Elementary Sumerian Glossary
(after M. Civil 1967)
Daniel A Foxvog Lecturer in Assyriology (retired) University of California at Berkeley
Revised 2008
A glossary suitable for the first several years of instruction, with emphasis on the vocabulary of easy literary texts, early royal inscriptions, and uncomplicated economic and administrative documents.
1
A
a, "a water, fluid; semen, seed; offspring, child; father; watercourse (cf. e)
a Ah! (an interjection) (Attinger, Elements p. 414) a-a father
a-a-ugu(4) father who has begotten, one's own true father, progenitor
a-ab-ba, a-aba (water of the) sea (cf. ab)
a-ab-ba igi-nim Upper Sea, the Mediterranean
a-ab-ba sig Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf
a-ah (or aah) (Gudea) —> uh
a-ba(-a) who, whoever, whom, whose (interrogative and relative)
a - bal to pour out water, libate, irrigate a-bul5-la —> abul
a-da rivalry, contention, contest, fight (Civil, AuOr 5 (1987) 18 +n. 6)
a-da-ab (an OB hymn rubric, a hymn of praise consisting minimally of sagida, sagara and urubi sections)
a-da-al, a-da-lam now; current, present
a-da-man/min contest between two parties, (verbal) duel, disputation
a-da-man - a5/dun to hold a contest; to dispute, debate (Attinger, Elements 417-422)
a - de to pour out water; to libate; to freshen (with water); to flood, be flooded (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 68f, 99)
a-duio fresh water, sweet water
a - dun to water, irrigate, flood (Attinger, Elements 477-484, reading e4)
a-e-a sudden onrush of water, damburst, flood wave
kusA.EDIN.LA -> kusummu3 a-EN-da —> a-rui2-da
a-estubku6 "carp flood," early(?) flood (Civil, AuOr 15, 52)
a-ga back, rear (of a building), hind quarters; after
a-ga-am, a-ga-am (etc.) artificial pond or lake for controlling flood waters (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 130f.)
a-ga(-as)-gi4, (OS aga-gi4) later, (the one) after (Civil, JNES 43, 286 n. 12; Selz, FAOS 15/1 No. 21 vii 1); aga-gi4-a-be later, afterwards
a-gu —> A.KA
a-gar, a-gar agricultural tract, area of field parcels, irrigation district
a-gar5, a-gar, a-bar lead (the metal) (Reiter, AO AT 249, 119ff.)
a-gin7 how
a-giib-ba lustration water, holy water
kusa-ga-la leather sack
a - gar to flood with water; to soak, rinse
a-gi6(-a) flood, flood wave
A.KA —> ugu, ligu
A.KA-a - gar —> ugu-a - gar
a-la(-la) ululation, expression of joy
a-la —> la-la
a-la (a demon)
a-lu-a roiled, disturbed, cloudy, muddy water A.LUM —> udu-aslumx
a-ma-ru(-k), a-ma/mar-rui0/uru5(-k) devastating flood; the mythical Deluge (see mar-uru5)
2
a-ma-ru-kam It is urgent! Without fail! (lit. It is (like) water of the tempest!)
a-mah high water, flood, inundation
a-na(-am) what, whatever (interrogative and relative)
a-na-as(-am), a-na-se(-am) why
a-na-gin7 how, why; thus, so
a-nag libation; drinking water
a-ne he, she, this one (OS for e-ne)
a-nigin pond, puddle, standing water
a-nir lament; grief (Emesal a-se-er)
da-nun-na(-k) (a grouping of high gods)
a-pa4 gutter, pipe; (as beer and water libation pipe, see Civil, AuOr5, 33)
a-ra-li (poetic term for the netherworld; the desert between Bad-Tibira and Uruk where Dumuzi pastured his flocks and was killed, see Jacobsen, JAOS 103, 194)
a-ra-zu, a-ra-zu, ra-zu prayer, supplication (for writings see Bauer, AV Klein 24-25)
a-ra way, path, course; state, condition; multiplied by, "times" (math.); a-ra N-kam for the nth time
a - ri, a - ru to inseminate, engender, beget
a-ri-a, "a-ri-a wasteland, desert (Civil, AuOr 5, 33)
a - ru to dedicate, donate to a deity
a-ru-a temple donation, votive gift
a-nii2(EN)-da (Pre-Sarg. and Sarg.) copper
a-sig, a-si(-ig)-ga, a-sa-ga clear, clean water (mu zakutu) (syllabic for sig5 and sa6(g), see Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95)
a-sis salty, brackish water
a-sa(g), asa5(g)(GANA) field, parcel (for OS asa5 see Civil, JCS 25, 171f; Powell, JCS 25, 178-184)
a sa-ga su - dun to inseminate, engender (later elliptically just su - dun)
a-se-er —> a-nir
A.TIR -> esa
a - tu5, (OS) a - tui7(A.TU5) to bathe, wash a-tu5-a bath, bathing ritual a-zu, a-su physician
a, ax(DA) arm, wing; branch; side (cf. da); (knife) edge; strength, force; work-force; work-period (measured in days); wage(s), hire, fee, payment, expenditure; point in time; horns, antlers (for ax see Attinger, ZA 87, 112)
a - ag to command, give orders or instructions to someone (-da-) regarding (-si-)
a-ag-ga instruction, order; news (Attinger, ZA 87, 15)
a-an handle(?) (Attinger, ZA 87, 115f.)
a-an(-zu-lum) date palm spadix; broom
a-an-kara, an-kara, en-kara (a divine or royal weapon or staff) (Attinger, ZA 87, 182, reads Ankara)
a-as —> as
a - bad to open, spread the arms, wings
a-bad opened, outstretched arms, wings
a - dah to help (PSD and ePSD now read tah)
a-dah help, aid; helper
a-dam settlement, habitation
a - dar to seize illegally, confiscate
a-dara horns of wild goats, deer antlers (Steinkeller, BSA63 n. 24) (see dara)
3
a - dub to flap the wings; periphrastic: a-diib - a5 a - e to rear, bring up, take care of a-gii-zi-ga early morning, dawn a-gub-bu left arm, side; to the left, on the left a-gal mighty, powerful, strong (cf. a-nun-gal) a - gar to apply force, overpower a-gi6-ba(-a) at midnight
a-ki-ti (a festival and the temple where it takes place)
a - Ms to tire (the arms) (Attinger, ZA 87, 112)
a-kus(-u) adj. tired; n. tiredness; work, labor, toil; ppl. a-nu-kus untiring
a - la to tie the hands, fetter
kuSa-la (a kind of drum)
a-me(-k) arm of battle (describing a weapon, poetic)
a-nun(-gal) having great power, (most) powerful (cf. a-gal)
a-nam-ur-sag heroic arm/strength/weapon (poetic)
a-sag (a demon); (a source of sickness or death) (>
asakku)
(kus)a-si (leather) strap; urudua-si copper hinge (van de Mieroop, Crafts 134; Civil, Iraq 23, 162)
a-sig slingstone
a - su(dr) to extend the arm(s), spread the wings; to proceed, march on; to sail
a-se now (anumma)
a_§Emusen swan(?) (Landsberger, MSL 8/2 130)
a-sita4(U.KID)(-a) paraphanelia, implements (Civil, JAOS 88 (1968) 7)
a-su-gir limbs (lit. "arms, hands, and feet")
a - tuku to have strength, power
a-tuku powerful, strong, able-bodied
a-u4-te-na (at) twilight, (in the) evening (coolness)
a-u4-zal-le daybreak, morning
a-zi-da right arm, side
a-zi(g) high-handed action, violence
a-zi-se by a violent act, by force
a5(k), ak to do, perform, exercise, act (often as an auxiliary verb); to make, construct; to make like, make into. Certain contexts require rdg. aka or ke. It can be combined with a pronoun in forms such as he-na, i-na, see AV Wilcke 226. For rdg. sa5 perhaps = sa4 = the aux. verb *za see Cavigneaux, AS J 9, 49ff.; Urnamma Hymn B 52 has an Ur III (?) var. sa-sa for OB AK-AK. For a comprehensive treatment see Attinger, ZA 95, 46-64, 208-275; Powell, AVDiakonoff 314-319.
ab hole, opening, window
ab, ab-ba, a-ab-ba, a-aba sea
ab-ba old man, elder, wise man; father
ab-ba-ab-ba grandfather
ab-lal window, opening, pigeon hole
ABxAS elder (in Sargonic texts, see PSD A/2 133a)
ab cow
ab-za-za (an exotic animal: water buffalo(?), zebu(?)) abgal (apkal) (a cultic profession); (mythical) sage abrig(NUN.ME.DU) (a cultic profession) (abriqqu) absin, ab-si'n furrow
abul(la), a-bul5-la city gate, main gate/entrance
abzu (mythological underground fresh water ocean, home of the god Enki); (a water-basin shrine in many Mesopotamian temples)
4
(gls)ad beam, plank; raft (so PDS A/3 6, though Bauer, AfO 40/41, 94 disagrees; see discussion of Attinger, ZA 95, 260)
ad, ad-da father; forefather, great great-grandfather (so PSD)
ad sound; voice, cry
ad - gi4 to advise, take counsel with (-da-), consult; to discuss; to echo, respond
ad-gi4(-gi4) advice, counsel; advisor, counselor
ad-KID reed craftsman, basket and mat weaver (The reading ad-kub4 cannot be justified. Steinkeller, Sale Documents 171, therefore suggests that only adgubx (adKID) may be possible, based on Akk. aikuppu.)
ad - sa4 to sob, groan, wail
ad-sa4 wailing, lamenting (nissatu); sound (of an instrument or song)
kuSad-tab reins
<sls)ad(GIR-gM«w), ad(lu boxthorn; thorn (eddettu) (some now read kisig) (see Attinger, ZA 95, 263f. for detailed discussion of readings)
ad4(ZA-te«w) crippled, lame (kubbulu)
adda/ad6(LUxUS) (also written LU.US or ad8(LUxUS-sessig) and adx(LU.GAM)) (human) corpse
adda/ad(UDUxUS) (also written UDU.US) (animal) carcass
addir river-crossing, ford; toll, fare, rent, hire (RLA 8, 157 Miete) (cf. ma-addir ferry boat)
slsaddu(U.GIR) (reading uncertain, compare glsad)
ag^a5
aga (a kind of crown, "tiara, diadem"); (an axe) aga-gi4-a-be later, afterwards (see a-ga(-as)-gi4)
aga-kár/ŠĚ - si to conquer, defeat (cf. aga - kár to defeat) (Klein, AV Tadmor 310f; Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 188f. + n. 17)
aga-ús, aga-ús constable, guard, bodyguard, soldier
agargara(NUN)(ku6) (a fish or fish spawn)
agrun(É.NUN) (a sacred building or room); (an epithet of the abzu) (Attinger, ZA 95, 268)
ág to measure out, mete out; to pay (esp. in grain)
ág - gi4 to kill (Jacobsen & Kramer, JNES 12, 185 n. 68)
agarin(AMA.dINANNA), ága-rí(-n) mother (creatress); (fertile) soil; mold, crucible
agrig steward (PSD A/3 translates "housekeeper")
ah, aah (in Gudea) —> uh
ak —> a5
áka(ŠID) fleece; tuft of wool
akan(UBUR) udder, teat, nipple
akkil cry, clamor; acclaim
,isaktum(A.SU) (a garment)
glsal mattock, hoe, "pickaxe"
al - a5 to hoe, work with the hoe
al - dun to desire, want; to request, ask for, demand (Attinger, Elements 429-438)
gišal-gar (a musical instrument) PSD A/3 147 translates: (a lyre) (Attinger, ZA 95, 270)
slsal-gar-sui7sur9-ra (a musical instrument, drumstick?) (Attinger, ZA 95, 270)
al-la-nu-um oak; acorn
al-lubku6, al-lu5(b) (older rdg. al-lul) (crayfish or crab)
5
('aladCLAMMAxBAD) male guardian angel, male counterpart of —> 'lamma
alal(SIDxA), alalx(ABxA) conduit, pipe
alam, alan figure; statue. PSD A/3 170a calls alam the preferred phonetic form. A reading alag based on the important reference PEa 845 (Jx) a-la-ag, is doubted by Krecher [privately circulated correction sheet to his AV Matous II article] and by J. Bauer, Or ns 43, 129. See also Yoshikawa, ASJ 12, 344-347.
alim bison (kusarikku)
alim-ma honored one (kabtu)
am wild bull
am-si elephant
ama mother
ama-a-tu —> ama-tu
ama-ab, ama-ad parents
ama(-ar) - gi4 to free, manumit
ama(-ar)-gi4 manumission, freedom
ama-er(-ra) wailing woman, female mourner
ama-erin(-na) elite troops
AMA.GAN(.SA) -> saganx
AMA.dINANNA -> agarin, amalu
ama-tu(d), ama-a-tu house-born slave (cf. ama5)
ama-ugu(4) mother who has born, one's own true mother
ama5, (ama) private quarters of women and young children (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 76-78) (cf. e-mi)
ama5-kalam-ma storehouse/dwelling-quarters of the land (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78)
amalu(AMA.dINANNA) (personal) goddess
amar calf; young of other animals
damar-utu(-k) Marduk, patron-deity of Babylon
amas sheepfold
ambar marsh, swamp
an sky, heaven; the sky god An
an, an-na high, tall (cf. un and gi6-u/un-na)
an-bar, an, KU.AN iron (Reiter, AO AT 249, 244ff)
an-bar7 noon, noontime heat
an-dul shade, cover; protection
an-eden-na high plain, steppe
an-ga and still, even so
an-kara —> a-an-kara
an-na (or AN.NA, perhaps to be read niggi or nagga) tin; iron(?) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 259ff.)
an-pa heaven's top, zenith
an-sa heaven's middle, middle of the sky
an-sar heavenly sphere, whole sky
an-ta above, from above, down; in front; prefix (grammatical term)
an-ta-sur-ra (a Lagash geographical area); (obsidian?) an-ub-da-li'mmu-ba the four world quarters an-iir base of heaven, horizon an-usan, an-u-san-an evening an-za-gar tower, (fortified) outpost anse donkey; (equid in general) anse-bara-la pack ass ANSE.KUR.RA -> sisi
6
anse-künga (ANSE.BARxAN) mule (offspring of a donkey and an onager) (Heimpel, BSA 8, 89-91; RIA Maultier)
anse-zi-qüm equids kept at royal road stations (Ur III) (Heimpel, RA 88, 5-31)
anzu(d)mu&n, änzu(d)muäen (a mythological lion-headed eagle, symbol of Ningirsu & Ninurta) (some read ananzumu&n rather than danzumu&n)
slsapin plow
apin-lä tenancy, rent; tenant, lessee; cultivator (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 114 n. 5)
apkal —> abgal
ar-ga-num (a resin)
är, ar, a-a-ar praise
är - a5/dun to praise (Attinger, Elements 439f.) är to mill, grind flour na4ara mill, millstone arad, ärad —> ir
arhus compassion, mercy; womb (remu) (Civil, AV Hallo 78 + n21)
sääsal(A.TU.GAB.LIS) Euphrates poplar(?) (§arbatu)
asil(a)(EZENxLÄL), asil-lä acclaim, paean, jubilation
as(a) v. and adj. (to be) one, alone, unique (cf. dili) (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.)
äs, ä-äs, as curse
äs - a5/bal/dun to swear at, insult, curse (Civil, JNES 43, 294; Attinger, Elements 445-450)
munusäs-gär female goat (reading zeh is obsolete; Heimpel, BSA 7, 116ff reads asgar)
äs six (Edzard, AV Klein 102)
asa5 -> a-sä
ašgab leatherworker
dašnan (a goddess figure personifying emmer wheat) (see also dezinu)
azbear
azlagx(LÚ.TÚG), azlag3.6 fuller, washerman (also conventionally read ášlag, etc.; see Yuhong, AV Klein 394f. for writings and etymology) (ašláku)
B
ba to allot, distribute, assign, divide up, give a gift or share; to reduce, diminish, deteriorate
ba allotment, share
baku6 snail(?)
ba-al to dig up/out, excavate, mine, quarry (heru); to unload (a boat)
ba-al-gi(4), ba-al-gu7 (also with fish determinative) turtle
ba-an -> bán
ba-an-du8(-du8), ba-an-du5 (reed, wood or copper determinative) bucket, pail; sowing basket (cf. Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 74 + n. 26, contra PSD B which considers the two variants to be two different words.)
ba-an-gi4 response, answer ba-ba(-da/za) porridge
ba-da-ra dagger, a ceremonial kind of knife (Akk. patru > Sum. ba-da-ra back-loaned > Akk. patarru) (PSD B 18 "rod, prod" is not correct; see Civil, Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD)
ba-ri/rí-ga (a large measuring vessel = 60 sila in Ur III)
dba-ú chief goddes of Girsu, consort of Ningirsu (also read dba-ba6)
ba-za cripple, dwarf
7
ba(EŠ) v. to halve; n. half
babbar, bar6-bar6 (PSD bábbar) v. and adj. (to be) white, shining
bad(r) to open up, spread wide, be wide apart, separate; to untie, unravel, reveal; to be distant, remote, removed; to thresh (see recently Krecher, AV Kutscher 111-116)
bad, bad-rá, bad-da open(ed), spread wide; remote bad (city) wall, fortification bäd(-da) high (cf. ün) bäd-si parapet
báhar potter (Sallaberger Töpfer passim)
bal to cross (over), pass by or through; to turn over, around, aside, upside down, against; to change, exchange; to pour out (liquid)
bal-a-ri opposite side, shore
bal-bal-e (an OB hymn type)
glsbala spindle; rod, pin
bala (rotating) term of office or service, turn of duty; reign; cf. bala-gub-ba term of duty
bala(-šě) - a5 transport (for trade)
balag harp (some translate "lyre"); (a large drum?); (an OB and later Emesal lamentation, part of the temple liturgy)
balag-di harp player, lamentation singer gišban — gišpan
bán, ba-an (later with wood determinative) (a container and capacity measure = 6 sila in Pre-Sargonic texts, 10 sila thereafter) (Steinkeller, Or 51, 359f.)
banda, ban-da (or bandada) small(er), young(er), minor, junior; short (time); impetuous, wild (note that Borger, AbZ reads banda3 rather than Deimel's bandat, a practice now gaining currency)
banda young one, child, infant; offspring, progeny; attendant
glsbansur table; offering table, altar
bappir, bappir beer bread (a baked loaf of brewing ingredients)
bar to (make) lie/be outside, go away, send out, set aside, release, split open; to delimit, allot (fields)
bar outside, exterior; outer appearance; body; back, edge; fleece
bar alien, strange; cf. lii-bar-ra foreigner, stranger
bar "liver" (as a seat of emotions), mood, spirits
bar NOUN-ak-a or bar-PRONOUN-a because of, instead of, with regard to, e.g. bar-bi-a because of this
bar - a5 to examine, test, put to trial
bar-da, bar-du-a crosspiece, crossbar
tugbar-dul5 (a common garment); (describing a goat or a goat hide)
bar-gal unshorn, with unplucked fleece bar-la (a canal basin?) bar-rim4 arid, dry land tugbar-si sash, shawl
bar-su(-ga), bar-su(-a) with plucked fleece, with fleece removed
bar-su(d) (a rubric marking a sub-section of a tigi or adab hymn of praise)
bar-se out, away, toward the outside
bar-seg(-ga) fog, mist, drizzle
bar-ta away, aside, outside
bar-ta - gub, bar-se - gub to stand aside, keep away, stay aloof
8
bar - tam to examine, choose, select (periphrastic: bar-tam - ak)
bar-udu sheep's fleece
bar-iis(urudu) (pointed) goading stick (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 72)
bar7(NE) to blaze, flame, burn
bara(g) (barag) dais, throne; sovereign, ruler, king; (pack-)sack
bara-mah high dais
bara-si-ga socle
bara(g), ba-ra(-g), (par) to spread out (upon), strew bi-iz —> biz bi-za-za frog
bi7(d), bid n. excrement, dung; anus(?); v. to defecate
bibra(HUL)muSen (a bird); (a bird-shaped cup) (Veldhuis, Education 224)
bil to heat, burn, scorch
bil-ga (fresh) fruit; (male) ancestor, cf. pa-bil-ga bil-la -> pe-el-la bil-la, bil-la hot
bil-la-be, bil-la-be heatedly, feverishly, ardently
biluda, bi-lu-da, pi-lu5-da, be6-lu5-da rites, rituals, customs, usages (< belutu, Steinkeller, JNES 46 (1987) 58. Cf. Steible, AOAT 253, 380f.)
