1 Pocchh Ha KapTe MHpa
Pocena - orpoMHaa cTpaHa c yaMBHTejibHO pa3Hoo6pa3HOíí npnpoaoíí. ( ypoBaa Kpaccrra apKTHnecKHx octpobob h no6epe>khh CMemieTca >KHBonnc-in.iMH neíí3a>KaMM jiecHoň 30Hbi, no 6ecKpaňHHM paBHHHaM tckjt BejiMMaBbie
PCKH, BepLUHHbl BblCOKMX TOp nOKpbITbl JiejJHHKaMH.
Ha ee npocTopax mojkho yBM^eTb h cjie,abi apeBHnx ojiejieHeHHÍí, h rpo3-nyK) CHJiy ByjiKaHMMecKHx H3Bep>KeHHH, h rjiy6oiiaHi±iee 03epo MMpa BaříKan, ii caMoe m&nKoe H3 Mopeň MHpa A30BCKoe, h caiwyio 6o;ibujyio no njioma^M ■iony JiecoB, h caMbie ruio,nopojiHbie iiepH03eMHbie noHBbi.
no cbohm pa3MepaM Pocena - KpynHeříujee rocyaapcTBO MHpa. Ee ano-majib - 17,1 mjih. km2*, mto JiHUJb HeHaMHoro MeHbiue TeppwTopHH o^Horo in MaTepHKOB 3eMJin - K)>khoíí AMepHKM (17,8 mjih. km2). Pocena pacnona-raercfl b ^Byx MacTax cBeTa - EBpone n A3hh, 3aHHMaa 3HaiiHTejibHyio MacTb c aMoro 6ojibtuoro MaTepnKa 3eMJin - EBpa3Mn.
KpanHaa ceBepHaa TOMKa Pocenu - mmc Mcjiiockhh (77°43' ceBepHon niHpoTbi) Ha nanyocTpoBe TafÍMbip, coBna^aeT c KpanHen ceBepHoíí tomkoíí ucero MaTepHKa EBpa3na (ocrpoBHaa ceBepHaa tomk3 Pocchh pacnojro»:eHa cme 6jiM>Ke k nojnocy - b apxHnejiare 3eM;in <t>paHua-HocH(pa Ha ocTpoBe ty/iojiMpa - 81°49' cm.). KpanHaa io>KHaa TOMKa HaxcanTca Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e b pecny6jiHKe JlarecTaH Ha rpaHnue Pocchh c A3ep6an,n>KaHOM (41°irc. uj.).
ripoTfl>KeHHOCTb CTpaHbi c ceBepa Ha tor okojio 4 Tbican kh/iomctpob.
KpanHaa 3anaflHaa tomk3 jiokht Ha 6epery T.naHbCKoro 3a^HBa Ba^THíí-cKoro Mopa 6jih3 Ku. iiiiiiiiii pa ;ia (19° 38' 3ana/iHOH flOJiroTbi). KpanHnx boc-tomhhx TOMeK, KaK n ceBepHbix, ^Be: ocTpoBHaa - Ha ocTpoBe PaTMaHOBa ii BepMHroBOM npannBe (170° 3.fl.) h MaTepnKOBaa - Ha Mbice /Ic/Kiicita Ha MyKOTCKOM nojiyocrpoBe (169°40' 3. a.), KOTopaa T3K>Ke coBnajjaeT c KpanHeíí ItOCTOMHOH tomkoíí Bcero MaTepHKa EBpa3HH.
FIpoTJDKeHHOCTb CTpaHbi c 33naaa Ha boctok - oko^o 9 Tbican khjtomctpob.
Ha TeppHTopHH Pocchh pacnonarsioTca 11 MacoBbix noacoB. MocKBa Ha-
XOJ1HTCH bo BTOpOM M3COBOM nOaCe, a HyKOTCKHÍÍ nojiyocTpoB - b flBeHafl-
HaTOM. OjjHaKO jma yao6cTBa 11 h 12 MacoBbie noaca 6bijw oĎteflHHeHbi
*  Ha 3T0ÍÍ TeppMTOpHM inorjio 6bi pa3MCCTHTbC5i Sonee 200 TaKHX rocyiiapcTB. KaK coBpeineH-Hasi MeiucKaa PecnyfwiMKa.
7
B OAHH. ri03TOMy HoBbIÍÍ FOa Ha TeppMTOpMM PoCCHH mo>kho BCTpeTOTb He 11,
a To;ibKo 10 pa3.
B 1930 r. npaBHTejibCTBeHHbíM yKa30M (^eKpeTOM) noacHoe BpeMfl b crpa-iie 6buio nepeBe^eHO Ha onnH Mac Bnepea c ue/ibio 6cuiee nojinoro ncnojib3o-Banna flHeBHoro CBeTa n 3kohomhh 3JieKTpo3HeprMM. 3to TaK Ha3biBae\ioe icKpt' i noc BpeMH coxpaHfleTca no chx nop, nosTOMy pa3Hnn,a bo BpeMeHH mok^y Mockboh n riparoň He o^mh, a ^Ba naca.
