II. KoHTaKTH Ha otJirapcKHJi e3HK c jxpym e3Hi|H KoHTaKTHTe Ha 6tJirapcKHH e3HK c flpynrre e3HUH ca cühh ot BajKHHTe 4>aKTopH b HeroBaTa cbojhouh». reorpap,iwBa OajiKaHCKHTe ch nepra, 3a kohto Bene 6euie cnoMeHaTo (b>k. cTp. 8-9). HcTopnaTa Ha crpaHara e Hanoacwia ci>uiecTBeH OTnenaTbK Btpxy KOHTaKTHTe Ha e3HKa hh c apynrre e3HiiH, oco-6eH0 c pycKHH h TypcKH». B anaxpoHeH njiaH rojwMO 3HaieHHe HMar koh-TaKTHTe Ha ÖTbJirapcKH» e3HK c rpmKHH h c hhkoh eßponencKH e3nun. Ha- npHMep C (JjpeHCKHH H HeMCKH». Ho TbH KaTO HaCTOJHJJOTO H3CJieflBaHe e opneHTHpaHO kbm chhxpohhoto onncaHne h oöxBama caMO nocjieflHHTe ner flecerajieraa, b Hero me 6t>flaT npeacTaBeHH OHe3H acneKTH Ha e3HKOBHTe KOHTaKTH, KOHTO Ca aKTyaflHH H 3HaHHMH 3a CbBpeMeHHOTO CbCTOHHHe Ha e3HKa HH. E3HKOBHTe KOHTaKTH OÖHKHOBeHO HMaT 3a BCHHKH C3HIJH eflHOTHIlHH pe3ynTaTH. Ha jieKCHKajiHo paBHHiue ce noaBJiBaT 3äeMKH, kohto ce H3-noJi3BaT 3a o6o3HaiaBaHe Ha HeHOMHHHpaHH npenH TOBa npcaMera h sb-jieHHa, hjih (jpyHKUHOHHpaT napajiejiHO c jryMHTe ot po/iHH« e3HK, KaTO npnaaßaT Ha H3Ka3HTe b TeKCTa hob cmhcjiob HioaHC, hjih ni>K 3aMeH«T ayMHTe ot noBJiHHHHH e3HK, KaTO nocTeneHHO TH H3TJiacKBaT KiM ne-pHiJiepHJiTa My hjih jiasce h3bí>h JieKCHKajiHHTe My rpaHHiiH. npHMep 3a TaKOBa aßycTpaHHO H3TJiacKBaHe e ejiHO HHrepecHO pycKO-ötJirapcKO ab-jieHHe: pycKaTa /ryMa oKueom ('BpeMeTpaeHe na iobcuikoto önrae') ce e 3ana3HJia b h3kohhoto ch 3HaneHHe caMO bib (Jppa3eoJiorH3HpaHH 4>op-MauHH: TKueoma ne noiqadumb; He na OKueom, a na CMepmb h hjik. ap. Ta e ÖHJia H3TJiacKaHa ot cTapoötJirapcKaTa JiyMa otcmHb (c thhhhhhji crapo-6i>JirapcKH cycj)HKC -3Hi>) h e npecraHajia ^a ce ynoTpe6»Ba b cnoMeHaTOTO 3HaieHHe. Ta3H ayMa (JiyHKUHOHHpa b pycKH» e3HK caMO b omohhmhhhoto 3HaneHHe 'KopeM, KopeMHa KyxHHa'. B cbiuoto BpeMe 6iJirapcKHHT e3HK e ycBOHJi HaiľbJíHO AyMaTa xcueom b m>pBH4H0T0 H 3HaneHHe, H3najio e 3ary6HJi AyMaTa 3tcu3Hb, KaTO e 3ana3HJi caMO MOTHBHpaHHTe ot Hea ae-pHBaTH 3KU3Hen, 0KU3Heycmomue, OKU3Hecnoco6eH, 3KU3HepadocmeH, 3KU3Henio6u8. riojiBaTa Ha 3aeMKH He e caMO aBJieHHe ot jieKCHKajiHC-ceMaHTHHHOTO paBHHiue Ha e3HKa. To Moace Aa 3acerHe TaKa HapeneHaTa ecTecTBeHa KAoe3HKOBOTO BJiHaHHe b ötJirapcKHa e3HK npe3 BTopaTa nojioBHHa Ha XX b. OKOHHarejiHO ce >tbt>pah HOBaTa (JioHeMaTHiHa ono3HUHa [x] — [x']. Ta ce nopoAH npeAH bchhko non Bi>3fleHCTBHeTo Ha co6cTBeHH HMeHa ot TiopKCKH, apaôcKH h aHmHÖcKH npo-H3XOA: Xioôbp, Xwôbpm, Xia, Xwzo, Xioceun, XwcmtH h AP- Pa3ÖHpa ce, 3a HeňHara noaBa HMaiue h3bccthh npeAnocTaBKH. 3aAHoe3HHHHTe cbraacHH r, k, x b &bJirapcKH« e3HK ca 6hjih BHHarH mckh npeA npeAHHTe rnacHH e h h: [z'Jepoü, [k'Juho, [x'Jejuyc. EtJirapcKHTe ynjieHHTeJiHH HaBHUH He no3BO/iaßaT b Ta3H no3HUHJi .iipyra opToenna. Ho caMa no ce6e ch cnoMeHaTaTa oö^HraTopHOCT JíHKBHAHpa ono3HUHjrra [x] -[x']. TaKaBa ono3HUHa Moace Aa &bfle npH3HaTa caMO npn HajiHHHeTO Ha MeKH 3aAHoe3HHHH npeA HenpeAHH macHH, Kam>BTO e onHcaHmrr no-rope cjiynan. KaTO eAHa ot ntpBHTe My npoaBH Moace Aa ce CHHTa CTapaTa TpaHCKpnnnHa Ha hmcto Ha Bhktop íOro Karo Xwzo. ÍTosBaTa Ha hobh (j)0HeMaTH4HH ono3HUHH BHHarH CTHMyuupa no-ABaTa Ha MapKHpaHH TeKCTOBe h b TOBa OTHOuieHHe öwirapcKHaT e3HK HanpaBH H3KJIK)HeHHe. 3aeMKHTe oôxBamaT h MOpipojiorHHHOTO hhbo Ha e3HKa, h cnnraK-THHHaTa My opraHH3auHa, h npHHUHnHTe Ha TeKCTOo6pa3yBaHeTO. Ha tckc-tobo paBHHiue Haň-Ao6pe Mowe Aa ce npocneAH cTHJiHCTHHHaTa pojia Ha 3aeMKHTe. KoHTaKTHTe Ha ötnrapcKH« e3HK c Apynrre e3HiiH MoraT Aa 6tAaT pa3rpaHH4eHH no cahh ochobch npH3Haic: koht3kth cic cjiaBaHCKH e3HUH h KOHTaKTH c HecjiaBaHCKH e3HUH. npH TOBa oco6eHO HHTepeCHO 3a Ha-6nioAeHHe aBJieHHe e jiHHTBHCTHHHaTa jioajihoct (ct>c 3HaK + hjih -). Hmchho ts e ocHOBHHaT (JiaKTop, onpeAenam CTHJiHCTHHHaTa pojia Ha 3aeMKHTe b koííto h Aa 6hjio e3HK. Ta HMa cnenHĺpHHHH npoaBH npn KOHTaKTHTe Ha ötJirapcKHa e3HK xaKTO etc cjiaßaHCKHTe, TaKa h c Hecjia-BaHCKHTe e3HUH. JiHHTBHCTHHHaTa jioajwocT e Haň-MajiKO cBT.p3aHa c re- HeTHHHOTO pOACTBO HJIH THnOJIOľHHHaTa 6jIH30CT Ha e3HUHTe. Ta HMa no-CKopo eKCTpanHHTBHCTHHHa apryMeHTauHa h TOBa Moace Aa ce npo-cjieAH b H3MeHeHHeT0 Ha CTHJiHCTHHHaTa pojia Ha 3aeMKHTe ot eAHH h ctm e3HK npn pa3JiHHHH conHajiHO-HCTopHiecKH oôcToaTencTBa. H Bce naK noajiHOCTra Ha HOCHTejiHTe Ha 6i>nrapcKHa e3HK kmi cjiaßaHCKH« e3HK0B MaTepHaji e no-rojiaMa, otkojikoto kim nocn>nneHHaTa ot ApyrH e3HUH. OöacHeHHeTO Ha T03h tpaKT TpaÔBa Aa ce TtpcH b cjiohchoto npenjíHTaHe Ha J1HHTBHCTHHHH H eKCTpaJIHHrBHCTHHHH lj)aKTOpH, OKa3aJlH CimeCTBeHO BJiHaHHe Bipxy pa3BHTHeTO Ha BCH4KH CJiaBaHCKH e3HUH. TyK OTHOBO 6hx- Me motjih Aa HanoMHHM eAHa KOHCTaTauna Ha Cbctomhp HßaHHeB: He- 3aBHCHMO OT eK30THHHaTa CH XapaKTepHCTHtCa, ÔtJirapCKHaT e3HK ch OCTa- Ba HJieH Ha cjiaBaHCKOTO e3HKOBO ceMeňcTBO. H TOBa e eAHa ot Haň-HH-TepecHHTe ocoöeHOCTH b pa3BHTHeTO Ha cnaBaHCKHTe e3HUH — h ao AHec Te npeACTaBnaBaT bct>uihoct eAHH opraHH3i.M, MencAy otacjihhtc opraHH Ha KOHTO HMa MHoro noBene Bpt3KH, otkojikoto Me»Ay nacTHTe Ha aH-rno-caKCOHCKOTO hhh poMaHCKOTO