bir (reduplicated: bir-bir-re, bi-ib-r(e), bi-bi-r(e)) to
scatter, disperse
birv. to shrivel, wrinkle; adj. flacid, shriveled
*bir -> surx, erin (rdg. bir is now obsolete; see Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 192, JNES 46, 58f.; Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178)
bir4 to bake (bricks, pottery) (pronunciation is uncertain)
bir5(NAM)muSen locust (Veldhuis, Education 224) bir6, bir7, bir to rip/break to pieces, shred, tear biz, bi-iz to drip, drop
-bras (wr. -ib-ra-as, ba(r)-ra-as) to fly (loan from the Akk. root prs)
bu(r), bu(r), bur, biir, bux(PAD) (variant bu-iis, Emesal ze(r), ze-ze) to pull, rip, tear, pluck out, uproot, extract, extirpate; to drain (water)
bu —> bii
bu-lu-iih, bu-luh, bu-iih, bu-bu-luh to quiver, shudder, be frightened
bu-lu-uh/buluh - si-il to belch, burp
bu-ud-ba-ad - za to thud (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)
bu-iis —> bu(r)
bii, bu, pii to flit, rush about
bugin, bunin (multiple spellings exist, middle/last consonant may be /g/) bucket, trough
bul, bu5 to blow, blow up, fill with air
bulug chisel; needle, pin; seal-pin (Civil Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD B); latch-pin(?); border-marker(?); axis
bulug-KIN-gur4 (surgical) lancet
bulug to grow up, rear children or young, make grow, ripen; to be great, to elevate
bulug, bulug-ga foster-child
bunga(NITA(2).GA) child
bur (stone) bowl, vessel (Yuhong, AV Klein 391) bur-gi4-a (a kind of offering)
9
bur-gul stonecutter, engraver
bur-sag (a servant); (a building used for storage of offerings, see Heimpel, JCS 33, 106)
bur-su-ma old woman, matron, matriarch
bur-zi (a kind of bowl)
ubiir (a kind of grass)
bur to free, loosen, release; to reveal, explain, interpret (dreams); to undo, nullify (curse, sin, anger); to spread widely, spread out over, cover   (cf. a - bur, ki-biir, miis - bur)
bur, bu, bu7 to glow, shine biir-ra(-ah) (an architectural term) biir-ra-be openly, publicly l7buranun(-na) Euphrates
buru (bur) (area measure =18 iku = 1800 sar = ca. 63,510 sq. meters) (Yuhong, AV Klein 391)
buru(d) (bur) n. hole, pit, depths; depth; v. to make a hole, pierce, break into, burgle; to be deep, deepen; to penetrate, understand
buru4musen(abirdofprey or a vulture, OS); raven (Ur III onward) (Veldhuis, Education 226-228)
buru5mu&n (bur5) (a small bird that lives in flocks, possibly a sparrow); locust (OB and later) (Veldhuis, Education 229-231)
buru5-habrud(-da)musen partridge(?) (i§§ur hum") (Veldhuis, Education 231-233)
bunii4 harvest, crop; harvest time
D
da, da(g) side; near (cf. Krecher, AS J 9, 88 n. 39) DA^a
da-ga-an, da-ga-na, daggan(KLGISGAL) bedroom (Krecher, AS J 9, 88 n. 39)
da-gi4-a, dag-gi4-a district, ward, city quarter (babtu); cf. usar da-gi4-a neighbor (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 242f.)
da-ri, da-ri lasting, eternal (cf. Akk. daru) da-ri/ri-se forever
da - ri to lead at one's side (so Selz, ASJ 17, 25 Iff, who reads the verbal root as I Aril; cf. mas-da-ri-a)
dab5, dab, dab6/da5(b) to fasten onto (-a), hold onto, detain; to seize, take (with -e/a); to be attached to, employed at (-da) (often elliptical for su - dab5)
dabin(ZLSE) barley meal or flour
dadag v. and adj. (to be) (cultically) pure, (legally) exonerated
dag to move, run about, roam dag-gi4-a —> da-gi4-a
dagal v. & adj. (to be) wide, broad, vast, far-reaching, widespread; n. breadth
dagal-be broadly
dagal - tag to spread wide
dah to add (to); to do, say, give in addition; to help (ePSD now reads tah)
glsdal, dalx(HU) crosspiece, traverse beam (tallu) dal to fly
dal, dal-a, dal-dal flying, in flight
dal-ba-an(-na) in between (area)
dalla - e to be visible, apparent, manifest; (to shine forth in radiance, be/make resplendent, i.e. near synonym of pa - e ?)
dam spouse, wife, husband
dam-ban-da secondary or junior wife, concubine
10
dam-gär merchant (tamkäru)
dam-ha-ra battle (< Akk. tamhäru)
dam-ha-ra - a5 to do battle with (-da-)
danna(KASKAL.GID), da-na double hour (a distance measure, ca. 6.6 miles)
dan6(USxTAG4) to clean, wash (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 83-84) (cf. gäb-dan6 cleaner)
darmusen francolin QttidÜ)
dar to split
dar-ra split, fileted (fish)
dära, darah, dara4 Persian wild goat, bezoar (Steinkeller, SEL 6, 3-7; BSA 8, 50; SEL 6, 3-7) (PSD A/2 109 reads tarah, ePSD reads durah)
dära-mas wild goat stag
de to pour
de-dal ashes
de5(g) -> na - de5(g)
de5(g) to pick up, gather up, collect; to remove, plunder (Sallaberger, AV Klein 250) Many still read ri(g); Selz, ASJ 17, 260 reads /dri/. See also Steinkeller, JCS 35, 249f.
de5-de5-ga collected (dead animals or people) (technical term in Girsu and Umma, Heimpel, BSA 8 138 n. 80; Sallaberger, AV Klein 250)
de6 —> tum
di —> du and dun
di(d) court case, lawsuit, claim; verdict, judgment di - dab5 to render a verdict
di - du ii to sue, go to court, trial (Attinger, Elements 459-464)
di - ku5(dr) to judge, render a verdict
di-ku5 judge; judging (cf. ki di-ku5)
di4-di4(-la) little ones, youngsters, children (reduplicated form of tur) W. Farber, Mesopotamian Civilizations 2 (1989) 9 reads dui3-dui3-la.
dib to pass, go, move (by, along, or beyond); to walk (along), tread; to pass in review (at an inspection, see Heimpel, BSA 8, 120)
dida sweet-wort
didli individual; individually, singly; several, various, many; miscellaneous (Lagas I) (< dili-dili)
digir (conventionally dingir) god, goddess
dili one, single, individual, lone, unique (Edzard, AV Klein 99)
dili-be, dili-bi-se alone, by oneself
dili(m), dilim spoon; balance-pan (of a scale)
glsdim post, mast
glsdim-gal, glsdimgul mooring-pole (tarkullu)
dim to fashion, form, create, build; to make like, make into (-se)
dim-ma judgment, discernment (<temu) giSdimgul -> giSdim-gal
diri(g) to be more than (-a, see FAOS 5/2, 289), greater than, exceed, surpass; to be excessive, extra, surplus, additional; (also used as adj. and noun)
diri(g) to float, drift, glide; to sail (downstream)
diri-be, diri-se overwhelmingly, even more
dis one (the counting word?); a single, certain one (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.)
du to come, go, move (about) Forms include: du imperf. sg.; gen perf. sg.; su8(b) imperf. pi.; (e)re7 (OS erx(DU.DU)) perf. pi.; di present participle (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134f; Sallaberger, AV Schretter 557ff.)
11
DU -> ku4(r)
(lu-lum misery, suffering, hardship
du to build, make; to plant; to apply, affix, build onto; to detain, hold back; to make fast; to drive in, insert. Some now read dru (cf. ni).
1)1  -> ni
du-a(-bi) all (of it/them) du5-mu —> dumu
du6 hill, mound, "tell" (often confused with habrud, see Yuhong, AV Klein 374-381, who states that the Auslaut is    ePSD assumes a I AT) (tillu)
du6-ku The Holy Hill (a primeval residence of the great gods, cf. the Greek Mount Olympus)
du6-ul (or dul6ul) to gather (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 92)
du6-iir, du6-ur (the name of the ziggurrat in Ur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 334-338)
du7(dr) to be complete, perfect, unblemished (suklulu); to be fitting, proper, suited for, becoming to (wasamu, see Attinger, ZA 88, 182 n. 64 )
du7(dr?) to batter, gore, attack
du8 opening (petti) (Yuhong, AV Klein 378)
du8(h/r) to release, free, let fall away, hang down, fall free; to wean; to redeem, ransom; open, untie, take off; to bake; to caulk (the last two may be separate or different verbs)
du8(b) to equip richly, adorn; to heap up, fill up (possibly a variant of dub)
du8-du8-a richly laden, equipped
(na4)du8-si-atopaz(?)
du9 to churn
du9(n), dun5, (sun5) to be humble; to be subordinate to, under the authority of (cf. the OS adj. dun-a subordinate to, in the charge of)
du9-na-be, du9-ne-es humbly (asris)
duio(b), duio-ub knees, lap
duio(b) - bad to stride, run
duio(b) - gurum to lie down, rest (said of animals)
duio(b)-tuku having strong legs (for running)
duio(g) (dug) to be good, pleasing, enjoyable, sweet (%)
duio(g), duio-ga good, pleasant, fine, sweet duio-duio-ga best, finest duio-ge-es finely, sweetly (said of the voice) duio-sa companion, comrade
dun(g) (dug4) to do, use (aux. verb); to act or serve as. Forms include: dun perf. sg.; e perf. pi. & imperf; di present participle & infinitive (later, rarely, finite imperf.)
dun(g) to say, speak (elliptical for inim - dun)
dun (short form of —> tuku, seen especially when reduplicated)
duM quarrel (with IAI or I Art Auslaut, see Attinger, Elements p. 466f.)
dui4 - mii to incite a quarrel
dub tablet, document
dub to heap up, pour in piles
dub-ba-an, gi-dub-ba-an(-na) reed fence-post, fence of bundled reeds (Alster, Dumuzi's Dream p. 95-96)
dub-dab5 - za to thud, batter (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)
dub-la gatehouse, gateways); foundation platform, terrace; canal locks(?)
dub-sag first (mahru)
12
dub-sar scribe
dub-sen (treasure) chest (as part of temple furnishings); foundation box
dub to tremble, shake, quake; to flutter, flail, flap (hands or wings)
dubsig(IL) (or dupsik) work basket, corvee basket (often with a wood or reed determinative; previously read dusu) (tupsikku)
dug pot, jar, vessel
kusdug-gan bag {tukkannu)
dugud v. & adj. (to be) heavy, huge, weighty, important
duh, dudda(?) bran, chaff
dul, dul, dul5(TUG) to cover; to envelop, wrap
dum-dam - za to complain (nazamu); to howl, roar, cry out; to rejoice (Sjoberg, AV Limet 126f.)
dumu child, son, daughter; citizen (of a particular city); (member of a class, group, craft) Emesal du5-mu
dumu-gi7(-ra) free or "conditionally free" person (cf. ASJ 11, 217), freeborn citizen; noble, princely child; aristocrat (Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 240)
dumu-KA (descendent or the like) (Sjoberg, AV Falkenstein 209-212)
dumu-munus daughter (some read dumu-mi; reading du mu-sal is obsolete) (logogram is an Akkadian innovation, not attested before Ur III; see Steinkeller, Orns 51, 358)
dumu-nita(h) male child (see also ibila(DUMU.NITA) (male) heir)
dun to dig
dun to weave
dun(-a) v. and adj. (to be) under the authority of, subordinate to (see du9(n))
dun5 —> du9(n) dungu(IM.DIRI) cloud
dur cable, cord (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132); umbilicus; bond, link
dur-an-ki(-k) Bond of Heaven and Earth (poetic term for Enid's temple complex in Nippur)
dur, diir-ru(n), durunx —> tus
dur base; bottom (the body part, cf. MSL 9, 65:92 Ugu-mu Susa); seat, residence (isdu, saplu)
slsdiir seat (of a chair); bottom board, wooden bottom
diir-bi-se, diir-ra-ni-se at the bottom or back, in last place (physically or in a scale of values) (Civil, JNES 43,285f; AuOr7, 147)
dur - gar to take a seat, settle, establish residence (for reading cf. Shulgi F 24 diir-ra-ni bi-i-gar)
ssdur-gar ornate chair, throne (durgar(r)u)
dur, dur9, du24-ur (or dur9ur) donkey stallion
umdudur10(SEN)(anax)
umduduri0-al-lub (a war ax with curved handle or semicircular blade) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 149-151)
umdudur10-tab-ba double-ax (Civil, AuOr 5, 22f.) duru5, dur5(-ru) wet, moist, damp; irrigated; fresh imdurun-na, imtu-ru-na oven (Civil, JCS 25, 172-175) sldusu(IL) (read now —> dubsig)
E
eHey! (an interjection) (Attinger, Elements p. 178) e —> dun
13
e, eg2, e4(A) (raised) irrigation ditch, embankment, levee (iku) (conventionally read e, but see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 109-113, 136 n. 2)
e-el-lu, e-li-lu, e-lil-la (a shout of joy, a work cry)
kuäE.IB (read kuäguru2i/kurui4?) belt, girdle
kuäE.IB-ür (siege-)shield (Attinger, ZA 88, 182 reads eegurxir = /egbur/? < Civil, AuOr 5, 22 n. 12)
e-ki-sur-ra boundary ditch
e-ne (older a-ne) he, she
e-ne - dun(g) to play, dance (Attinger, Elements 468-474) (cf. esemen)
e-ne - sü(-ud) to copulate (Attinger, Elements 474-477)
e-ne-se/es —> i-ne-es
e-pa5 (raised) irrigation ditch
e-si'r street
klVsir, (e)esir(LAK 173) sandals (see Civil, Or 56, 237, also Steinkeller, AfO 28, 140f. for the OS writing)
e house, household, estate; temple (Read now   or a\ pronounced [ah] or [hah]? Some Auslaut must be posited to account for the common writing e-a-ni rather than e-ni.)
E (read   or   as an older variant of a "water") e-ba-an, e-pa-na pair
e-babbar (the temple of of the sun-god Utu in Larsa and Sippar)
e-bappir (possibly e-lunga in certain contexts) brewery
e-du-a built-up house lot, improved real estate
e-dub-ba(-a) school; storehouse (in some contexts read e-kisib-ba?)
e-duru5 village, hamlet
e-es jail (Civil, AV Hallo 75) e-es-dam —> es-dam e-gal palace e-gar8 wall
e-gi4-a (prospective) daughter-in-law, bride
e-itima dark room, cella (divine or royal inner chamber, bedchamber)
e-kur (the temple of Enlil in Nippur)
e-lunga(n) brewery (see LSUr 306; perhaps read e-bappir in certain contexts)
e-mar-URU5, mar-URU/ruio quiver (Eichler, AV Hallo 90-94; Civil, JCS 55, 52)
e-me-es summer
e-muhaldim cookhouse, kitchen
e-ni-gurn(GA)-ra treasury (but see disc, under gar for rdg. -ga-ra)
e-ri-a —> a-ri-a
e-su-lum-ma rope-box
e-sutum(GI.NA.AB.TUM/DU7) storehouse (sutummu) (Pettinato AV Römer 278f.)
e(d) to come, go forth; to withdraw, remove, bring out en(d) to go up, down; to bring down, raze ebih(ES.MAH) heavy rope (ebthu) eden (edin) plain, steppe, desert eden-lfl haunted steppe
eger (egir) back, rear (side); behind, after; inheritance eger-u4-da(-k) future days
egi(MUNUS+GI7), egi(GI7) (or egir, egir) princess, mistress (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305-310)
14
egi-zi faithful princess (an OB cultic office, also egi-zi-an-na) (egi§Itu) (Steinkeller, AV Klein 30Iff. and in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 122)
ellag block, ball
eme tongue; language, speech; blade
eme-gi7(r) (eme-gir^) native(?) speech (the main dialect of Sumerian)
eme-sal fine speech (the women's dialect of Sumerian, used in laments and temple liturgies and for direct speech of goddesses)
eme-sig base speech, slander, calumny
eme-sig - gu7 to slander, denounce
eme-da or emeda(UMxME.DA) nursemaid (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90)
eme-ga wet nurse (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90)
eme, eme6 female donkey, donkey mare
en lord; high priest, high priestess (Steinkeller, in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 103ff.) Emesal u-mu-un
den-ki(g) god of water, wisdom and magic, patron of the city Eridu
den-li'l the chief earthly god, city-god of Nippur en-na until, as long as; up to, as far as (spatial) en-na-me-se how long?
en-nu-ug, en-nu-ug5, en-NUN watch; watchman, guard (cf. MSL XII 101:107, 116:14 contra Krecher, AVMatous II 37)
en-nu(-ug) - a5 to guard, watch
en-te-en winter
en-du song (zamaru) (J. G. Westenholz, AV Klein 348-350)
en - tar to ask, question, investigate; to take care of, attend to, tend
engar plowman, farmer
engiz(EN.ME.GI), engiz (OS) temple cook
engur depths (synonym of abzu.)
enkara, en/an-kara —> a-an-kara
enku(dr) fishery inspector
enkum temple treasurer, tax collector; (a mythical servitor of Enki; the female equivalent is ninkum)
enmen, en men thirst (ePSD reads now immen)
ensi(EN.ME.LI), ensi (OS) dream interpreter
ensi(k) ruler, governor; farmer (issiakku) (Jacobsen, AV Civil 113-121; Sjoberg, AVLimet 125; Frayne, RIM Early Periods 1, 15f.) (Emesal u-mu-un-si)
er, fr tear(s); lament, wail
er-duio-ga tears of joy
er - dun to perform a lament (Attinger, Elements 501-507)
er - pa(d) to produce tears, (begin to) cry
er - se8(s) (ses) to cry, weep
er-gig - se8-se8 (si-si) to weep bitter tears
er-sa-hun-ga (a type of 1st person Emesal penitential prayer)
er-sem-ma (a short Emesal lament or penitential hymn, later a part of the temple liturgy)
eres(NIN), eris mistress, lady
eres-digir the human consort of a god (= the female en); the attendent or companion of a goddess (dependent upon the date of the text) (The reading nin-digir is conventional, but the dictionaries now read eres-digir. See Fluckiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 171 and the exhaus-tive discussion by Steinkeller in Priests
15
and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 120ff.)
érim evil; enemy (some read ne-ru)
érim-du evildoer; inimical one
érim-gál evil, hostile
érim, érin, erim/n5 storehouse, treasury
glseren (slserin) cedar (tree, wood)
érin workers, work-gang; troop (Ur III and later; for OS read -> surx) (Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178)
PÍŠ r    • /v • v r
B enn —> gis-rin
glsés-ad trap, snare
glsesi(g) ebony
na4esi(g) diorite
esir, ésir bitumen
ésir-a-ba-al (a kind of bitumen)
ésir-é-a refined(?) bitumen
ésir-HÁD dry(?) bitumen (see HÁD)
eš, eš5 three (Edzard, AV Klein lOOf.)
eš-bar, éš-bar oracle, divine decision, revelation
eš-bar - kíg to provoke an oracle, seek a divine decision (paraphastic: eš-bar-kíg - dun, see Attinger, Elements 507f.)
eš-da (a cultic vessel, variant of šita)
éš rope, measuring-line; a length measure = 10 nindan = 20 gi = 120 kúš = ca. 59.4 meters
éš-dam, é-éš-dam inn, tavern; brothel(?)
