0909
O9Q0
Ö8Ö8 0909
0909 08(58
29 09
58 08
(58<58 00 OÖ
58(58 OPOß S8Ö8 0909 58 08
0009
0909 58(58 0909
0909 SÖÖ8 0909
Ö868
09o9
G8.Ö8 59.015
AmMTPO Hl/DKEBCbKMI/l
ICTOPIQ
yKPATNCbKOT AlTEPATyPM
KbfO-MOPIC
09ao
5888
aoae
Ö8.ÖT5
Ö8.Ö8
9509 ÖÖ.Ö8
0909 38ö"8 0909 Ö8.Ö8 0909
0909 08.(58 0909 ÖBÖ8 0909 Ö8Ö8 OOQfi (58.0í 09 OQ Ö8Ö8
OSQfi Ö8.G8 0909 (58,(58
os as
JliTeparypHa pe^ata^iíi K). ILepexa-UIeeejiboea OÖKJiaflUHfca Ilerpa Xojiouhozo
pß
39J7 A7CS
^MHTPO HH3KEBCBKHH
Mr. and Mrs. i. Izio
11440 - 94 St. Edmonton, Alberta
ICTOPIH YKPAlHCbKOl JIITEPATyPH
BI.H nOHATKDB RO ROBT! PEAJII3My
Bhtjsho yKpaiHCbKoio BiJibHoio ÄKa^eMieio Hayn y CIIIA i HayKOBHM ToßapHCTBOM im, HleBieinca b ÄMepHnjL 3a MarepiiKii.Hoio RonoMoroio
Cxi^HBo-EBponeücbKoro (pomjy
dias [iortana.org.ua
yKPAttICfcKA BIJIBHA AKA^EMM HAYK y GIUA Hmo MopK 1956
DMYTBO CI2EVSKY
HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LITERATURE
FROM ITS ORIGIN TO THE REALISTIC PERIOD
Published by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Ine, and the Shevchenko Scientific Society, Inc. with the assistance of the
East European Fund, Inc.
Copyright 1956 by the
UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U. S., INC.
ytcpamcbtca Bijibua Ananemxsi Hay k y CHI A e npozpcuni euffaunn yKpdÍHCbKoi KHuxcKU — GunycKde y ceir „IcTopiw yrcpaincbfcoi Jiire-pwrypu".
Aerop HHUzu, JJMUTpo Ieanoeuz HwmeecbKuu, fliücHuü zněn AnajieMii, iu,o renep npai{toe e ľapeapRCbtcoMy YmeepcuTeTi, e eifío-MUÜ 3Haeei{b icropľi Jiireparyp cjioďswebKux napoßie, 30fcpeMa ympaiHCbKÖi.
JJ. I. ^UMeecbKuu Mae nonajj 500 flpytcoeanux npav/b yttpaincb-
KOK), CLHZJliŮCbKOK), HÍMeU/bKOK), ZeWLCbKOW, CJlOGCĽU/bKOK), pOClÜCbKOW
u íhwumu MoecLMU e zajiy3i RvrepaTypo3Haecrea, Moeo3uaecTea i (ßijioco0ii.
B KHU3Í „IcTopia ynpdincbKoi niTepaTypu" oxonjiena floóa eijs, nozaTnie j^o nepiouy peaiiÍ3My.