e3HKOBO ceMeňcTBO. H ao AHec b cjia- BaHCKHTe e3HUH CbmeCTByBa.OÄHBeH e3HKOB 06MeH, Haň-BHAHM B 06- jiacTTa Ha TepMHHOAorHaTa" (b MacnoB 1982:11). Ot cnaBaHCKHTe e3HU,H 6i.JirapcKHaT e 6hji BHHarn b Haň-TeceH KOHTaKT c pycKHa. H3BecTHO e ntpBOTO h BTopoTO 6-bjirapcKO BflHaHHe Btpxy pycKHa e3HK (ctjOtbctho npe3 XI h XIII bb.), a TaKa cuqo ntpBOTO, BTopoTO h TpeTOTO pycKO BJinaHHe Btpxy öinrapcKHa e3HK (clotbctho npe3 Bi)3pa)KAaHeTo, cneA OcBo6o»AeHHeTO ot TypcKO poôcTBO h ctca BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa). TyK 6h hh HHTepecyßano caMO nocneAHOTo, ho ntpBrnre Äße ca cnoMeHaTH, 3a Aa ce noAHepTaaT Aße ocoôeHocTH: m>pBO, ne B3aHMO-AeňcTBHeTO Me»Ay ötnrapcKHa h pycKHa e3HK HHKora He e 6hjio ABynocoHHO b eAHa CHHxpoHHa njiocKOCT h BTopo, ne e cimecTByBajia onpeAeneHa h3hh-CAHMa e3HKOBa 6a3a 3a Bt3npHeMaHe Ha peAHua pycH3MH npe3 Ha6niOAaBaHHa ot Hac nepHOA- TaKa, mhoto npeAH BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BoňHa y Hac ce yno-TpeöaßaT pycKH 3acMKHi ctuiecTBHTeaHHTe sadala, sanxmue, nonnmue, pcanucKa, CKJiad, ynactn, otepK, napaxod, omnunnuK h mh. AP-; niarojíHTe cmapaa ce, mpozna, Hao/uodaearu, yeaxcaeoM, 3aneneaM, oôcnedeaM h t.h. BeAHara cjieA OcBo6o>KAeHHeTO ot TypcKO poôcTBO BnHaHHeTO Ha pycKHa e3HK ce cbcpeAOTonaBa b oönacrra Ha aAMHHHCTpaTHBaaTa, cbAeÔHaTa h BoeHHaTa TepMHHOJiorHa. PycKHaT e3HK CTaBa nocpeAHHK Meacfly 6tJirapcKHa h HaKOH 3anaAHoeBponeňcKH e3HUH h peAHua jieKceMH Karo HanpHMep zepoü, eeapdua h aP- HaBHH3aT b ötJirapcKH npe3 pycKH. TaKHBa JieKceMH Bi.o6me He ce BT>3npHeMaT Karo 3aeMKH ot HopMariHHTe hochtcah Ha e3HKa. TexHHaT npoH3XOA e npo3paieH caMO 3a ^HHrBHCTHTe. Cnea BropaTa CBeTOBHa BoňHa pycKOTO BJiHaHHe ce 3acHJiBa c hcoohkhobcho 6tp3 TeMn. To oöxBama noHTH BCHHKH e3HKOBH paBHHiua. AKTHBHSHpa^ ce ynoTpeöaTa Ha peAHua cnoBo-o6pa3yBaTejiHH HacTaBKH, 3aeTH b cahh no-paHeH nepnoA ot pycKH, HanpHMep -hhk, npn TOBa He ce npaBH pa3JiHKa MeacAy pycKnre Bapnamrn -HHK h -uihk: cpB., ot eAHa CTpaHa, pycK. h 6i>Jir. dymenpuKa3iuK, a ot Apyra — pycK. 6apa6annfUK, 3aKyniquK h 6i>jir. 6apa6aHHUK, 3axyrmuK. Ta3H HucTüBKa He caMO ce iíjiio.TjBu, ho h ce aiciíiBiiiiipa, HanpHMep ckcuhuk (ot CKa3Ka), apmennuK (ot apmenna 'HHTeHAaHTCKH ciaiafl'). TaKa jieKCHKaJiHHTe ■jacMKii cTHMyjiHpaT oTAeJiHH AepHBaTOJioTHHHH npouecH, kohto, KaKTO ce BHJKAa, pe(J)JieKTHpaT Ha Mop(ponorHHHO paBHHine. nOA BJiHaHHe Ha pyCKHa e3HK Ce H3BT.pUJ.BaT H CHHT3KTHHHH npoMeHH — 3aeM3r ce chht3kth4hh KOHCTpyKUHH HHH ce noBHuiaBa (ppeKBeHTHOcrra Ha aHajioľHHHHTe 6i>JirapcKH, HanpHMep, 3acHJiBa ce ynoTpeöaTa Ha npn- 26 E-bJirapcKH e3HK nacTHHTe KOHCTpyKUHH, o6oco6eHHTe onpeaeJieHHH, aeenpHHacTHSTa (e^Ha noHTH MtpTBa KaTeropHH b fonrapcKH, 3a kocto CBHfleTencTBa HeflBycMH-cmho jiHncaTa Ha HeraTHBHH BapnaHTH ot THna Ha *ne 3naeÜKU, *ne xo-deÜKu); 3acHJiBa ce ci>mo ynoTpe6aTa Ha cjicwkhoto ycjioBHO HaicnoHeHHe h häkoh apyrH (})opMH, cjia6o hjih non™ He3acn>neHH b HapoflHHTe roBopn. E3HKOBH (JiopMauHH ot cnoMeHaraa THn ce OTKpHBar Haö-JiecHO b npecaTa, KifleTO no-rojwMara HacT ot MarepnaiiHTe op 1989 r. 6eme npeBe»aaHa ot pycKH. PycKO BJiHflHHe Mo»e p.a. ce OTicpne b 3HanHTejieH 6poň (j)pa3eoJiorHHHH ci.HeTaHHfl h napeMHHHH H3pa3H, nocTpoeHH no pycKH o6pa3eu, HanpHMep Ilwiifume ce 6ponm naecen, 6yKBajieH npeBoa ot pycKOTO U,binnnm no ocenil mumatom. ľlo pycKH o6pa3eu, 3anoHBaT fla ce KOHCTpyHpar hjih HanpaBO m ce KaiiKHpaT peflHua ycTOHHHBH MOTHBHpanH cbHeTaHHH, hhkoh ot kohto ca a6-cojiioTHo HecnojiyHJiHBH b &bnrapcKH nopaflH eHaHTHOceMHHHH HJiH napoHH-MHHHH oTHomeHHH MOKjxy (JbJírapcKHTe h pycKHTe neKCHKajiHH eneMeHTH, HanpHMep Munuonume npocmu xopa (=Mwiuonume neoôpasoeanu xopä) no 06-pa3eu Ha pycKOTO Mhjijihohm npocTbix Juanen bmccto e^HHCTBeHO npaBHji-HOTo Ha &6JirapcKH MHJiHOHHTe oÖHKHOBeHH xopa. PeflHUa Heflopa3yMeHHa ce nopaayjaT ot OMOHHMHHHara b ctBpeineHHHH pycKH e3HK nyua Mup ('inHp' h 'cbht'). H KaKTO ijaBpeMeTO poMaHvr Ha JI. Tojictoh e „npeBeaeH" Ha ötJirapcKH ,ßoühta u Mup", to ecT ocTaBeH e c pycKOTO ch Ha3BaHHe, bmccto fla 6i>fle 03araaBeH ,ßoünama u ceenrbm", TaKa ixbn.ro BpeMe b 6iJirapcKaTa npeca ce no,nm>p>Kaiiie pyôpHKara „3a Mup 6e3 ophOKue, 3a Mup 6e3 eoma" BMecTO „3a cesim 6e3 opbOKue, 3a cexm 6e3 eoma". BeflHara cnta 9.IX.1944 r. b GbJírapcKHa e3HK 3atiOHBaT aa HaB;iH3aT MaCOBO pyCKH CJlOBOCTjHeTaHH» H OTfleJIHH JieKCeMH Cbfi CHJIHO nOJ!HTH3HpaHa OTpHuaTejiHa KOHOTaumí: epaz Ha napoda, napoden u3edmtK, xyjiaK, (paôpu-KaHtnu u xanumajiucmu. IlaK noa pycKO B/iHanne ce ct3flaBaT h ctneTaHHa c noJiOHCHTenHa KOHOTaiiHa: deme-zepoü, Mauxa-zepounn, cuh na napoda, cun na ompada, ydapnux, cmaxanoeeu, zepoň na couuanucmmecKux mpyd, 3namen mpaKmopucm, eoMcd u ynumen, ôaiya na napodume H t.h. KaKTO ce BHayia ot npHMepHTe, TyK HMa mhoto ManKO pycKH nyuu, ho HMa pycKa ciieTaeMOCT h eMOUHOHajiHa OKpacKa. C apyra ayMH, 3aHMCTBaT ce He TOJiKOBa JieKceMH, KOJiKOTO e3HKOBa crparer-HS, npH TOBa npean bchhko Ha paBHHiueTO Ha kom-ÔHHaTopHKaTatHa jieKCHKajiHHTe eflHHHUH. riaK