRECISE REFERENTIAL FUNCTION." (STAFF) DE: ANALYTICITY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; PRAGMATICS-; PREDICATE-; SEMANTICS-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MAYS,-W LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1961 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1062910 Record 8 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC PRAGMATICS. AU: MARTIN,-RICHARD-MILTON PB: NORTH-HOLLANDSCHE : AMSTERDAM, 1959 AB: IN THIS BOOK SEVERAL PRAGMATICAL THEORIES ARE EXPRESSED WITHIN A FORMALIZED META-LANGUAGE. THE POINT OF VIEW IS EXTENSIONAL. (BP, EDITED) DE: ANALYTICITY-; ASSERTING-; EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; METALANGUAGE-; PERFORMATIVES-; PRAGMATICS-; PROJECTIBILITY-; RULE-; SEMANTICS-; TYPE- PS: CARNAP-; GOODMAN,-N LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1959 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1072711 Record 9 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CARNAP'S SEMANTICS. AU: BLACK,-MAX SO: Philosophical-Review. MY 49; 58: 257-264 JN: Philosophical-Review IS: 0031-8108 DE: COMMITMENT-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; METALANGUAGE-; ONTOLOGY-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1949 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1005928 Record 10 of 10 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CONCERNING CARNAP'S DEFINITION OF 'EXTENSIONAL' AND 'INTENSIONAL'. AU: BERGMANN,-GUSTAV SO: Mind-. O 48; 57: 494-495 JN: Mind:-A-Quarterly-Review-of-Philosophy IS: 0026-4423 DE: EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1948 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1061132 Příloha č. 2 Record 1 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CONFIRMATION, INTENTION, AND LANGUAGE. AU: PALMIERI,-L-E SO: Methodos-.; 11: 33-40 JN: Methodos DE: CONFIRMATION-; INTENTION-; SCIENCE- PS: CARNAP-; HEMPEL LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1069512 Record 2 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: A Resurrection of Mates' Problem AU: Elambooranan,-Sivakumar SO: Journal-of-Indian-Council-of-Philosophical-Research. O-D 02; 19(4): 37-45 JN: Journal-of-Indian-Council-of-Philosophical-Research IS: 0970-7794 DE: INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; SENTENCE-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MATES,-B LA: English DT: Journal-Article PY: 2002 UD: 382 AN: 1717609 Record 3 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: "La logica del Tractatus y la construccion logica de Carnap" in El Programa de Carnap: Ciencia, lenguaje, filosofia, Cirera, Ramon (ed), 149-167 AU: Terricabras,-Josep-Maria PB: Ed-Bronce : Barcelona, 1997 DE: EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; MEANING-; OBSERVATION-; REFERENCE-; VIENNA-CIRCLE PS: CARNAP-; WITTGENSTEIN LA: English DT: Contribution PY: 1997 UD: 321 AN: 1653239 *Record 4 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: Intentionality and the Myth of Pure Syntax AU: Jacquette,-Dale SO: Protosoziologie-. 1994; 6: 76-89 JN: Protosoziologie IS: 0940-4147 AB: The assumption that it is possible to distinguish pure syntax from any semantic interpretation is common to contemporary extensionalist approaches to philosophy of language, mind, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. The origin of the term "pure syntax" is traced to Carnap's distinction between pure and applied syntax and semantics, and to formalist analyses of mathematical systems as uninterpreted token manipulating games. It is argued in opposition to this trend that syntax can never be purified entirely of semantics, that there can be no such thing as meaningless syntactical tokens or uninterpreted symbols, but that tokens must always be token and symbols always symbolize something. The implications of the myth of pure syntax in rule-structured and connectionist artificial intelligence, semantic network processing, and their philosophical-psychological rationales, are explored. The fact that rule-structured artificial intelligence in principle can simulate any connectionist model, and that rule-structured artificial intelligence presupposes the myth of pure syntax links the myth to traditional approaches and new paradigms in cognitive engineering. DE: INTENTIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; SEMANTICS-; SYNTAX- PS: CARNAP LA: English DT: Journal-Article PY: 1994 UD: 294 AN: 1256625 *Record 5 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: The New Intensionalism AU: Katz,-Jerrold SO: Mind-. O 92; 101(404): 689-719 JN: Mind:-A-Quarterly-Review-of-Philosophy IS: 0026-4423 AB: From the beginning of the linguistic