1.1   I paiimu.i Pocchhckoíí <Pe,u-pannu
npOTH>KeHHOCTb rpaHnu, POCCHM - CBblUJe 60 000 KM (H3 hhx okoho
20 000 km - cyxonyTHbie), mto cocTaB^aeT nojiTopbi oKpy>KHocTM 3eMHoro mapa no jKBaTopy. 3ana,nnafl n io>Kna>i rpanHUbi Pocenu npenMymecTBeHHO cyxonyTHbie, a cencpna>i h BOCTOHHas - mopckhc
i la cciicpo-iaiiajic no no6epe>Kbio Ijapciineiia Mop» Pocena rpaHHMHT c I Inpiui ucii. tarcM Hiuion..jH><l>niicKoro jajiima BajiTHiicKoro Mopa - c <$>wa.-iiin nicii
.Hance no iiaiipiiiuiciiino na ioi npoxojinr ipaunna c 3cT0HMeů,. laiBiicii l.c lopmucn n Vkpuuiiou ^ajieKo na 'iunajic paeiiojiO)KeH aiik.iai! (oTjiejibHafl •liirn.) Pocenu Kajiiiiuiiii pajicKan ofwiacTb, Koxopa>i b pe3yjibTaTe o6pa30Ba-iiiih nelaunciiMi.ix iipndaiiiiiíickiix iocyjiapcTii - 3eTonnn, JlaTBnn n JlnTBbi nka lanaci. omcjicimon or ocTajii.iion Teppnropnn Poccnn. 3Ta o6;iacTb um. , i i imiiiiiii.i c Ilo ii.iiuii ii Jlmiioii.
I paiiiina Pocenu na loro-ianajic npoxo^HT no AioncKOMy n MepHOMy mo-Phm. ii no xpefmiM kaiika íckhx rop - c I pynicii n A3epf)aii;uKaiiOM. ^anee no iiaiipaiuienino na iioctok - no KacnnncKOMy Mopio k floibTe Bojím n orpoM-iiOH jryioii ornoacr kataxeian, kinaií, Moiiiojihk), CHOBa Ku i nit n ( citepiivio kopem, m.ixojiM na noĎepewbe flnoncKoro Mopa.
BocroMHaji rpannua n^eT no ĎeperaM Mopeíí Tnxoro oKeaHa, me cocea-hhmh CTpaHaMH OKa3biBaioTCfl Hmoiimsi n C1I1A. B BepnHroBOM npojiHBe, OT^ejunomeM EBpa3nio ot CeBepHoň AMepnKH, rpaHnua MOKTiy Poccnen h CLLIA npoxoflHT no y3KOMy npo;wBy (5 km) MOKjry poccnňcKHM octpobom PaTMaHOBa n npnHa,07ie>Kam.HM CLLIA octpobom Kpy3eHuiTepHa.
C ceBepa Ďepera Poccnn OMbiBaioT Mopa CeBepHoro JIcaoBHToro OKeana. 3aecb rpaHnubi PoccnncKoro ceKTopa Apkthkh npoxo^HT no Mepn/inanaM
ocrpoBa PaTMaHOBa (Ha boctokc) n ceBepHon tomkh poccnncKO-HopBewcKOň
i pannubi (Ha 3anajie) BnjioTb flo CeBepHoro nojnoca.
11.2 PerHOHM Pocchh no pa3JTHMnsiM b pcjibecpe n KJWMaTe Ha TeppnTopnn Poccnn BbiAejifliOTCH cjie^yiomne pernoHbi:
B EBponencKoň Macm: PyccKHH CeBep (Bo^oro^CKan, MypMaHCKaa, ApxaHre^bCKaa o6.nacTn, a TaK>Ke Kapenna n PecnyfuiHKa Komh); CeBcpo-JanaaíJleHnurpaflCKaa, HoBropoacKaa, ncKOBCKaa n oTflejibHO HaxoflflwaflCfl KajinHnHrpaacKaa o6ji.); U,eHTp (MocKOBCKaa, B^aanMnpcKaa, KocrpoMCKaa, Pfl3aHCKaa n ap. o6ji.); noBOJiwbe (TeppnTopnn, npnMbiKaiomne k cpejmeMy
ii im>KHeMy TeMeHnro Bojírn: AcTpaxaHCKaa, Bojirorpa^cKaa, CapaTOBCKan n 4p.); ypaji (TeppnTopnfl MOKjry BocTOMHO-EBponeíicKoň n 3anaflHO-Cn6np-ckoíí paBHHHaMn); CeBepHbiň KaitKa s.