ICTOPIH YKPAÍHCbKOÍ niTEPATYPH
BCTyn
1. MaTepiíDi, mp g b pyřtax hocjiíahhkíb icTopií yjcpai'HCbKoi jiiTepaTypji, flajieito He oxonjiioG BCtoro, mp micaHo Ha YicpaiHi. 3 HaHCTapiiHoi jiÍTepaTypn 11-13 ct., mo 6yjra, hk 3HacMO, qacaMH BHCOKoro jiiTepaTypHoro po3BHTKy, flyjKe öaraTo 3arHHyjio b nacH TaTapctKoí HaBajiH, HanajÚB kphmcbkhx TaTap, b flo6y pyi'HH, 3míhh jiiTepaTypHoro CMaKy, pejiiriÖHoi ÖopoTtÖH 16-17 ct. He Ha 6araTO jiiniue i 3 naM'aTKaMH £o6h apyroro po3KBÍTy, 16-17 ct.: iiojiíthh-hhh Ta KyjiBTypHHH 3aHenafl kíhhh 18 Ta 19 ct., 3MÍHa JirrepaTyp-Hoi MOBH HanpHKÍHD;i 18 ct., nÍ3HÍnie „HeaKTyaJiBHicTt" nojieMÍHHHX TBopÍB kíhhjíi 16 — nonaTKy 17 ct. 3poÖHjiH ymicaTaMH HaBÍTb flpy-KOBam BHHaHHH Toro nacy, akí, 3flaBajioca 6, mejih Kpami bhtjihah Ha 36epeuceHHíi, híík pyKonncn. MaĺbKe Te caaie noBTopiOGTBca i 3 jiiTepaTypoK) 19 ct., ôaraTO TBopÍB 3ajiHinaJioca b pyKormcax npo-TJirOM aeCHTKÍB pOKÍB (HaBÍTb TBOpH IIIeB^ieHKa Ta íhuihx HaS-BHaaTHiuiHX noeTÍB Ta nncbMeHHHKiB). J\o nojiÍTH^Horo 3aHenap;y npHGflHajiacH HanpHKÍHHi ctojiítth aeHanioHajii3aniir. Byjio nyJKe Majio ycTaHOB a6o oci6, mo 36npajiH 6 yKpamcbKy KHHry, piflKO HKa KHHra BHXoanjia Ôijitnie, hímí 03hhm BHsaHHHM, i t. n. I b 20 ct. noBTopiOGTBca Te cane, jiHine 3HHKaK)Ti> 3i cBÍTy Boacoro, Bace ne TijibKH KHHra, ajie h ix aBTopn.
Otjkc, MaäHce b ycix nepio^ax icTopií yKpaÍHCbKoi* JiiTepaTypn MaGMO cnpaBy jranie 3 (ppaťMeHTaMH Ta ypHBKaMH MHHyjioro. Po3y-
MÍGTBCH, Í 3 yjiaMKÍB MOJKHa HaCTÍJIBKH 3p03yMÍTH „3yx" MHHyjIHX
nacÍB, mp6 cyflHTH npo JiiTepaTypmm CMaK Ta bmíhhh nnci>MeHHHKÍB thx qaciß.
IcTopia jiiiepaTypH — Hayna Mojicfla. J\o kíhhh 18 ct. npani npo CTapy jiiTepaTypy 6yjiH smeöijibuioro cyTO-6i6jiiorpa(pÍHHÍ, ceÖTO KaTajiorH TBopÍB, JiHine íhobí mo Ha3B TBopÍB flOflaBajiH nepeKa3 3MÍcTy aóo 6iorpa<piHHi ^am npo aBTopiß. IIÍohho b 19 ct. no^ajiH oÔpoÔJiflTH icTopHHHO-JiiTepaTypHHH MaTepiflji 3 Toro a6o íhihoto npHHumioBoro norjia^y. Ajie norjia^H 3MÍHioBajiHCí> npoTaroM cto-
JIÍTb   KÍJIBKa   pa3ÍB.   IIpOCTeaCMO   KOpOTeHbKO   iCTOpilO flOCJlißHCeHHH
yKpaiHCbKoi" jiiTepaTypH, — TaK mh 3a3HaHOMHMOCb Í3 3MÍH0K) no-rjiaflÍB Ha 3aB^aHHH icTopií JiiTepaTypH hk HayKH i noöaHHMO, ak yBect nac 36ijii>niyBaBCH MaTepiaji Ta poömiHct cnpoön pÍ3Ho6m-Hinie fioro ocbítjihth.