noa BJiHaHnero Ha pycKH, Karo a6coJHOTHH KaJiKH, ce noHBHxa h CTa6HJiH3Hpaxa b ynoTpe6aTa ch HeJienmre ot rneflHa TOHKa Ha (JbJírapCKOTO e3HKOBO CMHaHHe cineTaHHa ot THna Kanduáam na nayKume, doKtnop na nayKume c HecBoňcTBeHH 3a Ta3H no3HU.HH nocecHBHH OTHOuieHHH, H3pa3HBaHii ot npeanora Ha, kohto ce noaBSBa npn npeBoaa Ha pycKHTe KOHCTpyKUHH -c poaHTejieH naae«, o6o3HanaBam npHHaane«HOCT. CmeTaHHeTO xanduáam na nayKume e H3mmo JiHiueHO ot cmhcbji. B 6uirapc-KHH e3HK flyMara Kaiun.naT BHHara ce e ynoTpeÔHBajia c npeanora 3a: Kan-áudam 3a denymam, mndudam 3a dupexmop, xandudam 3a otcenumôa h t.h., a II. KoHTaKTH Ha &bJirapcKHfl e3HK c jpyrH e3HUH 27 c npeanora 11a ce cpewa caMO b 3Ha4eHHeTO 'yxajKop', '»cejiaeiu JXa. ce ojkchh 3a onpeaejieHO ^Hue', HanpHMep xandudam na Mapua. .ZlyMara aoKTop Ha ôtJirapcKH 6h Tpa6ßaao m ce ynoTpeöaßa caMO c npeanora no: doxtnop no A4edutfuna, doxmop no npaeo h t.h. H naK noa pycKO bjihahhc b aaMHHHCTpa-THBHo-KaHuenapcKHs cthji ce noaBHxa HexapaKTepHHTe 3a Gwirapciuuí e3HK 6e3npeflJio>KHH KOHCTpyKUHH KaTO *naHcwHUK cMstna bmccto npaBHJiHOTO na-uajwuK na cMuna/ma/, *p-bKoeodumen Kamedpa bmccto npaBHJiHOTO ptxoeo-áumen na mmedpa/ma/ h ap. HHTepecHO e aa ce OT6eJie»CH, ne TyK koh-CTpyKmwTa e aboíího HapyuieHa — jinncBa He caMO npeaaor, ho h apraKiJi b hjikoh aôcojiioTHo oöjiHraTopHH no3HUHH, HanpHMep: "Kou eu epbKoeodumen xamedpa? bmccto npaBHJiHOTO Kou eu e p-bKoeodumen/nm/ na mmedpama? h™ Kou e p-bKOeodumen/nm/ na xamedpama eu? He3aBHCHMO ot npoMeHHTe npe3 noc^eaHHTe hskojiko toahhh, Korara mhoto pycH3MH 3ano>íHaxa aa ot-naaaT, Te3H KOHCTpyKUHH b aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-flejioBHTe TeKCTOBe ca pocia CTaÖHJIH3HpaHH H nOHTH HeH3Tpe6HMH. Te Ce Bi3npHeMaT OT MH03HHa HHTe- nHreHTHH xopa Karo HopMariHH, HeyrpanHH (J)opMH. BepoflTHO TyK Tp«6ea na TbpCHM He TOJIKOBa SlOXJlHOCT K1>M pyCH3MHTe B ÖWirapCKUJI e3HK, KOnKOTO npOHBaTa Ha oh3h npocnoByr npHHunn 3a hkohomhh b e3HKa, koííto ne«H b OCHOBaTa He CaMO Ha n03HTHBHH J1HHTBHCTHHHH ^eHOMeHH, HO H Ha peflHua aecTpyKTHBHH ABjíeHHfl. 3aTOBa HHKWie b Co(j)Ha h^h b crpaHara He CMe ot-KpH^H npaBHJiHHH Ha^rtHC HaucuiHUK na zapama — HaBCHKMe bhcst TaôeJiH c eapH 6yKBH HavajiHUK zapa. KtM t03h thh sBJíeHHa TpaÖBa ba OTHeceM h aôcoJHOTHO HenorHiHaia Kaicro b pycKH« e3HK, TaKa h b 6virapcKaTa ň KanKa KOHCTpyKuna TlpuceoneoM nstKOMy neufo (pycK. Jlpuceoumb KOMy-nuôyáb Hmo-Hu6ydb), HanpHMep JlpuceoneaM nnxoMy naynno 3eanue. Ee3CMHCJieH0CT-Ta Ha Ta3H KOHcrpyKUHfl b pycKH e or6ena3aHa ot nncaTena AHflpeß Bhtob b poMaHa My „IlyiiiKHHCKHH aom". HejiorH^HocTTa Ha KOHCTpyKiHWTa h b flBara e3HKa ce CBOKfla kbm npoTHBopeiHeTo Me>Kny ceMaHTHKara Ha npeaHKaTa npHCBOHsaM ('B3eMa 3a ce6e ch', kohto npH TOBa b ötJirapcKH« e3HK HMa OTpHuaTejiHa KOHOTauna: npncBoaBaHeTO b (jwirapcKoro e3HKOBO ct3HaHHe e CBtp3aH0 c H3BtpuiBaHe Ha HflKaKBo He3aKOHHo win HeMopanHO fleňcTBHe) h ceMaHTHHHara cTpyícrypa Ha H3pa3HTe, b kohto toh ce BKinoHBa cbc 3HaneHHe 'npHCBHcaaM', 'npnnHCBaM', 'aaBaM' H t.h. Cnea BropaTa cBeTOBHa bohh3 yKpenHajíHTe nojíHTHnecKH, aflMHHH- CTpaTHBHH, KyjlTypHH, HayHHH H flp. BPT.3KH CBC CCCP CTaBaT OCHOB3 3a nacTHHHa pycH(j)HKauHfl Ha 6tJirapcKära TepMHHoaorHHHa ^eKCHKa b pa3-flHHHH c(J>epH Ha o6mecTBeHHa hchbot. Chjiho ce pycH(J)HUHpa BoeHHaTa xep-MHHonorH». C HOBaTa 6oHHa TexHHKa, aocxaBeHa npe^HMHO ot CCCP, ce ycBoaBaT h ynoTpe6aBaT 6e3 npeBoa hjih bbb bha Ha KajiKH pycKHTe Ha3BaHHa Ha 6oenpHnacHTe. Bciiuhoct, h caMaxa ayMa Rnenpiinac e pycH3i>M (b 61.J1-rapcKH HSMa MOTHBHpam rnaron *npHnacHBaM). ToBa e no CBoeMy yHH-KajiHO ABJíeHHe — HajiHMHe Ha aeßepöaTHB ot HyjieBa 3a öt^rapcKH« e3HK Bep6ajma (j)opMauHa. PycHdMUHpa ce h ce ci>BeTH3Hpa ao ronaMa CTeneH flopn e3HKvr Ha jiHTeparypHara KpHTHKa h Teopna. ÍIpoH3BefleHHaTa Ha cou.HajiHCTHHecKHa peanH3i>M HenpeMeHHO epaóeaxa yjuoeeme u cbpifama Ha Humamenume, npefl JiHTeparypHHTe TBopuH ce nocTaBauie KaTO 3adma N°l hjih 3adana na 3a-daHume H3ni>JiHeHHeTO Ha nopeflHOTO napmumo nophnenue (hmchho no-pi.Menne, a He nopi>HKa, Kaiero e npaBHJiHO Ha 6i.JirapCKH), aeßuHTe Ha H3KyCTBOTO TpaÖBaUie Aa OÖOpBaT H3KOH „HenpHeMHHBH" n03yHľH KaTO Ha- npHMep KHTaňcKH» ot Kpaa Ha 50-Te toahhh „HeKa pa3m>dpTaT bchhkh ußeTa, Hena ce pa3BHÄT bchhkh TajiaHra" h fla peajiH3Hpar chhhctbcho npaBHJiHHTe yKa3aHna Kara HanpHMep „rio-6jiH30 ao acHBOTa, no-6jiH30 ao HapoAa!", „Kiacto HapoAi>T, TaM h Hne!" h t.h. C HaBJiH3aHeT0 Ha HaynHa TepMHHOJiorHa b pa3JMHHHTe HayHHH oÖJiac-th ce npeocMHCJiHxa hskoh TepMHHH, ynoTpeßaBaHH y Hac h npeAH. TaKa jiHTepaTypHHST TepMHH nepcoHaac — eAHa CTapa 3aeMKa ot dppeHCKH, BHHarH e 03HaHaBaji 'cbBKynHocrra ot repoHTe b AaAeHO npoH3BeAeHHe'. Toň ce ynoTpeöaßaiue b ötnrapcKH oöhkhobcho b cahhctbcho hhcjio, Kaicro e npw bchhkh cbÖHpaTejiHH noHflTHfl. ľloA BJiHHHHe Ha pycKaTa TepMHHOJioraa, B KOSTO neparná« e paBH03HanHO Ha repoň, y Hac ce 3aroBopH 3a nepcoHaacHre Ha AaAeHO npoH3BeAeHHe h no to3h HanHH ce H3Bi>piuH nacTHHHa Aece-MaHTH3auHa Ha Ayinara. Ha noAOÖHa