B A3naTCKOH Macm Haxo^aTca: 3anaaHaji ( nónpi, (TeppnTopna MOKfly YpanoM n aojinHoň peKn EHnceň); BocTOHHan Cn6npi, (TeppnTopna MOK^y no^nHoň EHncea Ha 3ana^e n xpeĎTaMn TnxooKeaHCKoro Boaopa3fle^a Ha nocroKe); ^.ajibHHH Boctok - TeppnTopnji KpaříHen boctomhoh Mac™ Poccnn (flpnMopcKnň n XaóapoBCKnň Kpaa, AMypcKan, KaMMaTCKaa, MarajiaHCKaa, Caxa^nHCKaa 06^. h op.).
1.3 Pejibeqb
Pejibeqb PoccnncKoíí Oe^epaunn BecbMa pa3Hoo6pa3eH: BbicoKne ropu coceACTByKDT c o6iiJHpHbiMn paBHMHaMn. CaMaa BbicoKaa TOMKa CTpanbi ( h EBponu) - ropa 3jib6pyc Ha KaBKa3e - 5642 m Han ypoBHeM Mopn, a caMaa iiniKaíi - IIpHKacimíicKaH iimMciniocn, pacno^oxeHa Ha 28 m Hn>Ke 3Toro
ypOBHH.
ripeo6^aflaKDT b Poccnn TeppnTopnn c paBHHHHbíM pejibetpoM, ohh 3a-nnMaioT b o6meň c^o>KHOCTn 6o^ee nojiOBnHbi ruiomajm CTpaHbi.
Cpefln paBHnH Poccnn - KpynHeňujne (noMHMO AMa30HCKOií) paBHHHbi iCMHoro njapa BocTOHHO-EBponeňcKa» n 3anaaHO-CH6HpcKan. Mx pa3.ne.nfl-iot HeBbicoKne YpajibCKHe ropbi. Ha tore eBponencKon MacTn pacno^o>KeHbi Kaiika sckiic ropi.i.
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9
Ha boctok ot 3anaAHO-Cn6npcKoíí paBHMHbi, Meaqiy peKaMH EHHceeM m JleHoii pacnojioweHo CpeanecHĎHpcKoe njiocKoropbe, c tóra k HeMy npn-MbiKaiOT xpeĎTbi I IpMÚaiíka.ii.h, 3a6aňKajiMi. Mexay JleHoíí m Tmxhm oKea-hom - xpeOTbi h naropba CeBepo-BocTOMHOH Ch6hph: BepxoHiíCKHií xpe6eT h xpeGer HepcKoro. B,a\ojib TwxooKeaHCKoro no6epe>Kbfl c tóra Ha ceBep th-Hyrcn cpeAHeBbicoTHbie xpe6Tbi CHxoTa-AjWHb, l>>pemiCKHH h .HaíyrztfKyp.
Ha ioro-BOCTOKe 3anaflHO-CH0HpcKyio paBHHHy oĎpaMiJitoT ropHbie ch-cTeMbi AjiTaii h Cafliibi.
Ta6ji. 1.1 Kp\ 1111 e ■ i 11111 e ropnue iicpiiiinii.i Pocchh
1 lil iliailllť	M idoiiaxO/K, iťimt	BucoTa Haa ypoBHeM MO|»l B Mť i pax
3jib6pyc	Bonbuioii Kai!k.i i	5642
AwxTay	Bojibiuoii Kanka i	5204
Ka3ĎeK	BojibLuofi KaiiKa'i	5033
Bejiyxa	AjiTafi	4500
MyHKy-Cap^biK	BocTOMHbie CanHbi	3491
Kbi3bui-Taíira	3anaaHbie Casmu	3122
floĎeaa	xpeóeT MepcKoro	3003
CaMbie MOJio^bie ropbi Pocchh pacnojioxeHbi Ha fla^bHeM Boctokc a MMeHHo Ha KyptuibCKHx ocTpoeax h KaivmaTKe. Ohh bxoaht b cocTaB Thxo-OKeaHCKoro ByjiKaHHwecKoro noaca, OTJinwaiomeroca MaerbíMH cmíbHbíMM jeMjieTpjiceHmiMH m Hajin-uieM MHoroMHCJieHHbix .neiícTByhomHx ByjiKaHOB.
Ta6ji. 1.2 KpyímeiíiiiHe Jieřictb.yiouuie Byjikaiibi Pocchh
1 la iisaiiiK'	MecTOHaxoJKiieHHe	BucoTa Haa ypoBHCM MO|l>l B Mť i pa\
KjiwieBCKaM ConKa	KavinaTKa	4750
TojlGaMMHCKHM	KaMMaTKa	3682
MMHHCKaji ConKa	KaMiiaTKa	3621
KpoHOUKan ConKa	KaMnaTKa	3528
KopHKCKaa ConKa	KaMMaTKa	3456
LLlMBanyn	KaiwiaTKa	3283
I .h 11 m o6pa30M, mo>kho cuanaTb cjieflyromne o6mne BbiBonbi 06 oco6eH-iiim mix panbecpa Pocchh:
pcjii.eí}) Pocchh BecbMa pa3HOo6pa3eH: HMeioTca o6ujHpHbie paBHHHbi, MiiocKoropba, BbicoKne h cpe^HeBbicoTHbie ropbi; npcofuiajaioT paBHHHHbie TeppHTopHw;
rcppHTopHfl CTpaHbi, ocoĎeHHO b ee a3HaTCKOH MacTH, HMeeT o6mee no-■ ■ ■ ■ 1111 o k ceBepy, o mcm cBHfleTejibCTByeT HanpaBJíeHHe TeiieHHa 6ojib-iniiiicTna KpynHbix peK;
lopilbie CMCTCMbl 06paMJ151IOT OĎUJHpHbie paBHHHbl, npHMeM OCHOBHaa
>iacTb rop cocpcuoTOneHa Ha lore Chďhph, ceBepo-BOCTOKe h boctokc c ipaiibi.