7
2. Tpeöa HajiejKHo oujhhth BHce npan,io y Kp am c & khx nncbMeH-hhkíb 17 Ta no^aTKy 18 ct. Bohh no3ÖHpajiH ^HMaJio CTaporo iia-TepiHJiy Ta BpaTyb a jih öoro EJia Hac. YKpaiHCbKi JiÍTonHCH,i — CaMO-BH,a;eHb, TpaÖ'HHKa, BejiHHKO a6o HaBÍTt Gpjinn, mp micaB no-nojib-cbKOMy, — no3anHcyBajiH ho cboix „jíiTonHcÍB" HHMajio ypHBKÍB CTapHX TBopiB, a ího^í ä mijii HeBejiHKi oöcaroM TBopH. EEpaB^a, ue MaĚtJKe bhkjiio^ho jiÍTepaTypHÍ naM'aTKH He cTapnii Biß 16 ct. rjiHÖine y aaBHHHy 3arjiHflajiH aBTopn cyxiniHx BHKJiajÚB, — Hanp., aBTop „CnHoncHcy" — icTopii* YKpaiHH (Ta h icTopii cxí;ii;híx cjio-b'hh B3arajii), noHHHaio^H 3 HaHHaBHiuiHX naciB. A btím, aBTopn „CnHoncHcy" Ta íhhihx TBopiB uboro THny, jirane noBHnncyBajiH MaTepiHJi 3 CTapnx JiiTonnciB Ta ycHCTeMaTH3yBajiH öoro, He 3aB-
JK^H OÖ'gKTHBHO.
Eijibine 3HaneHHH Majia npaii;a thx CTapnx yneHHx, mp MajiH cnpasy 3 naM'araHKaMH pejiiriÖHoro 3MÍCTy. hhx HajiejKaTt BH^aBi^i cJiOB'HHCbKoro TeKCTy ,,KHeBo-rie*iepcbKoro naTepHKa" Ta öoro nojibCbKoro nepeKJiany, a 30KpeMa aBTop BejiHKHX „HeTiö-
MiHen"   (3ÖipKH 5KHTÍ1B CBaTHx)   CB. /^MHTpO TyXITaJIO-PoCTOBCBKHH.
ni3HÍiui BMem, aJK jjo HauiHx ßmB, me He BH^epnajiH ocTaTOHHo npaiji inix, Ha cbíh ^ac BH^aTHHx HayKOBHX npau,ÍBHHKÍB. Xoh cb. .HMHTpo i Maß Ha MeTi HacaMnepe,n; no^aTH ijiKaBHO 3 jiiTepaTyp-Horo 6oKy Ta BapTicmiH pejiiriHHo-noB^ajibHHÖ MaTepiaji ^jiä ih-TaHHH, bíh He 3ynHHHBca nepea BHKopncTaHHHM CTapnx pyKonnciB Ta KpHTHHHHM ix o6po6jieHHHM. TaK, Hanp., y JKHTÍHX CB. KHpHJia Ta MeTOflia bíh BHKopHCTOByc pyKonncn HaocTapiiiiHx t. 3b. „naH-HOHCbKHx" jkhtíh, mo ix MOflepHa HayKa Bi^KpHjia jiHiue b nojio-bhhí 19 ct. (1843), KopncTaGTbca aKHMCb rpeubKHM TeKCTOM, mo öoro h floci He 3Haß;n;eH0.
HHMajiy KopncTb Hayu;i npHHecjiH tí ckpomhí jiioßHTejii CTapo-bhhh, mp nepenncyBajiH b cbo'í npHBaTHÍ 36ipKH CTapi naM'aTKH, Hanp., anoKpHcpH, noBicTÍ, Bipini Tomo.