turn in this century to the present, philosophical discussions of language have consistently assumed that intensionalism, the doctrine that expressions of natural language have sense as well as reference, can only be Fregean intensionalism. In earlier papers, I argued that this widespread assumption is false because there is another form of intensionalism fundamentally different from Frege's, and, further, that the failure to recognize such an alternative has led to the acceptance of criticisms of the intensionalist position which, in fact, are only criticisms of Fregean intensionalism. Since then I have come to think that the assumption is false for a different and deeper reason, namely, that the systematic semantics that Frege developed and that Carnap refurbished is not intensionalism at all. In this paper, I want to explain why I now think this. In the process, I hope to provide a new perspective on the linguistic turn in twentieth century philosophy and a new conception of the relation between the analytic and the necessary and a priori. DE: INTENTIONALISM-; LANGUAGE-; NATURAL-LANGUAGE PS: CARNAP-; FREGE LA: English DT: Journal-Article PY: 1992 UD: 271 AN: 1233609 *Record 6 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: Bedeutung: Grundzuge einer internalistischen Semantik AU: Schweizer,-Herbert PB: Haupt : Berne, 1991 AB: Seeking for an ontologically acceptable definition of "meaning", the author draws radical conclusions from the discussion of Carnapian coined semantics and Quine's critics against them. He offers arguments that suggest to challenge Quine's naturalism and holism both in semantics and philosophy of science and he opts for a strict model theoretic version of Carnap's internalism in formal semantics. The book contains a readable introduction into the theories of meaning of Frege, Carnap and Quine and deals with many semantical concepts and problems like meaning, synonymy, analyticity, intensions. DE: EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; INTERNALISM-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; FREGE-; QUINE LA: English DT: Monograph PY: 1991 UD: 262 AN: 1229658 Record 7 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SOME PHILOSOPHICAL REMARKS ON THE THEORY OF TYPES IN INTENSIONAL LOGIC. AU: VANDERVEKEN,-DANIEL SO: Erkenntnis-. JA 82; 17: 85-112 JN: Erkenntnis:-An-International-Journal-of-Analytic-Philosophy IS: 0165-0106 AB: THE AIM OF THE PAPER IS TO DESCRIBE SOME PHILOSOPHICALLY SIGNIFICANT FORMAL DIFFERENCES THAT EXIST IN THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTENSIONAL LOGICS OF FREGE, CHURCH, RUSSELL, CARNAP, AND MONTAGUE. THESE FORMAL DIFFERENCES CONCERN MAINLY THE RELATION OF CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SENSES AND DENOTATIONS AND ENTER IN THE RECURSIVE DEFINITION OF THE SET OF ALL TYPES OF POSSIBLE SENSES AND DEFINITION OF EACH INTENSIONAL LOGIC. THEY ARE PHILOSOPHICALLY SIGNIFICANT IN THE SENSE THAT THEY EXPRESS VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL COMMITMENTS IN ONTOLOGY OR PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE. DE: INTENSIONAL-LOGIC; LOGIC- PS: CARNAP-; CHURCH,-A; FREGE-; KAPLAN,-D; MONTAGUE,-R; RUSSELL LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1982 UD: 162 AN: 1105496 *Record 8 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SYNONYMITY AND THE THESIS OF INTENSIONALITY. AU: BAKSI,-KALIPADA SO: Indian-Philosophical-Quarterly. O 80; 8: 31-46 JN: Indian-Philosophical-Quarterly:-Journal-of-the-Department-of-Philosophy-University-of-Poona IS: 0376-415X AB: THIS PAPER IS A STUDY ON THE INTENSIONAL THESIS OF CARNAP AS CONTRASTED WITH THAT OF FREGE IN AN ATTEMPT TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER IT PROVIDES A SATISFACTORY BASIS OF 'SYNONYMITY' OF NATURAL EXPRESSIONS (WHICH THE EXTENSIONAL THESIS ALLEGEDLY FAILS TO PROVIDE). IT IS ARGUED THAT CARNAP FARES NO BETTER THAN FREGE AND THAT THE INTENSIONAL THESIS IS NO BETTER SUBSTITUTE FOR THE EXTENSIONAL ONE. THIS PAPER LAYS BARE SOME OF THE MISCONCEPTIONS THAT LED CARNAP TO FORMULATE HIS THEORY IN THE WAY HE DOES AND SUGGESTS A RADICALLY DIFFERENT APPROACH TO THE ISSUES INVOLVED. IT CONCLUDES THAT SYNONYMITY BETWEEN EXPRESSIONS IS AN IDEAL LIMIT HARDLY ATTAINABLE IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. DE: EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYM- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1980 UD: 120 AN: 1109025 Record 9 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE THEORY OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION. AU: KATZ,-JERROLD-J SO: Erkenntnis-. JL 78; 13: 63-109 JN: Erkenntnis:-An-International-Journal-of-Analytic-Philosophy