II Mopn h Okeaiibi
l>cpcra Pocchh oMbiBaioT MOpa Tpex oKeaHOB: CeBepHoro JleflOBHToro, I Nxoro h ATjiaHTHMecKoro.
K OacceřÍHy CeBepHoro JIcnoBHToro oKeaHa othocatch Mopa (c 3ana,aa Ha boctok): l>apeimcBo. Bejioe, KapcKoe, Mope JlairreBbix, BocToiHo-CH6HpcKoe,
MVKOTCKOC. KjlHMaT PIOMTH BCeX MOpeíí OMeHb CypOBblíí. HcKJHOMeiIHe COCTaB-
mici jinujb BapeHueBO Mope (caMoe Ďojibujoe H3 ceBepnbix MOpeíí - noMTH I.S MJiii. km2), b KOTopoe nocrynaioT BO,nbi Tenjioro CeBepo-ATJiaHTHMecKoro h-mciihsi, no3TOMy 3^ecb pa3BHTo pbiĎojioBCTBo; r/iaBHbiíí nopT - He3aMep3a-inlIIIIH MypMaHCK.
liojlbUJHHCTBO MOpeií b TeMCHHe 8-10 MeCflUeB CKOB3Hbl MOUiHblM Jiaaa-
HI.IM noKpoBOM. Raxe npn6pe>KHbie yiacTKH, Kyna nocTynaiOT 6ojiee Teruibie ii npccHbie BOflbí BnaflaKDujHX b hhx peK, ocBoóoxjiaioTca OTO/iwia ranbKO ii niojie. Hepe3 Mopa CeBepHoro JlejiOBHToro OKeaHa npoxoflHT CeBepHbiH MOpcxoft nyrb, cBH3biBaioiuHH 3anaaHyio MacTb CTpaHbi c boctomhoh, CaHKT-I Icrcp6ypr h ApxaHr&nbCK c BjiaflHBOCTOKOM.
Mopa Tnxoro OKeaHa - BepHHroBO, OxoTCKoe h ílnoHCKoe - OMbiBaioT BocTOMHbie 6epera Pocchh ot HyxoTKH no BjrajiHBOCTOKa. Ohh OTAe^eHbi ot OKeaHa apxnnejiaraMM octpobob, ho cboďo^ho cooĎmaioTcn c hhm mhoto-•mcjicHHbíMH npojiHBaMH. BepHHroBO (caMoe Ďojibujoe H3 MOpeíí Tnxoro OKeaHa - njioma,nb cBbime 2 mjth. km2) h Oxotckoc Mopa oneHb xojioaHbie -icMiiepaTypa noBepxHOCTH boau aaxe^eTOM He nojiHHMaeTca Bbiiue +5°- + 12°. li >Ihohckom Mope sojxa Tenjiee, jictom OHa aocTHraeT 20°. B 5InoHCKOM Mope
II
iiacTO 6biuaK)t CHnbHbie ujTopMbi h TancpyHbi. 3^ecb co3^aHbi xo3flHCTBa no pa3ue^eHMio BOflopocneH, oco6enHO mopckoh KanycTbi, KOTopyio Hcno;ib3yK>t b nnmy, a TaioKe iuin mchhuhhckhx m TexHMMecKHx uejieH.
BocTOMHbie 6epera nojiyocTpoBa KaMMaTKa h KypmibCKnx octpobob oMbi-BawTCfl BOAaMH carnoro Tnxoro OKeaHa. 3flecb HaxoflHTca oflHa H3 caMbix rjiy6oKnx OKeaHHMecKHx BnaflHH - Kypmio-KaMMaTCKaji c rjiy6nHaMH no 9700 m.
k 6accewHy ATJiaHTHHecKoro OKeaHa othochtch BHyTpeHHne Mopn EBpa3nn - EajiTHiicKoe, MepHoe h A30bckoc Ohm pacnojiaraioTca BHyTpn MaTepHKa Ha aocTaTOMHOM y^aneHMM ot OKeaHa, k KOTopoMy npHHawoKaT,
H COCUHHSHOTCH C HUM Mepe3 COCCflHMe MOpfl y3KHMM npOJIMBaMM. A30BCKOe
h EajiTHiicKoe Mopa MenKOBoaHbi h no^TOMy 3hmoh 3aMep3aioT. MepHoe Mope - caMoe Teanoe Mope Pocchh, jho6hmoc mccto OTjibixa b Kypopmbie ce30-Hbi. He6ojibiune jibflbi o6pa3yioTCH 3hmoh Ha KopoTKoe BpeMfl .UHUJb b ero ceBepHbix 3ajiHBax.