Ile 6yB *iac 36npaHHa MaTepiajiy. 3 HayKOBoro norjiaAy nia-xo^hjih ao toro MaTepiajiy jinine He^HCJieHHi BHem, THny npoipe-copiß KniBCbKoi AKa^CMii aöo nHCbMeHHHKiB-yneHHx, aK cb. /JiviHTpo TynTajio. npaino TaKoro jk THny npoBa^HJiH neani nncbMeHmiKH i b 18 Ta HaBiTb me b 19 ct., HaönacTiine 3 ^yxoBeHCTBa. Bohh noaaBajiH chhckh CTapnx nncbMeHHHKiB i ix TBopiB, cnncKH, mp He 3aBJKHH cnojierjiHBi xa to^hí.
3. Bijibine 3HaneHHa MaiOTb npani thx yneHHx 19 ct., mp no'qajiH HpynyBaTH oKpeari CTapi pyKonncn, He nepeBipaiOHH i'x 3a íhiuhmh cnHCKaMH, He naiOHH KOMeHTapiß Ta nonpaBOK. TaK pooHJiHca b 18 ct. BH^aHHa CTapnx JiiTonnciB, TaK BHflpyKyßaB K. KajiaßflOBHH 1821 p. naM'aTKH 12 ct. TaK ^pyKyBajiH me ô npoTaroM ycboro
8
19 ct. CTapi TBopH pejiiriÔHOi JiiTepaTypn pÍ3HÍ ayxoBHi naconncn. iHOfli Tan npyKyBajiH pyKonncn i B^em, mo po3yMijin noTpeöy nepe^
BipHTH T6KCTH, nopÍBHIOBaTH TÔKCTH pÍ3HHX CIIHCKÍB, TOmO.  Bo 6e3- *
HafliÔHHM 3,o;aBajioca niynaTn flajibuinx pyKonnciB no nacTO 30b-cím HenpHCTynHHX 6i6jiioTeKax. B 19 ct. no^ajín mofli poÔHTn cno-qaTKy BHroTOBaHÍ pyKoio, a iiotím tpoTorpa(pÍHHÍ BHflaHHH Konin OKpeMHx pyKonncÍB. y BHna^Ky, kojih pyiconnc 6yB yHÍKajibHHH, ßoope BH^aHHH TaKoro THny Morjio 6 6yTH uíjikom ;a;on;ijibHHM Ta KopncHHM; Ha JKajifc, Konii He 3aBHC«H 6yjiH 6e3floraHHÍ. me ň y 20 ct. oKpeMi BHeHi ího^í noflaBaJiH Konii pyKonnciB y cboíx 3BÍTax
npO   BiflBÍflHHH   HKOlCb   KHHr030ÍpHÍ.   HaBÍTb   HayKOBÍ   HaCOUHCH, Í1K
cjiaBeTHoi naiw'aTi „KneBCKaa CTapHHa", He yxnjiajincÄ bír mpyny-
BaHHH BiflnHCÍB naM'üTOK, KaCTO 3po6jieHHX aMaTOpaMH, UJO pOÔHJIH
noMHJiKH aôo HeB^ajii nonpaBKH.
P03yMÍGTBCH,    B^eHÍ   He   OÖMeJKylOTbCH   Ha   BH^aHHÜX TeKCTÍB.
IIo*iHHaK)TBCíi cnpoôn uinpnie ocbítjihth jiiTepaTypy xoh 6h hkoicb OKpeMo'i aoÖH. IXe „ocBrrjieHHH" g cno^aTKy nepeKa3yBaHHHM 3MÍCTy naM'aTOK Ta aeHKHMn 3aBBaraMH. Ilepnii cnpoön TaKHx orjia-,n;ÍB yKpaÍHCLKoi JiiTepaTypn HajieHcajín  poMaHTHKaM. PoMaH-
THKH BBajKajIH „CJIOBO" 3a OflHH 3 HaÔH,ÍHHÍHIHX ejieMeHTÍB KyjibTypn, TOH    BHTBÍp    KyjIbTypH,    IU.0    B    HbOMy    BHHBJIHIOTbCH HaíirJIHOHli
cKJia^HHKH jiiOflCbKoro Ayxy B3arajii Ta HaijioHajibHoro ayxy ko>k-Horo Hapo^y 30KpeMa, Ta „flyxy *iacy" kohchoí enoxn. 3 nboro norjiHfly jiiTepaTypa i Hapo/jHa cjioBecHÍCTb KOHíHoro Hapofly 3a-cjiyroByioTb Ha aKHaninnpiHy yßary.