IS: 0165-0106 DE: INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; PERLOCUTION-; REPRESENTATION-; SEMANTICS-; SYNTAX-; USE- PS: CARNAP-; CHOMSKY,-N; DAVIDSON,-D; DONNELLAN,-K; FREGE-; GOODMAN,-N; GRICE,-H-P; HARMAN,-G; QUINE-; TARSKI LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1978 UD: 120 AN: 1060367 *Record 10 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SEMANTICAL QUESTIONS IN CARNAP'S INDUCTIVE LOGIC. AU: SMOKLER,-HOWARD SO: British-Journal-for-the-Philosophy-of-Science. JE 77; 28: 129-135 JN: British-Journal-for-the-Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0007-0882 AB: CARNAP'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO INDUCTIVE LOGIC HAS BEEN TO CLARIFY THE LOGICAL AND SEMANTICAL BASIS OF THAT LOGIC. IN CONFORMITY WITH HIS EXTENSIONALIST PROCLIVITIES HE HAS DESIGNED A SEMANTICS FOR INDUCTIVE LOGIC WHICH EXTENSIONALIZES VARIOUS SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES: MEANINGS, LANGUAGE-FORMS, ETC., AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. HE NO DOUBT HAS ALSO BEEN GUIDED BY THE CONSIDERATION THAT SUCH A SEMANTICS IS TECHNICALLY EASIER TO WORK WITH THAN AN INTENSIONALIST ONE. HE HAS BEEN LED TO A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS WHICH SEEM AT VARIANCE WITH COMMON SENSE AND SEMANTICAL THEORY: PROPOSITIONS ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR EXTENSIONS AND ALSO WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING EVENTS. INFORMATION NORMALLY RELEVANT TO THE FORMULATION OF RATIONAL BELIEF IS EXCLUDED FROM EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF INDUCTION. THEREFORE I WANT TO OFFER ARGUMENTS AGAINST CARNAP'S POSITIONS AND INVESTIGATE WHAT ALTERNATIVES WOULD BE PRESENT IN A SEMANTICAL THEORY MORE REALISTIC THAN CARNAP'S. DE: EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSIONALITY-; INDUCTION-; INTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; PREDICATION-; PROBABILITY-; RATIONALITY-; SCIENCE-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1977 UD: 110 AN: 1056509 Record 11 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: TWO THEORIES OF MEANING" IN "TRUTH AND MEANING: ESSAYS IN SEMANTICS", GARETH EVANS AND JOHN MCDOWELL (EDS), 138-161 AU: LOAR,-BRIAN PB: Clarendon-Press : OXFORD, 1976 DE: INTENTION-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; PROPOSITION-; SEMANTICS-; TRUTH- PS: CARNAP-; DAVIDSON,-D LA: ENGLISH DT: Contribution PY: 1976 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1077940 Record 12 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: RUDOLF CARNAP, LOGICAL EMPIRICIST: MATERIALS AND PERSPECTIVES. AU: HINTIKKA,-JAAKKO (ED) PB: REIDEL : DORDRECHT, 1975 AB: THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS VOLUME CONTAIN CRITICISMS OF CARNAP'S WORKS AS WELL AS ARTICLES DEVELOPING FURTHER HIS IDEAS. (EDITED) DE: ANALYTICITY-; BELIEF-; BIOGRAPHY-; INDUCTIVE-LOGIC; INTENSIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; LOGICAL-EMPIRICISM; LOGICISM-; METAPHYSICS-; OBSERVATION-SENTENCE; PHILOSOPHY-; PROBABILITY-; SCIENCE-; THEORETICAL-CONCEPTS; WORLD- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1975 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1076155 *Record 13 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE INTENTIONS OF INTENTIONALITY AND OTHER NEW MODELS FOR MODALITIES. AU: HINTIKKA,-JAAKKO PB: REIDEL : BOSTON, 1975 DE: BELIEVING-; CONCEPT-; EPISTEMIC-LOGIC; EPISTEMOLOGY-; FORMALIZATION-; IDENTIFICATION-; INTENSIONAL-LOGIC; INTENTIONALITY-; KNOWING-; LINGUISTICS-; LOGIC-; MODALITY-; OBJECT-; PERCEPTION-; PHENOMENOLOGY-; POSSIBLE-WORLD; QUANTIFICATION-; QUESTION-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; HUSSERL-; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1975 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1019018 *Record 14 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) *TI: DISPOSITIONS AND REDUCTIONISM IN PSYCHOLOGY. AU: OLSHEWSKY,-THOMAS-M SO: Journal-for-the-Theory-of-Social-Behaviour. O 75; 5: 129-144 JN: Journal-for-the-Theory-of-Social-Behaviour IS: 0021-8308 AB: 1) REDUCTIONISM IN PSYCHOLOGY IS NOT A SINGLE MOVE REGARDING A SINGLE CONCEPTUAL ISSUE, BUT IS RATHER A COMPLEX OF CONCERNS WITH A NETWORK OF CONCEPTUALLY INTERRELATED ISSUES. 2) REDUCTIONISTIC MOVES TEND TO EXPLICITLY RELY UPON OR IMPLICITLY PRESUPPOSE THE USE OF DISPOSITIONAL TERMS. 3) DISPOSITIONAL TERMS WILL NOT SERVE TO EFFECT REDUCTIONISTIC PROGRAMS BECAUSE THEY THEMSELVES REQUIRE MANY OF THE FEATURES THAT THOSE PROGRAMS REQUIRE EXCISING. 