éš-gána field surveyor's measuring-line
éš-gär assignment; song series, collection
ES.MAH -> ebih
es shrine, sanctuary
es-es (a regular offering held 2-4 times monthly at the lunar phases) (essesu)
esa(A.TIR) (a kind or quality of flour, sasqu)
esemen(KI.E.NE.DI.dINANA) jump-rope (keppu)
eskiri(U.ENxKAR), es-kiri nose-rope, lead-rope (cf. Veldhuis Education 175f.)
estub1™6 (a kind of carp or barb)
ezem, ezen, (ezeg?) festival
dezinu (grain goddess, divine personification of emmer wheat, grain) (also read dasnan)
G
ga milk; suckling (as attribute of animals)
ga-ár(a), gára, ga'ara(LAK 490) cream; cheese made without rennet (modern kisk) (see Civil, Or 56 (1987) 234f; Stol, BSA 7, 104ff. with proposed etymology of E.R. Ellison: "milled (grated) cheese"; Teuber, BSA 8, 26ff for origin of ga'ara sign)
ga-ba-ra, gáb-ra (OS) herder, herding-boy
ga-ba-ra-hum rebellion (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78)
ga-eš8(KASKAL) or ga-raš traveling merchant, import-export merchant; collector of tax or customs dues (also wr. gáeš(KASKAL.GA) in OS) (Sjoberg, AV Limet 129)
ga-eš8 a-ab-ba seafaring merchant ga-eš8 - bar —> ka-aš - bar ga-i-ti-ir-da buttermilk
ga-ki-si(-im)-ma clabber (cf. the yoghurt-like modern Iraqi lebri)
16
ga-naUp! Come on! (interjection) ga-rasnisi leek glsga-rig comb
ga-sa-an (Emesal for —> nin)
ga6(g) in ga6(IL)-ga (var. ga-an-ga, gan-ga) to transport (Waetzoldt NABU 1992/16) Relation to il(-la) is unclear; they can cooccur. Cf. the phonetic spelling iti-ga6-ga6-e for standard iti-gan-gan-e, Steinkeller, Sales Documents 225.
gab —>gub
gab-, gan- (in frozen cohortative verbal forms used as nouns such as gäb-ra or ga-an-tus (Selz, RA 87 (1993) 29-45)
gab2-dan6(USxTAG4) cleaner (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19 (1980) 83f.)
gäb-gi(-in) guarantor
gäb-ra —> ga-ba-ra
gaba breast, chest; front, edge, facing side; coast (of the sea); frontier; surface
gaba - gäl to be proud, plume oneself (cf. German "sich brüsten")
gaba-gi4 counterpart, adversary
gaba nu-ru-gii unopposable, irresistable
gaba - ri to advance against
gaba-ri rival; equal, equivalent; copy, duplicate; response, answer
gaba-se - du to go before; to confront
gaba su - gar to hold back, detain; to resist, oppose
gaba-su-gar rival, opponent
gada linen garment, cloth
<sls)gag (or kak) peg, nail, cone, plug (For description of the inscribed pierced cones which recorded property sales see Steinkeller, Sales Documents 238-241.)
gakkul (brewing) vat
gal cup
gal, gu-ul v. and adj. (to be) big, large, great; older, elder, eldest
gal(-la) great, greater (see also gu-la); adv. well, greatly
gal-be greatly, well, to a great degree, generously, in a grand manner
gal-le-es, gal-bi-se (synonym of gal-be)
gal-di (ppl. of gal - dun) greatly accomplished, preeminent (ra'bu, tizqaru); cf. gal-gal-di boaster, boasting(?) {mukabbiru) (Attinger, Elements 510ff)
gal - zu to be very wise, all-knowing, able
gal4-la vulva
gal5-la (or galla) constable (Ur III) (cf. Civil "prosecutor," AV Hallo 74, rare after Ur III); a demonic bailiff of the netherworld (post-Ur III)
gal5-la-gal chief constable (Ur III)
gala (cultic) hymn/lamentation singer, temple liturgist
GALAM -> sukud
galam to rise in stages, steps
galam(-ma) artfully wrought/fashioned, artful, clever, skillful; stepped, storied (mountains)
galam-kad3/5 artfully wrought, well formed
galla —> gal5-la
gam —> gurum
gam handle (of a knife), hilt
gan-tus resident, tenant (wassabu)
17
gána field area, agricultural tract, (cultivated) ground or land (Powell, JCS 25, 178-184)
GANA2 —> a-ša(g), iku, kár
ganam4 ewe (cf. u8)
ganzir(IGI.KUR.ZA) (netherworld entrance) (Katz, AV Klein 191-193)
gär - dar to subdue, overcome
garadin (karadin) sheaf (kurullu) (MSL 14, 50; MSL 9, 117)
gáraš(KLKAL.BAD) in ka-gáraš-a mouth/opening of catastrophe (poetic) (pi haraším)
gašam expert, master craftsman, artisan, wise person; master, mistress
gaz to crush; to smite, slaughter, kill (Read näga in some meanings; see also gum.)
glsgaz (read glsnaga at least for OS) mortar
gazi cassia(?) (kasů)
ge(n) -> gi(n)
gerne (OS var. gan) (dependent) woman; female slave, servant, worker (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 91-93)
geme-är-är female miller (some read géme-kíkken)
géšpu, gešba strength; fight, wrestling match (Sallaberger, Der kultische Kalender I 178 n. 838)
gi reed; measuring-reed, "rod" (a length measure = 6 kuš = ca. 2.5 meters) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 125-146)
gi(n), ge(n) to be firm, stable, secure, true; to make firm, confirm, prove, verify, certify, guarantee; to standardize (weights or measures)
gi(n), gi-na right, true, truthful; firm, secure; n. gi-na regular dues (Sjoberg, AV Limet 127)
gi-di(-da) reed flute (player); cf. lú-gi-di-da flutist
gi-diš-ninda(n) measuring-reed of one nindan length (one gi is normally 1/2 nindan in length)
gi-du-a reed fence (surrounding fields, Ur III)
gi (er-ra) - dun to play the flute/oboe (of lamentation) (Attinger, Elements 514-516)
gi-dub-ba (reed) stylus
gi-dur umbilical cord
gi-en-bar, NE.GI-bar (a kind of reed); cf. se-NE.GI-bar (a kind of millet?) (read perhaps gi-li-bar)
gi-gid flute or double-oboe (like the Gk. aulos)
gi-gun4, gi-gu-na cella, chapel (on top of the temple tower or upper terrace), divine audience chamber and living quarters (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 323-329)
gi-gur reed basket
gi-henbur(GAG), young reed
gi-izi-la torch
gi-kaskal traveling basket
gi-kid —> glkid
glsgi-mus steering-oar, punting-pole(?) (Powell, BSA 6, 117f.)
gi-na -> gi(n)
GI.NA.AB.DU7/TUM -> e-sutum(x)
gi-nindan —> gi-dis-ninda, nindan
gi-rin (or glgirinx) flowered, blooming
gi-sal (reed fence or screen on the roof of a building)
gi-sun mature, old reed
gi-sukur-ra —> sukur
gi-zi reed shoots, fodder reed (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 129f.)
gi4 to return; to remit; to send after, back, over; to send as a messenger; to turn away, aside, back; to bar, close up, lock away, withhold; to be sated; elliptical for inim
18
- gi4 to answer, respond (A rare Irl Auslaut is seen in Pohl, TMHnf 1 4:9.)
gi4-me-a-as colleague
GI6 -> gig, gi6
gi7(r) (giri5), gi(r) (girx) native, local, indigenous, domestic, domesticated (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305-310; BSA 8, 64 n. 30) Steinkeller proposes an underlying pronunciation [ngir] or [ngidr]. ePSD reads giris. Cf. ur-gi7(r) and eme-gi7(r).
gii6(l/b), gil/b, gilim/b to lie across, bar, block
gii6-sa adj. lasting, enduring, permanent; n. treasure
(sukuttu)
gii6-sa(-as/se) - a5 to make (into a) lasting (thing)
giie-gii6-sa jewels(?) (Ludingira 26)
gibil v. and adj. (to be) new, fresh
gid to be long, lengthen; to pull, draw, drag, tow (a boat); to stretch, tighten (strings); to measure, survey; to milk (for the first meaning compare su(d))
gid(-da) long
gig wheat
gig to be sore, painful, sick, weak; to be bad, evil, bitter, hateful; to be interdicted, "taboo"
gig-be bitterly
gig(GI6), gie(g) black ePSD reads giggi like babbar when simplex, but gi6- gi6 when reduplicated. See kuio and cf. gi6 night (Civil, EBLA 1975-1985, 155 n. 32.)
glsgigir chariot, wagon
gil/b, gilim/b -> gii6(l/b)
glgilim entwined reed cords, cables (used as construction material) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132-134)
gin (gig4) shekel (a weight = 1/60 ma-na = 8 gr.); (an axe? Cf. aga, tun/aga) Proto Ea 718 supports a
pronunciation /gig/, though /gin/ seems correct for OS; see Krecher, ZA 63, 199.
gir young cow, heifer
gir4 oven
gir4-bil oven-heater, stoker giri17-zal joy, delight; luxury glsgisal oar
gissu(n) (gizzu(n)) —> gissu GISGAL-di -> ulu-di gizzal - a5 to heed, pay attention to gu flax; linen(?); thread, string; snare gu-du buttocks
gu-la large; larger, greater (see Krecher, Or 47, 384 "groß gegenüber einem anderen") (variant of gal-(l)a; both ma-sä-gal-gal and ma-sä-gu-la occur in DP 51 i 1, iv 5)
gu-kilib —> gu-nigin
gu-nigin bale (Heimpel, CDLI: CDLN 2003:003 argues against conventional reading gu-kilib)
gu-ul (variant of both gal and gul)
gu-süm cuneiform sign, script, wedge impression
glsgu-za chair, throne
glsgu-za-bära dais-seat, throne
gii(n), gii-un (or gunun) load, burden; tax, tribute; talent (a weight = 60 ma-na = 28.8 kg.)
gii neck, shoulders; edge, bank, shore (of a canal, river, sea); totality; cf. gii-gii region (Pre-Sarg.)
gii - a5 to submit
gii-(a-)ab-ba seashore
19
gii-an-se grand total, all together
gu - du to hate; to refuse or neglect
gu - e to wear, be wrapped, enveloped, clothed, clad in
tusgii-e coat (nahlaptu) (also with wood or leather determinatives, see Ferwada, Isin 19f.)
gii-en(-na) throne room, audience hall (lit. "totality of lords")
gii-gal (ku-gal in Ur III) (chief) water regulator, canal inspector (gugallu) (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 233)
gii - gar to gather, assemble
gii (ki-se) - gar to lower the head, prostrate oneself, submit
gii gis - gar/gal to put a neckstock on, make wear a yoke, subjugate
gii - gid2 to spy
gii - gur to gather together, assemble, pile up, stock up, pack full
gii-gur5(-ru(-us)) - a5/dun to trim, strip, cut off (Attinger, Elements 519-523)
gii-has back of the head, nape, mane (older reading gii-tar possibly correct in some contexts; cf. the loanword kutallu)
gii-has - la to dress the hair
gii - la to lean over; to hang the head, submit; cf. gii ki-se - la to fall prostrate
gii - la (with -da-), gii-da - la to embrace
gii - si to gather, assemble
gii-si-a all, all together, assembled
gii - se to devote oneself to
gii - sub to neglect
gii-TAR —> gii-has
gii - zi to busy, occupy oneself with gu voice, sound
gu - de to speak, say, address; to summon, designate, call
gu - dun to make noise, give voice, cry out; to chant (Attinger, Elements 526-536)
gu - dub to shout, cry, scream
gu - e to emit a cry, sound; to roar
gu-nun - dun to make a loud noise, to cry out loudly
gu-nun-di (that which is) making a loud noise
gu - ra(h) to roar, yell, cry out (sasu)
gu - siim to repeat, echo
gu4ku6 marsh-carp (arsuppu) (better estubku6?)
gu4(dr), gud(r) bull, ox; cattle
gu4-alim bison bull
gu4-gis yoked ox, work-ox (OB and later: ox older than 3 years)
gu4-si-dili battering-ram (Sjoberg, AV Klein 296)
gu7 (conventionally read kii) to eat; to have the use of; to consume (by some means)
gu4-ud to jump, dance
gub to stand, stand open, make stand, station; to erect, plant; to serve, be on duty, assist; in phrases igi PN+ak+a - gub, igi-PRO+a - gub to be at someone's disposal, service. Plural forms: su8(g), su4(g) (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134)
giib(LI)-bapure (ellu) (Yuhong, NABU 1990/3, 86); cf. a-giib-ba lustration water, holy water
gub(-bu), gubu, gab, ga-ba left, left side (cf. a-gub-bu)
gud(r) -> gu4(dr)
20
gud nest
«ui -> gur
gud - ús to build a nest
gudu4(g) (an ordinary kind of priest) (the older rdg. gúda is still seen) (pašíšu)
na4gug carnelian
gúg sweet cake
gukkal fat-tailed sheep (< *kun-gal) (Steinkeller, BSA 8,51)
gul, gu-ul to destroy
gul, gu-ul to add, augment, make great(er) (verbal by-form of gal)
GUL.BU (a tree and its wood; some connect with Akk. dulbu plane tree) (Powell, BSA 6, 112f.)
gum, kum (read nagx/naga4 in some meanings) to crush, pulverize, smash, beat to pieces (cf. gaz)
gun, gunu to be dappled, spotted, mottled, (multi)colored, colorful, decorated with colorful materials (cf. še-gu-nu) Sign is REC 34. See Steinkeller, BSA 8, 68 n. 103 for the gun/darvs. si4 sign contrast.)
gun, gun-na, gun-gun (multi)colored, dappled variegated, speckled
gur, gur4 to turn, go around; to return; to roll gur -> gur4
gur "kor" (a capacity measure = 30 bán = 300 sila = ca. 250 liters in Ur III and OB)
gur-sag-gál (a Lagash I capacity measure = 4 ul = 144 sila = ca. 121 liters)
gúr —>gam
gur to bear, carry; to be clad with
gur4, kur4, gur to be thick, enlarged, swollen; to be proud, (self-)important; to fatten (animals)
gur4(-ra) fat, fattened; proud
gur4-gur4, gur8-gur8 amphora (for beer) (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts p. 53f; Powell, RLA 7, 506f; Selz, FAOS 15/2, 405)
gur5-ru(-us), gurus, gii-guru5 - dun to strip away, cut off (kasamu); to despoil; adj. gur5-a stripped away (Attinger, Elements 519-525)
gur5-ru-us/gurus - bur to bear the fangs, gnash the teeth
gur7, guru7 grain store, granary; grain-heap (as a measure); heap, pile
umdugur10 sickle (cf. se - gurio to harvest grain)
gurud(NUN-te«w.KI) to throw
gurum (gur), gur to bend, bow down, crouch; to lay low, kill (older reading gam)
gunim —> kur7
gurun fruit; fruitfulness, ripeness, lusciousness, abundance
*guskin (obsolete rdg. of —> ku-sign)
gusurx(GIS.RAB.GAL) great clamp (for immobilizing enemies/miscreants, poetic; see Civil, AV Hallo 43 and cf. 8iSrab)
G
ga shed, barn, enclosure (or the like) ga-> gar
GA-dub-ba (a high-ranking official in civil and temple administrations) (sandabakku) (Sjoberg, AV Limet 133)
ga-e I (Krecher, AV Matous II 39 suggests reading gex(GA.E), likewise zex(ZA.E); alternatively perhaps ge26e) (Emesal ma-e or me-e)
ga-la - dag/tag4 to stop, leave off work, cease; cf. ga-la nu-dag-ge (that which) is unceasing, incessant
21
ga-ra —> gar
gal to exist, be present; to cause to be, produce, provide; to be in the care or possession of (-da-)
gal - tag4 to open (often elliptically just gal in imperatives)
galga thought, mind, understanding; counsel
ganba market price, value
ganun, ga-nun storehouse, warehouse
gar to put, place, set, situate; to set up, establish; to put down, restrain, oppress, stop; to set aside; to plate, inlay. Imperf. form: ga-ga. Based on Proto-Ea, Civil now distinguishes two roots, gar "put" and gar "pile up(?)". The Ur III writings or glosses ga-ar or ga-ra make the choice of the former explicit; the latter can be seen in such phrases as ni-ga-ra "property" or sag-ni-ga-ra "capital," where ga is currently read guru.
GAR.DU -> nindan
garza (divine) rite, ordinance (cf. biluda) gen —>du
ges(d) sixty (Steinkeller, ZA 69, 176-187; Edzard, AV Klein 106) (cf. ugula-gesta/ges-da)
ges-u seventy; six hundred (Edzard, AV Klein 106)
gespa(GIS.SUB) javelin (conventionally "throw-stick") (reading uncertain, cf. glsilar)
gestin grape; wine(?) (Badler, BaM 27 (1996) 42 notes: "appears on plant and fruit lists, not in contexts that can definitely be translated as a grape liquid")
gestin-bil-la vinegar (lit. spoiled wine, see pe-el-la)
gestin-HAD raisin (read probably -ah)
gestu(g)i_3 ear; intelligence, mind, understanding, reason
gestu(g) - a5 to listen to, pay attention to gestu-bad wide wisdom
gestu - gar to pay attention to, pay heed to, listen to gestu - gub to decide to do, plan gi6 night (see also gig and kiiio) gi6-MAS -> gi6-sa9
gi6-par, gi6-par4, older giparx (KISAL) residence of the high priest(ess) (Krebernik & Steinkeller, ZA 75, 46; Steinkeller, Priests and Officials (1996) 109f.)
gi6-sa9(MAS) midnight
gi6-u-na, gi6-un-na midnight, night
slsgidri, gidru scepter
gin —> du
gir to flash (cf. nim - gir) gir, giri knife, dagger gir(-tab) scorpion gir-la butcher
gir, giri (also gir in Gudea) foot; path, way; conveying/ routing official, "via" (in Ur III administrative texts, cf. Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 117 n. 20; Owen, JNES 33, 174 ad 91:7)
gir - dab5 to take the road, follow the path
gir - dun to use the foot (hapax in Gilgames and Enkidu 165f.) (Attinger, Elements 537)
gir - gar to step, tread upon; to prepare the way, make possible
gir - gub to step in/into, set foot on/in; to stand there
gir-KIN - dun —> giri-sagn - dun
gir-kur - dab5 to take a wrong path, an unfamiliar path; to leave, abandon
gir-lam (a small basket or container for fruits, eggs, fish) (Landsberger, Date Palm 37; Attinger, AV Schretter 70)
22
gir-pad-rä bone
gir-sagan(KIN) - dun to trample underfoot, crush (reading secured by syllabic -sa-ga in Shulgi X 88; see Attinger, Elements 538-540)
gir-se-ga domestic servant, menial
giri - us to step on, tread on
giri - ze-er to slip
giskim sign, mark; signal (Ur III) (Civil, AuOr 8, 110 andAVW. Lambert 109)
giskim-ti trust, trusted
gissu(n) (gizzu(n)) shade, shadow; protection (reading with /g/ is not completely secure, see Krecher AV Matous II 46f.)
gis tree; wood, timber, piece of wood, log; yoke (some read ges)
gis - bar —> ka-as - bar gis-bür snare, trap
gis - du to bring an offering (Sjoberg, AV Limet 139)
gis-gana, gis-gan-na wooden pestle; (door) bolt, bar
gis-gi canebrake, reed thicket
gis-gi-na, gis-gin7(-na) warp-beam of a loom; (a writing for gis-gana)
gis-gi4-gäl antiphon(?) (an OB hymn rubric) gis-gid-da spear, lance (Römer, AfO 40/41, 24-28) gis-gii neckstock
gis-gu-di (or glsgu-di ?) lute(?); musical instrument in general(?)
gis-he firmament, vault of heaven
gis - hur to incise, draw, make a plan or drawing
gis-hur drawing, plan; divine design
gis-ka-na(-k) door-frame (giskanakku) gis - kes to dam, block a watercourse gis-kes-da wier, dam gis-kig-ti handiwork; craftsman gis-nu —>B nu
gis-nun -> gisnux(NUn),8 gisnux
na4gis-nun-gal, na4nun-gal alabaster (alternative rdgs. include gisnux(NUn), glsgisnux, glsgisnuxsal) (see Veldhuis, Education 20f. ; Marchesi, SEL 16, 10 + n. 29)
gis - ra to strike, hit, beat upon; to thresh gis-rin balance, scales (gisrinnu) GIS.RU -»gespa, giSilar gis-su manacles, handcuffs GIS.SUB -»sSilar gis - sub to cast lots gis-sub(-ba) lot; share gis - tag to sacrifice
gis - tuku to listen to, hear; to heed, obey
gis-ur (read gusurx?) roof beam
gis-zi(-da) (side) wall (Powell, BSA 6, 112, argues against standard reading iz-zi, q.v.; perhaps two different words?)
gis, gis penis
gis - du to "insert the penis," copulate, mate
gis - dun to "do the penis," copulate
gisbun, gisbunx(KI.KAS) banquet, feast, party
gisgal (astral) station(?) (manzazu) (cf. Lugale 124)
23
glsgišimmar —> glsnimbar
gišnux(NUii), glsgišnux (or giš-min) light (nüru); alabaster (Marchesi, SEL 16, 10)
gitlam, nitadam(MI2.US2.DAM) husband; spouse (PSD reads munus-nita-dam; ePSD prefers gitlam) (ES: mu-ud-na)
gizzal attention
gizzal - a5 to pay attention to, attend, heed
gurus young man, man; adult male worker, laborer
H
ha-la share, portion (see hal)
ha-lam to be lost, forgotten; to destroy, annihilate (Emesal gel-le-eg)
ha(z), ha-za, ha-ha(-za) to hold fast to, retain; to grasp, understand
giSha-lu-ub oak(?) (cf. PSD B 88)
ha-luh —> hu-luh
glsha-su-ur (a type of cypress)
ha-za-niim mayor
umduha-zi(-in) axe
habrud(a) (wr. LAGARxU, DU6xU, KIxU) hole, burrow Qiurru) (Yuhong, AV Klein 374-384).