AeceMaHTH3au.ua ce noAJioacHxa ciiuecT-BHTejiHH Kara MeTOAOJiorHa, mctoahct h hbk.ap. PycKHaT e3HK AonycKa Bi3npHeMaHe Ha AyMara MeTOAOJiorna KaTO chhohhm Ha MeTOAHKa h TOBa ce npeHece b 6i>JirapcKH; npeHece ce h orbaotecTBaßaHeTO Ha mctoahk h mctoahct, BinpeKH ne Ha ötnrapcKH nocneAHOTO BHHarn e o3HanaBano 'hjich Ha pejiHrH03Hara cetera „Mctoahcth"'. Cera npaKTHnecKH b 6-b.iirapcKHa e3HK juuicBa AyMaTa mctoahk, a mctoahct noHeBOJia craiia MHoro3HaHHa AyMa — pa3Önpa ce 3a Te3H, kohto ca nyßajiH 3a cnoMeHaTaTa pejinrH03Ha ceicra. OöynaBaHeTO Ha orpoMeH 6poň cneunajiHCTH b CCCP boah ao uinpoKo BHeApaBaHe Ha pycKa TepMHHOJiorHa npaKTHnecKH bt>b bchhkh oÖJiacra Ha 3HaHHeT0. ripH MauiHHHHTe eJieMeHTH ce noaßaBa 3ee3doHKa 'm&tiko 3t»6ho KOJieno' — eAHH no6i>;irapeH pycH3iM c Hapyiuena aKueHraa napaAHrMa; b MexaHHHHaTa TepMHHOJionia Ha AtpßecHHaTa 3anoHBa Aa ce roBopH 3a MauiH-Ha peücMyc, MaKap ne npeAH b EtJirapna ce e ynoTpeöaßajia npaBHJiHaTa AyMa mpaüxMyc. B mhoto 3aßOAH ce BiBexcAa ftntJKHOcTTa nanadnuK, KoaTO 3aMeHa ötnrapcKHTe aht>*hocth mexHux h MOHntbop hjih mexHUK no nod-dhpDKanemo. B jiccobíactboto ntpBHHHOTO H3B03BaHe Ha A^pßecHHaTa ao ropHHa CKJiaA 3anoHßa Aa ce napnna mpeneem hjih c hhcto pycKO oniacaBaHe mpejiboem, TpaicropHTe ot eepuoKnu CTaßaT ehcenuHHu, a peKonmama Ha nojiero — ypooKaü. B noHB03HaHHeTO ce 3aroBopßa 3a Kecmewteu noneu, kohto BHHarH ca 6hjih HapHHaHH y Hac Kacpsieu. Mhoto HenpaßHJiHOCTH Bi>3HHKßaT y Hac noA BJwaHHe Ha pycKHTe KOHBepcHBH ot THna Ha poem — 'ptcT' h 'pacTe»'. Y Hac ce 3aroßopH 3a *pbcm na npomeodemeomo — eAHO Hejieno ctneTaHHe ot nieAHa TOHKa Ha ötnrapcKHa e3HK, b KoeTO AHHaMHHHaTa npeACTaßa 3a pacTe» ce Cl>3AaBa C nOMOUJTa Ha CTaTHHHO-KOHCTaTHBHOTO CimeCTBHTeJlHO phem 6e3 Aa ce OTHHTa HanuHHeTO Ha cneuHanH3HpaHa AyMa b e3HKa hh, kobto ce HTHopHpa no eAHH cißceM HeonpaßAan HanHH. HMa ctmecTBeHa pa3JiHKa b ynoTpeöaTa Ha pycH3MU cjieA Ocboöohc-AeHHeTO ot TypcKO po6cTBO h cjieA 1944 r. B ntpBHa cjiynaß pycKHTe 3aeMKH ce ynoTpeÖHBaT npeAHMHo HeyTpajiHo b pa3JiHHHHTe TepMHHojiorHHHH o6nac-th; bt>b BTopna Te ce Bt3npHeMaT KaTO npn3HaK Ha hoboto MHCJieHe h npn- Bl>p3aHOCTTa KfcM HOBHa A*>P>KaBeH H OÔmeCTBeH COUHaJlHCTHHeCKH CTpOH. noA pycKO BHHaHHe nojiuifunma 3anoHBa Aa ce HapHna Munůywt h, kocto e MHoro noKa3aTenHO, npe3 1990 r., b pe3y/ľraT Ha npeocMHCJiaHeTO Ha aeň-HOCTTa ň, OTHOBO 6e napeneHa noJiuifUH. Ot bchhko Ka3aHO ao TyK MO»ce Aa Bi>3HHKHe BnenaTaeHHeTO, ne pyc-KOTO BJiHaHHe Btpxy ötJirapcKHa e3HK HMa caMO OTpHuaTejiHH xapaKTepHc-THKH. ToBa b HHKaKtB cjiyHaň He e BapHO h e npaKTHnecKH HeBi3MoacHO npH e3HKOBHTe KOHTaKTH BT>o6iue. CaMOŤo OBaaAaBaHe Ha eAHH e3HK e Bene hob npo3opeu ki>m CBeTa. B peAHua cjiynaH pycKaTa TepMHHOJiorHa 3ani>jiBa npa3HH npocrpaHCTBa, tt.h KaTO HaBJiH3a c HOBa TexHHKa h hobh TexHOJiorHH. TaKa ao 1957 r. y Hac He e HMajio OTpactJi b A^psecH-H03HaHHeTO xuMUHHa mexHOJiozuH na d-bpeecuitama. He e ÔHJia odpopMeHa KaTO OTAejiHa HayKa h Mexanuinama mexuonozuH na dbpeecunama. Ecrec-TBeHO e 6nno c OTAenaHeTO Ha Te3H ABe hobh oônacTH Aa ce BB3npHeMe BT.B BHA Ha KajiKa pycKOTO hm HaHMeHOBaHHe, Tbň KaTO Te 3anoHBaT Aa ce pa3pa6oTBaT H3KJiK>HHTejiHo no pycKH TexHOJiorHneH o6pa3eu. TaKHBa npHMepH HMa nOHTH BIB BCHHKH OTpaCJlH Ha 3HaHH«TO. AKTHBH3HpaHeTO Ha peAHua rpaMaTHHHH MexauH3MH, 3a kohto 6e cno-MeHaTO no-rope, cbuio e cahh npouec Ha cbÄHBaBaHe h pa3ABH>KBaHe Ha CKpHTHTe pecypcH Ha coôcTBeHaTa hh e3HK0Ba CHCTeMa. Ho He MO>Ke Aa ne ce cb)KajiflBa 3a cjiynaHTe Ha 3ary6a Ha (jjopMH noA BJlHflHHe Ha pycKH, KaKTO e He caMO b cjiynaa c AyMaTa pacmeoK, ho h c TaKHBa 3anoHHajiH Aa H3He3BaT ot oipHUHajiHHa e3HK AyMH KaTO CK03KO c THnHHHOTO ôtJirapcKO 3HaneHHe 'yCTHO H3Jio>KeHHe', 'ycTeH AOKJiaA', 'ycTen pe^epaT'; pecpepam — eAHa AyMa, Ha-nijJiHO H3T^acKaHa ot AyMaTa dowiad, Koara b ötnrapcKH e HMana BHHarH cTporo onpeAeJieHO aAMHHHCTpaTHBHo 3ByneHe — h t.h. Koraro e3HK0BHTe KOHTaKTH 3anoHBar Aa npHHHHaßaT CiBceM ohcbhahh 3ary6H, Te boa»t ao onpeAeJieHO oöeAHaßaHe Ha noAJiosKCHHa Ha BJimouie e3HK — b cnynaa, b\si-rapcKHa — h TOBa npeAH3BHKBa CMymeHna b HyBCTBOTO 3a e3HKOBa noajiHOCT. BtnpeKH MHoroTO orpaHHHeHHa b e3HKOBaTa nojíHTHKa, 6tnrapcKaTa e3HKOBa o6mHocT HHKora He e ôaria nacHBeH noTpeÖHTen na HajiaraHHTe h xapaK-TepHCTHKH b peAHua dpyHKUHOHaxiHH CTHJiOBe h b ceMaHTHHHaTa ch naMeT e ona3Hna peanHHTe hm 6tJirapcKH napaMerpn. ToBa npo^HHaaa mhoto apKO b CTpeMOKa Ha ctBpeMeHHaTa HHTejiHrenuHa Aa Bi.3CTaHOBH 3ary6eHHTe (pop-MauHH h Aa aKTHBH3Hpa ynoTpeöaTa hm b riOAXOAaiAH AHCTpHÖyuHH. 