6  k|KI I Mill OMepK 3K0H0MHKH PoCCHHCKOH <1>0 lepauilll
3KOHOMHKa Pocchh CKnaflbmanacb b npouecce KOJiOHH3auHn b XVII-XIX bb. HOBbix 3eMe^b Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e, b Cmôhph, Ha JJajibHeM Boctokc me HaxoflnjiHCb orpoMHbie npnpoflHbie 6oraTCTBa, KOTopue no ceň aeHb craBHT Pocchk) Ha nepBoe MecTo b MHpe no 3anacaM nane3Hbix wcKonaeMbix. B jko-HOMHKe cTpaHbi Tpa,nnu,noHHO npeoöjiaaajio cejibCKoe xo3hhctbo neBbicoKo-ro ypoBHa pa3BHTHfi, ocHOBaHHoe Ha Tpyae oTnac™ BOJibHoro KpecTbancTBa, ho b oojibiiiHHCTBe CBoeM Ha Tpyiie KpenocTHbix. no cpaBHeHHio c ApyrMMM CTpaiiaMH Eßponbi b Pocchh (peojiajiM3M cymecTBOBan aojibiue, BruioTb ao koh-ua XIX b. - KpenocTHoe npaßo 6bi.no OTMeHeHO yKa30M uapa AjiexcaHjipa II jiHiub b 1861 r. riocjie 3Toro b skohomhkc crpaHbi crann noaajiHTbCfl 3.neMeHTbi
pblHOMHOH (KanMTaJIMCTMMeCKOří) 3K0H0MMKH. POCJIO MHCJIO MaCTHbIX 63HK0B
n npejinpHJiTMŕí, b tom Mwcne KpynHbix aKUHOHepHbix, npoBo^njiHCb pecpop-Mbi b npoMbiiiuieHHocra, Ha TpaHcnopTe, b cejibCKOM xo3fiŕícTBe, ToproBjíe. B pe3yjibTaTe 6bui jiocTnrHyT 3HaMHTejibHMií nojľbeM b skohommkc - Hauno-HanbHbiíi Aoxofl 3a 1900-1912 rr. Bbipoc Ha 40 %, cejibCKoe xo3hííctbo Ha 34 %, npoMbiuineHHOCTb Ha 62 %. rjeHOKHaa pecpopMa C. K). Bhttc ouejiana pyöjib ojiHOH h3 caMbix ycTOHMHBbix BajiioT EßponbT. B Haiia^e XX Bexa Pocchh ciuna crpaHoŕi co cpeflHMM ypoBHeM pa3BHTHsi KanHTajiH3Ma, KpynHeŕiuiHM mmpobhm SKcnoprepoM pajia npoaoBOJibCTBeHHbix npoayKTOB, rocyjjapcTBOM c orpoMHbiM
>KH3HeHHblM npOCTpaHCTBOM, pecypCHbIM H MejIOBeMeCKMM nOTeHUHajlOM.
ripHxofl k Bjiacra b cTpaHe ôojibweBHKOB npepBaji nocTynaTejibHoe abm->KeHne Pocchh no nyra yicpeaneHna pbiHOMHoŕt skohomhkh. B 1917-1930 rr. b CTpaHe cjio>KHJiacb njiaHOBO-KOMaHjiHan rocy^apcTBeHHaa 3kohomhk3. Ee 3KOHOMHiiecKoří ocHOBOH 6buia eflHHaji oömecTBeHHaa (b (popvie rocy^ap-
CTBeHHOÍÍ) CpOpMa COÔCTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeflCTBa npOH3BO^CTBa, a TJiaBHblM m ejJMHCTBeHHblM MexaHM3MOM OpraHH3aUHH h ynpaBJíeHHH 3k0h0mmk0m
CTano ueHTpajiH3OBaHH0e jinpeKTHBHoe (t. e. oôíBaTejibHoe jma HcnojiHeHHíi npeflnpHHTHíiMH) njiaHHpoBaHHe.
Bceoömee orocyjiapcTBJieHHe h TOTajiHTapH3M b skohomhkc nojíHTHKe, Hjieo^oran npMBejiH KjrpaTe HaBbiKOB npcunpHHHMaTejibCTBa, JíHKBmiauwH
X035IHCTBeHHbIX CTHMyjIOB, HCK3>KeHHK) TpyÄOBOH MOTHB3HMH y JHOJieH h TOC-
no^CTBy counafibHoro HacnMBeHMecTBa. BbiJia TOJibKO ojina B03MO>KHOCTb Bbi-xo,oa h3 TaKoro nojio*:eHM$i - BOCC03^aHMe pbiHOMHoií skohomhkh.