KaciiMHCKoe Mope-03epo Tenepb He HMeeT cbh3h c Mhpobmm OKea-hom, xoth b npouijiOM oho 6buio iiacTbio jipeBHero e^HHoro KacnwHCKo-MepnoMopcKoro 6accewHa.
Mopa Pocchh - 3to fleiueBbie TpaHcnopTHbie nyTH, coeflHHJnomne nawy CTpaHy, klik c ApyrHMH rocyaapcTBaMM, TaK h c OTflcnbHbiMH ee pernoHaMH, cmibHO yaajieHHbiMH ^pyr ot .npyra. 3HaMHTejibHyio ueHnocrb npcucTaanfliOT h 6HO^orniiecKHe pecypcu Mopen, b nepByio onepcub hx pbi6Hbie 6oraTCTBa. B Mopax, OMbiBaroiMMx Pocchkj, o6MTaeT 6aiee 250 bhjiob npoMbicnoBbix pbi6. Cpcnn hhx: ce^bjib, jiococeBbie, TpecKa, caiipa, iiajuyc, TyHeu, KopiowKa.
BaxHeiiuJMe MopcKne nopTbi: CaHKT-rieTep6ypr h KanwHHHrpafl (Eaji-TMHCKoe Mope), HoBopoccMHCK (MepHoe Mope), MypviaHCK (BapeHueBO Mope), ApxaHrejibCK (Be.noe Mope), Haxo^Ka h Bjia^HBocTOK (flnoHCKoe Mope).
1.5 PeKH
3HalieHHe peK B pa3BHTHH X03flHCTBa h npHpOAbl POCCHH HCKJlfOMHTejlbHO
BejiMKo h MHorocTopoHHe. I"lo GeperaM peK B03HMKain apemue nocejieHHH,
I
i" i ii ii UUlBHa CJiy^KHJIH TpaHCnOpTHblMH MarMCTpajlíIMH, OC06eHO 3HMOÍÍ, i "i i.i IJOKpblBaJlHCb JlbflOM.
PeKH Pocchh, a b Pocchh okojio 120 000 peK, a/ihhoíí 6ojiee 10 km, otho-. HTcn k OacceíÍHaM Tpex OKeaHOB h BHyTpeHHeří 6ccctomhoh oĎjiacrn. CaMH DKCaHHHeHCKHe 6acceííHbi npaKTHMecKH He OKa3biBatOT bjihhhhh Haxapaicrep Mii.niaiomHx b hhx peK. Peiuatomyio pojrb b xapaKTepncTHKax peK nrpaiOT
"Di'iiiiocTH pejibe(pa ii icnitMaTa tcx mcct, no kotopwm onn npOTeicaiOT.
I'lfijl. 1.3 KpynHeniimc pcMi Poccmi
--	/Linma,	11 Kiiua n. 6acceiiiia,
11 ;i man ill'	KM	TWC. KM2
JleHa	4300	2400
EHHcefi	4100	2700
06b	4100	2400
Bojira	3700	1400
AMyp	2800	1800
Ypaji	2500	200
OjieHěK	2300	200
Kojí biina	2100	600
flOH	2000	400
rie'iopa	1800	300
klH.aiirnpKa	1700	400
( ciicpHaa flBHHa	1300	400
Bojii.we nojioBHHbi anomajw Pocchh othochtca k 6acceříHy CeBepHoro ltv«)BHToro OKeaHa. DiaBHbie peKM 3Toro ĎacceiíHa - Jlena, Ehhcch, 06b - ot-nriaioTca 6o^biiJOH ^nHnoii h MHoroBOflHOCTbK). 3to o6i.acHaeTca o6ujHp-
HOCTbK) TeppHTOpHH, no KOTOpOH OHH npOTeKaiOT, H OĎH^bHblM nHT3HHeM
"i lasniMfl CHeroB CnDnpn h jieTHHX flOKjeH. PeKH ĎacceíiHa JlcnoBHToro oKcana TeKyT Ha ceBep.
I naiiHaa peKa ĎacceíiHa Tnxoro OKeaHa - AMyp. BecHoii oh pa3^HBaeTC« i pauiiHTejibHO Ma^o, 3aTO b KOHue hkwih - Hana^e aBrycTa Ha hcm 6biBaioT iioiibiiine jieTHne naBO^kh ot jioagieH, npHHocHMbix MyccoHaMH c Tnxoro • iKeaiia.