4) IF DISPOSITIONALS ARE NOT THEMSELVES LOGICALLY TIED TO INTENTIONALS, THEY AT LEAST BEAR A SUFFICIENT FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO PARTICIPATE IN LOGICAL PROBLEMS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF INTENTIONALS AND MODALS. 5) IF DISPOSITIONALS AND INTENTIONALS DO NOT REQUIRE THE TELEOLOGICAL FRAME FROM WHICH THEY HISTORICALLY AROSE, THEN THEY AT LEAST REQUIRE SOME ALTERNATIVE ACCOUNTING, NOT AN ELIMINATION. DE: DISPOSITION-; INTENTION-; PSYCHOLOGY-; REDUCTIONISM-; SCIENCE-; SOCIAL-SCIENCES PS: CARNAP-; HEMPEL-; RYLE,-G LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1975 UD: 100 AN: 1049029 *LHM: ABD103 http://www.nlk.cz/adr.asp?V=ABD103 - 96 BAA001 http://www.nlk.cz/adr.asp?V=BAA001 - 93 94 95 96 97 98 Record 15 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTENSIONAL LOGIC: PART 1. AU: KAMP,-H SO: Aristotelian-Society. 1975; Suppl 49: 21-44 JN: Aristotelian-Society:-Supplementary-Volume IS: 0309-7013 DE: IDENTITY-; INTENSIONAL-LOGIC; INTUITION-; LOGIC-; MATHEMATICS-; METALOGIC-; MODEL-THEORY; NECESSITY-; POSSIBLE-WORLD; PROPERTY-; REALISM-; SEMANTICS-; TYPE-; VALIDITY- PS: CARNAP-; CHURCH,-A; KRIPKE,-S; TARSKI LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1975 UD: 090 AN: 1047929 Record 16 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: REFERENCE TO THE NON-EXISTENT. AU: DEELY,-JOHN-N SO: Thomist-. AP 75; 39: 253-308 JN: Thomist:-A-Speculative-Quarterly-Review IS: 0040-6325 DE: DEFINITE-DESCRIPTIONS; DENOTING-; EXISTENCE-; INTENTIONALITY-; METAPHYSICS-; NONBEING-; ONTOLOGY-; PHENOMENOLOGY-; REFERENCE- PS: AQUINAS-; AYER-; BRADLEY-; BRENTANO-; CAJETAN-; CARNAP-; FREGE-; OSGOOD,-C; POINSOT,-J; QUINE-; RORTY,-R; RUSSELL-; WITTGENSTEIN LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1975 UD: 090 AN: 1047680 *Record 17 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: MEANING POSTULATES AND SEMANTIC THEORY. AU: KATZ,-JERROLD-J; NAGEL,-RICHARD-I SO: Foundations-of-Language. MY 74; 11: 311-340 JN: Foundations-of-Language IS: 0015-900X AB: THIS PAPER CLAIMS THAT SEMANTIC THEORY OFFERS A BETTER APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF NATURAL LANGUAGES THAN SYSTEMS OF MEANING POSTULATES. WE TRY TO ESTABLISH THIS CLAIM BY SHOWING THAT CARNAPIAN SYSTEMS FAIL REASONABLE CONDITIONS OF ADEQUACY ON THEORIES OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, CONDITIONS THAT INTENSIONALISTS OUGHT TO FIND ACCEPTABLE. WE ALSO ARGUE THAT CHANGING THESE SYSTEMS SO THAT THEY NO LONGER FAIL SUCH CONDITIONS TRANSFORMS THEM INTO A SEMANTIC THEORY, SO THAT SUCH SYSTEMS MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS A FIRST APPROXIMATION TO A SEMANTIC THEORY. DE: ANALYTICITY-; INTENSIONALISM-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP-; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1974 UD: 060 AN: 1043281 *Record 18 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: INTENTIONALITY, MIND, AND LANGUAGE. AU: MARRAS,-AUSONIO (ED) PB: UNIV-OF-ILLINOIS-PR : LONDON, 1972 DE: BELIEVING-; DENOTING-; DESCRIPTION-; EPISTEMOLOGY-; INTENTIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; MIND-; PHYSICALISM-; SENSE-; THOUGHT- PS: BRENTANO-; CARNAP-; CHISHOLM,-R; FREGE-; MEINONG-; RUSSELL-; SELLARS,-W; WITTGENSTEIN LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1972 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1072027 *Record 19 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: INTENSIONAL CONCEPTS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE: THE RESULTS OF CARNAP'S BEHAVIORAL METHODOLOGY. AU: PANAGIOTOU,-NANCY SO: Dialogue-. O 72; 15: 1-7 JN: Dialogue:-Journal-of-Phi-Sigma-Tau IS: 0012-2246 AB: CONCEPTS OF ANALYCITY AND SYNONYMY AS FOUND IN CARNAP'S INTENSIONAL SEMANTICAL SYSTEM FOR LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ARE EXAMINED FOR APPLICABILITY TO PROBLEMS GROUNDED IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. APPLICABILITY HINGES UPON A METHOD OF DETERMINING INTENSION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE. CARNAP'S OWN BEHAVIORAL METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING INTENSION, AS REFINED BY KATZ' SEMANTICAL THEORY, IS SHOWN UNDER EXAMINATION TO YIELD ONLY INDECISIVE VARIETIES OF SYNONYMY IN NATURAL LANGUAGE WITH CORRESPONDING ANALYCITY. CARNAP HAS SHOWN A CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR COMPLETE SYNONYMY, BUT HAS NOT SHOWN IT TO OCCUR. DE: ANALYTICITY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; KATZ,-J; QUINE-; WHITE,-M LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1972 UD: 060 AN: 1036586 Record 20 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY. AU: DONAGAN,-ALAN SO: Philosophical-Review. JA 70; 79: 83-138 JN: Philosophical-Review IS: 0031-8108 AB: THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES HOW 'THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY' (8 VOLS., ED. PAUL EDWARDS) TREATS OF CONTEMPORARY METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY. AFTER A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA'S EDITORIAL POLICIES AND THEIR EXECUTION, SEVEN PRINCIPAL TOPICS ARE CONSIDERED: (1) THE LEGACY OF LOGICAL POSITIVISM; (2) THE A PRIORI AND THE ANALYTIC; (3) REALISM AND THE CONCEPT OF TRUTH; (4) NEW CONCEPTIONS OF ONTOLOGY; (5) THE REVOLT AGAINST MIND-BODY DUALISM; (6) THE THEORY OF HUMAN ACTION; AND (7) RELATIONS BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICE. DE: A-PRIORI; ACTION-; ANALYTIC-; CARTESIANISM-; CAUSE-; ENCYCLOPEDIA-; INTENTION-; MIND-; ONTOLOGY-; PHILOSOPHY-; RELIGION-; THEOLOGY-; TRUTH- PS: CARNAP-; MOORE-; QUINE-; RYLE,-G; SHAFFER,-J; STRAWSON-; TARSKI-; TAYLOR,-R; WITTGENSTEIN LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1970 UD: 060 AN: 1028445 Record 21 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CONVENTION: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY. AU: LEWIS,-DAVID PB: HARVARD-UNIV-PR : CAMBRIDGE, 1969 AB: SOCIAL CONVENTIONS ARE ANALYZED, ROUGHLY, AS REGULARITIES IN THE SOLUTION OF RECURRENT COORDINATION PROBLEMS--SITUATIONS OF INTERDEPENDENT DECISION IN WHICH COMMON INTEREST PREDOMINATES. AN EXAMPLE IS OUR REGULARITY OF DRIVING ON THE RIGHT: EACH DOES SO TO COORDINATE WITH HIS FELLOW DRIVERS, BUT WE WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST AS WELL OFF TO COORDINATE BY ALL DRIVING ON THE LEFT. OTHER EXAMPLES ARE DISCUSSED; CONVENTIONS ARE CONTRASTED WITH OTHER SORTS OF REGULARITIES; CONVENTIONS GOVERNING SYSTEMS OF COMMUNICATION ARE SINGLED OUT FOR SPECIAL ATTENTION. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE LATTER CAN BE DESCRIBED AS CONVENTIONS TO BE TRUTHFUL WITH RESPECT TO A PARTICULAR ASSIGNMENT OF TRUTH CONDITIONS TO SENTENCES OR OTHER UNITS OF COMMUNICATION. DE: ANALYTICITY-; BEHAVIOR-; COMMUNICATION-; CONVENTION-; CONVENTIONALISM-; DECISION-THEORY; GAME-THEORY; IMITATION-; INTENTION-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; POSSIBLE-WORLD; RULE-; SEMANTICS-; SOCIAL-CONTRACT; SPEAKER-; TRANSFORMATIONAL-GRAMMAR PS: CARNAP-; GRICE,-H-P; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1969 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1020133 Record 22 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: BELIEF, EXISTENCE, AND MEANING. AU: MARTIN,-RICHARD-MILTON PB: NEW-YORK-UNIV-PR : NY, 1969 DE: ACTION-; BELIEF-; EPISTEMOLOGY-; EVENT-; FACT-; INTENSIONALISM-; LOGICAL-FORM; ONTOLOGICAL-COMMITMENT; PROPOSITION-; REFERENCE-; SENSE-; THEORY-; VIRTUAL-CLASSES PS: AJDUKIEWICZ-; CARNAP-; CHURCH,-A; FREGE-; QUINE-; RUSSELL LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1969 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1020002 Record 23 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SCIENCE AND METAPHYSICS: VARIATIONS ON KANTIAN THEMES. AU: SELLARS,-WILFRID-STALKER PB: HUMANITIES-PR : NY, 1968 DE: ADEQUATION-; APPEARANCE-; ETHICS-; FACT-; INTENTIONALITY-; MEANING-; METAPHYSICS-; MIND-; OBJECTIVITY-; REALISM-; REPRESENTATION-; SCIENTIFIC-; SENSIBILITY-; SPACE-; THEORY-; THING-IN-ITSELF; TIME-; TRUTH-; UNDERSTANDING- PS: CARNAP-; CHISHOLM,-R; KANT-; TARSKI LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1968 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1019662 Record 24 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: METAPHYSICS, REFERENCE, AND LANGUAGE. AU: CORNMAN,-JAMES-W PB: Yale-Univ-Pr : New Haven, 1966 AB: J W CORNMAN ARGUES THAT THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING WHAT, IF ANYTHING, LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS REFER TO IS CENTRAL TO MOST TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS. CORNMAN EXAMINES THREE "LINGUISTIC" APPROACHES--"MEANING ANALYSIS," "EXPLICATION," AND "USE ANALYSIS"--AND REJECTS THESE AS WELL. HOWEVER, HE ARGUES THAT IF CERTAIN EXPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS ARE MADE ABOUT THE GENERAL LOGICAL NATURE OF REFERRING EXPRESSIONS, IT IS POSSIBLE FOR "USE ANALYSIS" TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO THE TRADITIONAL PROBLEMS. (BP) DE: BODY-; EXTERNAL-; INTENTIONALITY-; INTERNAL-; LANGUAGE-; METAPHYSICS-; MIND-; QUESTION-; REFERENCE- PS: AYER-; CARNAP-; CHISHOLM,-R; FEIGL,-H; RUSSELL-; RYLE,-G; WITTGENSTEIN LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1966 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1021228 Record 25 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: BELIEF AND DISPOSITION. AU: LEVI,-ISAAC; MORGENBESSER,-SIDNEY SO: American-Philosophical-Quarterly. JL 64; 1: 221-232 JN: American-Philosophical-Quarterly IS: 0003-0481 DE: BEHAVIORISM-; BELIEF-; DISPOSITION-; INTENTIONALITY-; METAPHYSICS- PS: BRAITHWAITE,-R; CARNAP-; GOODMAN,-N; RYLE,-G; SCHEFFLER,-I LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1964 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1004167 Record 26 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE PHILOSOPHY OF RUDOLF CARNAP. AU: SCHILPP,-PAUL-A (ED) PB: OPEN-COURT : LA SALLE IL, 1963 AB: THE ESSAYS RANGE OVER THE WHOLE SPECTRUM OF PROFESSOR CARNAP'S PHILOSOPHY: MEANING AND VERIFIABILITY, PHYSICALISM, UNITY OF SCIENCE, MODALITIES, SEMANTICS, LOGICAL TRUTH, ANALYTICITY, THE STATUS OF ABSTRACT ENTITIES, IDEAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS, LOGICAL SYNTAX, REDUCTION SENTENCES, THE INDUCTIVE THEORY OF PROBABILITY, THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRY, THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION, AND DEGREE OF CONFIRMATION. (BP) DE: ABSTRACT-ENTITY; ANALYTICITY-; CONFIRMATION-; CONSTRUCTIONALISM-; DIALECTICAL-MATERIALISM; DISPOSITION-; EMPIRICAL-SCIENCE; EMPIRICISM-; GEOMETRY-; INDUCTION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; LOGIC-; LOGICAL-EMPIRICISM; LOGICAL-TRUTH; MEANING-; MODAL-LOGIC; PRAGMATISM-; PROBABILITY-; REDUCTION-; SCIENCE-; SEMANTICS-; SYNTAX-; TWENTIETH-; VALUE-JUDGMENT; VERIFIABILITY- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1963 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1018845 *Record 27 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CARNAP'S ONTOLOGY AND CHALLENGES. AU: SWEIGART,-JOHN SO: Philosophy-of-Science. JA 63; 30: 71-80 JN: Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0031-8248 AB: IN VARIOUS ARTICLES PROFESSOR R CARNAP EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENTS AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS. I WANT TO APPRAISE HIS OWN POSITION AND RESPOND TO HIS CHALLENGES CONCERNING AN EXTENSIONALISTIC, INSTEAD OF AN INTENSIONALISTIC (SUCH AS HIS), METHOD OF ANALYSIS. CRITICAL OBJECTIONS TO THE LATTER ARE DEVELOPED FOR BOTH FORMALIZED LANGUAGES AND NATURAL LANGUAGE. DRAWING UPON CERTAIN STUDIES OF R M MARTIN AND N GOODMAN, PLUS SOME PREVIOUS WORK OF MY OWN, I THEN SHOW THAT THE VAGUENESSES AND CONFUSIONS OF EXCESSIVE ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENTS ACCOMPANYING INTENSIONALISM CAN BE AVOIDED BY EXTENSIONALISTIC APPROACHES IN WHICH INTEGRAL CONCEPTS CAN BE WELL DEFINED. DE: ABSTRACT-ENTITY; EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSIONALISM-; LANGUAGE-; METAPHYSICS-; ONTOLOGY- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1963 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010033 Record 28 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: PRAGMATICS AND INTENSION. AU: MAYS,-W SO: Australasian-Journal-of-Philosophy. MY 61; 39: 1-12 JN: Australasian-Journal-of-Philosophy IS: 0004-8402 AB: THE AUTHOR CLAIMS THAT CARNAP TRIED TO MEET QUINE'S CRITICISMS OF HIS DEFINITIONS OF SYNONYMY AND ANALYTICITY BY "TESTING INTENSIONS PRAGMATICALLY." THE AUTHOR ACCUSES CARNAP OF PERPETUATING THE "SHARP" ANALYTIC/SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION. HE CONCLUDES THAT CARNAP IS MISTAKEN IN ARGUING AN ANALOGY BETWEEN MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS AND ORDINARY LANGUAGE "WHICH MAY NOT HAVE A PRECISE REFERENTIAL FUNCTION." (STAFF) DE: ANALYTICITY-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; PRAGMATICS-; PREDICATE-; SEMANTICS-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MAYS,-W LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1961 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1062910 *Record 29 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: WORD AND OBJECT. AU: QUINE,-WILLARD-VAN-ORMAN PB: TECHNOL-PR-OF-MIT : CAMBRIDGE MA, 1960 AB: THIS IS QUINE'S MOST AMBITIOUS SEMANTICAL UNDERTAKING IN WHICH CONCESSIONS TO THE MATERIAL OBJECT LANGUAGE ACCOMPANY A STIMULUS-BEHAVIORAL ACCOUNT OF VERBAL MEANING. HE FURTHER SHORES UP FAVORITE THESES OF THE PAST, INCLUDING DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY OF SYNONYMY CLAIMS AND THE ADVANTAGES FOR SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION OF FORMALIZING ORDINARY DISCOURSE. (RM) DE: CHURCH-; INDETERMINACY-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; MODALITY-; NOMINALISM-; REFERENTIAL-OPACITY; SINGULAR-TERM; STIMULUS-; SYNONYMY-; TRANSLATION- PS: CARNAP-; DAVIDSON,-D; FREGE-; GOODMAN,-N; RUSSELL-; STRAWSON LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1960 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1015771 *Record 30 