IIlo^o yKpaÍHCbKoi JiiTepaTypn Ta HapoflHoi cjiobcchocth, to poMaHTHHHHx cnpo6 3po3yMÍTH II Öyjio HeöaraTo. lie öyjin, Ha-npHKJiafl, BiflOMa CTaTTH Mhkojih Torojia npo yicparncbid HapoflHi nicHi, mernú 3aMÍTKH MaKCHMOBHHa (b noro BH^aHHi yKpaiHCbKHX niceHb Ta b íhihhx icTopnHHo-JiÍTepaTypHnx npanax), AMBpocia MeTJiHHCbKoro, HapeuiTi KocTOMapoBa — b öoro 3HcepTau,i'i npo Hapo^ny cjioBecHÍCTb hk icTopn^me ancepejio, b Hapnci b BnnaHHi „rioe3ÍH cjiaBHH" (bh^. Tepoejia 1871 p.) Ta CTaTTi ,,JXbí pycLKi Hapo^HocTi". 3 ^yjKHHi^ÍB 3acjiyroBye yBara cnpoôa npocpecopa MocKOBCbKoro ymBepcnTeTy Ct. IIIeBHpboBa b noro icTopii CTapo'i „pycbKoi" JiiTepaTypn cxapaKTepn3yBaTH ayxoBHi ochobh CTapo'i yKpaiHCbKoi* JiiTepaTypn. IHeBnpbOB y aeaKHX BimaHKax BÍp;3Ha-^ae yKpaiHCbKi („MajiopycbKi") pncn b cthjiíctkuí HaBiTb HancTa-pininx naM'HTOK (Hanp. b „Mojiemi ^aHHÍJia''), 36jinjKyiOHH Ix 3 MOflepHHMH TBopaMH aBTopiB-yKpaiHniB (rorojia).
Ha Mcajib, cepefl poiaaHTHKiB, yKpai'HCbKHX Ta ny>KHx, He 3Han-uijiocä HiKoro, xTo cnpoMircH 6 Ha cnHTeTHHHnn orjiafl, xoh 6h i HeBflajiHH, xoh 6n oKpeMoi enoxn yKpaiHCBKoi jiiTepaTypn. ^o
9
Toro, b poMaHTHHHOMy norjraai na jiiTepaTypy 6yjio HHMajio xh6-Horo: 3 oflHoro 6oKy, HeBHpa3He yaBjieHHa npo sHHaMiicy po3BHTKy jiiTepaTypH, npo xe, mo KOJKHa enoxa Mae cbííi JiixepaxypHim Ta MOBHHH xapaKTep, cbíh „CMaK", cbíh „cxHjib"; 3 mpyroro — nepe-KOHaHHa, mo Hapo^Ha cjioBecHicTb, HK mm ÍT 3HaGMo Tenep, MaHHce TOTOJKHa 3 npacTapoK) Hapo;nHoio cjioBecmcTio. ^exTo 3 yicpaiHCbKHX poMaHTHKÍB, Hanp., Kyjiini, HaBÍTb yBawcaB cy^acHy yKpamcbKy MOBy BJiacTHBOH) „npapycbKoio" a6o „CTapopycbKoio", moboio „cepn,Ji Hapofly" Ta híjikom BiflKHaaB JiiTepaTypy 11-18 ex. hk nncaHy ,,niTyHHOK>", „aKa,n;eMi^Hoio" moboio, npoflyicT „aKafleMÍHHOí xbmh"...