12
13
Ba^KHeŕíiĽMe peKH 6acceííHa ATJiaHTnnecKoro OKeaHa - .Hnenp, JIoh, íanu iiiuh Imma - h ôacceňHa KacnnHCKoro Mopn - Bojira - npoTeKaa no PyccKoŕi paBHHHe, cbohmh BepxoBbHMn 6jih3ko nojixoflsiT jjpyr k Apyry,
h BOflOpa3^eJlbl MOKfly HHMH HH3KHC 3t0 fla^tO B03MO>KHOCTb nOCTpOHTb
KaHajibi, KOTopbie coeAHHHJiH Bce Mopa EBponencKon nac™ Poccnn b oflHy CHCTewiy BO/iHbix MarHCTpajieň. EejiOMopcKO-EajrTHHCKHH KaHan coejjHHíieT Bejioe Mope c Ea^TníícKHM, Bojiro-BajiTHHCKHií bojzhuh nyTb - KacnnncKoe Mope c BajiTMHCKHM, Bojiro-floHCKOíí KaHaii - KacnnncKoe Mope c A30bckhm
H HepHbIM.
l5o.ua - 3to KpynHeřitijaa peKa EBponbi, naraa no juiHHe b Poccnn h uue-CTaa Ha BceM MaTepnKe EBpa3na. Banra - 3to .moÔHMaíi peKa pocchhh, c n m boji Poccnn. Hctok Bojirn - kjiioh y MajieHbKoň aepeBHn b TBepcKoň oôJiacTH (HeaajieKO ot MocKBbi). npo.ae.naB nyTb b 3700 km, OHa Bna^aeT j b KacnnŕícKoe Mope. ľljiomaAb ee ôacceíÍHa - 1,4 mjih. km2, mto 3aHMMaeT I okojio nojiOBMHbi eBponencKoíí nacra Poccmh.
JJojiHHa Bojirn - caMa no ce6e ny^o npHpOAM. Ee 3HaMeHMTbie KpyTbie npaBbie ôepera h ujnpoKHe flajín no jieBbiM ĎeperaM rapMOHHiiHO flonojiHKiOT KpacoTy LUHpoKoň pyccKoŕi peKH. OHa Bceraa 6buia niaBHbiM bojj,hhm nyreM eBponeŕicKOM nacTH Poccnn. HcnoKOH bckob no ee TeiieHHio hjjih m n/iyr pa3JiHMHbie rpy3bi: Jiec, xjieô, HecpTb. Bojira kopmht CTpaHy cejibjíbio, ôejion (oceTp, ôejiyra) pbiôoŕí, MepHofí HKpoň.
B Bonry Bna^aex okojio 200 npnTOKOB, Ha ee ôeperax Jie»caT KpynHbie pyccKne ropová: Hh>khhh HoBropojj,, Ka3aHb, CaMapa, CapaTOB, Bojirorpajj, n jop. PennH, JTeBHTaH, HeKpacoB caejiajín Bojiry ĎeccMepTHoň b cbohx npo-H3BejieHHflx. Jlymune pyccKne Hapo,OHbie necHH - necHn o Bojire-MaTyuiKe.
1.6 03epa
B Poccmh ôojiee flByx mhjuihohob 03ep. Cpejjn hhx HaxoflHTCfl caMoe 6ojibm.oe Mope-03epo MHpa - KacnnncKoe Mope (ruiomajib - 376 Tbic. km2, HaHÔojibujafl myÔHHa - CBbiiue 1 km) h caMoe rjiyôoKoe npecHOBO/iHoe 03epo MHpa - l>aiika.i.
ľiifiji. 1.4 KpyíuieHiiiHC 03cpa Pocchh
1 la mamio	lljiomaju, B T hl C. KM2	1 laiiňo.'ii,ma>! i i\óinia B MC ipa\
BafÍKajl	31.5	1620
JlaÄWKCKoe	17,7	230
OHOKCKOe	9,7	127
TaiíMbip	4,6	26
XaHKa	4,2	11
"lyflCKOeC ľlCKOBCKHM	3,5	15
l;i u)/KCKoc 03epo - caMoe KpynHoe npecHOBOjjHoe 03epo b EBpone n mopoe no anomaflH (17,7 Tbic. km2) b Poccnn, HaxoflHTcn b Kapejinn n JlcHHHrpajicKon oôJiacTH. Bnajj,aeT b Hero 35 peK, BbiTeKaeT TOJibKO ojoHa
I »i'K;i - HeBa, B HH>KHeM TeMeHHH KOTOpOH HaXOflHTCíI BTOpOH KpynHeHUJHH
ropojj Poccnn CaHKT-ITeTepĎypr.
< >iu'ýKCKoe 03epo - ojiho H3 caMbix >KHBonncHbix 03ep Poccnn, pacnojio-Ai-iinoe b Kapejrnn, JleHHHrpaacKon n BojiorcncKoŕí oôJiacTax. CoejiHHeHO l>i-iioMopcKo-BajiTnncKHM KaHajiOM c BejibiM MopeM, a Bojiro-EajiTHHCKHM BOflHNM nyTeM - c ôaccenHOM peKH Bojirn. B Ohokckom 03epe HaxojíHTCfl ocTpoB Kh>kh c yHHKajibHbiMn naMHTHHKaMH ceBepHoro aepeBHHHoro 30jx-•iľcľna.