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: ARE PROPERTIES MEANINGS? AU: WOLTERSTORFF,-NICHOLAS SO: Journal-of-Philosophy. AP 60; 57: 277-280 JN: Journal-of-Philosophy IS: 0022-362X AB: AGAINST QUINE AND CARNAP, THE AUTHOR ARGUES THAT THE IDENTITY OF PROPERTIES AND ATTRIBUTES IS NOT DETERMINED BY THE MEANINGS OF TERMS. IN THE TRADITIONAL SENSE, THEN, PROPERTIES AND ATTRIBUTES ARE NOT INTENSIONAL ENTITIES; THEY ARE INTENSIONAL ONLY IF AN INTENSIONAL ENTITY IS ONE WHOSE IDENTITY IS NOT DETERMINED BY THE ENTITY OR ENTITIES WHICH POSSESS IT. (STAFF) DE: IDENTITY-; INTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; MEANING-; METAPHYSICS-; PROPERTY- PS: CARNAP-; QUINE LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1960 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1003656 Record 31 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC PRAGMATICS. AU: MARTIN,-RICHARD-MILTON PB: NORTH-HOLLANDSCHE : AMSTERDAM, 1959 AB: IN THIS BOOK SEVERAL PRAGMATICAL THEORIES ARE EXPRESSED WITHIN A FORMALIZED META-LANGUAGE. THE POINT OF VIEW IS EXTENSIONAL. (BP, EDITED) DE: ANALYTICITY-; ASSERTING-; EXTENSIONALITY-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; METALANGUAGE-; PERFORMATIVES-; PRAGMATICS-; PROJECTIBILITY-; RULE-; SEMANTICS-; TYPE- PS: CARNAP-; GOODMAN,-N LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1959 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1072711 *Record 32 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE MEANING OF TRAIT CONCEPTS. AU: DE-GROOT,-A-D SO: Synthese-. 1956-58; 10: 461-470 JN: Synthese:-An-International-Journal-for-Epistemology,-Methodology-and-Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0039-7857 DE: ACCEPTANCE-; EQUIVALENCE-; INTENSIONAL-ISOMORPHISM; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MATES,-B LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1958 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1064248 Record 33 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE NATURE OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY. AU: MORRISON,-PAUL-GUERRANT SO: Tulane-Studies-in-Philosophy. 1958; 7: 91-110 JN: Tulane-Studies-in-Philosophy IS: 0082-6766 DE: ANALYSIS-; CONCEPT-; CONCEPTUAL-SCHEME; FACT-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; PHILOSOPHY-; PROPOSITION-; RELATION- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1958 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010520 *Record 34 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: A NOTE ON CARNAP'S MEANING ANALYSIS. AU: CHISHOLM,-RODERICK-M SO: Philosophical-Studies. 1955; 6: 87-88 JN: Philosophical-Studies:-An-International-Journal-for-Philosophy-in-the-Analytic-Tradition IS: 0031-8116 DE: BELIEF-; DEFINITION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; PRAGMATICS- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1955 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010848 Record 35 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: BELIEF, SYNONYMITY, AND ANALYSIS. AU: PAP,-ARTHUR SO: Philosophical-Studies. 1955; 6: 11-14 JN: Philosophical-Studies:-An-International-Journal-for-Philosophy-in-the-Analytic-Tradition IS: 0031-8116 DE: ANALYSIS-; BELIEF-; IDENTITY-; INTENSIONALITY-; ISOMORPHISM-; LANGUAGE-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MATES,-B LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1955 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010835 Record 36 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: INTENSIONAL ISOMORPHISM AND IDENTITY OF BELIEF. AU: CHURCH,-ALONZO SO: Philosophical-Studies. 1954; 5: 65-72 JN: Philosophical-Studies:-An-International-Journal-for-Philosophy-in-the-Analytic-Tradition IS: 0031-8116 DE: BELIEF-; IDENTITY-; INTENSIONALITY-; ISOMORPHISM-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; MATES,-B LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1954 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010827 Record 37 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: FROM A LOGICAL POINT OF VIEW: 9 LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS. AU: QUINE,-WILLARD-VAN-ORMAN PB: HARVARD-UNIV-PR : CAMBRIDGE, 1953 AB: MOST OF THESE LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS DEAL WITH SEMANTICS AND RELATED AREAS, AND HAVE BEEN REWRITTEN FROM ARTICLES IN SEVEN DIFFERENT JOURNALS. AMONG THEM IS "NEW FOUNDATIONS FOR MATHEMATICAL LOGIC," WHICH FIRST APPEARED IN 1937, AND TO WHICH SOME SUPPLEMENTARY REMARKS HAVE BEEN ADDED. A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED FOR REFERENCE. (BP) DE: ABSTRACT-ENTITY; ANALYTICITY-; CHURCH-; DESCRIPTION-; EXTENSIONALITY-; IDENTITY-; LOGIC-; LOGICAL-POSITIVISM; METAMATHEMATICS-; MODALITY-; NAME-; ONTOLOGY-; QUANTIFICATION-; REFERENTIAL-OPACITY; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP-; FREGE-; RUSSELL LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1953 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1016791 Record 38 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: MEANING AND INTERPRETATION: LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNION OF THE UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, 1948-1949. AU: ANONYMOUS PB: UNIV-OF-CALIF-PR : BERKELEY, 1950 DE: AESTHETICS-; CATEGORY-; FACT-; INDUBITABILITY-; INTENTION-; INTERPRETATION-; KNOWLEDGE-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; METAPHYSICS-; MODAL-LOGIC; NECESSITY-; PHILOSOPHY-; PROPOSITION-; SYNONYM-; TRUTH- PS: AQUINAS-; CARNAP-; PEPPER,-S LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1950 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1021010 *Record 39 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: A NOTE ON CARNAP'S "TRUTH AND CONFIRMATION". AU: LINSKY,-LEONARD SO: Philosophical-Studies. D 50; 1: 81-82 JN: Philosophical-Studies:-An-International-Journal-for-Philosophy-in-the-Analytic-Tradition IS: 0031-8116 DE: EQUIVALENCE-; EXTENSIONALITY-; KNOWLEDGE-; LOGIC-; TRUE- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1950 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1010758 Record 40 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: SOME NOTES ON CARNAP'S CONCEPT OF INTENSIONAL ISOMORPHISM AND THE PARADOXOF ANALYSIS. AU: LINSKY,-LEONARD SO: Philosophy-of-Science. O 49; 16: 343-346 JN: Philosophy-of-Science IS: 0031-8248 DE: INTENSIONAL-ISOMORPHISM; LANGUAGE-; LOGIC-; PARADOX-OF-ANALYSIS; SYNONYMY- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1949 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1009660 *Record 41 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CARNAP'S SEMANTICS. AU: BLACK,-MAX SO: Philosophical-Review. MY 49; 58: 257-264 JN: Philosophical-Review IS: 0031-8108 DE: COMMITMENT-; EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE-; METALANGUAGE-; ONTOLOGY-; SEMANTICS- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1949 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1005928 *Record 42 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CONCERNING CARNAP'S DEFINITION OF 'EXTENSIONAL' AND 'INTENSIONAL'. AU: BERGMANN,-GUSTAV SO: Mind-. O 48; 57: 494-495 JN: Mind:-A-Quarterly-Review-of-Philosophy IS: 0026-4423 DE: EXTENSION-; INTENSION-; LANGUAGE- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1948 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1061132 Record 43 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE LOGICAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORLD. AU: WEDBERG,-ANDERS SO: Theoria-. 1944; 10: 216-246 JN: Theoria:-A-Swedish-Journal-of-Philosophy IS: 0040-5825 DE: DISPOSITION-; EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSIONALITY-; LOGIC-; PHENOMENALISM- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1944 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1065350 *Record 44 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: CARNAP'S INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS. AU: CHURCH,-ALONZO SO: Philosophical-Review. MY 43; 52: 298-303 JN: Philosophical-Review IS: 0031-8108 DE: DESIGNATION-; EXTENSIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; MEANING-; PHILOSOPHY-; SEMANTICS-; SENSE-; TOLERANCE- PS: CARNAP LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1943 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1005747 *Record 45 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: AN INQUIRY INTO MEANING AND TRUTH. AU: RUSSELL,-BERTRAND PB: ALLEN-and-UNWIN : LONDON, 1940 AB: THE BOOK INCLUDES AN INTRODUCTION AND TWENTY-FIVE CHAPTERS ON VARIOUS PROBLEMS INVOLVING WORDS, SENTENCES AND LANGUAGE AND THEIR BEARING UPON EPISTEMOLOGICAL PREMISES. (PA) DE: BASIC-SENTENCE; EPISTEMOLOGY-; EXTENSIONALITY-; LANGUAGE-; LOGICAL-ATOMISM; MEANING-; NAMING-; PROPOSITION-; SEMANTICS-; VERIFICATION- PS: CARNAP-; WITTGENSTEIN LA: ENGLISH DT: Monograph PY: 1940 UD: 002; (RI2) AN: 1071654 Record 46 of 46 in The Philosopher's Index (1940-2005/12) TI: THE CONCEPT OF "THE GIVEN" IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY. AU: WILD,-JOHN SO: Philosophy-and-Phenomenological-Research. S 40; 1: 70-82 JN: Philosophy-and-Phenomenological-Research IS: 0031-8205 DE: CHANGE-; CONTINUITY-; EMPIRICISM-; EPISTEMOLOGY-; ESSENCE-; IMMATERIALISM-; INTENTIONALITY-; QUALITY-; SENSE-DATA; SUBJECTIVISM- PS: BERKELEY-; CARNAP-; LEWIS LA: ENGLISH DT: Journal-Article PY: 1940 UD: 001; (RIP) AN: 1001395