30 BijirapcKH e3HK ripH H3CJieaBaHeT0 Ha e3HK0BHTe KOHTaKTH 6h TpaÖBa^o na ce pa3-qjaHHHaT flBa MOMeHTa: a/, hhcto ;iHHrBHCTHHHaTa CTpaHa Ha Btnpoca, kohto pa3KpHBa MexaHH3MHTe h TenaeHUHHTe npH ycBosBaHeTO Ha 3aeMKHTe ot cd.hh hjih apyr e3HK h 6/. nparMaTHHHHTe xapamrepHCTHKH Ha ynoTpeöaTa Ha 3aeMKHTe, kohto HaMiipaT OTpa>KeHHe npenH bchhko b cthjihcthhhhtc hm npOHBH B TeKCTa Ha nOBJIHJIHHH e3HK. B CTHJlHCTHHHaTa pOJlH Ha pyCH3MHTe B öwirapcKH» e3HK ce Ha6jitoaaBa onpenejieHa hhkjihhhoct Ha npouecHTe. B Kpaa Ha XIX h b HaiajioTO Ha XX b. ynoipeßara Ha pycH3MH e cb3,naBajia Ha roBopemHs opeon Ha o6pa30BaH h aeMOKpaTHHHO MHCJiem hobck. B TBop-necTBOTO Ha nncarejiHTe ot to3h nepnoa MoraT na ce HaMepsrr orpoMHO KO^HiecTBo flOKa3aTe;icTBa. TepoHT Ha Hobkobha pa3Ka3 3eMjinyu (1915) HHKOJia, eflHH ot bohhhuhtc, cpa»caBajiH ce Ha 6tJirapo-TypcKHH npeKn ne cnopea aBTopa toh npHJiHia Ha CMeuiHo rpHMHpaH aKTbop ot BOfleBHJiHa Hrpa, oôeKTHBHara HCTHHa e noKa3Ha: ynoTpeôaTa Ha pycH3MH, cbieTaHa c pe,nHu.a ccmhothhhh HeBep6ajiHH cpeacTBa, e noiTH 6e3cnopeH 3anor 3a H3B0ioBaHe Ha aBTopHTeT cpe/i otJirapHTe. B cnoMeHaraji pa3Ka3 BHHMaHHe 3apjiy»caBa ome eflHH momcht, kohto e mhoto xapaicrepeH 3a enoxaTa. Ha MapKHpaHara ynoTpeöa Ha pycH3MH ot repoHTe My Hobkob npoTHBonocTaBH (Haň-BepoHTHO noflct3HaTenHo) co6cTBeHaTa ch HeyTpajiHa ynoipe6a Ha penHua ayMH ot pycKH npoH3xofl. B aBTopcKaTa pen caôjrra Ha nopyHHKa e cHaö^eHa c meMJWK, noneBHTe yKpenjieHH» ce HapHHar monemu (4>peHCKa ayMa, an83fla b ötJirapcKH npe3 pycKH), a c pycKH ayMH ca 0603-HaneHH noiTH bchhkh aMyHHUHH H 6oenpnnacH. Cnea 30-Te roflHHH Ha XX b. ce HaönionaBa ciBceM onpeaejieH otjihb, OTapinBaHe ot pycH3MHTe b 6tJirapcKH« khhjkobch e3HK h oco6eHo b xy-flo»cecTBeHaTa JíHTepaiypa. Hob, ome ne—moujch ot ntpBHa, npHJWB 3anoHBa, KaKTO Bene 6e cnoMeHaro, BcnHara cjiea BTopaTa cBeTOBHa Bořma. H npe3 nocjieaHHTe 6-7 roflHHH HMa othobo otjihb, npH TOBa TBtpae pH3iK h Ha MecTa aopH jihhfbhcthhho HeonpaB/iaH, 3amoTO ejmn 3aeMKH 3anoHHaxa n.a ce H3MecTBaT ot apyrn, nomiKora napaflOKcajiHH. TaKa, no HauHOHajiHaTa TejieBH3HH o63opHOTo npeaaBaHe „naHopaMa" h3bcctho BpeMe 6eme Hapn-HaHo h H3nH(ÄaHo (!) MazmuHno. HanocneatK 3anecTH xyMopHCTHHHaTa yno-Tpe6a Ha pe/uma pycH3MH. ToBa »BJienne e mhoto xapafcrepHO 3a MJiaaeacKHH HcaproH, a TaKa cbiho 3a mhoto MJia,ne>KKH xyMopncTHHHH pa^HC— H Te-neBH3HOHHH npeaaBaHH» ot rana Ha „KaHaneTo". OtnejiHH nojíHTHnecKH CI.6HTH» noHSKora B3pHBHBaT JiHHrBHCTHHHaTa aTMOC(J)epa Ha Te3H nporpaMH H Te 6yKBa^Ho 3an«BaT cnyuiaTejíHTe h 3pHTejiHTe c BtJiHa ot canipniHO oÔHrpaHH pycH3MH. TaKa ce cnyHH, HanpHMep, b HanajioTO Ha anpHJi 1996 r. cjiea npeanoÄeHHeTO Ha pycKH» npe3H,neHT B. Ehuhh 3a npHcteflHHHBaHe Ha EijirapH» KtM HOBocT,3flaBamHH ce CCCP. II. KoHTaKTH na fajirapcKim e3HK c jpyni e3nun 31 OT HHCTO nHHľBHCTHHHO HieflHme CnOMeHaTHTe npHJIHBH H OTJIHBH b KpaňHa CMeTKa bjihsht 3ne Bi>pxy CTa6H^H3HpaHeTo Ha KHH»OBHaTa HopMa b 6i.nrapcKH>i e3HK, KaTo d.3,aaBaT b CTpyiaypaTa My MHoro6poňHH BHÖpH-pauiH 3BeHa. MoHce fla ce Ka*e, ne b aHaiiorniHH cHTyauHH, MaKap h b flpyrn HCTopHHecKH enoxH, pycHTe no-Mwpo ca 3aHMCTBajiH ot 6i.nrapHTe. B noBeneTo c^ynan ötnrapcKHTe 3aeMKH b pycKH (J)yHKiiHOHHpaT napanejiHO c pycKaTa 3flaBaT cTaÖHHHH cthjihcthhhh BapnaHTH, kohto o6oraT»BaT e3HKa h npOTHBoaeficTBaT Ha o6eAHSBaHeTO My, HanpHMep Ha-pea c pycK. 6epee (pyHKUHOHHpa h 6i>Jir. 6pez {Ha 6pez neaanbiü u nycmoü — A. nyuiKHH); Hapea c pycK. zonoc — 6i.Jir. znač (Diac e nycmuné); Hapea c pycK. mojiouhmu — 6t>Jir. MjieuHbiü (cpB. KucenbHbie penu, mo-jioiHbie ôepeea, ho Mnennuu nytrtb); Hapea c pycK. eojiocbi — 6i.nr. enacu (Pyót^bi nena, enacbi cedbie... — A. nyuiKHH) H mh. jyp. Kaicro e H3BecTHO, b pa3nie>K,aaHHfl nepnoa 6t.^rapcKO b^hjihhc Bi>pxy pycKH» e3HK npaKTHHecKH H«Ma. Ho Bce naK oTflenHH (JjopMauHH b pe3yjrrar Ha KyjiTypHHTe KOHTaKTH MOKjjy flßeTe cTpaHH MoraT ja ce tpniccHpaT. E^hh HHTepeceH npHMep e Bi3npHeMaH0T0 Bce ome Karo HeonorH3iM b pycKH npHnaraTe^Ho cydbôoHOCHbiit -e^Ha aöcojnoTHa kujikü ot 6í>nrapcKOTo cbd-ôoHOcen, kohto ce ynoTpeöflßa b pycKH He noßene ot aeceTHHa toahhh h cpemy kohto HMame pe^nua Bi3pa*eHHa b pycKaTa nepHOflHKa, ocoöeHO b „JlHTepaTypHaa ra3eTa", kb^cto TOBa npHnaraTeJiHO 6eme HapeneHO ^HiueHO OT BCSKaKBB CMHCBJI. He Mo«eM ,aa He npn3HaeM, ne BnHflHHeTO Ha pycKH* e3HK Bi.pxy öbJirapcKH», BfcnpeKH bchhkhtc HopMaTHBHH flOKyMeHTH, uejwimH to fla 6tae ome no-cH^no (»Mame nepnoa, npe3 koííto b nporpaMHTe 3a ob-aaasBaHe Ha pycKHH e3HK b cpe^HHTe ynHJiHma 6eme nocTaBeHa HejienaTa ot ncHxoflHHrBHCTHHHO rjieflHíuc 3aiiaHa toh aa 6i.fle ycBoeH flo cTeneH Ha BTopu pojieH e3HK), e e^HH npouec, noanjiaTeH c h3Bcctho ^hhtbhcthhho 3HaHne. 3a,m.ji>KHTejiHOTo H3ynaBaHe Ha pycKH» e3HK b ynrapn Bce ome He leTaT h He pa36npaT aHrnHHCKH h Ha tax hm e Bce eflHo aanu Ha BHTpHHHTe Ha oÖMeHHHTe 6íopa nnme change unií exchange. Bi^rapHHtT npocTO He 3Hae, ne 6poKep h ôopcoe nocpedhUK e e^Ho h ctmo, a nmuHZbm, TaKa uwpoKO npaK-THKyBaH aHec, e aoroBopHpaHe 3a aaBaHe h^h B3eMaHe noa HaeM Ha nemo ot flBHHCHMOTo HHH HeaBH»HMOTo HMymecTBo, & TaKa cbuio h 6e3BanyTeH CTOKOOÖMeH. JIlOÔHTeJIHTe Ha (JlH^MOBOTO H3KyCTBO TOBOpHT 3a eKUibHU H mpwibpu 6e3 aa MoraT na BHHKHaT b ctfltpacaHHeTO Ha Te3H TepMHHH, KaTo HHTyHTHBHO „HanHnBaT" CMHCJIOBHTe HM KOMnOHeHTH, leCTO CbBCeM CH-TyaTHBHO. CpeflHO noJiOHceHHe uevKay ctBceM HenoCBeTeHHTe h 3HaeujHTe ao6pe aHniHHCKH e3HK 3aeMa e^na 3Ha4HTejiHa nacT ot MJiaAOTO