I U) CaMbIM H3BeCTHblM 03epOM POCCHH JIBJlfleTCJI chôhpckhh Baiika.i. Oh iiaxojwTCH b ropax, npH6jiH3HTejibHO b 50 km BOCTOMHee HpKyTCKa.
Battican - >KeMHy>KHHa Chôhph.
MecTHbie >KHTejin ero Ha3biBaioT «MopeM». BaňKan OKpy>K3K)T ôojibujne lopi.i, noKpbiTbie TaííroH, Ha BepujHHax kotophx jiokht CHer. Hx CKajibi bo miioi'hx MecTax flOTarnBafOTCfl jro 3ajinBOB hjih xe npaMyTCíi npaMO b Bojjy. Xojio^nan BOfla 03epa HaM HanoMHHaeT rojryôoe CTeícno, npo3pa'iHoe jio rjiy-iimii.i 40 MeTpoB. B nepnoja ot JiHBapa ^o anpejia 03epo noKpbiTO JibaoM. Bo
BpCMfl CH^bHblX MOP030B MO>KHO BpeMU ot BpeMeHH yCJIbllliaTb Háji 03epoM
ipecK jibfla.
BaHKaji pacno^o>KeH Ha BbicoTe 456 m Han ypoBHeM Mopa h ^ocTnraeT ľiiKoií orpoMHon rjiyônHbi, KaK hh ojiho 03epo b MHpe (1620 m), njiomajib liaiiKaJia - 31,5 Tbic. km2, hto npn6jiH3HTe^bHO paBHaeTca TeppnTopnn licjii.inH. Ha ôeperax BaňKa^a MacTO nponcxo^aT 3eMjieTpaceHHfl, a 3to
li
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CliHAeTe/lbCTByeT O TOM, 4t0 3Ta liaCTb 3eMJlH HaXOflHTCH b nOCTOHHHOM flBH-
>KeHHM. B BanKajie co,nep>KHTC5i Hanöojibuinn oöteM npecHon boam b Mnpe (23 000 km', hto cocTaBJíaeT '/s MupoBbix 3anacoB npecHoíí BOflbí). FTjiomaAb BaříKajia b 13 pa3 MeHbiue BajiTniícKoro Mopa, ho no oôteMy Bonbi EatíKan öojibuie.
B BOÄax BaiíKajia boahtch Tbicann pa3JiniiHbix jkhbothwx, ôojibwe no-
JlOBHHbl H3 KOTOpblX BCTpeMaeTCH TOJlbKO 3JieCb. H3 3fleUIHHX pbi6 CaMOtí H3-
BecTHOň CMMTaeTCfl rojioMJíHKa ĎaíÍKajibCKafl. 3to MajieHbKaa pbiöKa, % Beca KOTopoň cocTaanneT >Knp. 3to HacTOJibKO npo3paHHaa pbi6a, mto bm;ihw aaxe ee KOCTH. OHa ne MeiieT HKpy, Ta k k a k sto XHBopoflamaa pbiôa. Ceŕiqac OHa 3aHeceHa b «KpacHyio Knnry».
Oähhm H3 3aMeMaTe^bHbix >KHTejieŕí 3Toro 03epa HBJifleTca Tio/ieHb. HHTepecHO, mto sto thiihmhoc >KHBOTHoe nojiapHbix Mopen, n eme hhko-My He yaajiocb o6i>íicHHTb, khk oh nonan b BaiÍKaji. Ha boctomhom ôepery BaňKajia bo3hhk Bapry3HHCKnn napK-3anoßeflHHK.
B EaHK&n bjihBaeTCH 6ojiee 300 ĎojibiuHx n Manbix peK, a BbiTeKaeT jwujb oflHa peKa AHrapa. Bo^nbiŕi 3anac BaňKa^a, KOTopwn nocjie CTponTejibCTBa rn^po3JieKTpocTaHUMH b ropo^e HpKyTCK eme öojibuie B03poc, ki>ipani uinač i tok AHrapbi a TaioKe CHHxaeT ueHy äneKTpniiecKOH SHeprnn, BbipaöoTaHnon Ha aHrapcKHx 3jieKTpocTaHunax. ľlosTOMy EaňKaji swjiacTca He TOJibKo 03e-
POM, HO M BOÄOXpaHUJlMmeM.
1.7   K. iH M11 I
TeppHTopn« Pocchííckoh <i>e,aepanHn tíihctch c ceBepa Ha lor Ha tuchmh KHJioMeTpoB, no3TOMy c 3anafla Ha boctok ee nepeceKaiOT MCTbipe ocnoBHbix KjiMMaTMiiecKMx noaca: apKTHiiecKHH, cyôapKTHMecKnn, yviepeHHbiíi n cy6-TponHMecKMŕí. Hm cooTBeTCTByiot neTbipe Twna miHMaTa: apKTHMecKMÍí, cy6apKTH4ecKHH, yMepeHHbiň m MyccouHbin.
