The Costs of a Peaceful Mind How People Resolve Internal Conflicts C:\Documents and Settings\katarina\Dokumenty\Stažené soubory\logo_black.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Peaceful.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\danger-skull.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\frustration.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\loss.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Impossible figure.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Too much choice.jpg ¨Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959 ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Dissonance pegs.png ¨Group A: ¨ ¨Asked to do a tedious task for more than 1 h ¨Asked to do a „favour“ for the experiementer: ¨Persuade next participant that the task was interesting ¨Paid $ 20 Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203. Group B: ¨Asked to do a tedious task for more than 1 h ¨Asked to do a „favour“ for the experiementer: ¨Persuade next participant that the task was interesting ¨Paid $ 1 ¨Ratings of task after payment: Enjoyable? Again? Control Group $ 20 $ 1 Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Bored.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Bored.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\welll.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\welll.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Semihappy.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Semihappy.png ¨Aronson & Mills, 1959 ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\feeling-good-smiley-emoticon.png ¨Aronson & Mills, 1959 ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\forced smile.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\smiley5102.gif Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 177. ¨Group A: ¨ ¨Ready to join a discussion group ¨Initiation: Reading sex-related text ¨ ¨Asked to rate conversation of the group they joined Group B: ¨Ready to join a discussion group ¨Initiation: Reading embarrassing pornographic text ¨Asked to rate conversation of the group they joined ¨Ratings of recorded (boring) conversation: Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 177. Interesting discussion? Control Group Low embarrassment High embarrassment C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\welll.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\welll.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\naive.jpg ¨Mazis, 1975 ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\fifties-housewife-laundry-oct-1959.jpg ¨Tampa, 1972: ¨ Miami, 1972: ¨Antipollution law: No phosphates! Mazis, M. B. (1975). Antipollution measures and psychological reactance theory: A field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 654. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\detergents_big.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\detergents_big.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\detergents_small.jpg ¨Quality rating of phosphate detergents: Tampa Miami Freshness Stain removal Cleans in cold water Mazis, M. B. (1975). Antipollution measures and psychological reactance theory: A field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 654. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs up.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs up.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs up.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs down.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs down.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thumbs down.jpg Miami Brand Nonswitchers Mazis, M. B. (1975). Antipollution measures and psychological reactance theory: A field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 654. Miami Brand Switchers C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Detergent2.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\toxic_warning.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Detergent1.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\toxic_warning.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Detergent2.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\phosphate.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Detergent2.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\phosphate.jpg ¨Difference in rating of phosphate and no-phosphate detergents: Switchers Nonswitchers Freshness 1.63 .91 Stain removal 1.66 .70 Cleans in cold water 2.36 .83 Mazis, M. B. (1975). Antipollution measures and psychological reactance theory: A field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 654. ¨Experiment 1 and 2: ¨Cognitive dissonance ¨When faced with contradictory beliefs, experiences or behaviours, people tend to reduce the conflict through -Changing one’s thinking and preferences -Changing one’s behaviour -Changing one’s beliefs about the discrepancy between thinking and behaviour ¨ ¨Experiment 3: ¨Psychological reactance ¨When one’s freedom of choice is threatened or eliminated, one tends to restore this freedom by -Choosing the ‘forbidden fruit’ -Craving the ‘forbidden fruit’ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\machete-juggling.jpg ¨Dissonance ¨ ¨NO CHOICE ¨People tend to seek unambiguousness in information processing. When faced with conflict that cannot be avoided, they tend to reduce this conflict. ¨ ¨Reactance ¨ CHOICE People are motivated to protect the freedom and range of choice they have previously experienced. ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Cake heart.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Cakes.jpg ¨or ¨Shin & Ariely, 2004 ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\options.png Shin, J., & Ariely, D. (2004). Keeping doors open: The effect of unavailability on incentives to keep options viable. Management Science, 50(5), 575-586. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\doors-options.jpg ¨Group A: ¨ ¨Objective: earn as much money as possible ¨Limited number of clicks ¨Only clicking inside the room was rewarded ¨Doors disappeared gradually with each click ¨Doors could be restored with a single click Shin, J., & Ariely, D. (2004). Keeping doors open: The effect of unavailability on incentives to keep options viable. Management Science, 50(5), 575-586. Group B: ¨Objective: earn as much money as possible ¨Limited number of clicks ¨Only clicking inside the room was rewarded ¨Doors stayed the same Shin, J., & Ariely, D. (2004). Keeping doors open: The effect of unavailability on incentives to keep options viable. Management Science, 50(5), 575-586. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png Average: 3 ¢ Range: 0-7 ¢ Average: 3 ¢ Range: 1-5 ¢ Average: 3 ¢ Range: -2-10 ¢ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\cursor.png 3¢ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\cursor.png 3¢ + 3¢ + 3¢ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png 0 C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\red-door-hi.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\cursor.png Shin, J., & Ariely, D. (2004). Keeping doors open: The effect of unavailability on incentives to keep options viable. Management Science, 50(5), 575-586. A total of 100 clicks Unchanged doors Disappearing doors No. of room-switching clicks 7.47 16.70 Loss 8 % 14 % Learning Relatively fast Gradual Effect of information on reward distribution: C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Human Nature\Obrazky AMBIGUITY\direction-cartoon-300x238.jpg ¨A. Kruglanski ¨Which would you choose? ¨1. One important goal x One way of achieving the goal ¨2. One important goal x Several different ways of achieving the goal ¨ ¨Equifinality ¨Having several means for achieving a goals increases goal attractiveness and goal commitment BUT reduces commitment to individual paths. ¨ ¨A. Kruglanski ¨Which would you choose? ¨1. An activity that serves one need ¨2. An activity that serves several needs ¨ ¨Multifinality ¨If an activity leads to several goals, the attractiveness of and commitment to the activity increases BUT if one of the goals becomes unavailable or unattractive, the commitment is drastically reduced. ¨ ¨A. Kruglanski ¨Which would you choose? ¨1. An activity that serves one need ¨2. An activity that serves several needs ¨ ¨Multifinality ¨ ¨Loss aversion ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Tea set6.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\broken cup.jpg ¨People are attracted to situations of choice because they represent a possibility of greater reward and more effective coping with future uncertain situations. ¨ ¨However, decision-making is demanding in terms of self-regulation. ¨When the options are similarly attractive, human mind tends either to ¨postpone the choice ¨or choose the default option ¨ ¨However, decision-making is demanding in terms of self-regulation, and when the options are similarly attractive, human mind tends either to postpone the choice or choose the default option. ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Human Nature\Obrazky AMBIGUITY\deafult.jpg The Costs of a Peaceful Mind ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\do-nothing.gif