had (cultically) pure (Foxvog, JCS 46, 12-14)
HAD dry, dried (reading probably ah) (see Foxvoj JCS 46, 13 n. 7)
hal, ha(l), hal-ha, ha-la to divide, apportion, allot
hal-hal fast-flowing
har, har-har ring, bracelet; coil, spiral
HAR-gud —> mur-gu4
glshar-har (a stringed instrument)
HAR-ra —> ur5(-ra)
har-ra-an road, highway (harranu)
HAR-tud (OS) (a kind of domestic servant) (read probably ar-dii; see also ir)
harub(DAG+KISIM5xU2 GIR2) carob
has(-a) (OS has-sa4) broken, crippled (limb)
has4, has thigh
glshashur apple (tree, wood, fruit) (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts p. 57)
he-am, he-a Let it be (so)! (interjection, verbal form, and substantive; cf. he-am - dun to accede to, approve)
he-du7 distinguished (in appearance), ornament HE2-du7 (read perhaps gan-du7) architrave he-gal abundance, prosperity he-nun, hi-nun abundant, luxuriant; abundance hi to mix
hi-li (female) sexual charm, allure, appeal; ripeness, physical prime; luxuriance; wig
giSHU (a container) (Bauer, AV Klein 27)
hu-luh. huluh, ha-luh to tremble, be afraid; to be fearsome; to scare, frighten (Sjoberg, AV Klein 300 + n. 14)
HU-ri(2)-in -> Un-ri-in
hu-ru(-um) dolt, bungler, idiot, inferior
hub, hub to heap up; to smite, destroy (in this meaning better reading is tun, tui0)
hub - sar to run
24
hug (still regularly written hun) to hire; to install in office; to be calm, soothed, quieted; to be well-disposed toward
hul to ruin, damage, destroy
hul(-a) evil, bad; adv. evilly
hul-be, hul-bi-se evilly, miserably
hul-gal evil, evildoer
hul - gig to hate, dislike
hul-gig hatred, hostility
hul - ti to dwell in wretchedness; to be spoiled
HULmu&n -> bibramuSen
hul to rejoice, delight in, be happy
hiil(-la) happy, joyous; joy
hul-bi-se, hul-la-be, hiil-la-e happily, joyfully
hun —>hug
hur to scratch; to incise, draw
hur, hur-ru-um hole
HUR —> ar, har, kikken, mur, ur5
hur-sag highlands, foothills, mountains, mountain range
hur-sag-galam-ma stepped, storied mountain (the ziggurrat in Ur or Nippur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 331-332)
hus fierce, furious, terrifying, terrible; fiery, red-yellow I
i, i-i (by-form of e) to sprout, come forth; to praise i-bi, i-bi smoke (qutru)
ui-li-nu-us (a plant)
i-lu cry; wail, lament; song
i-lu - dun to perform, intone an i-lu (cf. ulu-di lament singer) (Attinger, Elements 555-563)
i-lu-lam-ma (herder's) work-song
i-lu-sa-ga heart-felt song
i-ne-es —> i-ne-es
slsi/i-ri9-na root
i-si-is laughter, delight; derisive laughter, derision; wailing, grief (J.G. Westenholz, AV Klein 361)
i-si-is - gar to afflict with grief, deride(?)
i-si-is - la to be full of laughter, delight; to suffer derision; to be be afflicted with worries (Krecher, Sumerische Kultlyrik 89ff.)
i-ti —> iti6
i-Vtu cry or appeal for justice (Steiner, AOAT 253, 407-410)
i-zi (flood-)wave, swells (Heimpel, R1A 9, 153f; Alster, AV Klein 6)
i-zi, iz-zi wall; fence (cf. gis-zi)
i, ia oil; fat, tallow; butter
i-ab-a butterfat
i-bi-za financial loss
i-duio(-ga) fine, sweet-smelling oil
i-gi4-in-zu, igi-zu as if, as though (but cf. Alster ASJ 9, 34)
i-gis vegetable oil; sesame oil i-hi-nun-na precious oil i-ir-a perfumed, scented oil
25
i-li fine(st) oil
i-ne-es/es, i-ne-es, ne-es (ne-se), e-ne-es now, finally (Sjoberg, JCS 25, 131)
i-nun(-na) (clarified) butter, ghee (Stol, BSA 7, 101-103)
<lu)i-ra-ra perfumer, ointment mixer (muraqqu)
i-sah pork-fat, lard
i-sim aromatic oil, perfumed oil
i-sub —> ^u-sub
i-ti —> iti6
i-udu sheep-fat, tallow i7(d) (id) river, canal, channel i7-ki-sur-ra(-k) boundary canal i7-lu-ru-gii ordeal-river (often divinized) ia, i five (Edzard, AV Klein 101) ib waist, hips, loins ib anger, rage, fury ib-labelt
-ib/ib-ra-as —> -bras
ibila, i-bi-la heir
l7idigna the Tigris
idim spring, underground waters
idim fierce, wild
giSig door
igi eye; sight, vision, view; face, countenance; front igi-a - gub —> gub
igi-a - sa6 to be favored, pleasing in the eyes of someone.
igi - bar to look at, gaze at, regard (Krecher, AV Kutscher 108-111)
igi(-šě) - du to go at the fore, precede
igi-du harbinger, vanguard, one who goes at the fore (cf. palil)
igi - du8 to see, look at; to experience
igi-ésir (a kind of bitumen, perhaps "surface crude bitumen") (pan Mi) (Civil, NABU 1989/62)
igi - gál to see, look upon, look into; to comprehend
igi-gál outlook, view; comprehension, intelligence, wisdom; wise person
igi - gar to regard, gaze at; to confront, face IGI.GAR -> kur7
igi - gid2 to look angrily at (nekelmu)
igi - il to raise the eyes toward, look towards, regard
igi - kár to inspect, examine (Steinkeller, ASJ 4 (1982) 149-151)
igi - lib/lib4(IGI) to be sleepless
igi-nigin-na-ka in the twinkle of an eye
igi-nim upper (land); above
igi-nu-dus (in Pre-Sarg. Lagash, a class of menial workers who could be bought and sold)
igi-NUM-gál (a fraction, e.g. igi-3-gál one-third)
igi - ri to set eyes upon, gaze at
igi - sag5/zág(ŠID) to examine, check; to select (nasáqu, béru) (Proto Ea 557)
igi - se(g) to look at, inspect
26
igi-se before, in(to) the presence of; often in the phrases igi PN-ak-se or igi-PRO-se
igi-te-en meshes of a net
igi-tur - gi'd to sneer at, distain
igi-zu —> i-gi4-in-zu
iku (an area measure = 1/18 bur = 100 sar = ca. 3,528 sq. meters)
il to lift, raise, bear, carry; to bear (fig.), endure IL(-ga) -> ga6(g) glsildag poplar ildu(m) clan
glsilar(SUB), illar, illuru throw-stick, spear, or javelin (?) (see Römer, AfO 40/41, 32-38) (cf. giägespa)
ildag, ildag4 poplar(?) (ildakku, adaru)
ilimmu nine (Edzard, AV Klein 103)
im clay, earth; tablet
im wind (can also be read —> tum9 tumu, tui5(m))
im rain (probably to be read seg7)
im(-ma) previous year (in OS; later writing is mu-im-ma, cf. saddagda)
IM.A rainstorm(?) (see Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 222)
im-babbar gypsum
im-du-a, im-du8-a mud-brick wall (pitiqtu) (cf. Sallaberger, Töpfer p. 12)
im-dus dew
IM.DUGUD -> muru9
IM.DUGUDmuäen ->anzumuäen
im-gid-da long tablet, one-column tablet
im-mir/mer (or better tum9-mir) north wind
im-ri-a, im-ru-a clan, family, kin (Selz, AV Schretter 584, suggests reading ni-ri/ru-a)
im-su(-k) "hand-tablet" (a type of tablet or writing exercise, a paragraph or extract?) (Civil, AV Birot 75)
im-su-rin(-na) oven; brazier(?)
im-tuku4 buffeting wind
im-uis-lu, im-ulu south wind
im strange, alien, other
imgagai.3 —> ZIZ.AN
imin seven; "many, all" (poetic) (Edzard, AV Klein 102f, now reads umin)
in straw, chaff (cf. in-nu)
in insult, taunt, invective (pistil)
in - a5 to insult, abuse
in-di(TI), in-di road, course, way
in-dub(-ba), im-dub (heap of earth serving as a boundary marker) (substantivized verbal form)
in - dub to define a district (probably a back-formation from in-dub)
in(-se) - dub to hurl (as) an insult, insult
in-nin(9) lady, mistress
in-nu straw (cf. in)
in-nu-ha (a kind of barley)
dinanna(-k) goddess of passion, love and war, city-goddess of Uruk (reading dinana has become common, but Attinger, NABU 2007/37 favors the traditional reading with double lal)
inim (or enim) word; matter, affair
27
inim - bal to exchange words, converse, have a dialogue; to interpret
inim - dun to say, speak, tell (Attinger, Elements 490-501) Old syntax: to do words about (-a) something. The verb also commonly occurs elliptically as dun while retaining the older dimensional marking in the verbal chain.
inim-gal-la legal claim (OB)
inim - gar to put a matter (to someone, for judgment), raise a legal claim, sue, litigate
inim-gar legal claim, complaint; oracular utterance (in this meaning perhaps read i5-gar > Akk. egirru)
inim - gi(n) to confirm, make firm, guarantee
inim - gi4 to answer, repond; to revoke
inim-inim-ma incantation; counsel(?) (cf. Cooper ad Curse of Agade 30 & 70)
inim - Mr to (try to) alter the words; to vindicate, go back to court concerning
inim-ma - se(g) to inspire, encourage(?); to put into words or concepts, plan out (Jacobsen, JCS 41, 85 n. 26); to imagine (Civil, AV Birot 75)
ir smell, scent, fragrance
ir - si-im to smell, sniff
ir —> er
ir, irn, arad, arad male slave, servant, (a) Pre-Sarg. er/ir(NITA) or irn(NITAxKUR) and ar-dii. (b) Sarg. ar-dii abandoned in favor of arad(NITA) or arad(NITAxKUR). (c) Sarg. and Ur III arad/arad and ir/irn are all possible. See Gelb, AV Diakonoff 82ff (ardu)
ir7(KASKAL)mu&n ursanu-davz (Sollberger, AfO 40/41 52f, Ur III Drehem); compare ir7-sagmuSen wild pidgeon(?) (PSD A/2 195a)
iri(URU) -> uru
irigal (or urugal) netherworld; grave (poetic)
glsisimu, isimu sprout, shoot
isi(IS) mountain, mountainous country
isib incantation priest (< Akk. asipu)
diskur god of rain, patron of Karkara
iti6(UD.dNANNA), i-ti, i-ti moonlight
itima(-k), itim-ma (or itimama) dark chamber, bedchamber, cella
itu(d) month; itu-da monthly
iz-zi —> i-zi
izi fire
izi - bar7 to blaze izi-bar7-bar7-ra blazing fire izi-gar torch
izi - la to light a fire; to refine, purify with fire (?) (Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95) (cf. gi-izi-la torch)
izi - mii to light a fire
izi - ri to set fire to
izi - se(g) to set fire to
izi - te(n) to extinguish a fire
K
ka(k), ka(g) mouth; opening; origin, beginning, inception (see Attinger, ZA 95, 47f. for k/g refs.)
ka-al(-ak) excavation, brickmaking pit (> kalakku) (Heimpel, JNES 46, 208)
ka-as(-bar) (divine) decision
ka-as(-bar) - bar, ga-es8 - bar, gis - bar to decide, render a (divine) verdict
28
ka - ba to open the mouth; to talk, speak (cf. Krecher, AV Kutscher II 117f.)
ka - du8 to open wide the mouth, roar
ka-guru7(-k) granary superintendant, head grain stores keeper (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 199f.)
ka-gáraš-a catastrophe, annihilation (pi haraším)
KA - kéš to put together, collect, muster, organize, form
KA-kešda contingent, group, collection ka-me opening, beginning of battle ka - si-il to graze ka-tab lid, cover
KA-tar - si-il to extol, sing the praises of, proclaim the glory of (for the meaning of the verb compare perhaps ka-ta-ar-zu he-si-li-im CT 44, 14:33')
ka-téš unity; unified, of one mind
ka-téš-a - sě(g) to unify
ka-téš-a sě-ga unanimous, harmonious
ká(n) gate (read perhaps ákan/kan4; see Attinger ZA 88, 182) (cf. giš-ká-na)
KÁ.GAL -> abul
ka5-a (some now read ka5a) fox
káb - dun to measure (with a container); to verify, test, check (Attinger, Elements 572-576; Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 153-163; cf. latäku)
káb-dun-ga (a kind of jar) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 160-162); "geeichtes Gefäß" (Sallaberger, Töpfer p. 102)
kadra(NÍ.ŠA.A), kádra(NÍ.ŠA) present (to a superior), offering (cf. Attinger, ZA 87, 115, reading kádra")
kak —>gag
KAL ->, sig15, sun7
kal to be precious, dear, valuable
kal(-la) precious; kal-kal(-la) very precious
kala(g) (kalag), kal-la(-g) to be strong, mighty; to strengthen, mend
kal-ga (or kalag-ga) strong, mighty; hard (/kalag+a/ > /kalga/ like /uzud+a/ > /uzda/)
kalam country, nation (normally referring to Sumer, see Jacobsen, AfO 26, 9)
kankal(KLKAL) bare, fallow ground
kar quay, wharf; market
kar to flee, escape; to take away, remove, strip off; to steal
kar-KID, (OS kar-kid3) conventionally "prostitute," but now understood as a class of women not living under male authority, an independent woman (harimtu) (Assante, UF 30, 5-97; cf. Glassner, RAI 47, 15 Iff.)
kár to be bright, shining; to light up, flare up; to provoke, incite (cf. nu-kár-kár-dě without provocation) Wr. GANA2 (non-teww) in OS.
karadin —> garadin
kas kal road, highway; caravan, expedition KASKALmušen -> ir7mušen kaš, kas beer kaš-dé-a feast, banquet
kaš4/kas4 - dun to run; to hasten (Attinger, Elements 578-586)
kéš(d/r) to be bound, tied, joined; to be locked, closed, blocked, stopped, sealed. The root has a lál or Irl Auslaut, and the full finite root may be kešedr; cf. OBGT 12, 5: sag kéš-šě-ra-ab = ki§§ar and see Steinkeller, JNES 46, 57. The past participle is written kéš-da (kešdada) or kešda(KÉŠ). Cf. giškirid(KEŠDA)
29
ki place; ground, earth; (a term for the netherworld); place where (as relative pronoun); used before a GN to designate a state, e.g. ki Lagaskl "the state of Lagas"; used to express spatial ideas with PN's or pronouns, e.g. ki PN-ak-se "to PN's location > to PN," ki-bi-ta "from there," ki-ba "here"
KI.A —> ki-duru5, pesio
ki-a-nag place of (funerary) libations
ki(g) - ag to love
ki-ba - gar to replace, substitute, exchange
ki-bala, ki-bal-a rebellious, rebel land
ki-be - gi4, ki-bi-se - gi4 to return to its original state, restore
ki-bil-la hot, scorched place; ki-bil-bil-la hottest place ki-biir solution (to a riddle)
ki - dar to break through the ground, emerge from the earth (cf. ki-in-dar crevice)
ki-DUR -> ki-tus
ki-duru5 wet place (in a field) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 69)
ki-e-ne-di, ki-a-ne-di game, play, dance
KI.E.NE.DI.dINANNA -> esemen
ki-en-gi(r), ki-in-gi(r) Sumer (Steinkeller, AV Klein 308-309, analyzes as ki-engi(r) with pronunciation [ki-ngir] (cf. gi7(r))
ki-en-gi ki-uri Sumer and Akkad
ki-gal the netherworld; (a term for foundation)
ki-gub(-ba) station, position, standing; constellation
ki - gar to (firmly) found (buildings), to settle (people)
ki-gar grounds, settled place
ki-hul funeral (rites)
ki - hur to scratch, paw at the ground ki-in-dar crevice (nigi^u) KI.KAL -> kankal ki-la weight
ki-lul-la treacherous, dangerous place ki-mah grave, cemetery
ki-nii sleeping quarters, resting place, camp; bed
ki-sa platform (so Suter, ZA 87, 6 in a discussion of sa "square" in Gudea. She finds no direct lexical proof for conventional translation "supporting wall.") (kisu)
ki-sa6-ga happy place; happiness
ki-se-ga funeral offerings, rites
ki-si-ga quiet, silent place
ki-sikil pure place; young woman, maiden
ki - su-ub to kiss the ground, make obeisance (periphrastic: ki-su-ub - a5)
ki-su7(r), ki-sura^ threshing-floor (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 94)
ki-sur-ra boundary, border, place of demarcation; demarcated area, territory
ki-sar(-ra) horizon; everywhere
ki-se-er - tuku to know moderation, have a limit or barrier; to be off-limits (Civil, RAI41 = BBVO 18, 260)
ki-sii finale, coda, end (of a song)
ki - tag to lay, put, leave on the ground; to plant; to found (cf. tag4)
ki - turn to bury
ki-tum grave
ki - tus to establish, take up residence
30
ki-tus seat, residence, dwelling place, habitation ki-u4-ba formerly, once when, "once upon a time" KI.UD -> kislah ki-ul primeval place
ki-ulutin (a mythical place of original creation)
ki-ur terrace (in a temple complex, especially that of Nippur - a site of divine assemblies)
ki-uri(ki) the state Akkad
ki(-a/e) - us to (make) lie on the ground, touch, press the ground; to found, ground, make fast
ki-iis-sa firmly grounded, founded
ki - za to prostrate oneself, make obeisance
ki-za obeisance, homage
ki-za - turn to refuse obeisance
KIB (dedicatory) clay nail
glkid reed mat
kid, kir to pinch off, cut off
kid-kid-da ritual
kig (kin) to seek, search out
kig (kin) work, job; duties (Civil, AV Hallo 76) (kig is now the preferred writing, but the word is still seen written with a final Inl like hun)
kig - a5 to perform work, labor
kig - dun to perform work, labor
kig-ga skilled
kig - gi4 to send a message
(lu)kig-gi4-a messenger, envoy; omen, as in Ur III sila4 kig-gi4-a omen-lamb (Heimpel, BSA 7, 132f.)
kig-nim (cultic) morning meal, service
kig-sig (cultic) afternoon meal, service
kikkin(HAR), kikkin(HAR.HAR) millstone, grinding slab Cf. geme-kikkin grinder, miller (some read kin-kin or kinkinx, others read ar-ar (OB); vars. kikken, na4kikkin-na (see Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, p. 13 If)
kilib(-ba) all; kilib-ba-bi every one of them, all of them
kin —> kig
kin-gal leader, expert; dining hall
kind a, kindagal, (kinda in OS) barber; slave marker
{gallabu)
kir —> kid
kiri, kir4 nose, muzzle kiri-dab5/dab groom
kiri su - gal to show reverence, make the gesture of reverence (the hand held up to the nose), make obeisance; periphrastic: kiri-su-gal - a5
kiri-zal —> giri17-zal
giSkirid(KESDA) hair clasp (Farber, AV Reiner (1987) 96-99) (kirissu)
kisal courtyard
kisal-luh courtyard sweeper
kislah(KLZALAG) empty, uncultivated land, vacant lot
(na4)kisib seal, seal impression; sealed document kisib - ra to impress a seal kisi8 ant
(giS)ldsig(U.GIR2-gw«w), (giS)kisi16 (a kind of acacia) (asagu) (Veldhuis, Education 170; Biggs, OIP 99, 69-70)
(gis>)kisig2(GIR-gw«w), (giS)kisi17 -»(gis)ad
31
ku-li friend (ePSD now reads gu5-li) ku-mul cumin(?) ku-nu to come (a literary word) ku —> gu7
M(g) (kug) to be sacred, holy; to sanctify
ku(g) holy, sacred; shining, bright, clean, pure (cf. Vanstiphout, AV Jacobsen II (2002) 259f.)
ku(g) (kug) silver
KU3.AN iron; (a tin-antimony alloy?) (amutu) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 353-357; 384-388)
M-babbar, also M-bar6-bar6 (or -babbar) (Ur III
and earlier esp. in Lagas texts) silver
ku-di'm silversmith, goldsmith ku-gal —> gii-gal
ku-luh-ha refined, purified silver (Reiter, AOAT 89)
ku3-NE(-a) (a type of precious metal) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 85)
ku-sign(GI), ku-si(g)(ZI) gold (the reading guskin is obsolete) (Civil, JCS 28, 183f.)
ku-sign-hus red gold
ku-zu clever, experienced, expert
ku4(r) to enter; to make enter, bring in; to become, turn into, be declared to be; to be made liable for (for a reading kux(dr) of the DU sign in OS and Ur III see Krecher,ZA 77, 7-21)
ku5(dr), kud(r) to cut, cut off; to decide (verdicts)
ku5-da (kud-da) turtle, tortise
ku6 (kua) fish (Englund, BBVO 10, 227-230)
ku6-a-de fresh fish
ku6-izi smoked fish
ku7(d), ku7-ku7 sweet
kuio(g), kukku5 black, dark; darkness (often reduplicated: kuio-kuio orkúkku; see also gig) (Civil, EBLA 1975-1985, 155 n. 32)
kux(dr) —> ku4, turn
kul handle (of a tool)
kum —> gum
Mm v. to heat; adj. hot
kun tail; mouth of a river, canal
kun-zi-da canal storage basin, reservoir
slskun4_5 stairs, ladder
kúnga —> anše-kúnga
kur mountain; foreign land; netherworld
kur-gal Great Mountain (standard epithet of Enlil)
kur-gi16mušen, kur-gi(4)mušen (domesticated) goose(?) ( > Akk. kůrků) (Veldhuis, Education, 263f.)