59
K HaMajiy nepecTpoříKH Cobctckmh C0103 nofloiue/i b yHHKajibHOM Kaiie-CTBe CBepxnepwaBbi c a,0MHHHCTpaTHBHo-kOMaHjiHOM CMCTeMoíí ynpaBjíeHMíi jkohomhkoh. M. C. ropoaneB, HCTaiJiiiMU b 1985 roAy bo maße KJICC, npo-
B03maCHJl OTXOfl ot CJ1TOKMBUJHXCH 3KOHOMHMeCKHX jk>rM h HaMCTHJ] pecpop-
Mbi, KOTopue noHanany rmaHMpoBajiocb npoBecTM b pycne Tpa,n,HUHOHHOH cobětckoh n,neojiornH. Pa3BMTne coßbiTMH, oflHaKO, noujjio ropa3flo 6ojiee pajíHKanbHbiM nyTeM, ieM njiaHHpoB&iH aBTOpbi nepecrpoňKH.
B 1985-1990 rr. npHHHMaioTCfl HOBbie 3aKOHbi o rocy.oapcTBeHHbix npeji-npHaraax, 06 apeHfle, o KoonepauHH, o nacTHofl coôctbchhocth h t. a- Ha stoh npaBOBoŕi ocHOBe b Pocchh Hawann co3,uaBaTbCH cpnpMbi, ocHOBaHHbie Ha MacTHoíí coôctbchhocth: KoonepaTMBbi, HHflHBMflyanbHbie nacTHbie npea-npMHTMH. OflHaKo 3aKOHOAaTejibHa5i 6a3a n npaBOBbie HopMbi, peryjiMpyíomne iieaTe^bHOCTb b stoh ccpepe, OKa3anncb HejiocTaToiiHbiMH, HOBbie 3aKOHbi h nocTaHoaneHHH ABoŕícTBeHHbiMH, HeBpa3yMHTejibHbiMH h bo mhotom npora-BopenamMMH .apyr apyry. HjxeojiorHMecKHe ycTaHOBKH rocyaapcTBa h Mac-
COBOe C03H3HHe B 3TOT nepHOA npaKTMMeCKH He MeHHHDTCa: CHHTaeTCfl, MTO OÔUieCTBO «CTpOHT COUHajlH3M», ho «C liejlOBelieCKHM j1hu.OM».
HeBHHTHocTb 3KOHOMHiiecKoŕí nojiMTMKH o6ocTpnjia KpH3HCHbie npouec-cbi: rocy^apcTBO y>Ke He Morjio nojuepwcHBaTb npaKTHKy counajincraMecKO-ro pacnpejiejieHMfl, a MacTHbiH ceKTop ôbui He totob 3anycTHTb pbiHOMHbie
MeXaHH3MbI.
HepeujHTe^bHOCTb, HenoaneÄOBaTejibHocTb pecpopMaTopoB h conpoTHB-
JieHHe peCpOpMaM CO CTOpOHbl KOHCepBaTHBHblX CHJl BBepníH SKOHOMHKy
CTpaHbi b Te rxxnbi b coctoahhc r/iyôoKoro Kpn3nca. 3to Bbipa3n^ocb b pe3-
KOM COKpameHMM npOH3BOflCTBa BCeX BHflOB npOflyKUHH, OÖmeM JJ,e(J)MUMTe
TOBapoB, npaKTM'iecKOM pa3pyujeHHH noTpeÔHTejibCKoro pbíHKa (BHOBb no-HBHJiocb HopMwpoBaHHoe pacnpejiejieHne npo/iyicroB no KapTOHKaM), hh-cpjihuhh no 300 % b ron, orpoMHOM (flo 30 % BBľl) jjeípHUHTe rocÔKWKeTa, 6aHKpoTCTBe BHeiiJ3K0H0M6aHKa, OTcyTCTBHH fleHer Ha 3aKynKy npoflOBOJib-ctbhh 3a py6e>kom.