yicpaiHCbrca poMaHTHKa nepejKHjia nepio^ „MepTBHX pokíb" ni-cjifl 1848 p. (enoxa Baxa b ABCxpií xa ocxamii poKH napioBaHHH Mhkojih I b Pocii) i yKpamicTHKa, m;o BiflpoßHjiacs b 60-x poKax, 3R'ii3aHa 3 HOBHMH ayxoBUMH Te^iHMH enoxn. LJi Te^íí, mpnpaBfla, He 6yjiH ořjHOMaHixHi. 3 ojunoro 6oKy, ne 6yjin xe^il ,,h ay k o Boro no3HTHBÍ3My" ceÖTO 36npaHHJi cpaKTÍB, 6e3 ix íh-TepnpeTanii; 3 spyroro — coiíííuibhhh xa nojiixH^HHH paflHKajiÍ3M. Ooh^bí xe^ii najiH memo ninaBe xa KopncHe hjih HayKH, ajie 6yjin mijiKOM cjiini no Saraxbox npoöJieM Ta CTopÍH icTopii »niTepaTypn. Haöripine hh ojiHoommcTb nosHannjiacH Ha moejiiflJKeHHi caMe yKpaiHCbKoí jíiTepaxypH.
IIpailÍBHHKH   B   raJiy3Í   SÖnpaHHH   CpaKTÍB   Ta   KpHTHKH TeKCTÍB
najiH HHMajio npanb, hkí, npaBaa, cxocyBajincji nepeBajKHo flo exa-poi* ao6n yKpaiHCBKoi' jiixepaxypH. HaÖBHHaxHiniHMH BneroiMH nboro HanpHMy, mo öoro 3BH^aHH0 Ha3HBaioxb cpijiojiori^HHM, 6y-jih: I. Cpe3HeBCbKHH, M. TnxoHpaBOB, CyxoMjiHHOB, A. IlnniH, a cne-n;ifljii>Ho Haa yKpamcLKoio jiixepaxypoio npainoBajiH O. OroHOBCbKHH, M. ITexpoB xa M. /JaniKeBHH, mo no^aB híhhí ^onoBHeHHa 30 „Icxopil yKpaÍHCBKOi jiixepaxypn 19 ct." IleTpoBa. Ajie íx npan,i npnHocnjiH jiňme 3ÖipKH MaTepiflJiiB. Hanöijibnie 3HaneHHH MaiOTb tí npaiji, mo noflaioxb tôkcth, 60 BH^aHHa TeKcxÍB xenep HaMaraiOTbOH fta-
BaTH  „KpHTHHHÍ",  CeÖXO  3a  HaHCXapÍHIHMH pyKOnHCaMH, 3BÍpeHHMH
3 íhuihmh cnncKaMH. KpiM Toro, nonaioxb cnjiy ÍHiuoro MaxepÍHJiy, 30Kpeivia BiflKpHBaiOTB fljiH CTapoí jiixepaxypir —- BÍ3aHTÍHCbKÍ, a fljis hoboí — saxi^HboeBponeHCBKi xa cjiob'hhcbkí macepejia, opnriHaJiH nepeKJianÍB a6o B3ipn,i HacjiijiyBaHb.
I Ha nonaTKy 20 ct. ijh npan.ii npoflOBJKyeTbca, npn ^OMy Kpn-
XHU.Í xeKCTy, BCTaHOBJíeHHKJ HaíiCXapiuiOl (pOpMH naM'HTOK Ta icTopii
íx nepe^ani ä p;ajii npHCBírayeTbCH Hanöijibme yBarn. Uji npaui ■qacTo ayiKe ťpyHTOBHi, mojiX 6e3aoraHHÍ. HaHBaJKJiHBiniHMH «o-cJ1Í3HHKaMH Toro ^acy öyjin I. <í>paHKo xa aica;n. B. IlepeTi;, mo 3y-míb 3ai^ÍKäBHXH ^HMajio mojio^hx yneHHX cyTO-yKpa'ÍHCbKHMH xe-MaMH xa BHxoBaTH d;íjihh uieper yHHÍB-yKpamo3HaBiíÍB. Ilopyn
10
HHX Tpeöa nocTäBHTH nocjiiAHHKÍB-tiyHCHHiíiB, cjiOBemja aKaft. B. Jiřina, pociaH A. CoôojieBCbKoro, M. CnepaHCbKoro Ta B. IcTpma. OcTäHHÜi, xoH i Bopor „yKpaiHCTBa", Mae Haöoijibnii 3acjiyrn y bh-
RaHHi  TeKCTÍB Ta BCTaHOBJieHHi,   mo HeflKi  BaJKJIHBÍ  naM'jTTKH, HKÍ
naBHiine BBaHcajiHCH 3a öojirapcbKi, b aíhchoctí HajieacaTt no CTapo-KHiBCfcKoii JiiTepaTypH.