kur-ku/ku4 torrent, waves (agů); triumph
Mr to be different, strange, foreign; to change, alter; to be hostile, inimical
kur4 —> gur4
kur6 —> šuku
kur7 inspection (also read kurum7 or gúrum, written both IGI.ERÍN and IGI.GAR)
kur7/kurum7 - a5 to inspect
kurun, Mrun (an alcoholic drink, probably a beer)
kurušda small-cattle breeder (some read gurušda or gurušta)
kuš skin, hide; leather KUŠ.A.EDIN.LÁ -> kušúmmu
32
Ms to be(come) tired, weary, exhausted; to be troubled; to sigh; to ponder, deliberate; to rest, relax, be calm, calmed, soothed
kus cubit (a length measure = 1/6 gi = ca. 0.5 meter) kus mould
kus7(SAHAR) (newest reading is sus, possibly to be distinguished from a different occupational term sahar) equerry, groom, page, personal attendant (Beal, NABU 1992/2; Steinkeller, Sale Documents 180)
kusuku6 shark (PSD B); turtle, tortise (Cohen, JCS 25, 203-210); crab or snapping turtle (ePSD)
L
la-ha-ma (a class of long-haired servants of the god Enki, residing in the Apsu)
la-la, a-la (male) prime, vigor, fullness, appeal, handsomeness
la(l) (lal) to hang, suspend; to spread, stretch out, extend; to weigh; to pay (in silver or other metals); to tie, bind, attach, gird, wrap; to harness, yoke; to wear, carry; to load (a pack animal); to diminish, decrease, reduce, refine
la minus (in counting, accounting)
la-NI remainder, arrears, surplus, difference (accounting and math.). Several readings have been suggested, la-ia or la-ux; cf. Steinkeller, AuOr2, 137-139; Snell, YNER 8, 228 . In OS Lagas economic texts the term is written la-a.
lag clod (of dirt)
lagab (massive) block, lump
LAGAB —> gur4, kur4, lugud, nigin
lagar, lagal, lagarx(SAL.HUB) "vizier," a high-ranking priest(ess) or official (Wiggermann, ZA 78, 225ff.)
lagas1", lagas1" the city and state of Lagash (see Attinger, NABU 2007/37 for final sibilant)
lah4_5 —> turn
lahar ewe
lal date syrup, sweet syrup, honey; adj. sweet (as honey) (cf. Zgoll, AOAT 246, 376)
lal-hur wax; model(?)
dlamma(r) (some still read dlama) female protective deity, good genie, "angel" (Heimpel, NABU 1994 p. 73)
lam —> lum
slslam almond
slslam-gal pistachio (bututtu)
glsle-um writing board(s)
glsli juniper(?) (burasu)
li(b) to be happy, glad
li-li-is kettledrum
libir v. & adj. (to be) old, lasting
lil foolish (> lillu fool, idiot)
li'l air; nothingness; phantom (cf. eden-lil haunted steppe, lii-lfl incubus > lilu)
limmu, limmu2/5 four (Edzard, AV Klein 101)
lipis heart; strong emotion, anger
lipis - bal to become angry
lipis-tuku in anger, angrily
lirum physical strength, athletics; cf. lii-lirum athlete, wrestler
lu to be or make numerous or abundant, multiply (Akk. mddu, dussu, kamdru) (Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff.)
33
lu(g) (lug), lu5(g), also lu5(k) before Ur III to live (referring to animals); to herd, pasture, tend (animals) (Akk. uzuzzu, raba§u) The plural root is sig7 or se^ (see Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff, Third Millennium Texts 35, reading lukx or lugx) (see Attinger, ZA 95, 47f. for distribution of g/k)
lu(g), lu-gii to be twisted, crooked (zaru) (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 100; Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 175)
lu(-ubrsi turnip(?); bean(?) (Akk. luppu) lu-lim —> lulim
lu person, man; someone; person in charge (Jacobsen, AV Kutscher 69ff. "boss"); the one who (relative pronoun) (Emesal mu-lu) Cf. lu-ulu
lii-bappir, lii-bappir (OS) brewer (cf. lunga)
lii-bar-ra outsider, foreigner, stranger
lu-erim(-du/gal) enemy
lii-gi-di-da flutist (Sjoberg, AVLimet 137)
lii-hug-ga hired man, hired worker; the constellation Aries
lii-igi-ni'gin (an elite class of citizens in Lagas I administrative texts)
lii-kar one (in charge) of a harbor district (Sjoberg, AV Limet 127 + n. 6)
lii-kar-ra fugitive, refugee
lu-kas4-e runner
lu-ki-inim-ma, lii-inim-ma witness
lu-kin-gi4-a messenger
lu-kur(-ra) stranger, foreigner, enemy
lii-la-ga (an outlaw, perhaps a livestock rustler) (Heimpel, BSA 8. 106f.)
lii-lirum athlete, wrestler
lii-lul treacherous person, traitor
lu-mah (a high-ranking priest, the male counterpart to the eres-digir priestess); (an ecstatic priest?) (see lumahhu, mahhu)
lu-na-me (or just na-me) no one, someone
lii-ni-zuh (or luni-zuh ?) thief
lii-nisi-ga vegetable gardener (cf. YOS 18, 115 iii 24) (lu-nisi in Lagas I texts)
lu-tiig-dus —> tiig-dus
lii-u5 mounted courier
kuslu-ub leather bag (luppu)
lii-ulu, lu-uis-lu men, people; human beings, humanity, mankind (< *lu-lu)
lii-ur5-ra lender, creditor; debt-collector (Oppenheim, Eames TT 6)
lii-uzug5-ga a sexually impure or unclean person
lii-zu-a, OS lii-su-a someone well known, acquaintance (also written elliptically just zu-a)
lu to be(come) disturbed, stirred up, blurred, confused
lu5(g) -> lu(g)
lub(-bi) (with wood or copper determinative) (a kind of axe) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 149)
lugal king, master; owner
liigud(-da) short, small
luh to be clean; to clean, wash; to purify, refine
lukur (a kind of priestess); (a cloistered woman, nadltu)
LUL —> lu(g), nar
lul v. & adj. (to be) false, lying, deceitful, misleading, treacherous (opposite zi(d))
lul lie, falsehood; treachery, danger
34
lul-ba furtively, treacherously
(giš)máboat
lul(-da) - dun to speak falsely, tell a lie (Attinger, ma-addir ferry boat, hired boat
Elements 597f.)
ma-du boat builder
lul-da, lul-du falsely (lul-da < *lul-du-a like niga <
*ni-gu7-a) ma-gi'd boat tow-man
lul-da - pa(d) to swear falsely lulim, lu-lim stag
lum to be fecund, prolific, grow luxuriantly (by-form lam)
^lunga (lumgi)) (wr. LU.SIM, SIMxNINDA, or SIMxA) brewer The reading remains unclear (usually read lii-bappir, or lii-bappir in Pre-Sarg. Lagas texts), probably a genitive construction. (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 291)
ma-GIN, ma-DUN boat caulker, asphalter, shipbuilder (Steinkeller, Sales documents 255)
ma-gur8 deep-going boat, procession-boat; a boat-shaped pot stand
ma-lah4 boat owner, skipper, boatman
tusma6 (conventional reading, perhaps better ^ba^) (a fine divine or royal garment) (nalbasu)
MAH -> sutur
mah (to be) high, lofty, exalted, great, august
M
giSMA -> giSpes
(gls)ma-(an-)si-um/ii grain sieve (nappitu); (a symbol of royalty, see CAD massu B and Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 242)
ma-az, ma-ra-az (to be) abundant(?), joyful(?) (elesu) (ePSD now translates "to swell") (often occurs together with hi-li)
ma-da country, land, district, territory (Limet, RA 72 (1978) 1-12)
ma-la(g) boy-friend, (girl-friend)
ma-mu(d), ma-mii(d) dream
ma-na "mina" (weight measure = 60 gin = 0.48 kg.)
glsma-nu (a kind of tree/wood used for cabinetry and fuel, perhaps cornal or willow(?) (e'ru) (Powell, BSA 6, 102f.)
gima-sa(-ab) (a kind of basket) (Zgoll, AO AT 246, 372f.)
mah-di one acting in an exalted, magnificent manner
(tizqaru)
mar wagon (abbreviation for mar-gi'd-da, Civil, NABU 1989/62)
glsmar spade, shovel
mar-tu (or mar-dii) Amorite; West(ern)
(im)mar-uru5/ruio(GUR8/TE) mighty storm, hurricane, tempest, west wind, storm wind (Eichler, AV Hallo 90-94). Attinger, ZA 88, 182: marmarux. Cf. a-ma-ru(-k)
mar-uru5/ruio —> e-mar-uru5/rui0
mas-su, mas-su leader, chief; councillor (massu)
mas one-half
mas —> mas
mas-da-ri-a (OS, an obligatory offering or tax) (Selz, ASJ 17, 251-274 reads the root as I Aril)
mas-da (masda) gazelle (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 50)
35
maš-gaba(-k) offerings) kid; (semi-weaned(?) kid, Steinkeller, BSA 8, 55) (for the genitive see sila4-gaba)
maš-gán(a) tent; tent-ground, camp máš, maš kid; (male) goat
máš, maš increase of a herd, yield; tax (Sarg.); interest (Ur III) (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 139f.)
máš-anše herd, (wild) animals
máš-gi6(-k), maš-gi6 ominous dream (lit. "kid of the night")
máš-sag bellwether, leader
máš-šu-gíd(-gíd) haruspex, diviner
maškím commissioner, deputy, inspector, bailiff
me divine power, attribute, office
me silence, dumbness, daze
me, -m to be (copula)
me- where, in the phrases me-a where(in), me-ta/da wherefrom, whence, me-šě whereto, whither
me-dim bodily members, features
me-lám divine radiance, brilliance, splendor, aura, halo (some now read me-lem4)
me-li-e-a Alas! Woe!
me-te (var. ní-te) fitting, proper thing; ornament(?) (simtu) (Cunningham, Analysing Literary Sumerian 76f.)
me-te - gál to be fitting me-te-na —> ni-te-na me-téš/te-eš - i-i to praise, extol mě battle, war
men (a kind of crown or turban)
mes (strong, vigorous) youth, young man
glsmes (a native tree/wood used to make furniture) (Van de Mieroop, BSA 6, 159f.) (mesu)
mi-ri —> mir
glsmi-ri-tum (a stringed instrument) mi-tum —> glsmitum mi —> munus
mi - dun, mi-zi(-de-es) - dun to treat carefully, gently; to take care of, provide for, cherish, nuture; to adorn, decorate; to flatter, praise, extol rightly (also with special verbal prefix i-ri-) (Attinger, Elements 603-618)
MLÜS.DAM -> gitlam
MLÜS.SÄ son-in-law, brother-in-law (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 37-38; Sjöberg, AV Falkenstein 221 -225.) Now often read mussasa. Cf. ni-MLÜS.SÄ
MLÜS.SÄ-tur son-in-law (Sjöberg, AV Falkenstein 225f.)
MLÜS.SÄmuäen pelican or crane(?) (read gambi ?) (Veldhuis, Education 242-243)
min, min two (Edzard, AV Klein 100)
min-na-ne-ne, min-a-bi the two of them, both of them
mir, mi-ri, me-ri v. to be enraged; n. rage; adj. raging
immir, ""mcr —> im-mir, tum9-mir
glsmitum(TUKUL.AN), mi-tum divine weapon, mace (also read mitta, midda, etc.) Cf mitum(TUKUL.BAD) and other similar writings (mittu)
mu name, fame; year; line (of writing)
mu NOUN-ak-se, mu-PRONOUN-se because of, in place of, someone or something
mu-gub(-ba) assigned lines, writing exercise, model tablet
36
mu-im-ma (in the) previous year (wr. im-ma in OS)
mu-lu (Emesal form of hi)
mu - pa(d) to reveal, call the name, invoke, name someone (cf. mu lugal(-la) - pa(d) to swear by the king's name)
mu(-se) - sa4 to name, call as a name mu(-se) - sar to write by name, inscribe mu-sar-ra inscription mu-tuku famous, renowned mu-ud-na —> gitlam
mii to grow; to ignite; to incite (Auslaut may be Irl or /dr/; cf. OS munu8-mu(d) maltster)
mu4(r) to clothe oneself, dress, wear; to use, take, give as clothing or as cloth covering
mu7, mu7-mu7 incantation
mud blood
mud to create, engender, sire
mud5-me-gar joy, rejoicing (risatu)
muhaldim (muhaltim) cook, kitchen chief (nuhatimmu) (See Sjoberg, AVLimet 13 If for extended discussion.)
mul star, constellation
mul to shine, sparkle, glitter; to be radiant, radiate; to spread (branches, Urnamma EF 34), flower(?)
mun n. salt; adj. salty
mumix, munu3/4 malt
munu8-mu(d) maltster
munus woman, female (some read mi in certain contexts, but its relationship to munus is unclear)
mur lung(s); breast
mur-gu4 fodder (imru)
murgu back, backbone; shoulder
muru9(IM.DUGUD) cloud
murub4 middle (part), midsection; midst
mus snake, serpent
mus-gir "dagger-snake" or "scorpion-snake" (a mythical or literary serpent)
mus-hus fierce snake (a mythical or literary serpent, later a symbol of Marduk) (mushussu)
miis - bur to loosen the hairdo, let free the hair
mus, miis countenance, appearance, aspect; halo, aura; (a kind of crown)
musi_3 - turn to cease, have an end, stop (work) (Wilcke, Lugalbandaepos p. 130f.)
musen bird
musen-du birdcatcher, fowler
N
na stone, boulder (cf. na4) -na -> a5 na-an-na besides
na-de(IZI), na-de5 incense (qutrinu) (Veldhuis, CDLI: CDLN 2003:003)
na - de5(g) a) to clarify, explain, instruct, advise; b) to purify (elelu); c) to clear away/out, separate (animals from herds, especially dead animals); d) to clear out, cut (timber) See most recently Sallaberger, AV Klein 229-253; also Klein, AV Kutscher XVff; Civil, AV Hallo 74. Many still read the verb conventionally as ri(g); Selz, ASJ 17, 260-262, reads /dri/. See also de5(g).
na-gada herdsman, shepherd
37
na-ma-su —> nu-mu-su
na-me someone, anyone; no one, nothing, none (usually ellipsis for lu-na-me or ni-na-me); cf. ki-na-me-se to no other place, u4-na-me never
na - ru(DU) to erect a stele (read perhaps dni)
na-ni-a stele
ná, glsná —> nú, glsnú
na4 precious stone (cf. na)
na4-ár grinding slab (Ur III) (some read na4-kikkin) (but cf. Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132)
na4-šu(-k) stone hammer, pounder (Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132f.)
na8 -^nag
nag to drink, give to drink (reduplicated na8-na8)
nag-ku5 a side pond or water reservoir for flood control (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 133f.)
naga alkali-plant, soda; soap
naga-si-e sprouted alkali-plant
nají a, naga4 to grind, mill (cf. gaz, gum)
gišnága mortar, hand-mill (OS, cf. Selz, FAOS 15/2 557)
nagar carpenter
nam being, state, "that which is" (Krecher, ASJ 9, 86); fate (Zgoll, AOAT 246, 378f.) Cf. also nam-bi-šě because of this; nam NOUN-ak-šě because of something; nam-gui0 "what is it to me?" (ironic)
nam-, nám- (abstract noun formative)
nam-árad slavery
nam-dag —> nam-tag
nam-duio-sa companionship, friendship
nam-dumu children (collective), childhood (abstract)
nam-erim (assertory) oath; evil
nam-erim - ku5 to swear an oath (perhaps strengthened with a curse)
nam-ga-es8 (foreign) trade nam-gal greatness
nam-gurus young men (collective); young manhood (abstract)
nam-kal-ga strength, might nam - ku5 to curse
nam-lu-Ui8-lu, nam-lu-ulu humanity, human beings, people, population
nam-lugal kingship
nam-mah greatness, majesty
nam-nar musician's craft, musicianship; music
nam-nin queenship
nam-nir-gal authority, sovereignty, royalty
nam-ra(-ak) booty, plunder
nam-ses brotherhood, fraternity
nam-sita (a prayer or rite)
nam-sub incantation
nam-sul valorous youth(fulness)
nam-tag, nam-dag evil deed, sin, guilt
nam - tar to decide fate, determine destiny Cf. older syntax nam-se - tar to decide as a fate
nam-tar fate, destiny
nam-ti(l), nam-ti-il life
nam-iis death
38
nam-zu knowledge, wisdom dnanna(r) the moon god, patron of Ur nar musician ne —> ne
NE —> bar7, Mm, seg6 Cf. also me-lam(NE) and zii -girio(NE)
NE-NE -> ni'gin
ne, ne-en, ne-e this (one) (cf. ne-e = nig-e = an-[nu-it] Emesal Vocabulary III 157)
ne-es —> i-ne-es
ne-me, ne-mes these {annutu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 221)
ne-mur ashes, hot embers (tumru) ne - su-ub to kiss
ne, ne, ni strength, might, (military) force(s)
nesag, ne-sag, ni-sag first fruits (offering); prime, foremost. The nesag sign is LAK 159, distinguished from murub4 only through Ur III.
ni-is-ku finest, select (said of equids)
ni fear, fearsomeness (see major study by Cunningham in Analysing Lit. Sum. 70ff)
ni self (especially with possessive pronouns, e.g. ni-bi-se or ni-ba by itself); one's own (with pronouns, e.g. e ni-za your own house); character, nature(?) (cf. Shulgi B 10, 77) (Cunningham, Analysing Literary Sumumerian 70ff.)
ni - bur to show off, make oneself important
ni - dub to relax, rest
ni-gal great fearsomeness, awesomeness
ni(-gal) - gur to be clad in (great) fearsomeness, awesomeness
ni gur-ru clad in fearsomeness
ni me-lam fearsome brilliance (two divine attributes which often appear together as a hendiadys)
ni - ri to impose fear upon, oppress by fear, terrify, cloak in fearsomeness
ni silim-es - dun to boast
ni-su-ub crazy person; (an ecstatic?)
ni - te(g) to grow afraid, be afraid of (-da-)
ni-te(g) fear
ni - te(n), te-en to refresh oneself, cool oneself under (-si-); to calm down, relax
ni-te self; cf. ni-te-ne by himself, herself
ni-te-na(-k), me-te-na, mete(TE.ME)-na his or her
own
ni - tuku to revere, respect, have fear of
ni-tuku reverent, respectful
ni(g) (nig) thing; that which (impersonal relative pronoun); (abstract noun formative)
ni-a-zi(-ga) violent act (genu)
ni-ak-a accomplishment
ni-ar-ra groats
ni-ba allotment, portion; gift
ni-bun(KAxIM) turtle
ni-bunii4 harvest yield
ni-dab5 appropriation
ni-du-a string of (dried) fruit (Pre-Sargonic; replaced by se-er-gu in Late Sargonic. See Civil, Orns 56, 233ff.)
ni-du7 a (theologically) fitting thing (The reading is conventional, but many now read ni-ul "primeval thing." Cf. ni-ul-li-a in Ean 1 vi 6 and Urnamma 26 ii 1 and see J. Bauer, AV Klein 26f. and AfO 40/41, 94
39
with J. Cooper, followed by C. Suter, contra Falkenstein GSGL 160 and Edzard, RIME 3/1.)
ni-erim (or ni-ne-ru) evil (thing), fraudulent action
ni-GA(-r) possessions, goods, property (Until recently read ni-gui*n, but see disc. s.v. gar. Michalowski, RAI 47, 418, takes as a loan from makkuru.)
ni-galam artfully wrought thing; artfulness
ni-gi-na truth, right; law, justice
ni-gig(-ga) interdicted thing, taboo; abomination, evil act; bane, curse; a bitter thing
ni-gurn(GA) —> ni-GA(-r)
ni-kas7 - a5 to make an accounting
ni-kas7-a5 (ni-ka9-a5) (balanced) account, accounting
ni-ku5 tax, revenue
ni-ku5 - a5 to tax, bring in revenue
ni-kur hostile, hateful thing
tusni-lam (a kind of garment)
ni-me-gar awed silence (qulu); cheer (risatu)
ni-MLUS.SA betrothal gift (Englund, Fischerei 111 n. 357; Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 37f.)
ni-na-me something; nothing (with negated verb)
ni-na(m)-ma everything, all sorts of things
ni-nam - zu to know all, everything
ni-sa-ha fruit
ni-sag —> nesag
ni-sam/sam price (simu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 161)
ni-sam-ma(-k) merchandise, purchasing capital; purchases (siamatu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 162)
ni-si-sa justice
ni-SID —> ni-kas7
ni-su goods, production
ni-tuku wealthy, rich (person); wealth
ni - tuku to be a creditor, lit. "to have something with (-da-) someone"
ni-ul —> ni-du7
ni-zi-gal living thing, creature (siknat napistim); wild animals {nammassu) (Tinney, Nippur Lament p. 167f.)