noKOJieHHe, KoeTo noHa3HaňBa e3HKa h ce crpeMH p.a. ůbpp b toh He TOJiKOBa c HancTHHa Ha-cbuiHara noTpeÖHOCT ot HeroBOTo ycßoaBaHe, kojikoto c MO^ara. HecTO ce cpemaT MJiaflH xopa, kohto KonHpar aHniHHCKHa peneB cthkct hjih ch cjiyxoT npH penJiHKHpaHe c pa3eojiorH3HpaHH cb4eTaHHa, b kohto BtBOKflar aH-r^oe3HHHH eneMeHTH, HanpHMep Toea e meoü 6u3uec BMecTO 6t>jit. Toea cu e meoH paôoma. Ot npHMepa jthhh, 4e npn BtBeayiaHe Ha 4yayj,aTa JieKceMa ot (J)opMauHHTa MO»e aa ce oraeMe HaKoň aKTyaJiH3aTop (b cjiynaa ch), kohto Moxce fla HMa 3HaiHTejiHa peracTpoBa ijiyHKUHa. C/iy4Ba ce npn 3aKtCHeHHe hjih npn AonycKaHe Ha HHKaKBa apyra HepeflHOCT MJiaflOKH /xa H3pH4aT C-bOKonnaoMl bmccto H38UHHeaüme!. B KapTOTeKara hh HMa ana^03H c Bb-npocH Ha pa3apa3HeHH hjih HeaoyMaBaiuH BMpacTHH: 3a kükbo cbxca-nneame? Kaicro h BceKii Apyr e3HK, HaiiJiinaiu aicrHBHO b cijiepara Ha po/iHHfl, aHniHHCKHaT 3acara nyBCTBOTO Ha e3HKOBa jioajiHOCT y ötJirapHHa. ToBa Ha-MHpa OTpa>KeHHe b paöoTara Ha pe^Hixa ocjiHnHajiHH (jjopyMH, Ha kohto ce oöcbacfla BinpoctT 3a HHCTOTaTa Ha ötJirapcKHa e3HK, KaTo HanpHMep opra-HH3HpaHHTe ot BAH flHCKycHH Ha Ta3H TeMa, npoeicro3aKOHi)T 3a ötJirapcKHa e3HK, CbCTaßeH ot Cu03fl Ha ötJirapcKHTe nHcarejiH h, HaKpaa, npHeTHaT ot HapoflHOTO cböpaHHe npe3 1995 r. 3aK0H 3a 6i>JirapcKHa e3HK. B ctiixoTo BpeMe 3a bcckh e3HKOßea e acHO, ne e3HKOBHTe KOHTaicrH He Morar aa ce ynpaanaBaT c .neicpera h 3aK0HH, 3amoTo Te ce peryjiHpaT npe^H bchhko ot eKCTpaJIHHrBHCTHHHH OÖCTOaTeJICTBa H OCOÔeHO OT HKOHOMHHeCKHTe H nOJIH-THHeCKHTe (JmKTOpH. HO flOpH Ha OCTaBHM Te3H 4HCT0 nparMaTHHHH pejiauHH, Tpaößa fla ch aaßaMe CMeTKa, ne KOHTaKTvr c aHrjiHHCKHa e3HK e Bene pe- ajlHOCT H Ta3H peaJIHOCT HMa CBOHTe n03HTHBHH XapaKTepHCTHKH, KOHTO HaniJiHO ce noanaßaT Ha onHcaHHe. B KanecTBOTO ch Ha MOKayHapo/ieH e3HK amviiincKiiST BtBOKjia 6i>JirapnHa npaKTimecKii b joiiiip c bchhkh npoaBH Ha nojiHTHHecKHa, HKOHOMHnecKHa h HHTejieKTyaJiHHa ähbot Ha CBeTa. Pa3ixw-paßaHeTO Ha KOHTaKTHTe hh etc 3anaflHOopHeHTHpaHaTa HayKa H3HCKBa 6i>p30 BtßejKflaHe Ha hobh HayHHH HOMHHauHH, OTroBapaiiiH Ha hoboto ctfltpjKaHHe Ha MHoro HayHHH noHaraa c pa3JiH4Ha CTeneH Ha aöcrpaKuna. TaKa Hapea c H3BecTHara y Hac nonumuKOHOMun b hkohombhcckhtc cneuHajiHOCTH ce BtBOKfla HOBaTa HayHHa oöJiacT ukohomukc, kohto ce pa3Önpa KaTO hko-HOMHica Ha na3apHOTO CTonaHCTBO. Moace ß.a ce enopn aaJiH TepMHHtT e MHoro cnojiyHJiHB ot rae^Ha T04Ka Ha JieKCHKajiHHTe h mop^ojiothhhh oco-öeHOCTH Ha BT.3npHeTaTa ayMa, ho ne H3m>JiHaBa flH^epeHUHpamara ch pojia, TOBa e 6e3cnopHO. Ot cbmtrre ctoöpaaceHHa 3a ye/iHaKBaBaHe Ha nporpaMHTe c Te3H Ha pearnia eßponencKH h aMepHKaHCKH By30Be y nac ce ct3flaae cneuHaJiHOCT, HapeneHa MeHudoKMenm hjih MenudoKM^nm, b paMKHTe Ha KoaTO ce H3yiaBaT npcoMeTH ot THna Ha nvönuK puneüui-bHC h ap.n. BtBOKflaHeTO Ha MeamynapoAHa aHmo(j)HUHpaHa TepMHHOJiorna npaBH Ha- uiHTe HHTejieKTyajiHH epean 110-KOHTaKTHH h TpyflOBeTe hm c noMourra Ha KJiiOHOBHTe ayMH b Tax no-AOCTbriHH 3a npoHHT ot HyacaeHUH, flopH KoraTO ca Ha ötJirapcKH, kohto, Kaicro e h3bcctho, He e mhoto nonyJiapeH e3HK, a h no CBOHTe eK30THHHH XapaKTepHCTHKH He e MHoro pa36npaeM flopH 3a cna- BHHHTe. Ot KOHTaKTHTe c HecjiaBancKH e3miH mhoto BaaceH e 6hji BHHani koh-TaKTbT c TypcKHa e3HK. Ton, Kaicro h KOHTaKTbT c pycKH, HMa 6oraTa HCTopna h nepHOflH Ha npnjiHBH h otjihbh, nopain kohto cera othobo ce Hanara na ce OCMHCJiaT TypCKHTe 3aeMKH B ÖfcJirapCKH. Be3 CbMHeHHe, TypCKOTO pOÖCTBO, npofltJi*HJio neT BeKa, e HMajio 3a pe3yjiTaT aoöpoTO BJiaaeeHe Ha TypcKHa e3HK ot mhoto 6i>jirapH. Te 6e3 npHHyaa, no cx-BceM ecTecTBetrntT ca npn-BHacajiH b poflHHa ch e3HK TypCKH (JiopMauHH, kohto ot Kpaö BpeMe ca 6hjih MHOrOÔpOHHH H pa3H006pa3HH no CTpyKTypHH H KOHCTpyKTHBHH B1.3MOa«- HOCTH. 3aTOBa, ocBeii 6oraTaTa TypcKa jieKCHKa, MO*eM ^a HaôJiioaaBaMe CHJIHO TK)pKCKO KOHCTpyKTHBHO BJIHaHHe BT>pxy MopcjiojiorH'iHaTa opraHH3a-UHa Ha 6tJirapcKHa e3HK: b Hero e 3aTBi>pAeHa e^Ha TeMnopajma CHCTeMa, Ham.JiHO KOHrpyeHTHa Ha TypcKaTa. Pa3Hoo6pa3HeTO Ha BpeMeHaTa b 6lji-rapcKHa e3HK, ocoöeHO b MHHajia nepcneKTHBa, CT>3aaBa komíJjopthh ycjiOBHa 3a pa3HOo6pa3HH CTHnHCTHHHH peuieHHa. HajiHHHeTO Ha tojwmo kojihhcctbo (JiopMH no3BOJiaßa b ötJirapcKHa e3HK na ce cneuHajiH3Hpa cpeacTBO 3a pa3-jiHHaßaHe Ha CBHfleTeJiCKaTa h HecBHAeTejicKaTa ynoTpeöa Ha r/iarojiHTe h BinpoctT 3a aBTopH3auHaTa ce peuiaBa b paMKHTe Ha ötJirapcKOTO H3peneHHe no HaHHH, Heno3HaT Ha ApyrHTe cjiaßaHCKH e3HijH. TaKa eAHO Mop(J)OJiorH4Ho aBJieHHe ocnrypaBa o(jiopMaHeTO Ha CTpora MOflejiH Ha. H3peneHHa c He-AßycMHCJieH CTHJiHCTHien MapKep Ha tckctobo paBHHine.4 Cjiefl OcBooOyK^eHHeTO ot TypcKO poôcTBO He ce HaÖJnojiaBaT pe3KH npoMeHH b JioajiHocrra Ha ötJirapcKaTa e3HKOßa oöiuhoct ki.m TypcKHTe 3aeMKH. Te ctmecTByßaT h (jjyHKUHOHHpaT napes c mhoto pycKH 3aeMKH, KOHTO paaKO BJIH38T B KOHKypeHUHa C T8X. C Te4eHHe Ha BpeMeTO B KOH- KypeHUHa c TypcKHTe 3aeMKH BJiH3aT JieKCHKajiHHTe h rpaMaTHHHH (Jiop-MauHH na ßtJirapcKHa e3HK h to3h nponec e HantJiHO 