B oômecTBe nocTeneHHO cioiaabiBajiocb co3HaHwe toto, mto co3ü,aHne pbiHOMHOH skohomhkh - sto anowHeHiuHH npouecc, KOTopbiíí TpeôyeT pa3-BMToro MHCTHTyTa HacTHOíí coôctbch hocth, ôojibworo KOjiwMecTBa npeflnpH-
HTHH pa3HbIX (pOpM COÔCTBCHHOCTH, peanbHOÍÍ KOHKypeHUMH MOKfly HHMM, X03flÍÍCTBeHHOH CBOÔOAbl, pa3BHTHfl pblHOMHOH HHCppaCTpyKTypbl.
TaKaa MopanbHaa roTOBHocTb oömecTBa no3BOjimia nepBOMy pecpopMaTop-cKOMy iipaBMTenbCTBy Pocchm non pyKOBO^CTBOM Eropa Taŕijiapa (1991-1992)
60
ocymecTBHTb uejibiii p$ui .aeíicTBHH, o6ecneiiHBiuHX nmxeime k pbíHKy: jinôe-
pajTH3aUHH UeH h CBOĎOflHOe pblHOMHOe UeH006pa30BaHHe, JlHKBHiiaUHfl CH-
CTeMbi ueHTpajiH30BaHHoro pacnpejie^eHHa pecypcoB h BBejieHHe pbiHOMHbix npHHunnoB, npeKpameHHe 6e3B03Me3ÄHoro 6K)4>KeTHoro (pHHaHcnpoBaHHfl, jieBanbBauHfl pyójia h oöecneMeHHe ero BHyTpeHHeíí KOHBepTHpyeMOCTH, Ha-nano peanbHoro pa3rocyaapcTB^eHHíi skohomhkh.
C O^HOH CTOpOHbl, 3TH Mepbl npHBCJlH k CHHXCeHHK) HHCpJIHUHH, HOpM3-
jiH3auHH noTpeÔHTe^bCKoro pwHKa, cpopMHpoBaHHK) npeanocbiJioK nnn /lajibHeniijero jiBH>KeHHfl Bnepe^. C apyrofi cTopoHbi, pe(popMbi, HaMaBiuncb 1 jiHBapa 1992 r. c jiH6epa^H3auHH ueH, Ha3BaHHOíí «ujokoboh TepanHeii», y>Ke k KOHuy 1992 r. BbBBajiH poct ueH b 100-150 pa3, a côepoKenHfl Hace-jieHHJi b côepKaccax OKa3ajiHCb npaKTHHecKH yHHMTO>KeHHbiMH.
FoTOBHOCTb o6mecTBa k nepcMeHaM OKa3anacb He CTOJib npo'iHoŕi h pe3Koe
CHH)KeHHe >KH3HeHHOrO ypOBHfl npHBejIH K KpHTHMeCKOMy pocTy COUHaibHOrO
HeflOBOJibCTBa jHOÄeíi. Pe(popMaTopbi Bbmy>KfleHbi 6biJiH noKHHyTb npaBH-
TejIbCTBO.
1993-1998 rr. - sto nepnoji Ba^OTeKymero pecpopMHpoBaHHa skohomh-
kh. OflHOÍÍ H3 TJiaBHblX npHMHH 3TOTO HBJÍHeTCJI nOJlHTHMeCKHÍÍ (paKTOp -
>KecTKafl ôopbôa nojíHTHHecKHx napTHŕí, 6opb6a Mexay 3aKOHOAaTejibHOH
H HCnOJIHHTeJlbHOH BeTBHMH BJ13CTH, ĎeCnOMOlUHOCTb UeHTpa, OTCyTCTBHe CTaÖHJlbHblX OTHOUieHHÍÍ MOKfly UeHTpOM h perHOH3MH.