ni-zii-gub lunch, snack
(li)ni-zuh thief
ni-zuh-a stolen thing, theft
ni9-gar cella (older reading is nigin-gar; recently Zgoll, ZA 87, 190 reads nigar/")
niga grain-fed, grain-fattened (< *ni-gu7-a like lul-da < *lul-du-a or bar-da < *bar-du-a)
nigdaba(PAD.dINANNA) (ornindaba, nidba) (food) offering (see CAD nindabu LL for writings)
ni'gin to circle (about), go around, wander about; to encircle, enclose, surround; to be surrounded with (OB). Reduplicated imperfective form is probably to be read ni10-ni10, byform ni5-ni5(NE).
nigin(-na) total, totality, all together
nigin-gar —> ni9-gar
nigir (conventionally written nimgir) herald, town crier; bailiff
nim, num fly
nim - gir to flash lightning
nim-gir(-gir) (flashing) lightning
glsnimbar (old glsgisimmar) date palm The current reading is in flux. Older sources show /nimbar/,
40
/ninbar/, /nimmar/. Civil, AuOr 5, 28f. + n. 25, reads glsnimbar.
nimgir —> nigir
nimin, nin5 forty (Edzard, AV Klein 105)
nin lady, mistress, queen; sister (Pre-Sarg. for later nin9) For meaning in male divine names see Heimpel, AV Jacobsen II (2002) 155-160. (Cf. eres) (ES ga-sa-an, also u-mu-un in male gods' names, e.g. Nanse B iv 20)
nin-digir —> eres-digir
dnin-gir-su(-k) chief god of the Lagas state
dnin-hur-sag-ga the creative mother goddess, goddess of birth-giving
dnin-kilim mongoose
dnin-lfl consort of Enlil the patron god of Nippur
dnin-ni'nnamusen (a kind of harrier) (see Veldhuis, Education 272-275 for writing variants)
dnin-tu(d) the creative mother goddess, goddess of birth-giving
nin9 sister (this sign is distinguished from the sign nin only after OS)
NINA11 (now being read nigin^ based on Proto-Ea 288)
ninda bread, food
ninda breed bull; seed funnel of the seeder plow nindaba —> nigdaba
nindan(NINDA), nindanx(NINDA.DU) (a length measure = 2 gi = 12 kus = ca. 5.94 meters) (cf. gi-dis-ninda(n) measuring-rod 1 n. long)
ninkum —> enkum
ninnu fifty (Edzard, AV Klein 106, reads final vowel as long: /ninnu/)
nir trust; sovereignty, authority, noblity (?); (vault, arch?)
nir(-ra) clean (grain) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 95)
NIR-da —> ser7-da
nir - gal to trust, have confidence in (-a), rely upon
nir-gal sovereign, noble, princely one; trust(worthy)
nir-gal-be (ES se-er-ma-al-be) proudly (etellis)
na4nir7(ZA.MIR) chalcedony
dnisaba (or nidaba) goddess of reed and writing
nisi(g)(SAR) vegetable; greenery, vegetation; (post-determinative for garden vegetables). Cf. lii-nisi-ga "vegetable gardener" YOS 18, 115 iii 24; lii-nisi in Presargonic Lagas texts
nis twenty (Edzard, AV Klein 104f.)
nita(h), nita(h) male, man (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 82-84)
NITA.GA -> bunga nitadam —> gitlam
nu not to be (in limited use as a finite verb)
nu- (old by-form of lu which begins a handful of compound nouns)
nu-banda inspector, overseer; lieutenant
nu-bar (a kind of priestess) (kulmasitum)
nu-es(-k) (a priest in the cult of Nippur)
(> nesakku) (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 226)
nu(-u8)-gig (a kind of consecrated woman, often associated in some way with birthing) (qadistum, istaritum); (conventionally "hierodule" as an epithet of Inanna) (Emesal mu-gib(GIG), mu-gii7(GIG)-ib)
nu-(sls)kiri6(-k) orchardman, gardener (also with phonetic indicator in Ur III: nu-^kirie, nu-kiri6kl) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 168f; Powell, ZA 62,
41
190ff.) Sjoberg, AV Limet 128, argues this is not a genitive compound, but rather a form */nukarig/; cf. the g/b alternation in the loan nukaribbu.
nu-mu(-un)-su, nu-ma(-nu)-su, na-ma-su widow Rdg. is conventional; newest reading is nu-mu(-un)-kus for which see Cavigneaux, RA 87, 111.
nu-siki, nu-si'g fatherless or homeless child, orphan, waif
slsnu-ur-ma pomegranate (nurmu)
nii(d), nux(SA4) to lie (down), go to bed; to lay down (e.g. traps, snares; see Sjoberg, AV Klein 297); to creep, slither Conventionally read na. For the value nux see se2i; see also Veldhuis, Education 284, who calls se2i "the inanimate complement of nu."
slsnu bed Some read gis-nii, but see BiOr 42, 20 for forms without a determinative, contra Steinkeller, OrAnt 19 (1980) 79 n. 1. The word occurs with and without determinative in Presargonic Lagas texts, e.g. DP 490 i 1-2, ii 1, iv 5; DP 427 i 1-3.
na4nun-gal - ^gis-min-gal,
numun (i.e. nugun) seed; descendant
"niimun rushes
NUNku6 _^ agargaraku6
nun noble, prince; princess (cf. Temple Hymns line 82)
nun(-na) princely, noble, preeminent, grand; loud nun-be loudly
nundum lip; lip or rim of a vessel nunuz egg
nunuz - gar to lay eggs
P
pa branch, branches; stick
pa-ag, pa-an —> zi - pa-ag, za-pa-ag
pa - e to come forth radiantly; to be/make resplendent, splendid; to make famous; periphrastic: pa-e - a5 to make resplendent
pa-musen(-na) feathers
pa-pah cella; bedroom (Alster, AV Hallo 15 + n. 2)
pa-sa-la-a tied bundle of sticks
pa(d) to come into view or consideration, be revealed; to reveal, show; to call (up), choose; to find, discover
pa4, pa5 irrigation ditch (palgu)
pa4, pap older brother, eldest son; forebear, "father"
pa4/pa-bil-ga grandfather; paternal uncle; ancestor
glpad (a kind of basket)
pad(r) to break off a piece, chip off; to crumble, crush, destroy (PSD B now connects at least in some meanings with bu(r), q.v.)
pad(r) portion, piece (see also suku)
tuspalai_3 (a divine or royal garment)
palil(IGLDU) foremost one
glspan (rarely glsba-na) bow (reading ban is obsolete, see Civil, JCS 55, 50f.)
par-rim4 —> bar-rim4
pe-el to defile, spoil, dirty (lu"u)
pe-el-la, p/bfl-la spoiled, sour, bad; defiled, desecrated (cf. su pe-el-la - dun to defile)
pes heart of palm
pes, pes4 to swell, expand, become fat, thick, enlarged; to be(come) pregnant; to grow (said of a child, cf. Ur-Namma A 152)
pes - gal to be powerful
42
péš mouse (humsiru)
gišpěš(MA) fig
peš5 to card wool
pešio(KLA) riverbank, seashore
pi-lu5-da —> biluda
pirig lion
pisag (conventionally read pisan) box, container (often with reed or wood determinative)
pisag-dub(-ba) tablet (storage) box or basket
pu-úh-ru-um assembly (< Akk. puhrum )
pú well (see also túl)
pú-slskiri6 irrigated orchard
puzur5, buzur5 secret
R
ra, ra-ah to hit, beat upon; to strike down; to drive (animals); to impress (a seal). Verb has dual syntax: to make something beat upon (-a/e) (older), to beat with something (-e) (newer)
-(b)-ra-aš —> -braš
ra-gaba, rá-gaba mounted messenger, courier, rider
rá-zu —> a-rá-zu
glsrab clamp, stock (cf. gušurx)
re7 —> du
ri to lie (heavily) upon, press upon, put (firmly) onto, into; to oppress; to affix, cover with; to found, erect; to equip with
ri to blow; to drift; to convey
ri(g) -> de5
ri-ri-ga —> de5-de5-ga
rib, ri(b) great, surpassing, huge
ru-gii to face, stand opposite, counter, confront, oppose
ni(DU3) to erect, in na-ni-a (read dru ?)
S
sa sinew; string, cord; net; bundle, bunch sa-al-kad5 net sack sa-ga -> sa6-ga, sig5-ga
sa-gar-ra (an OB hymn rubric, the second main section of tigi and adab hymn types)
sa-gaz migrant laborer(?); highway robber, murderer(?)
sa-gaz - a5 to perform migrant labor (?); to commit murder (?) (cf. A. Westenholz, ECTJ No. 8)
sa-gi bundle of reeds
sa-gid-da (an OB hymn rubric, the first main section of tigi and adab hymn types)
sa-par (sa-bar), sa-bar (hunting) net
sa-sus throwing net (also as weapon)
sa-tu mountain (< Akk. sadu)
sa square (in Gudea and math., see Suter, ZA 87, 5)
sa to be equal to (-da-), match; to rival, vie with (-da-); to make (accounts) balance
sa - dun to reach, arrive at, attain, obtain, overtake (Attinger, Elements 632-652)
sa-dun(-ga) regular offering
sa - se to plot, plan strategy
43
sa4 —> mu - sa4, se2i
sa6(g), sa6(g) to slaughter (sheep, goats) (reading uncertain, cf. perhaps sig/sag to strike, also sar to slaughter sheep)
sa6(g), sa6(g) to be good, beautiful; to be pleasing to (cf. igi-a - sa6 to be a favorite of); to be pleased with (-da-) (sa6 is now the preferred reading, at least for OB and earlier)
sa6(-ga), sa6(-ga) good, beautiful, pleasing
sa7(g) to be well-formed, perfectly formed, beautifully created (probably connect with sa6)
sa7-ga well-formed
saio to buy (with -si-); to sell (with -ta/ra-, secondary development). Originally and in math, the meaning was "to measure out grains as equivalents for other goods" (cf. sa). See Steinkeller, Sale Documents 153-162. Older reading sam is often still seen. Cf. sam.
sai2-du5 (or sag-du5) field or land registrar (sassukku) (Falkenstein, NSGU III 153)
sag -> sig
sag8(KAL), sagm -> sig5 sagi cupbearer
sag head; front, fore, beginning; surface; man, person, human being; slave, servant (G. Farber, AV Klein 108-115)
sag first, foremost, principal; prime, first rate; firstborn;
sag-bar head hair
sag-bi-se - e to go to the fore, be foremost, most excellent
sag-du head
sag-du5 —> sai2-du5
sag - dun to achieve, complete, create with great care (Attinger, Elements 653-655)
sag - gar (ga-ga) to proceed, venture against, attack, (dare to) oppose
sag-gaz - a5 to commit murder
sag-gig(-ga) Black Headed Ones (native designation for the Sumerians)
sag gis - ra to commit murder, kill
sag-gis-ra-a murder
sag - il to lift, raise, hold the head high, be proud
sag-il-la proudly, with head held high
sag - kal to give preference, prefer
sag-kal first rank, preeminent, foremost (some read sag-rib, others cautiously prefer sag-KAL)
sag - kes to organize
sag-kes - a5 to pay attention to (-se/-e), heed sag-ki forehead
sag-ki - gid to furrow the brow, frown
sag-ki-zalag - bar to look upon with a shining countenance
giSsag-kul bolt, lock
sag-men crown
sag-munus (grown) woman, female (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 130f, reads sag-SAL; others read sag-mi)
sag-nita (grown) man, male (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 130f.)
sag-ni-GA-ra financial/business capital; amount available before crediting or debiting The rdg. -gurn-ra is still current; for rdg. -ga-ra see disc. s.v. gar.
sag(-e-es) - rig7 to give, present, grant
sag - se(g) to entrust; to take care of, tend to, attend
sag - sig to be brought low, down, be in despair
44
sag - šúm to hurry, rush (into combat) against, attack sag-šu4 —> sagšu
sag-ur-sag (a member of the cultic personnel of Inanna, perhaps a "cult warrior" figure who engages in mock combat in her honor? Cf. Fliickiger-Hawker, Urnamma, p. 225)
sag-ús regular, constant, reliable; constant supporter
ság - dun to scatter, disturb, dislodge, disrupt, dissipate, dissipate, diminish (Attinger, Elements, 655-664)
saga chief (temple or palace) administrator (some read sagga, conventional reading is still sanga) (Sangu)
sagšu, sag-šu4 helmet, head covering (usually with wool or copper determinative)
sahar dirt, soil; dust, powder; ore
sahar-dul-tag4 burial mound (Pre-Sarg.)
sakar —> u4-sakar
sal v. & adj. (to be) fine, thin, delicate; to be frivolous (cf. eme-sal)
SAL —> munus, tál
sám, šám price (cf. sai0 and see discussion in Steinkeller, Sale Documents 153-155)
saman lead rope
sanga —>saga
santag(2-4) (i.e. sagtak) cuneiform wedge
sar garden plot; (an area measure = 1/100 iku = 1 sq. nindan = ca. 38.28 sq. meters)
sar to write (on), inscribe
sar to run, chase
SAR —> nisi, u4-sakar
se(g), se(k), si(g) to become, act, make like, make into; to be equal, equalled; to set, put; to cast (in moulds); to provide with
sen -> sig7
si (animal) horn; horn (the musical instrument); horn-shaped thing; tip, point
si to tie (shoes, sandles) (Civil, Or ns 56, 237)
si(g) (sig9) to be(come) full; to fill a space, container, area; to cover, put all over, or to completely occupy an area or surface; to pile up (sapaku); to inlay, overlay, coat; to sink (a well, post, peg into the ground); to do fully; to suffice, be enough; to add (interest to) (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 142 + n. 77) The verb has dual syntax: to fill into (older), to fill with (newer).
si(g) to be(come) silent
si(-ga) silent, silently; adv. si-ga-be quietly
glssi-gar bolt, bar
si-ig - sig
si-il, sil(NUN) to unwind (a cord, rope), unfurl; to split, cleave, divide, breach; to tear or rip up, off, open; to peel off; to disband (a group) (salatu)
si-im ->■ sem
si-im to smell (Perhaps connect with sim? Cf. ir - si-im)
si-im(-si-im) - a5 to smell, sniff
(urudu)si-im-da, sim-da owner's mark, emblem, brand; branding-iron (< Akk. simtu) (Foxvog, ZA 85, 5-6)
si-mus radiance
si - sa to do or perform in a regular, right, correct, proper fashion; to maintain properly; to supply, provide regularly; to make regular, regulate; to prepare, ready in a correct way, put in order; to go straightway, directly, guide straight
si-sa just, righteous; just person
si(g) -+ se(g)
45
si4, su4, sa5 red, reddish, brown (the sign is REC 48, i.e. S\-gunu)
sig, si-ig to be(come) weak, thin, flat, low, level; to bring down, tear down, rip apart, demolish, level, remove
sig(-ga), si-ga weak; thin, narrow; low, lower, lower land; south, southern
sig(-ga), si-ga -+ a-sig
sig -> siki
sig to strike, beat upon, beat down, fell; to make tremble, quake. Some now read sag with Proto Ea 490. The verb has dual syntax: to make something beat upon (older), to beat with something (newer)
sig4 brick; brickwork, brick walls (Reading is conventional; PSD A/3 143b and ePSD now read segi2.)
SIG4 - gi4 -> se25 - gi4
sig4(-al)-ur/ur5-ra baked, fired brick
sig5, si-ig, sig to be(come) good, fine, pleasing, beautiful (by-form of sa6(g); see also a-sig)
sig5(-ga), si(-ig)-ga, sigis(KAL) good, high or best quality, pleasing, beautiful. ePSD now prefers to read sag™, sag8(KAL) (cf. sa6-ga, sa-ga)
sig7 (sei2, sin) to be(come) green, yellow, sallow, pale (read sii2-sii2 when reduplicated)
sigv(-ga), sign, (reduplicated sii2-sii2) green, yellow, tan; verdant (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 56) Cf. ku-sign(GI))
sig7 (perhaps better sei2 or sii2) plural of —> ti(l) and lu5(g)
sig7-sig7 - gar to produce sobs (onomatopoetic?) (George, RAI47, 141-143)
SIG7-igi -> ligur-igi
sig15(KAL) -> sig5
siki (sig, sik) wool, hair (siki is now the most common reading)
siki-ba (sig-ba) wool ration
siki-mug wool of poor/inferior quality (mukku) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 57 + n. 133, Waetzoldt, Textilindustrie 56-57)
sikil to be pure, clean, virginal; to purify
sikil(-la) pure, clean
sil(NUN) -> si-il
sila street
sila (a capacity measure = 0.842 liter or ca. 9/10 quart) sila4 male lamb
sila4-ga(-sub-ba) suckling lamb
sila4-gaba(-k) offering(?) lamb; semi-weaned(?) lamb (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 55) For the genitive cf. Ukg 1 iv 30 bar sila4-gaba-ka-ka. See also Archi-Pomponio, DrehemNo. 40; Selz, FAOS 15/1 p. 379.
silan(g), silag(SID) to knead
silan-ga dough
silig —> silig
silim to be well, whole, healthy, safe, at peace, in good condition; to fulfill an office or term
silim(-es) - dun to greet, salute; to boast (Attinger, Elements 673-678)
silim-ma adj. whole, well; in good condition (as of plows in Nik 1287); n. well-being
silim-ma Be well! (imperative)
simug smith
simmusen swallow (sinimtu) (Veldhuis, Education 279-280)
sipa(d) shepherd; chief shepherd sir —> zi(r)
46
sir5, sir5 to spin wool
sis(SES) bitter, brackish (water); saline (soil)
sisi(ANSE.KUR.RA), an&si-si (Ur III) horse
si'skur, si'zkur (a kind of prayer or rite)
su body; kin, family (e.g. Gilg. & Huwawa A 144); substance (of the country) (cf. kus)
su(b), su-ub, sub, sub6(TAG) to rub, wipe, scrub, polish; to reap; to smear on (ASJ 11, 213; 8, 12); to suck, suckle
su(g) to replace, repay
su(g) -> su(g)
su-bar the outside of the body
su-dinmu&n, su4-dinmu&n bat (sutinnu) (Veldhuis, Education 281)
su-GAN, su-GAN (a kind of copper?) su-kalam(-ma) well-being of the nation su-lim awesome light, brilliance su - zi(g) to have goose flesh, become frightened su-zi fear, dread
su-zi - ri to lay fear upon, strike fear into su(d) to sprinkle, spatter
su(dr), sud(r) to be(come) distant, remote (in time or space); to extend, prolong, elongate; to be long-lived or long-lasting
su(dr), sud-ra distant, remote
su(g) (sug4), su(g) to be empty, deserted; to be naked
su(-ga), su(-ga) empty, deserted, desolate; naked, plucked
su(g), su(g) to sink (as of boats)
su(g) to be equipped or embellished with; to wear (a beard); to be served food (see li - su(g))
sud-ra-ag (yellowish) gleam (said of moonlight); amber; electrum(?)
su4 —> si4
su6 (sum4) beard
su6 - la to wear a beard
su8(b) —> du
su8(g) -> gub
sud —> su(dr)
dsuen(EN.ZU) one of the two names of the moon god (cf. dnanna), patron of the city Ur
sug (reed) marsh
sug-ge - gu7 to be obliterated, destroyed (lit. "consumed by the marsh")
suh, suh5 to tear, rip, pluck out; to select, choose (nasaqu)
suh-(h)a, suh5-ha selected, select, first quality; elite (troops)
suh to be confused, blurred, tangled, in disorder, in disarray; to be dangerous
suh-sah4 - za to make a crunching sound (an onomatopoetic construction; see M. Civil, JCS 20, 117ff; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)
kuSsuhub boot, shoe
suhur (a feature or style of hair)
suhurku6 (a kind of carp)
suhus sole of the foot; base, foundation
sukkal vizier, chancellor; envoy, messenger (Wiggermann, ZA 78 (1988) 225ff.)
sukud(r) to be (piled) high, towering
47
sukud(r), sukud-ra/da adj. high, towering; n. height
sa-gal fodder; food (ukullu)
(rtg)suluhu(SiG.SU) "long fleece," a kind of sheep and fleece, also a kind of garment made from its wool
sum to give (older reading, now replaced by —> sum)
sum onion (ePSD now reads sum)
sum-sikil garlic(?)
sumun (i.e. sugun), sun (to be) old
sun, u-siin, sumun wild cow
sun5 humble (probably a by-form of du9(n))
sun7(KAL) to be harsh(?), vain(?)
sur to press out (liquids), squeeze, extract; to plait, twist together (rope); to wipe away; to oppress, suppress; to draw a boundary, mark off, demarcate, delimit, divide
sur, sur, sumur furious, fear-inspiring
sur —> zi(r)
sur, sur ditch, trough
surx(ERIN) team; workers, work-gang, troop (OS) (see Steinkeller, NABU 1990/12; Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178) Cf. erin
-sa (a suffix occurring with the fractions 1/3 and 2/3 in older texts)
sa(g) (sag4) heart, inside, interior, middle; womb; meaning
sa - bal to breed
sa-bal-bal-a progeny; generation sa - dab5 to feel hurt, be worried sa-duio young (of humans and animals), infant
sa-gar —> sagar
sa-ge - dun to say to oneself, say inwardly
sa-ge-guru6-7 one's heart's desire
sa-ge - pa to envision inwardly (conventionally "choose in/by the heart")
sa-gu4 plowman's assistant
sa - gur4 to feel wonderful (see Civil ad Ninkasi Hymn 6 If)
sa - hug (wr. conventionally hun) to soothe the heart, appease, calm down
sa-hul-gig hatred
sa - hiil to gladden the heart, make happy
sa-hul-la that which gladdens the heart; a glad heart, happiness, joy (also construed with a genitive: sa-hiil-la(-k))
sa-ka-tab fast, fasting
sa - Ms to deliberate, take counsel with (-da-)
sa-la-su(d) merciful, gracious
sa - sig to be depressed, anxious
sa-sig depression, sorrow
sa-su-ga emptiness, nakedness
sa-sur diarrhea
sa-siir-ra raging, furious heart
sa - sed7.8 to cool the heart, calm, soothe
sa-tum meadow
sa - tum/tum to decide
sa-zu midwife (sabsutu)
48
ša4 —> ad - ša4, še - ša4
ša6(g) -> sa6(g)
ša6-ga -> sa6-ga
šab (a kind of container)
šabra, sabra municipal overseer of fields
šaga(LÚxKÁR) prisoner(?); (one to whom an injustice is done, see Krecher, AV Matouš II 57)
šaganx(AMA.GAN(.ŠA)) bearing mother (human and animal) (see now Attinger, ZA 95, 274f. for rdg. ama-šaganx(GAN) with or without phonetic indicator)
šagar(GU7), šá-gar, še-gar starvation, famine, hunger
šagina governor; general
šáh, šah pig
dusšakir churn
šám —> sám, sai0
šandan(a)(GAL.NI) gardener
šár to be or make numerous, multiply
šár the numeral 3600; adj. numerous, many, innumerable, manifold, all; n. multitude
šár to slaughter (sheep)
šár-ra-ab-du8 (a field worker)
še barley, grain; (a weight measure = 1/180 gin = ca. 1/20 gram)
ŠE —> niga
še(g) v. and adj. (to be) agreeable, willing, obedient še-ba barley, grain ration
še-duio (a tree and its wood) (Powell, BSA 6, 115f.)