3aKOHOMepeH b acHBOTa Ha He3aBHCHMaTa Bene crpaHa. Tpy^HO 6nxMe motjih aa KaaceM, ne TypuH3MHTe npocTO TaKa ca npecraHajiH na ce ynoTpeôaBai". Te ce cpemaT /TbJiro h HecTO b OKeflHeBHOTO peneßo noBeaeuHe Ha öinrapHTe, npn TOßa rjiaBHO b HeyTpajiHa ynoTpeöa. flaHHHTe ot ötJirapcKHa e3HK noKa3BaT, ie HeyTpajiHaTa ynoTpeöa Ha 3aeMKHTe e HaH-ycT0H4HBa h He npeaH3BHKBa HHKaKBH ocoöeHH eMOUHH y HOCHTejiHTe na e3HKa ot TJieflHa T04Ka Ha TaKa Hape4eH0T0 oöpaTHO BHHaHHe.Ha e3HKa. Bch4kh nHCMeHii TeKCTOße cbh-aeTejicTBaT, 4e HaußHaTa KapTHHa Ha CBeTa 3a cpe^HHa 6-bJirapHH ao cpeaaTa na BeKa ce e oJirapcKH e3HK HOBeK'), doHQHMa ('yBecejieHHe'), ebopc ('HaKOBaaHH'). He caMO b pa3ro-BopHH» e3HK, ho h b xyao*ecTBeHaTa JiHTepaiypa ce cpemaT nepcnňcKH h apa6cKH jieKceMH, HaBJie3JiH b öwirapcKHH e3HK npe3 TypcKH: mukom ('MejioflH*', apa6.), ceóan ('ao6po aejio, H3Bi.puieHO b hmcto Ha 6ora', apa6.), nam ('aoJiHHiaeTO Ha noTypHTe', nepc.) h ap. OcoöeHO 3HaieHHe b 6i>nrapcKHJi e3HK ca noJiymjiH hhkoh ejieineHTH ot TypcKH» peneB eTHKe-r. Te ca aonycTHMH b pa3roBOp Me*ay aocTaniHO 6J1H3KH xopa h oÖHKHOBeHO H3pa3HBaT noanepTaHa flo6po»enarenHocT, Hanp. HodoKyM ('MOMHe'), Kb3hM ('MOMHHe'): Mumbo, noMuaiu, nodoKyM, ne omcu-naů meednaoK. He mhoto necTO, ho Bce naK MoraT aa ce lyjrr TypcKHTe 4>op-MH 3a no3flpaB: Oxc zenduMÍ ('3apaBeH!'); Caôaxam pycyM! 0#o6po yTpo!'); Iok cením! ('Mhoto 3apaBeľ) h ap. Ot raejma ToiKa Ha perHCTpoBaTa cer-MeHTauHa Ha e3HKa MO*e aa ce raipaH, ne cnoMeHaTHTe TypuH3MH npe-BKJiioiBaT peracTpHTe h ocT>wecTBHBaT npexoa ot HeyTpanHHa perHCTbp kt>m perHCTbpa Ha CHMnaTHHTa, oaoöpeHHeTo h aopn Bi3XHiueHHeTO. Ot raea-Ha TOHKa Ha TeopHHTa 3a eMnaTmrra MoaaKTH b peHHHKa He b pe3yjiTaT Ha e3HK0BH npoMeHH, a c HHCTpyKUHH. HMauie yKa3aHHe jicthcto Kbonoony aa ce iiapima 3enen xaüeep — eaHO cjioBOCbneTaHHe, KoeTO b ciBpeMeHHHH 6í>jirapcKH e3HK 03HanaBa 'Hemo HectmecTByBamo', '6e3CMHCJiHU,a', *3a6nyaa'; b hhkoh pecTopaHTH npecTaHaxa aa cepBHpaT uMOM-6amidb, 3amoTO HHMauie KaK aa Ha30BaT hcthcto no 6tJirapcKH. Hhkoh Ha3BaHHS 6nxa 6yKBajiH0 npe-BeaeHH Ha ötarapcKH, b pe3yjiTaT Ha KoeTO Bi>3HHKHaxa hcbi>3mo»hh c-bneTaHHH. MecTHOCTTa JJeôenama Kypu* 6e npeKpiCTeHa b JJeóenama zopa, BinpeKH ne nocneaHHTe aße aeKceMH b 6í>JirapcKH He MoraT aa ce ctneTaBaT. EtJirapcKaTa KOMÖHHaTopHKa no3Bo;iHBa ctHeTaHHHTa deôenu dbpeema h zbcma zopa, ho ne h aeoeaa ropa. 3a aa 6i>ae onpaBaaH to3h CTjMHHTejieHjiypHSBM c nojiHTHHecKa OKpacKa, to 8 6euie pa3npocTpaHeH h Bipxy hhkoh apyrn 3aeMKH ot hcmckh, (^pencKH, HTajiHaHCKH h npon., o6o3HaHaBaii}H peaaHH h bct.iu.hoct aaeKBaTHO HenpeBoaHMH, HanpHMep 6eme 3a6paHeHo aa ce nnuie b mchioto h no Ta6eaHTe Ha 3aBeaeHHHTa 3a o6mecTBeHO xpaHeHe HTaJiHaHCKaTa ayMa nuya — th 6euie 3aMeHHHa etc ci>4eTaHHeTo zapnupana numa, KoeTO 6euie CMeuiHO Haň-MaaKOTO nopaau TOBa, ne h zapnupana He e öuirapcKa ayMa. Cera othqbo b ôtJirapcKH ce H3noJi3B3T He caMO Ha3BaHHHTa Ha hhkoh peajiHH, HanpHMep hcthh, BJie3flH b (řbJírapcKaTa HauHOHanHa KyxHH: Kbono- II. KoHTaKTH Ha (íhJirapcKHS e3HK c flpyrw e3HUH 35 ony, UMOM-6asuidb, neeepMe, KaeapMa, luKeMÔe top6a, Kbpnatema, mwpjiw zioeet, mac Keôan, mypiuust, hxhuh h t.h., ho h o6o3HaieHHHTa Ha nocrpoňicH, apxHTeicrypHH eneMeHTH: nxbp, caüeaum, cadxaic; Ha npeaMeTH ot 6HTa: euezup, zepzeýt, cocppa, mony3 h t.h.; o6o3HaieHHH 3a pa3aHHHH MaTepnanH: HOM — HOMoe, Muma —Muwoe h npoH. Hapea c thx ce ynoTpeÖHBaT THnHMHH TypcKH 3aeMKH -npHjiararejiHH, kohto He nonynaBaT oKOHnaHHH 3a poa h «ihc-jio: wiam (picena, noeeK, déme, xopa), KecKUH (paxwt, nanumKu), cep6e3 (mo-Muie, MOMHe, xnanema), cepm {MOMHe, yueapu), KodoKa [EamcaH, nnaHuna, WHaifu) h t.h. Moace aa ce npeanojioacH, He hmchho HaBnH3aHeT0 Ha He-H3MeHHeMH (})opMH Ha npHJiaraTejiHH ot TypcKH cT>3flaBa cera bt,3mo»hoct 3a aKTHBHa ynoTpeöa Ha neH3MeHHeMH 3anaaHoeBponeßcKH 3aeMKH — npHJia-raTejiHH ot THna Ha eKcmpa {napne, npunecKa, KauiKaean, uanumKu), cynep (moy, npoepoMa, neeuifa, MOMiema, cmé) h Bce ome (}>aMHJiHapHO-pa3roBop-HHTe ot THna Ha cneutbjí (Kacpe, cjiynaii), cexcu (juadaMa, MOMune, moanem) h t.h. Ot TypcKH npoH3xoa ca h npHJiaraTejiHHTe c HacTaBKa -jihíí, kohto ce H3MenHT caMO no 4HC.no, noaMHHaBaňKH Ba»HaTa 3a SbJírapcKaTa Mop^oJiorn» KaTeropHH poa: KbCMemnun (noeeK, otcena, MOMUue) — KbCMemnuu (xopa), zaůmaiuiwi (cempe, a6á) — zaümannuu (eeoKÔu). B oiJirapcKH Te MoraT aa ce cyöcTaHTHBHpaT h aa ce ineHyBar: caKOJiwma, amnwima. Ta3H cyôcTaHTH-BauHH He e Hemo hobo b e3HKa hh, ho TyK roBopHM 3a eaHH hob eTan Ha aonaHocT KiM Hea. Cera b &bJirapcKHH e3HK ce HaĎatoaaBa 3acnaBaHe Ha TpaH-cno3HTHBHHTe HBJíeHHH noa npHKOTO BaHHHHe Ha Mop(J)oaorHHHaTa 0(})0pMe- HOCT Ha HHKOH TypCKH H TKJpKCKH 3aeMKH. B nepHoaa Ha aeM0KpaTH3auHH Ha ôuirapcKOTO oömecTBO HopMaTa He nocTaBH pe3KH orpaHHHeHHH npea ynoTpeöaTa Ha TypcKH 3aeMKH b pa3- rOBOpHHH CTHH. PeCTpHKUHH CtUjeCTByBaT CaMO B 0({)HUHanHO-aenOBHH cthji h b HayHHaTa TepMHHOJiorHH, ho TOBa e Bünpoc ot ciBceM apyr xapaKTep. Ocbch TOBa, npe3 1995 r. HapoaHOTO ci6paHHe npne 3aK0H 3a 6tjirapcKHH e3HK, pernaMeHTHpam 30HHTe Ha ynoTpeöaTa My KaTo o(J>h-UHaneH e3HK Ha PenyÖJiHKa BtnrapHH h (j>opMHTe Ha c3hkoboto oöyneHHe b yHHjiHiuaTa h By30BeTe. CnoMeHaTHTe pecTpHKUHH o6xBamaT no cbuihh HaHHH h ynoTpe6aTa Ha bchhkh apyrn nyacaHUH. Te He 3acnrar acHMH-nnpaHHTe Bene 3aeMKH, kohto b onpeaejieHH cHTyauHH npnaaBaT eaHH 6e3cnópeH cneiiH(J)HHeH KoaopHT Ha 6iJirapcKHH tckct. 