OKpeMHM iiijiHXOM iiuoB aKafl. A. HlaxMaTOB, mp npan;iOBaB rojioBHo Hap; jiiTonHcaMH, 3HaíiniOB y hhx cjií^h npaiji pi3HHx as-Topiß Ta peuiTKH BTpa^eHHX TBopiß CTapo'i JiiTepaTypH. I öoro npana 3HaHinjia KopncHHx HacjiißyBaniB.
Tpeöa, oflHa^e, CKa3aTH, mp npaija npHÔiHHHKÍB (pijiojioriqHo'i MeTOflH b icTopií cjioß'jiHCbKHx jiiiepaTyp He Rocarjia TaKoi* hocko-
HajIOCTH, HK npai^H KJIHCHHHHX (pÍJIOJIOrÍB Ta flOCJimHHKÍB 3aXÍflHfcO-
eBponencbKHx cepeflHbOBÍHHHx jiiTepaTyp, XUScho kphth^hhx bh-HaHt TeKCTÍB y Hac i floci HeôaraTO, a 3pa3K0BHx flocjiiflaceHb me MeHine, xom npan,a 3ocjiíahhkíb nboro HanpaMy npoBa^HTbca najii & floci (3raflaTH xon 6h KHHry B. AapiaHOBoi-nepeTn, npo jirrepa-TypHi TBopn npo CB. OjieKcifl Ta npan,io O. PncTeHKa npo cb. lOpia Ta flpaKOHa). BeJiHKe 3HaneHHa MaioTb npani (pijioJiorinHoro Han-pHMy npo jiiTepaTypy 16-18 ct., mo Ha He'i jasmine MafijKe He 3BepTajioca y Barn, ajie u,i npani 3fle6ijitma SHa^Ho cjiaöiini, híhc HocjiiflJKeHHa CTapo'i JiiTepaTypH.
He 3BaiKaiOHH na eHepriio ôaraTbox hocjiíhhhkíb, cHjia cTapnx
TeKCTÍB He Mae HaBÍTb 3aflOBÍJIbHHX BHflaHb; flO HHX HaJiejKaTB Tani
naM'aTKH, hk „l36opHHKH" 1073 Ta 1076 pp., nponoBi^i KHpmia TypoBCbKoro, 6ijibHiicTb &hohímhhx nponoBiflen toiho. Zfemo Bsara-jii HenpHCTynne nepe3 njjiKOBHTHH 6paK BHflaHL, Hanp., 3HaHHa kíjib-kíctl pejiiriÖHHx TeKCTÍB, xon bohh MaioTb BejiHKe 3Ha^eHHfl fljia xapaKTepncTHKH jiÍTepaTypHoro cthjiio Ta noro pa3BHTKy (Hanp.,
„JliCTBHUa"  IoaHa  ,,JIÍCTBHTIHHKä").