še-er-gu string of fruit (from late Sarg. on); ring-shaped ornament (OAkk) (Civil, Or 56, 235)
se-er-ka-an - dun (vars. -ha- and -ga-) to decorate, adorn (Attinger, Elements 683-688; Civil, Or 56, 235 n. 10; Sjöberg, TCS 3, 92)
se-er-ma-al-be proudly (Emesal for nir-gäl-be =
etellis)
se-er-zi gleam, radiance, brilliance se-ga willing, obedient
se-ga-be, se-ga-ne-ne by mutual agreement, with both (or all) of them in agreement
se-gar —> sagar
se-gin glue (also as paint medium)
se-gu-nu, se-gu/gun-nu speckled barley; second, late crop (cf. gun)
se - gurio to harvest grain
se-gis-i sesame (see BSA 2 passim)
se-li pine or juniper seeds (kikkiränu)
se-LU coriander (kisibirru)
se-numun seed barley, seed grain
se - sa4 to moan, groan
se-seg9 ripe barley
se-u-suh fir cone (ASJ 9, 349 n. 9) (terinnu) se8 (ses) to cry (cf. er - se8)
se2i(SA4) (a) (a writing for sa4 = nabü); (b) (an error for mi, i.e. nux(SA4). See Civil, Iraq 23, 168; Wilcke, LE ad 35. Veldhuis, Education 284 calls se2i an "inanimate complement" of mi.
se25 - gi4 to cry out, scream, screech. The old reading is six(d). Read now se25/segi0 for KAxSID or se26/segn for KAxDÜB. Gudea texts write segi2(SIG4). See Zgoll, AO AT 246, 312f.
sed7.11, se4/i2/i8, sen(SIG) to cool, be cool, cold; to soothe, calm, appease
49
seg(A.AN), seg7(IM) to rain; n. rain (also written IM.A.AN, IM.A, or IM.A.A)
seg6 to boil, cook, heat, bake (basalu)
seg9 ripe (grain)
seg9 wild boar; wild sheep(?)
seg9-bar (or segbarx(SEG9)bar) Mesopotamian fallow deer (conventionally "wild ram, sheep," but see Stein-keller, BSA 8, 50)
segi0.ii - gi4 -> se25 - gi4
(umdu)sem, si-im (a kind of drum)
umdusen (a kind of kettle or ewer)
SEN -> durio
sen v. & adj. (to be) clean, pure
sen-sen very clean, immaculate
sen-sen battle (cf. the same sign read duri0)
ser7(NIR)-da capital crime/offense, serious "felony"; a corresponding punishment. Civil, AV Hallo 75ff reads NIR-da, Emesal ser-da, se-er-da (the ser7-da read by some cannot be proved directly; perhaps Akk. nertu "murder" was the original source for a word *ner-da?)
SES -> sis
ses brother (to be read ses or ses in OS at least) ses-gal elder brother; school monitor ses —> se8
ses4, ses to anoint, anoint oneself si-pa-ag —> zi-pa-ag
sibir(U.ENxKAR) (shepherd's) staff (sibirru) (Veldhuis, Education 175f.)
sid to count; to recount, recite, read; to count, number among, reckon as; to do an accounting
šid counting; line count (at the end of tablets) ŠID.ŠID feathers
šika potsherd; shell, carapace; (fish) scales; cf. šika-ku5-da broken potsherds
ši lam (wild) cow
šilanga —> silag(-gá)
šilig (silig) to cease (usually in negated participle nu-šilig-e unceasing); to make cease, annihilate
šim aromatic, a substance having a pleasing odor or fragrance (first element of numerous terms for resins) Cf. perhaps si-im to smell.
šim-zi-da, šim-bi-zi(-da) mascara, kohl (antimony paste)
giššinig tamarisk (binu) (Powell, BSA 6, 106f.)
sir song (J.G. Westenholz, AV Klein 350f.) (šeru, zamáru)
sir - ra to strike up a song, sing
šir(-re-eš) - dun to say (as/in) a song, sing (Attinger, Elements 690-695)
šir-nam-šub (a mainly Emesal hymn type) (Fluckiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 260-263)
šita (syllabic eš-da) (a kind of priest); (a cultic vessel) Cf. nam-šita
šita-ab-(b)a (a kind of priest)
šíta (obsolete, read now utúg mace)
šitim, šidim house builder, mason (itinnu) (Sjoberg, AV Limet 128f.)
šu hand; handwriting; handle (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 349 n. 11); pounding stone, muller (Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132); responsibility of
šu-a - bal to transfer, transmit, hand over (Civil, JCS 28, 79)
50
su-a - gi4 to hand over, turn in, transmit, hand down; to repeat (with or without -a)
su-a - si(g) to pay, put full payment into the hand
su - bad to open the hand; to lay hands on, seize, loot (cf. su - ba(r))
SU.BAD -> zapah
su - bal to overturn, alter, change
su-bal - a5 to overturn; to replace, change X into Y (Civil, JCS 28, 79f.)
su - ba(r), su - bar to release, set free; to forget (the original root is /badr/; cf. su - bad and see Krecher, AVKutscher 111-117)
su - dab5 to (make the hand) seize; to take (with) the hand
su - dag to wander; to abandon (cf. dag)
su-dagal - dun to effect or accomplish much, make great exertions (cf. su - dun)
su - du to slander, denounce
su - du to capture (cf. CAD K 129a)
su - du7 to do, set, perform, prepare, correctly or perfectly; to complete, perfect; to embellish, adorn
su-du7(-a) perfect
su - du8 to hold (in the hand); to guarantee, provide surety for
su-du8-a guarantor
su-du8-a - gub to establish a guarantee or surety, to serve as guarantor for
su - dun to use the hand; to do, effect; to exert oneself; to accomplish (Attinger, Elements 696-703)
su-dun-ga accomplishment, creation
su - gar to set the hand to, do something (good, worthy), do a favor, favor
šu-gar - gi4 (also šu - gi4) to avenge, take vengeance on, repay (lit. "to return, send back what was done")
šu-gi4 old one (person or animal)
šu - gi4 -> šu-a - gi4, šu-gar - gi4
šu - gid to reach out the hand, take, accept; (to perform an extispicy, cf. máš-šu-gíd-gíd)
šu-HA(d) (or šu-peš(d) or šu-ku6(dr)) fisherman. The old reading is šu-ha; many now read šu-ku6. See major discussion in Englund, BBVO 10, 230-236. In view of the variant peš(HA-gw«á), the reading might be šu-pešn(HA), assuming that the problem of the Auslaut is the same as that of kéšdr. ePSD reads /šukud/. J. Bauer, ZDMG 146 (1996) 183, hesitantly proposes /šukudr/ in the OS Lagaš texts. Cf. also Bauer, AWL p. 375f. and CAD šukudakku.
šu - hu/ru-uz to burn, roast
šu-i barber
šu-íl-la (an Emesal temple prayer)
šu - kár to insult, denigrate
glsšu-kár equipment, tools, implements (unutu); (a musical instrument)
šu-kíg service, assignment
šu-kíg - dab5 to do a service; to revere; periphrastic: šu-kíg-dab5 - a5
šu - lá to defile, desecrate
šu - luh to wash the hands; to wash, cleanse; periphrastic: šu-luh - a5 to clean (a canal)
šu-luh lustration, washing ritual
šu - mú to make grow, emerge; to pray
šu - nigin to circle around/back, make a round trip
šu-nígin(-na) all encompassing
šu-nígin, šu+nígin sub-total
šu+nigin grand total
51
su-nir standard
su-pe-el-la - dun to defile (Attinger, Elements 710-714)
su - pes to increase, broaden, expand
su - ri to lay the hand upon; to wring the hands
su-ri-a, (OS su-ru-a, su-rf) one-half (Civil, Or 56, 234; Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 142)
su-si finger
su si - sa to keep in good order
su-suh-a - dun to produce confusion, disturbance (Attinger, Elements 716-718)
su - sum to give, entrust
su - tag to touch; to play a musical instrument (e.g. Nanse Hymn 44; see Sjoberg, AV Limet 135); to decorate (Attinger, Elements 722f.)
su-tag - dun to decorate, adorn (Attinger, Elements 720-725)
su - tag4 to dispatch, send out, send over (Civil, AuOr 8, 109-111 reads. tak4)
su - ti to take from (-si-), accept, receive, get, seize, catch; to reach for (the imperf. root is usually te(g))
su-tur inscription
glssu-ur-me/men, surmen(SU.ME.EREN) cypress (the tree, its wood, or its resin)
su - ur to erase, rub out, annihilate (imperf. often written urui2(UR) as well as ur-ru/re)
su-ur6(-ra) —> siir
su - lis to push (open)
su - zi to raise the hand (destructively) against
sii (siis), su4 (sus) to (let) fall upon, spread over, cover (especially with nets); to overwhelm, cast down; to become obscure, dark
šub to (let) fall, be felled, fell; to throw down, away; to forsake, abandon, dismiss; to give up, leave off
šub-ba fallen, collapsed, demolished, abandoned
ŠUB-lugal royal subordinate, vassal(?) (a class of workers in Presargonic texts)
šub a bright, shining
šubun —> gišbun
šubur slave (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 89f.)
šud, sun n. prayer; v. to pray
Süd - duii to say a prayer, pray (Attinger, Elements 726-728)
šúd - rá to pray
glsšudul(4) yoke (some read šudun)
šuku(dr) food portion, subsistance allotment (šuku is the conventional reading, ePSD reads šúkur, and some now read pad(r). The value kur6 does not exist; see Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Legal Texts 69.) (kurummatu)
šukur thorn, needle
glšukur reed fence, corral (Civil, AuOr 5, 22; Römer, AfO 40/41, 30ff; Michalowski, Lamentation p. 75)
glsšukur, umdušukur, spear, lance
Šul noble, valiant, young man (or the like) (some now read sul)
šum to slaughter
umdušum saw
umdušum-gam curved(?) saw
šúm(SUM) to give; to pay (in commodities or a combination of a metal and commodity) The standard older reading sum may also be correct in some contexts; see Zgoll, AO AT 246, 311.
šúr to be furious, enraged
52
siir, su-ur6(-ra) furious, angry, haughty; angrily siir-be furiously, angrily sur-dumuSen falcon
surim(LAGABxGUD:GUD), surim(LAGABx GUD)
dung
v     v     v ^ v v r
SUS, SUS —> SU
sus —> kus7
sutur(MAH) quality cloth T
ta(-am) what?
tab to be parallel, lie parallel to; to double; to twist, entwine; to link, join, unite; to lock; to sweep away, devastate (sapanu) (cf. Michalowski, Lamentation p. 71; Civil, NABU 1987/49)
tab-ba companion; pair, twin; together
tab, tab to burn, glow
tag to touch, prod; to touch wrongly, profane, spoil; to weave; to overlay, face, embellish; to apply, treat with; to broadcast (seed-grain, cf. Maekawa, AS J 15, 112)
TAG -> sub6
tag4, tak4 to leave, leave over, leave for the benefit or use of; to abandon, divorce; to remove (see Civil, AuOr 8, 111 in disc, of su - tak4)
tal(SAL) to be broad, wide; to widen, expand; to spread out, lay out
tal(-la) wide
tan4 —> dan6
tar to divide, separate, cut Cf. nam - tar slstaskarin boxwood
(uzu)te cheek
te(g) (imperf), ti (perf.) to approach (cf. Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 114f.)
te(n), te-en (redupl. te-en-te) to cool; to soothe, assuage; to extinguish (afire); to annihilate
te-en cool, cold; te-te-en very cool (Sjoberg, AV Jacobsen (2002) 232; root was originally te-me-en like sun/sumun)
te-es —> tes
TE.ME -> ni'-te
temen, te-me(-n) foundation (originally the pegs which mark out the foundation plot; see Dunham, RA 80, 31-64)
temen - si(g) to lay a foundation (originally to sink the pegs marking out the foundation)
tes modesty, shame; vigor, pride; (a euphemism for vulva) (cf. tes nu-zu shameless (person))
tes, te-es unity, oneness; each one, one another (connect with dis one)
tes-a, tes-ba, tes-ta together, as one
tes-a se-ga(-be) put together as one, acting in unity
tes-be, tes-bi-se as one, all together
tes-be - gu7 —> UR-be - gu7
tes - dun to shout together, roar(?)
ti(l), ti-il to live, be alive; to dwell (the plural root is sig7/sei2 (Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff; Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 135)
ti -> te(g)
uzuti(-ti) rib(s)
(giS)ti arrow
ti-gi4-lumuSen, ti-gid2muSen-lu (Gudea) (a bird) (Civil, NABU 1987/48; Veldhuis, Education 187; Bauer, AV
53
Klein 19-22) For the related musical instrument see tigidlu.
ti-la alive, living, while alive
ti - bal turn sideways, onto the side
slsti-zu barbed arrow(?), arrow point(?)
tibir, tibir palm of the hand
tibir - ra to slap
tibira (dibira) metal and wood craftsman (also involved in the making of statues). Wr. DUB.NAGAR through Ur III, then URUDU.NAGAR in OB.
(Steinkeller, Sale Documents 176; Sjoberg, AV Limet 127f.) {gurgurru)
tigi (a kind of drum); (an OB hymn type, a hymn of praise consisting minimally of sagida and sagara sections)
gi5tigidlu/a(SA3.TAR or DI.TAR) (a musical instrument named after a bird) (Civil, NABU 1987/48; Veldhuis, Education 187) (see ti-gi4-lumuSen)
til to be finished, ended, completed; to finish off, bring to an end
tflla crossroads; marketplace
tin wine (Badler, BaM 27 (1996) 42, has determined that a residue in an excavated pot is that of a "grape liquid, most probably wine," suggesting that wine was indeed known in Mesopotamia.)
(gls)tir forest, (riverine) grove
dtir-an-na rainbow
titab cooked beer mash
tumuSendove, pigeon
tu(d), u-tu(d) to be born, begotten; to give birth, engender, beget; to form, create (statues) (some now read (u-)dii)
tu(r) to be sick
tu-di-da, tu-di-tum toggle pin, fibula (see Klein, ZA 73, 255-284; Sjoberg, ZA 86, 224f.)
tu-lu to loosen, slacken, relax
slstu-lu-bu-um plane tree or wood
™tu-ru-na —> 'mdurun-na
tu6 incantation
tu9 —> tug
tuio(b), tun(b) to smite, strike, defeat (this meaning has also been associated with the values hub, hub but PSD keeps them separate)
tun(b) (var. of dub to heap up ?)
tud to whip
tug, tu9(g/b) (woolen) garment tiig-A.SU -> ,igaktum tiig-ba clothing ration
(lu)tiig-du8 felt maker, fuller (a craftsman making a special type of woven cloth, Sjoberg, AV Limet 128)
tiig-du8-a felt (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 85-93)
tug-mu-dur7(BU)-ra dirty clothing, rags, mourning garments
tiig-ni-bara blanket tiig-su-gur turban
tuk, tuku (reduplicated dui2-dui2) to acquire, obtain; to have, possess; to marry; to play a musical instrument
tuk4, tuku i to tremble, quake, shiver (Foster, RA 75, 189); to buffet
glstukul mace, weapon, arms tukum-bi, tukumbi if tiikur(KAxSE) to chew, gnaw (kasasu)
54
túl (public) fountain, well
tum, tum to bring in, deliver; to take away (see Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 133) Forms include: de6(DU) perf. sg.; túm(DU), tum imperf. sg.; lah4(DU over DU) or lah5(DU.DU) perf. & imperf. pi. Problems remain, however. In OB there are indications that the sg. forms are tum or tum perf. and túm-mu imperf. There may be a link between this sign and ku4(r) in OS and Ur III (see Krecher, ZA 77, 7-21); cf. the Ur III accounting phrase sä mu-TUM2-ra-ta "out of income." The Emesal equivalent of tum is ir. See Sallaberger, AV Schretter 557-576 for the following new description: a) bring I = mit sich führen, geleiten. Used only with living persons or animals that can move by themselves. Forms are túm(DU) perfsg., tum imperf. sg., and plural lah4 or lah5both perf. & imperf.; b) bring II = liefern "to deliver." Forms are de6 perf. sg., tum imperf. sg.
tum (to be) worthy of, fitting for (-a/šě/ra) (ana ... šuluku), but cf. Sallaberger, AV Schretter 573f.
túm-ma (field) produce
tum9(IM), tumu(IM) wind
tum9-mar-dú west wind; west
tum9-mir north wind; north
tum9-ulu south wind; south
tun (pouch or receptacle); (an ax, often with a wood or copper determinative, probably to be read äga)
tun - bar (or read agä?) to split with an ax
tur to be small, young; to diminish, reduce, deduct Cf. the reduplicated substantive di4-di4-lá (or dui3-dui3-lá) youngsters, little ones, children.
tur small, young; brief (cf. banda)
TUR.ŠĚ -> kun5
tur cattle pen, byre
tuš to sit, take a seat; to settle, establish residence; to dwell, stay, abide Forms include: tuš perf. sg. and pi.; dúr-ru-u(n) imperf. sg. and pi., also durunx(DÚR.DÚR) in Presargonic Lagash texts. (See Thomsen, Sumerian Langauge p. 270.)
tus - gar —> diir - gar U
u ten (Edzard, AV Klein 103); "many times" (in adverbial expressions like u-ta, u-se3, u-am3, see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 70)
U.KID (read sita4 in —> a-sita4)
U.UD.KID -> ni9-gar
li plant, grass; food; grass-fed, free-range (animal)
li-a food and drink, sustenance; provider (of a temple or land, a common royal epithet) (zdninu)
ii-du(l) supervisor of herds, chief shepherd
u-dun(g) -^udug
li-gu/gu - de to become lost, disappear; to flee, escape
u-ma-am animals
li-rum property (of someone)
li-sal (riverine) meadow
li-sal-la - mi to rest contentedly, live in peace, "lie down in green pastures"
ii-si4-an(-na) dusk, twilight
li-sig —> uzug5
ii - su(g) to be served food, dine li-sim sweet-smelling grasses
u high ground(?), island(?) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 132f.)
u and, also, furthermore, moreover; (as correlative u ... u either...or, neither...nor) (loan from Akkadian u )
u sleep
u(-a), u-u8-a, u8(-a) Woe! Alas!; lullaby
55
u-di —> u6-di, u-sa
u-gul supplication, plea
u-gul - gar to address a plea, pray
u - ku(4) to fall asleep, put to sleep (cf. u-nu-ku sleeplessness)
u-luh offshoot, (tree) branch; scepter (fig.) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 105 n. 90 )
u-luh(-ha) - su to send out offshoots, branches (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 88f. + p. 105 n. 90 )
u-ma victory, triumph
u-mu-un —> umun
u-na ready for battle
u-na-(a-)dun letter
u-nu-ku sleeplessness (Civil, AV Hallo 74) u-sa(g) (deep) sleep u-sakar/sar —> u4-sar
glsu-suh5 (a species of pine) (asuhu) (Powell, BSA 6, 116f.)