ApKTHHecKMH KJiHMUT xapaKTepeH jmn octpobob CeBepHoro JleßOBnToro OKeaHa n ero cnônpcKnx noöepoKMÜ. CypoBocTb KjiHMaTa ycmwBaeTCfl n3-3a
JUWHHOM nOFlflpHOH HOHH, KOIMia Ha nOBepXHOCTb 3eMJlH He CBeTHT COJlHeM-
Hbie jiyMH. Bojibwyio MacTb ro^a 3,a,ecb .iuihtch 3HMa, KopoTKoe npox^aflHoe .neTO npoaonwaeTca Jinuib 1,5-2 Meoma. CpeflHíín TeMnepaTypa HHBapn -24° - -30°, a JieTHHH TeMnepaTypa +2° - +5°.
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( vfiapKTHHecKHH KJIHM3T xapaKTepeH jinn TeppnTopnn, pacno^o>KeHHbix i.i MojixpHbiM KpyroM Ha PyccKoíi m 3ana^HO-Cn6HpcKoři paBHHHax. 3nMbi Uiecb jiojirne n cypoBbie, jieTO Tenúce, MeM b apKTHMecKOM nonce, ho kopot-i ix- n AOBOJibHO xo.noflHoe (cpcuHne TeMnepaTypbi hiojia +4° - +12°).
I la ôo^bujeíí iiacTn TeppnTopnn Poccnn npeoô^a^aeT yMepeimo kohthhch-
1.1 ii.ii1jü kjihm3t C npOaOJ]>KHTe;ibHOH XOJIOJIHOH m CHe>KHOH 3HMOH (cpeflHHe
iľMiiepaTypbi aHBapn ot -4° ^o -20°) n cpaBHHTejibHO kopotkhm TenjibiM 'umom (TeMnepaTypa hkwia +12° - +24°).
H 3TOM caMOM 6o^buJOM KjiHMaTMMecKOM nosce Poccnn Ha6^K)^aK)TCJi MiiľíHTC^bHan pa3HHua Ha oahhx n Tex we ujnpoTax: ot MopcKoro KJinMaTa iio(>epe>KHM ao pe3KO KOHTnHeHTajibHoro BHyTpn MaTepnKa.
ľaK, Ha Kpannnn CeBepo-3ana^ (Ka^HHnHrpaÄ, CaHKT-ľIeTep6ypr) OKa-n.maeT cnjibHoe Bjinsmne 6^n30CTb AT^aHTn'iecKoro OKeaHa. 3aecb rocnoji-i i nycT MopcKoii KJiHMaT, nj\a KOToporo xapaKTepHa MacTan CMeHa noroaw, n i.íHTHMecKHe uHKjiOHbi, 3HMoň BbBbiBaKDuine orrene^n, jieTOM npnHoca-iiiiK- iipoxuaay. 3nMa OTHOcnTejibHO Teruiaa (-7° - 10°), JieTO KopoTKoe n npo-Miajinoe(+12° - +16°)
H Bocto'ihoíí Cnônpn n Ha ceBepe JlajibHero BocTOKa KJinMaT CTaHOBHT-
■ »i pc3KO kom mucin a.iMiMM. MeM o6T.JiCHjnoTCJi cypoBbie noroflHbie yc^OBna, iioin.ujne nepenaflbí ce30HHbix n cyTOMHbix TeMnepaTyp, a TaK»e Hajinnne MoiUHoro cjioa BeMHoň Mep3^0Tbi. B BoctomhoM Cnônpn, b MOKropcKoň < iii\uiKOHCKoň KOTJiOBnHe, HaxoflnTcn o^nH M3 «noniocoB xojio^a» ceßepno-iii iiojiyujapna, me OTMeiiaeTcn aöco^ioTHbin MHHnMyM TeMnepaTypbi - mh-nyc 71 °C.
J\na to>KHbix paňonoBflaibHero BocTOKa xapaKTepeH mutoiihmíí r.iiimmi Hitom MaTepnK nporpeBaeTcn 6ojibiue OKeaHa n 6o^ee xo^o^Hbin OKeaHn'ie-
■ k 11 m B03flyx CTpeMnTca Ha KOHTnueHT, 3nMoii B03^yx nocTynaeT b CTopoHy Sonee Teruioro OKeaHa. Bo3HnKaeT öo^bujaa o6^aiiHocTb, oôn^bHbie oca^KH, niior^a ^a>Ke o6pa3yiOTCH TaňcpyHbi, 6biBaiOT HaBOflHeHna. Cpe^Hne TeMne-l>;nypw HHBapa 3^ecb -12°--15°, TeMnepaTypa hkdjiíi +10°-+20°.
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