3a6eaH3BaMe, ne b npecaTa ot nocneaHHTe aße-TpH roaHHH ce cpemaT h TypcKH nocjioBHUH, uiHpoKo H3BecTHH Ha cpeaHHH ömrapHH, oco6eHO ot no-CTapoTO no-KOJieHHe: Eup 6ujjwk — öoKJiyK ('Mhoto aoöpo He e Ha ao6po'); Amanac zunou — A3 rnaan ('MHHe an ATaHacoB aeH h 3HMaTa ch OTHBa') h ap. HHTepecHO e, ne BTopaTa nocaoBHua BKaioiBa hhcto 6i>JirapcKH eaeMeHT — npa3HHKa Ha cb. ATaHac (18 HHyapn no hob cthji, 31 HHyapn no CTap CTHfl). TöBa e HeaßycMHcaeHO aoKa3aTeacTBO, ne th e Bi>3HHKHaaa Ha 6i>jirapcKa noHBa h, cjieaoBaTejiHO, He e caMO npHHaaae»H0CT Ha TypcKaTa e3HK0Ba OÖUIHOCT. TaKHBa HBneHHH HMa MHOTO H Te OÖXBatUaT Bpt3KHTe Ha ötJirapcKHa e3HK c MaňHHHHTe e3HUH Ha bchhkh cthhhcckh inanuHHCTBa, Haceji8BaiitH BtJirapH». TyK, oöane, Tpaößa na OTÔeneacHM eflHO mhoto CHMnTOMarHHHO aBJie-HHe, cBip3aHO c nyönHUHCTHHHHa cTHJi.KaTO nonyBCTBaxa cßoöoflaTa Ha cjio- BOTO H H3ÖOpa Ha H3pa3HHTe (J)OpMH, 6l>JirapCKHTe »ypHaJlHCTH HaCTbpBeHO ce BTypHaxa kim ynoTpeöara Ha Typu.H3MH h 3anoHHaxa necTO aa 3JioynoT-peÖHBaT c Tax. He Moace n.a He hh ynyuBa noBTopHaTa 3aMaHa Ha 6tJirapcKH flyMH c TypcKH: manu BMecTO JieKapcmea; komuiuu bmccto cbcedu; ömcom BMecTO cmbKJtO, npo3opeu; xupu3 bmccto nozneoicdaM, HadnunoM h MH.^p. Pa3nonaraMe c MHeHHa, H3Ka3aHH ot CTpaHHHHH HaÖJiKwarejiH — nyatae-CTpaHHH 6bJirapHCTH, KOHTO KOHCTaTHpaT, ne Hanocne.m>K e3Hia>T Ha ötJirapc-KaTa npeca e CTaH&n TBtpae arpecHBeH h ne TOBa no rojiaina creneH e npe-AH3BHKaHO ot HHBa3HaTa Ha TypuH3MHTe. 3a cbacaneuHe, TOBa TBtpaeHHe ctflipaca roJiaM npoqeHT HCTHHa, Kaicro h roJiaM npoueHT HCTHHa ce CT>AT>p>Ka BT>B BCHHKH KOHCTaTaUHH, CBl>p3aHH C HHBa3H8Ta Ha aHTJIHOCKH JieKCHKaiieH Marepnan naK b npecaTa h b e3HKa Ha .npyrHTe cpeflCTBa 3a MacoBa ko- MyHHKaUHJI. OöpHcyBaHaTa KapTHHa na e3HKOBHTe KOHTaKTH He e ntJiHa. He e pa3rJie.iaH BinpociT 3a B3aHMOOTHOiueHHaTa Ha ötJirapcKHa e3HK c HeMCKHa, (|)peHCKHa, rpiuKHa, pyMtHCKua, cpiöcKHa h ap. TyK ca OTpa3eHH caMO OHe3H MOMeHTH, KOHTO HH Ce CTpyBaT Haň-CHMnTOMaTHHHH 3a H3CXieilBaHHa nepHoa h no kohto MO»e aa ce ct>,oh 3a ctBpeMeHHOTO B3aHMoaeňcTBHe Ha 6i>JirapcKHa e3HK c apyrn e3HUH, a cimo TaKa 3a bmmojkhocthtc, npe,ao-CTaBeHH Ha 6*jirapcKHTe rpa>KaaHH 3a H3no;i3BaHeTO hm. no oTHOuieHHe Ha H3noJi3BaHeTO Ha MeacayHapoflHHTe e3HUH bctjLuhoct HHKora He e HMano HHKaKBH crporH orpaHHHeHHa, ocBeH Haň-o6moTO, ne ocjwuHajiHHaT e3HK b BtJirapna e ötJirapcKHaT. /locTartHHO e na HanoMHHM 3a mhototo c3hkobh yHHJiHma y Hac, m>aeTO ce npenoßaBame h ce npenogaBa Ha pycKH, aHniHH-CKH, (j)peHCKH, HeMCKH, HCnaHCKH H Up. e3HUH. Ho KOJIKO e ctmecTBeHa npoMaHaTa b CHTyaiwaTa no OTHOuieHHe Ha e3HUHTe Ha MajiuHHCTBaTa, Moace aa ce cbflH caMO ot e,aHH-e,aHHCTBeH <})aKT. Cera .neuaTa c He-ötnrapcKO eTHHHecKo caM0ci3HaHHe MoraT aa H3ynaBaT b ynnjiHiue b flontJiHHTejMH nacoBe MaňHHHHa ch e3HK (TypcKH, lyiraHCKH, apMeHCKH, hbpht, rpi>UKH h ap.). Bene HMa h cneuHanHH yneÖHHun 3a Ta3H ueji. A npean 1989 r. Ha onpeaejieHH nyöJiHHHH MecTa, HanpHMep rapn, b paňoHHTe c TypcKO h poM-CKO HaceneHHe Moacexa aa ce bm^ht Haanncn KaTO „ľoBopeHeTo Ha lyxcaH e3HUH 3a6paHeHo". Ücho 6eme, KaKBH nyacaH e3HUH MO*e aa 3Hae mccthoto HacejieHHe. Ho to npofltjiHcaBame aa roBopH Ha Tax h na Hapyuiaßa 3a6pa-HHTe He caMO ot noflôynH, H3MepBaHH b paMKHTe Ha e3HKOBara My JioajiHOCT HJiH HenoajiHOCT, ho h nopaflH 3Ha4HTejiHO no-npocraTa npHHHHa, ne MHoro HeroBH npeacTaBHTejiH He Moacexa aa neTaT h He 3Haexa KaKBO tohho hm ce 3a6paiMBa. CtcToaHHeTO Ha e3HKOBHTe hh KOHTaKTH MO»ce aa ce npH3Hae 3a mo-MeHTa Kara ao6pe onncaHO b jwHrBHCTHHHara jiHTeparypa caMO b kojihhcc-TBeHO OTHOuieHHe. TaxHara KanecTBeHa onpeaeneHOCT b TeoperaneH anaH He e flocTarbHHO m>JiHO 0Tpa3eHa. He e AOCTarbHHO ao6pe ocMHoieH TeopeTHHHO oneBHflHHaT (})aKT, He K0HTaim>T c TypcKHa e3HK e npeflHMHO KOHTaKT He c KOflHcJ)HUHpaHHa TypcKH e3HK Ha CT.BpeMeHHa TypuHa, a c oh3h ocTapaa h CHJiHO peayuHpaH, 3HanHTenHO noBjinaH ot 6-bnrapcicHa, BapnaHT Ha TypcKHa e3HK, Ha kohto roBopH TypcKOTO eTHHHecKo MajiuHHCTBO. B ctiuoTO BpeMe KOHTaKTHTe C pyCKH H aHľJlHHCKH Ca KOHTaKTH C 0(j)HUHaJlHHTe KOflH(})HUHpaHH e3HUH Ha ABeTe cipaHH h c aMepHKaHCKHa BapnaHT Ha aHrjiHHCKHa e3HK h CJieflBaT ni>Ta Ha TexHHTe npoMeHH b ecTecTBeHH yc^OBHa. Mhoto jihhtbh-cthhhh BtnpocH, CBtp3aHH c Han-pauHOHa/iHOTO npaKTHHecKo H3non3BaHe Ha e3HKOBHTe KOHTaKTH, T.e. c BtnpocHTe, pecjjneKTHpaiuH b 30Hara Ha nyacflo-e3HKOBOTO oöyneHHe, a TaKa ctmo b mhoto eKCTpajiHHrBwcTHHHH o6nacTH, Bee ome ocTaBaT otkphth h naKar hobh, 6e3npHCTpacTHO MoraBHpaHH peuieHHa. Ot Te3H peuieHHa c TeopeTHHHa 3HaHHMOCT 3aBHcaT h mhoto kohkpcthh npo-aBH Ha KOflH