u-siin —> siin
glsu-sub, glsNI-sub brickmould (see Steinkeller, AuOr 2, 139 for the reading of the variant)
u-tu(d) -> tu(d)
u4(d), ud day, daylight; storm; time; time of death (as in the phrase u4-da-ni nu-me-a "before his time"); at the time of, when (in verbal clauses of the form u4 clause-a-case or in (pronominal) phrases of the form u4-(pronoun)-case)
u4-ba then, at this/that time; formerly
u4-bar7 midday
u4-bi-ta since, after that time; as nominalized phrase: earlier days, former time, days gone by
u4-bunii4(-ka) (at) harvest time
u4-da on the day, when, whenever, if; today; daily
u4-de-es like the daylight
u4-e sunrise, east (perhaps to be read utu-e in contexts with a variant Vtu-e, cf. Sjoberg, AV Wilcke 260)
u4-nii(-a) day of the disappearance of the moon
U4.dNANNA -> iti6
u4-sakar(SAR) crescent (of the moon); day of the first visibility of the new moon, beginning of the month. Perhaps to be pronounced [uskar]; cf. the Akk. loan
uskaru.
u4/u-sar - a5 to sharpen, make pointed (previously read u4-sakar, but see Civil, JNES 43 (1984) 284; Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 245f.) (selu)
u4-sud-ra/da distant (future) days, long time; cf. u4-sud-ra-as/se unto distant days, forever
u4-sii sunset; u4-sii-us daily
u4-tu(-ud)-da day of birth
u4-ul-li-a, u4-ul-la in olden times, in days of old (cf. Akk. ullu)
u4-ul-li-a-as unto distant (future) days, forever
u4 - zal to pass, said of time; to spend, pass the time (in some activity); let the time pass, waste time, be late
u4-zal-le(-da) (at) daybreak, dawn, morning (cf. a-u4-zal-le)
u5musen wild goose (the iconic bird of Nanse) (Veldhuis, Education 294f.)
u5 to mount, board; to ride on; to transport
u5 superstructure; cabin (of a boat); high-water (mark)
U5.bfmusen (& ^
u6(g) awe, awesome vision, sight u6-ga awesome, awe inspiring
56
u6-di, u-di awe, amazement, astonishment, wonder, marvel; daze, stupor (cf. u-sa)
u6 - dun to admire, wonder, marvel at, be in awe of; to provoke, inspire awe (Attinger, Elements 739-749)
u6-nir, e-u6-nir ziggurat (complex) (ziqqurratu) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 329-331)
u8 ewe (see also lahar)
u8(-a) -> u(-a)
Uii-ri(2)-in, uri(n) eagle
Ui8-lu —> ulu
Ui8-ru ^uniie
ub corner (angle); niche; shrine; room ub-lfl-la open air shrine (in a wall niche) ub-su-ukkin-na assembly (esp. poetic) kuSub (a kind of drum) ub4 pit, hole (cf. ab)
ubur teat; spout (of a vessel); see also —> akan ud5 -^uzud(UZ) udu sheep, ram
udu-aslumx(A.LUM) long-fleeced sheep (aslu) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 52)
(d)udug, ii-dun(g) male genie, spirit (good or evil); demon
udun oven, kiln ug lion
Ug5, Ug7 -> US
ugamusen raven
ugnim army (conventionally read ugnim; for etymology see Selz, AV Römer 317)
ugu, ügu (A.KA) (or a-gu) pate, top (of the head) (muhhu); account (Englund, BBVO 10, 72 n. 242; Hilgert, OIP 121, 385)
ügu-a - gar to charge to, put to the account of or at the disposal of
ügu-a - tuku to hold against/over someone
ugu4, ugu progenitor (male or female), begettor, engenderer
usuugu4-bi monkey
ugula foreman, overseer, officer
ugula-gesta/ges-da officer (in charge) of sixty (men) (Steinkeller, ZA 69, 176-187)
ugur(SIG7) lintel (cf. ügur-ig door lintel, Gudea Cyl A 25:10)
ügur-igi eyebrow (su'ru)
üg people, population (reading ukü is obsolete; some maintain the older reading un as with alam/alan rather than alag)
ug-da-ga nearby folk, neighbors (lit. "people at (one's) side") (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 198)
ug-il bearer, porter
ug-lu-a teeming people, multitude
üg-sär-ra numerous people(s), multitude(s)
uh, üh spittle, slaver, mucus, phlegm; foam (wr. ah, aah in Gudea) (cf. usn)
uh - du ii to spit Cf. aah-dun-ga spittle (of sorcery) Gudea Cyl B 4:16
iih-luh cough (literally "cleaning out phlegm")
ukkin, ukken, unken assembly (for an etymology see Selz, AV Römer 316f.)
uktin(SIG7.ALAM) features (bunnannu) (cf. ülutin) üku(r) poor (person)
57
likus(HUL) cucumber
ul, ul-li-a adj. remote in time (past or future), ancient, primeval; n. ancient time, antiquity (< Akk. ullutri) (cf. u4-ul-li-a)
ul a Presargonic capacity measure = 1/4 gur-sag-gal = 36 sila = ca. 30 liters
ul n. joy, happiness, pleasure; bud, flower, blossom (see Fluckiger-Hawker, Urnamma 20If); beauty; adj. beautiful
ul-a, ul-la with joy, joyfully ul - a5 to rejoice
ul4 to hasten, hurry, be quick; tr. to hurry, harrass, put pressure on {urruhu) (Civil, AV Hallo 74)
ul4-he base of heaven
ul4-la-be quickly
ulu, Uis-lu, imulu south wind; storm, sandstorm
ulu-di lamentation singer (perhaps derived from i-lu-di?)
ulusin(KAS.ZIZ.A.AN) emmer beer ulutin(SIG7.ALAM) form {nabnitu) (cf. uktin) um-ma old (wise) women, alderwoman um-me-da, umme(UMxME)-da —> eme-da um-mi-a master scribe, craftsman, schoolmaster umah(LAGABxU.A) swamp (mihsu, agammu) umbin (human) nail, claw, talon, hoof umbisag(SID) scribe
kusummu(d)(A.EDIN.LA) (ummud) waterskin (nadu)
umun, u-mu-un lord (Emesal for en, also for nin in male gods' names, e.g. Nanse B iv 20)
umun, umum knowledge, cleverness
umus good counsel, advice; discernment, judgment, sense; mind
UN —> kalam, ug
un(BAD3)(-na) high (cf. gi6-u/un-na midnight, si-un-na high point, zenith) (see also an(-na))
unu(g)w the city Uruk
unu, unu6, unu-gal deity's private chamber, cella, sanctuary; divine dining room, banquet hall
unu(d) (chief) cattle herdsman, cowherd
ur beast of prey, dog, lion; in personal names of the type x-ur-guio champion(?), (mighty) man/person(?) (connect with ur5?) (some now read tes) (Zgoll, AO AT 246, 318; Cavigneaux, CM 19, 48-52)
ur-bar-ra wolf
ur(-be) - gu7 to press, clash together, fight in a pack (reading uncertain, cf. tes-be & UR.UR) (M. Green, JCS 30, 153; Michalowki, Lamentation p. 70; A. Cavigneaux, CM 19, 50)
ur-gi7(r) (domesticated) dog
ur-gi7-tur (var, ur-tur) puppy
ur-mah lion
ur-sag hero, warrior
ur-ur, URxUR single combat, man to man (i.e. hand-to-hand) combat (Cavigneaux, CM 19, 50)
gis ur-ur-e/se - la to engage or compete in combat
lir leg(s), hip(s), loin(s); lap; private parts; bottom, base, foundation, foot (of a tree)
slsiir tree trunk; log
ur to sweep over/away, wipe off/away, flatten, level, destroy; to slide, slither, drag
ur roof, ceiling (cf. gis-ur)
ur4 to gather, assemble
58
ur5 spirit(s), mood; liver
ur5(-ra) (interest-bearing) loan
ur5 this, this way, thus, so; negated: never
ur5-gin7 like this, thus
ur5 - sa4 to roar, bellow
ur5-se(-am) because of this, thus, therefore
ur5-tuku debtor
ur5 - ug7 to despair (Tinney, Nippur Lament 138 ad 36)
ur7 father-in-law uri —> ki-uri
uruduURI ^ large metal container) (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts p. 32)
uriki(m), iii-is^m) the city Ur
uri(n) gate-post, gate-pole (Heimpel, JNES 46, 208f); standard
uri(n) (urin) blood, bloody (cf. Cooper, Curse of Agadep. 251)
uri(n) —> Uii-ri-in
uru(ki), liru city, town; (referring to a specific city?) Most now read iri with Edzard, AV Civil 77-79, but see Lambert's strenuous rebuttal, AuOr 10, 256-258. Attinger, ZA 88, 167 all, states that the OB writing liru is "in origin certainly the Emesal form of iri."
uru-bar(-ra) outskirts, suburbs
uru4 to plow, till
urui6(n)(EN), urui7(ULU3), Ui8(ULU3)-ru high, lofty, giant; powerful, mighty, strong (Ludwig, Isme-Dagan 107-113; Alster, AVKlein lOf.)
urudu, uruda (also a-nii2(EN)-da in Presargonic Lagas) copper (Reiter, AOAT 249, 149ff) (Perhaps < IE *roudhous, Foster, Umma in the Sargonic Period
33; but see also suggestion of Yuhong, AV Klein 388f.)
urugal (or irigal) netherworld; grave (poetic)
us-ga (a kind of priest?); treasury(?) (conventionally translated as "fattening pen") (see Michalowski, Lamentation p. 104f.)
lis to be adjacent to, border on, come or bring up next to (-e); to lie or lean against, upon; to follow, go immediately behind, chase
kususan, u-sa-an whip (for construction and parts see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 72)
lis (us?) length, long side (in measurments)
usar, usar, usar, usur friend, neighbor; cf. usar da-gi4-a "neighbor" (Steinkeller, Sales Docu-ments 242f.)
ussu eight (Edzard, AVKlein 103)
usu, u-su physical strength, power; labor-force
us building lot, foundation platform
us-bar weaver
lis death; (blood(?) perhaps read uri4 and connect with uri?)
lis(TIL), ug7(TIL), ug5(BAD) to die In OS lis is used for imperf. sg., ug5/ug7 elsewhere. In Ur III Drehem, ug7 is used for a group of dead animals of the same kind, ug7-ug7 for a variety of dead animals (Sallaberger, AfO 40/41, 53; Heimpel, JAOS 119, 523 contra Steinkeller, ZA 71, 25). The lis vs. ug7 distinction may not have been maintained much beyond the Ur III period.
uSn(KAxUS) deadly spittle, venom, poison (cf. uh and note that usu also has the value uh4)
usbar mother-in-law
lisu thirty (Edzard, AV Klein 105)
usum serpent
usumgal(GAL+USUM), usum-gal great serpent, "dragon" (poetic)
59
utu sunlight; the sun god Utu, city-god of Larsa
(d)utu-e sunrise, east (some read u4-e when determinative is lacking)
útug, údug mace (reading šíta is obsolete)
uzmušen (wiW) duck (Veldnuis^ Education 303) (the determinative is often omitted to avoid a double HU sign)
ÚZ -> uzud
uzu flesh, meat
uzu-a-bala meat broth {ummar mé šíri) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 49 + n. 5)
uzud(ÚZ) (female) goat Some maintain the old reading uz; others hypothesize a form ud5. Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 47, assumes uzud loses the second lul when another vowel follows, becoming /uzd/.
uzu d-sag bellwether; foremost one, leader
uzug5, usug5 sexually unclean (syllabic writings exist, especially in Gudea texts, e.g. ú-sig)
Z
za (precious) stone
za An old auxiliary verb appearing in the dub-dab5 -za onomatopoetic constructions, for which see Civil, JCS 20, 119ff; Römer, SKIZ 182f; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff Cavigneaux, AS J 9, 50, suggests za = sa4 = sa5(AK). Bauer, AoN 19, 7, suggests "tönen" or the like.
za-am-za-am (a musical instrument) slsza-ba-lum (a variety of juniper?) za-di'm, zadim lapidary na4za-gin lapis lazuli
za-gin blue; lustrous, bright, shining, pure
za-lam(-gar) tent
za-pa-ag voice, sound; tumult; throat (cf. zi-pa-ag) glsza-ra pivot stone or cap, door socket XA-tenu —> ad4
za(g) (zag) (right) side, shoulder; (outer) edge, outskirts; border, frontier; end, limit
za(g) owner's mark, emblem (cf. za - sii)
za(-gar-ra) shrine
za - dib to pass in front, go at the fore za-du8 threshold za-gu-la seat of honor
za-hi-limsi conventionally "cress," but Civil, AuOr 5, 30f. translates "(a prickly plant)" and Ferwada, Isin 43 translates "(seed of) Vicia ervilia," i.e. bitter vetch
za - kes to bind, fasten, gird on (garments, weapons)
slsza-mi lyre (or perhaps harp; see Lawergren & Gurney, Iraq 49, 40ff.)
za-mi/me praise; (an OB hymn type, a hymn of praise)
za-mi - dun to say/sing the praises of (Attinger, Elements 755-761)
za-mu(-k) end of the year, New Year
za-se strong thighs, running ability
za - sii/su4 to apply an owner's mark; to brand (Foxvog, ZA 85, 1-3)
umduza-su branding-iron
za - tag to push away, shove aside, reject; to overwhelm, overthrow
zabar, zabar (OS) bronze (Reiter, AOAT 249, 288ff); bronze vessel, bronze-ware, bronzes; mirror (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 347-49)
60
zabar-dab5 (a powerful royal official) (Charpin, Clergé d'Ur 236-240; Sallaberger, Der Kultischer Kalenderl 211 n. 997; 231 n. 1103 "etwa oberster Mundschenk")
zabar-šu hand-mirror (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 347-49) zadim —>za-dim
záh, záh v. to flee, escape; n. fugitive
zal to flow; to melt; to pass (time)
zalag (reduplicated zazalag) (to be) pure, shining, bright
zapah(ŠU.BAD) span (= lA kuš = ca. 9 3/4 inches)
zar, zär (hay)stack, sheaves; heap, mound (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 91f.)
zar(-re-eš) - tab to gather up or pile (grain stalks) into stacks
zar-re-eš - tál to lay out (grain stalks) in stacks
zé(-er) —> zi(-ir), bu(r)
zěh (read now -> munusáš-gär)
zi life; breath; throat
zi(d) to be faithful, trusty, steadfast, true, righteous, good, fine
zi(-da) adj. right, upright, true, faithful, good; n. right (hand or side)
zi(g) to rise, raise; to get excited; to remove, expend; to be excepted, left out (NABU 1994/ 82)
zi-du just, righteous (person)
zi-ga mobilization, levy; (something) raised
zi - gÍ4 to calm down
zi(-ir), zé(-er), sír, súr to slip, slide; to efface, erase; to cancel, annul (JAOS 119, 523); to raze, destroy; (to cut or remove plants)
zi - ir to be troubled, worried
zi - pa-ag/an to draw breaths, breathe
zi-pa-ag nostril, airhole; throat(?) (Emesal si-pa-ag; cf. za-pa-ag)
zi - pa to take an oath; to conjure
zi-qum royal road station (Ur III)
zi-sa breath of life
zi-sa - gal to inspire, encourage
zi-sa-gal (divine) encouragement, inspiration
zi - turn to betake one's life to, to save one's life, take refuge
zi-u4-sud-ra life of long duration anSeZI-ZI -» sisi zi(d) (zid) flour
zi - dub to heap up, sprinkle flour (ritually), offer flour zi-dub-dub offering flour zi-sigi5 coarse flour (hisiltum) ZI.SE -> dabin
zib - gid to hold the reins (Civil, AuOr 17-18, 184 n. 18)
zikum(ENGUR) heaven ziz emmer wheat
ZIZ.AN (read imgaga3?) dehulled emmer (?) See Cohen, NABU 1990/ 134, for disc, of ZIZ.A.AN = /udra/ = utru (see CAD kunasu LL); for ZIZ.A (OS Nippur) read thus iid-duru5. Cf. ZIZ = lid = tiktum (a type of flour).
zu, OS also su to know; to know how, be able; to acknowledge, make known, proclaim; to learn, discover; to inform, teach
zu-a, OS su-a acquaintance (elliptical for lii-zu-a)
zii tooth; point, tine (of a tool or weapon)
61
zu - bir9(NE) (also read gir10) to laugh
zú - gu7, zu - ku5 to bite (off)
zú - gub to bite, eat (Civil, JNES 23, 9)
zú-lum date
zuh to steal
zuh-a stolen
zukum(NÚMUN) to step, tread /u lumní —> sulu hu
zur to break, raze (var. of zi-ir?)
Abbreviations
AfO Archiv für Orientforschung (Berlin/Wien)
Analysing Lit. Sum. J. Ebeling & G. Cunning-ham, Analysing Literary Sumerian (London, 2007)
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament (Neukirchen-Vluyn)
ASJ Acta Sumerologica Japonica (Tokyo)
Attinger, Elements Pascal Attinger, Elements de linguistique sumérienne. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Sonderband (Fribourg/Göttingen, 1993)
AuOr Aula Orientalis (Barcelona)
AV Birot Miscellanea Babylonica. Melanges offerts á Maurice Birot Paris, 1985)
AV Civil Velles Paraules. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Miguel Civil, Aula Orientalis IX (Barcelona, 1993)
AV Diakonoff Societies and Languages of the Ancient NearEast. Studies in Honour of I.M. Diakonoff (Warminster, 1982)
AV Falkenstein Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient. Adam Falkenstein zum 17. September 1966 (Wiesbaden, 1967)
AV Hallo The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo (Bethesda, 1993)
AV Kutscher kinattütu ša däräti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume (Tel Aviv, 1993)
AV Jacobsen II Riehes Hidden in Secret Places. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen (Winona Lake, 2002)
AV Matouš Festschrift Lubor Matouš. Az Eötvös Tudományegyetem Ókori Torténenti tanszékeinek kiadványai25 (Budapest, 1978)
AV Römer dubsar anta-men. Studien zur Altorientalistik. Festschrift für Willem H. Ph. Römer. AOAT 253 (Münster, 1998)
AVSchretter Von Sumer bis Homer. AOAT 325 (2004)
AV Wilcke Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien. Festschrift für Claus Wilcke. Orientalia Biblica et Christiana 14 (Wiesbaden, 2003)
BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen (Berlin)
Borger, AbZ R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. AOAT 33 (1978-)
BSA Bulletin on Sumerian Argriculture (Cambridge, MA)
CDLI (UCLA-CDLI) University of California at Los Angeles - Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
CM Cuneiform Monographs (Groningen)
Civil, Farmer's Instructions M. Civil, The Framer's Instructions (Barcelona, 1994)
Englund, Fischerei Robert K. Englund, Organisation und Verwaltung der Ur III-Fischerei. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 10 (Berlin, 1990)
ePSD The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (on the Internet)
FAOS Freiburger Altorientalische Studien (Wiesbaden)
Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma E. Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 166 (Fribourg/Göttingen, 1999)
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven)
JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies (Cambridge, MA)
JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Leiden)
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago)
Michalowski, Lamentation Michalowski, The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur (Winona Lake, 1989)
MSL Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon (Rome)
NABU Nouvelles Assyriologiques Breves et Utilitaires (Paris)
Oppenheim, Eames A.L. Oppenheim, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Wilberforce Eames Babylonian Collection in the New York Public Library (1948)
63
Or Orientalia (Rome)
OrAnt Oriens Antiquus (Rome)
Priest ands Officials (1996) K. Watanabe (ed.), Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996)
PSD The Sumerian Dictionary of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1984-1998)
RA Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie Orientale (Paris)
RAI Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale
RIA Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Berlin)
Sallaberger, Töpfer W. Sallaberger, Der Babylonische Töpferund seine Gefäße (Ghent, 1996)
SEL Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (Rome)
Selz, UGASL Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagas (Philadelphia, 1995)
Steinkeller, Sale Documents Piotr Steinkeller, Sale Documents of the Ur-III-Period. FAOS 17 (Stuttgart, 1989)
Steinkeller, Third Millennium Texts Piotr Steinkeller & J.N. Postgate, Third-Millennium Legal and Administrative Texts in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. (Winona Lake, 1992)
Tinney, Nippur Lament Steve Tinney, The Nippur Lament (Philadelphia, 1966)
Veldhuis, Education Niek Veldhuis, Elementary Education at Nippur. CM 22 (Groningen, 1997)
Westenholz, ECTJ Aage Westenholz, Early Cuneiform Texts from Jena (Copenhagen, 1975)
YNER Yale Near Eastern Researches (New Haven)
YOS Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts (New Haven)
ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (Berlin/New York)