Bce sto npHBejio k oTcyTCTBMK) eflHHOíi KOHuenuHH pbiHOMHbix npe-
o6pa30B3HHH. <t>OpMHpOBaHHe HOBOľO pOCCHHCKOTO KanHTajlH3M3 npOHC-
xouHJio HeynpaB^sieMO. riepnoa nepBOHaiiajibnoro HaKoaneuHn KanHTajia, npoujefliiJHH b HeBepofiTHo oxaTbie cpoKH, xapaKTepH30Bajica pnflOM oco-6eHHocTeŕí:
- npHBaTH3auna rocyaapcTBeHHoŕí coôctbchhocth, npoBcaeHHaa 6e3 Heo5-XOAHMOH nOÄrOTOBKH H pa3T>HCHHTejlbHOH paôoTbi (nepBbiH 3Tan npHBa-TH33UHH npoBOflmica na ochobc npHBaTH3auHOHHbix neKOB - «BaynepoB», BbwaHHbix BceM rpa>KMHaM öecruiaTHo), npwBejTa k cTpeMHTejibHOH koh-ueHTpauHH coôcTBeHHOCTH b pyKax y3Koíí npoc^oiÍKH npeflnpHHHMaTe-jieŕi. B to >Ke BpeMa no^aannroiuee öojibuJHHCTBO HacejieHHH, He HMeBiuee HH Maienuiero onbiTa, HHTynuHH h noaroTOBKH, «npoejio» cboh npHBaTH-3auHOHHbie BayMepw b nepBbie Mecaubi nocjie mx nojiyMeHHfl. Pacc^oeHne oömecTBa, HeH3Ôe>KHoe b /ik>6oh phhomhoh cncTevie, npnHHJio ypojyiH-Bbie (popMbi. Pa3pbiB Me>Kjiy 6e^HbiMH h öoraTbiMM öojibiue HanoMHHaji
61
jiaTHHoaMepHKcaHCKHe «63H3HOBbie pecny6jinKw», MeM eBponewcKne AeMO-
KpaTMH. B TO >Ke BpeMfl CpeüHHM cj10m, OCHOBa COBpeMeHHOrO pblHOMHOrO
oömecTBa, He ocpopMHJicn b cepbe3Hyio 3K0H0MHMecKyio n nojiHTOMecKyio CMJiy;
- npouecc cpopMHpoBaHWii loiacca CBepxôoraTbix coôctbchhhkob mmcu ot-MeTJiHByro KpMMMHajibHyro cocTaBjiaromyio. ilpocTHaa 6opb6a 3a pa3aeji n nepcueji co6ctbchhocth B&nacb c Mcnojib30BaHneM Bcex cpejiCTB, bkjiio-Man BOMHbi Ö3HJIHTCKMX loiaHOB. CpameHHe KpynHoro ôioHeca m npecryn-Horo MMpa Hocmio Bbi3biBaiomHH, OTKpoBeHHbiH xapaicrep. Xora aicrnBHafl, «orHecTpenbHaa» cpa3a 6aHflHTCKHx boííh 3aKOHHnnacb b ochobhom k 1998 ro^y, KpnMHHajiM3auHíi poccHMCKoro 6H3Heca b 90-e roflbi Haflo>KHjia ot-MeTJiHBbiH oTneMa-roK Ha Bee ccpepu >km3hm oömecTBa n b 6ojiee no3flHwe roflbi;
- xapaKTepHaa MepTa Toro BpeMeHM - «cpHHaHCOBbie nnpaMn;n>i», CTaBiiine eme ouhhm cnocoöoM nepepacnpcnejieHHfl cpe^CTB. Mflea öbicrporo 060-rameHHfl, BHTaBiuaa b B03flyxe n noaaep>KHBaeMan nceBflopbiHOMHoŕí
PMTOPHKOÍÍ BJiaCTM, He CBJ13bIBa^aCb b MaCCOBOM c03h3hhh c npcucTaB-
jieHweM 06 ynopHOM Tpyjie, jmcunnjiHHe n otbctctbchhocth. Topa3-ao npHBjieKaTe^bHee Ka3ajiacb Mbicjib o BbiroflHOM bjiokchmh cpcoxtb b npcanpHHTHH, cyjiMBUJMe orpoMHbie .HHBuaeuabi, coBepujeHHO Hepe-a^bHbie b ycjioBHHx HopMajibHoro pbiHKa. 3,necb onaTb ace npoHBKjiacb aöcojnoTHaa HenoaroTOBJieHHOCTb HaccneHMH k pbiHOMHbiM pe<popMaM, OTcyrcTBHe 3JieMeHTapHbix npcucraMeHMÍí h HaBbiKOB. Pa3yMeeTca, 3th «nupaMHAbi» paccbina^MCb oflHa 3a iipyron, mto npHBOjimio k o6HHmannio OflypaMeHHbix BKnaAMHKOB n Aa^bHeŕíiueií KOHueHTpaunn KannTajia;
- ccpopMHpoBajiacb CBoeo6pa3Haa 3aKOHOflaTejibHaa 6a3a n npaKTMKa, no-CTpoeHHaa Ha h3bccthom npMHuwne: «iipe3BbiiiaííHa5i CTporocTb 3aKOHOB KOMneHCHpyeTca noBceMecmbiM nx HencnojiHeHHeM». PoccHňcKwe Hajio-roBbie h 6yxrajiTepcKMe TpeöoBaHHJi HacTOJibKO CBwpenbi, mto sto flejiaeT
npaKTHMeCKM HeB03MO>KHOÍÍ npO^yKTMBHyiO X03flHCTBeHHyK3 fleflTCHb-
HOCTb. Pa3yMeeTCH, b noBceAHeBHoň npaKTMKe stm Tpe6oBaHHn n npaBmia nocTOHHHO n noBceMecTHO HapyiuaioTca. 3to h3bcctho aôcojnoTHO BceM KOHTpojinpyiomnM m penpeccHBHbiM CTpyKTypaM, MTO OTKpblBaeT 6e3-rpaHMMHbie bo3mo>khocth aim Koppynunn Ha Bcex ypoBHSx. CymecTByeT ycToŕíMHBoe npcucTaBjieHwe, mto 3aKOHbi cneuna^bHO ^ejiaraT HeBbino.1-
HMMblMM, MTOÖbl MMHOBHMKH MOľJlM «COÖHpaTb .OaHb» C nOABeflOMCTBCH-
Hbix hm npeAnpHHMMaTe^eM n «AepwaTb nx Ha KpioMKe». 3to >xe aaeT
B03MO>KHOCTb b jhoôoíí MOMeHT npHMeHMTb «Bbi6opoMHoe» npaBOcyawe m ycTpoHTb «noKa3aTejibHbiíí» npouecc Ha^ jiroôbiM 6n3HecMeHOM, npo-aBJinromMM neycTynMHBOCTb.
HecMOTpa Ha oMeBMflHbie H3flep>KKH n nepeKOCbi, xapaicrepHbie Ana nepBO-ro flecaTH^eTHH KanHTajiHCTHMecKoíí Pocchh, b >kh3hh cTpaHbi npoM3oujJin orpoMHbie no3HTHBHbie cabh™, pa^HKajibHO H3MeHHBiiiHe ee o6jihk:
- npouecc cpopMHpoBaHHJi pwHOMHori HHcppacTpyKTypbi npHHfl^ Heo6pa-TMMbiM xapaKTep. Bnp»cH, ayKUHOHbi, ToproBbie flOMa, nocpejiHHMecKMe n 6poKepcKne cpHpMbi, 6aHKOBCKaa CMCTevia, cTpaxoBbie m neHCHOHHbie
CpOHflbl - BCe 3TH KOHCTpyKUHH CTaJlH paĎOTaTb no 33KOHaM pblHOMHOŕí 3KOHOMHKM;
- npHBaTM3auHH, HMeiomaii 6e3yc^OBHoe no3HTHBHoe 3HaMeHHe, flocTHraa peujaiomeii aojih b 30-40 % ot o6mero MMCJia Kpyniibix n cpejj.Hnx npo-MbiiiĽieHHbix npeflnpMHTHii. K KOHuy nepnoaa 60/iee nojioBHHbi BBn npo-n3BOjjH^ocb Ha HerocyjiapcTBeHHbix npeflnpnaTHfix n^n npeanpHJiTHJix co
CMeiUaHHOM COÔCTBeHHOCTblO;
- 6biJia ycTpaHeHa npoÔJieMa Bceoômero Ae(pnuHTa, KOTopaa b TeMeHne flecnTH^eTHíí 6bwa oTJiHMMTejibHofí MepToň «coßeTCKoro o6pa3a >kh3hm». YcTaHOBJieH 6ajiaHC Mexny cnpocoM h npefljio>KeHHeM Ha pbiHKe TOBapoB h yc^yr, jieHbraM B03BpameHa npHcymaa um po^b ochobhoto pery^arapa 3K0H0MHMecKnx npoueccoB.
<í>HHaHCOBbIÍÍ KPM3MC 1998 TOfla (T3K Ha3. .HeCpOJIT) HBHJ1C51 CnOHT3HHbIM
pa3peiuenneM HeKOTopux Ha3peBaBiuMX KpM3HCHbix npoueccoB b skohomhkc n b o6mecTBe. Oh npHBeji k 6aHKpoTCTBy pn^a KpynHbix 63hkobckhx CTpyK-Typ, pa3opeHMK) öojibujoro MHCJia cpejiHHx m mcjtkhx npeflnpHHHMaTe^eii, orpoMHbiM noTepaM 63hkobckmx bkjisamhkob.
nepHOfl c 1999 r. no HSCToamee BpeMn mojkho oxapaKTepM30BaTb, k3k
BOCCTaHOBHTeJlbHblH nepHOfl b P33BMTHH pOCCMÍÍCKOH 3KOHOMHKH, (pOpMM-
poB3Hne «ojiwrapxHMecKoro» K3nnT3JiH3M3. 3tot nepnoji oöwmho cBn3biB3ioT c HMeHeM B. B. riyTHH3, KOTopbiM b 1999 rouy ct3ji npeMbep-MMHMCTpoM, a b 2000 - npe3HflenTOM.
ripOÄO^>KaK)TC51 npOUeCCbl KOHUeHTpaUMH COÖCTBeHHOCTH h C03fl3HMfl
iW3HTCKHX MOHonojiHH, npoK^e Bcero cbipbeBbix, 3HepreTHMecKHX m tpshc-
HOpTHblX (T3K Ha3blB3eMbie «eCTeCTBeHHbie MOHOnOJlHH»). Mpe3BblM3HHO
McaneHHO n cjio>kho nponcxowT yKpen^eHne cpe^Hero ioi3cc3. ^OBepwe
62
63
k ĎamcoBCKOMy ceicropy, noflopBaHHoe bo BpeMH netyoma, noica He BoccTaHO-b^eHO, Hace^eHHe npe^noMMTaeT xpaHHTb c6epe>KeHkie b HanuMHbix fleHb-rax.
HanĎojiee ycneuiHO pa3BHBaeTca OTeMecTBeHHaa nHmeBaa npoMbiímieH-HocTb, npaKTHMecKM BbiTecHHBiuan npoflOBOJibCTBeHHbifí HMnopT. Ha^a->KMBaeTCH npow3BOflCTBO Ha TeppHTopnn Pocchh npo,iryKUHH KpynHeřiLmix
HHOCTpaHHbIX aBTOKOHUepHOB, HTO npHHH.Mnna^bHO MeHHeT CMTyaUHKJ B aB-
TOMOĎMJibHoíí npoMbiuuieHHocTH, co3flaeT KOHKypeHTHyK) cpefly.
B HejlOM B SKOHOMHKe OTMĚMeHíbl n03HTHBHbie CUBHrM. IlpaBJ],a, B 3H3MH-
TejibHoň Mepe sto o6ycnoBjieHO HeBH/iaHHo 6jiaronpHHTHoíí KOHi>K)HKTypoií MHpoBbix ueH Ha HecpTb. CBepxn^aHOBbie .uoxojxbi ot npo,na>kh He<pTM no3BO-
JIHK)t CMaflHTb KpM3MCHbie npOJIBJíeHHH, paCCHMTaTbCH C BHeUUHHMH .nonraMH, C03JiaTb CTa6miM3aUHOHHbIM CpOHfl M CHH3MTb COHManbHyK) HanpíDKeHHOCTb
b o6mecTBe.
B HacToamee BpeMH b Poccmh MMeiOTCfl Bce yc/ioBHH, BKJHOiaa hckjhomh-TejibHyio BHeujne-JKOHOMMMecKyio CHTyauMio, juíh noc^e^OBaTejibHoro yxpen-
JlCHHíl h pa3BMTHH 3kohomhkh Ha OCHOBe pblHOMHblX npMHUHnOB.
k HeraTMBHbíM nocne,iiCTBii$iM pocchmckhx pecpopM mo>kho othccth cne-jxyromee:
- cpopMHpoBaHHe b CTpaHe He «HapoflHoro KanHTajiH3Ma», o kotopom Men-
TajlO, BepOflTHO, ĎOJlbLUHHCTBO JHORCiÁ, a «HOMeHIOiaTypHO-6K)pOKpaTM-
MecKoro KanHTajiH3Ma». 3to 03HaMaeT, mto 3HaMHTe^bHaa aonn MacTHoň coĎCTBeHnocTH OKajajiacb b xojie npHBaTH3aunn b pyKax oiieHb orpaHH-MeHHoro Kpyra jno,oeíí;
- oweHb BbicoKaa «couna^bHan ueHa» pecpopM (o6eflHeHne 3HaiiMTCjibHOH MacTM Hace^eHMfl) m pe3Kan nojiHpM3auMH rpyiin oOmecTBa no^oxoflaM.
3tm flBa o6cTOíiTe^bCTBa 3aTpy,uH5noT ^ocTwxeHHe o6mecTBeHHoro, co-HMajibHoro coraacHH, Bbipa6oTKy eflHHoro noHHMaHMfl nyTeň AaJibHeHuieři
TpaHC(pOpMaUHM pOCCHMCKOÍi 3KOHOMMKH.
7   l| I pil. 10/hlilII51
7.1 OTKy^a nouiJio cjiobo «Pycb>»?
Ka>k,aoro, Koro HHTepecyeT Pocena, HHTepecyeT m nponcxo>KfleHHe cjiob Poccuh, Pycb, pyceme. 3th Ha3BamHíi jiaBHO Bbi3biBaK)t HayMHbie cnopbi. Cjiobo Pycb BCTpeMaeTca yace b 911 h 944 rr. b CTapoň pyccKoň xpoHMKe «noBecTb upeMeHHbix jieT». Oahh ynčHbie cMMTaioT ero Ha3BaHneM cKaHflHHaBCKoro (HopMaHCKoro) njieMeHH - cp. cjpuHCKoe Ruotsi, acTOHCKoe Rools «IHBeuHH», (pHHCKoe Ruolslane w HeMem<coe Reussen «ujBe,nbi» h CBH3biBaioT ero c jpeBHe-HCJiaHflCKHM Rópsmenn ujím Rópskarlar «rpe6ubi, Mopexoflbi». 3to o6T>HCHe-ime onMpaeTca w Ha HCTopMMecKHíí cpaicr npH3BaHna hopm3hckhx KHH3eři b jipeBHHÍi KneB. (1)
BTopoe, nosTHMecKoe (cKopiee Bcero - HapojiHooraMOJioraMecKoe) o6i>-MCHeHwe, cBa3biBaeT Pycb h pyccKux c apeBHepyccKHM npmiaraTejibHbíM pycbiů - «6ejiOBOJiocbiií, 6jiohahh». B 3tom c^ynae nepBOHanajibHO Pycb - «3e\inji i uieMeHH CBeTOOBOJiocbix jnoj,eří».
TpeTba, MH(pojiorHHecKaa BepcHH, CBa3biBaeT Pycb co cpe^HeBeKOBoň jie-rciifloií (nepecKa3aHH0H no/ibCKHM hctophkom JJjiyroujeM b ero 1-ií KHHre «HcTopna rio^biiin») o Tpex 6paTbax Jlexe, Hexe h Pyce, CTaBiiJHX npapoan-re^JiMH no^nKOB, MexoB h pyccKHx. Mex ocHOBaji Kopo^eBCTBO b BoreMMH, Jlex - b nojibiue, a Pyc eran ocHOBaTejieM «Heo6biiiaMHO oĎiuupHoro pyccKO-ro rocyjiapcTBa c nnaBHbíM h CTojiHMHbíM ropoaoM Kmcbom» (2).
OflHaKO Han6ojiee npaBflonojioĎHoií npeflCTaB^neTCH pacujncppoBKa c^oBa Pycb Ha OCHOBe Ha3BaHnří peK h BOflHbix hctomhmkob, o6pa30BaHHbix ot Kop-iiji *rus- «Teiib, jiHTbC5i» (cp. ^htobck. ruséti «Tenb», rusnóti «Me^neHHO Te>ib», pyc. pýaio, pyccuiKa h t. n.): Pý'ca, Hepýca - peKH b KypcKOií oGjiacTH, Pocb, Pocca, Pycb - peica Ha YRpanHe, npwTOK J^Henpa, Rusnis - Ha3BaHne npaBO-ro npHTOKa HeMaHa h t.jx. (3). noc^eflHíin ranoTe3a aaeT B03MO>KHOCTb He •rojibKO CBa3aTb Pycb m Poccuh cpoHeTHHecKH, ho h tomho paciuMippoBaTb mx nepBOHaMa^bHoe 3HaiieHne - «3eMJin onaBHHCKoro nneMeHM, >KHBymero Ha Ocpery peKH Pycb (Pocb)». Cp. noAadmie nneMH, >KHBymee Ha no6epe>Kbe peKM Jlaóbi (3^b6bi) h flomóbe, MopaeaHe oieMfl, XHBymee Ha no6epe>Kbe peKH Mopaebi m MopaeuH, noMopnne «>KHTe^n MopcKoeo noáepe.ncbfi (Ba^THÍícKoro Mopn)» h ÍJoMopbe.
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