Ha flpyroMy 6on;i CTOHTb b nacH nopoMaHTH*rai npHÖiHHHKH c o-iíiajibHo-nojíiTH^Horo RocjiiflHceHHa jíiTepaTypmix TBopiB. 3 yKpaÍHCbKHx HocjriflHHKÍB nyiKe rocTpo nocTaBHB BHMory TaKoí Me-TOflH M. .ZIparoMaHOB me b 70-x pp. 3aBepineHHaM flocJiiřpKeHHa JiiTepaTypH b nbOMy Hanpaivri Öyjia BiflOMa icTopia yKpai'HCbKoI JiiTepaTypH Cepria G(ppeMOBa. Ilicjia oojibineBHnbKoí peBojnoijií co-H,iajibHO-nojiÍTHTiHHH niflxifl nonimae onaHOByBaiH icTopiio yKpam-cbKoi JiiTepaTypH, Bee nocmiioiOHHca nicjia po3rpoMy yKpaÍHCbKoí AKafleMÜ HayK, a noTÍM nicjia apyroi cbítoboí* bíhhh. CTapimi ho-cjiiflHHKH CToajiH MaibKe bhkjho^ho Ha 3acaaax HapoflHinjTBa, pa-flaHCbKi — Ha 3aca^ax MaKpcH3My. Ajie cníJitHe b hhx — inyKaH-Ha b TBopax CTapo'i h hoboí JiiTepaTypH pe4)JieKCÍB, BifloöpaMteHHa coiíiajibHoro Ta nojiÍTHHHoro MCHTTa b nacH nocTaHHa TBopiB. JliTe-
11
paTypHÍ TBopH ^lacTO po3rjia^aiOTLCH jiHine hk jpKepejio flJiJi ni3-HaHHH coijíjijibhhx Ta nojíiTHHHHx y m ob íx Hacy. IIpaBfla, tojjí, hk
HapOflHHKH npHXOflHJIH flO CBOIX BHCHOBKÍB y HaCJliflOK   B i JI b H o r o
HocJiiflJKeHHs, cynacHi paflHHCBKi ^ocjiíhhhkh ctohtb ni,n; thckom PÍ3HHX „ftupeKTHB", m;o nacTO Bace Hanepe^ BH3Ha^aioTb tí bh-
CHOBKH, ftO HKHX ^OCJliflHHKH   MyCSTB   IipHHTH.  CnijIbHOK) pHCOKJ
bcíx HOCJ1Í3HHKÍB coiíifljibHo-nojíiTHHHoro HanpaMy, e oniHKa jiixe-paTypHHX TBopiß 3 norjiHfly Ix kophchocth fljia „Hapofly", „npojíiTapiflTy", „peBOJiřOLiii" i t. Cania no co6i TaKa oumica MOHce i He niKO^HJia 6 flocjiiftJKeHmo nain'íiTOK, ajie rjih flocjiiflHceH-
Hfl 3fle6ÍJIBIUoro BHÔHpaiOTk naM'HTKH, UJO BÍRpÍ3HHIOTt.Cfl „HapOflO-
jik>6ctbom" aöo no^iÖHHMH ,,iio3hthbhhmh" BjiacTHBocTHMH, a 3 flpy-roro 6oKy oi^íhkuotb cTapi naaťjrrKH He 3 norjiaay ix flooH, a 3 norjia^y cynacHHX aocjiiflHUKaM noJiithhhhx nporpaM, mo poöirrb
Cy^H 30CJ1ÍAHHKÍB HeiCTOpHHHHMH Ta HeOÔ'eKTHBHHMH.
I aexTo Í3 3raflaHHx BHiije npencTaBHHKiß (pijiojiori^Hoi hikojih He BÔepircH Bifl noßepxoBHX cyfliß cou,ÍHJii>HO-nojiÍTHHHoro xapaK-Tepy (iianp., IlHniH, a ího^í ä <í>paHKo).
Ilpaiiiíi nopoMaHTHTOOi ro6k ne ooMejKyBajiaca tíjibkh Ha (púio-jiorÍHHor.iy Ta coĽtiajibHO-nojiÍTHHHOMy HanpnMi. Tpeöa 3rafíaTH m,e flBa HanpííMH, mp MajiH Micrje i b aocjiiflJKeHHi yicpaiHCbKoi jiÍTepa-TypH. 3 oAHoro 6oicy u,e 6yB „ayxoBHO-icTopHHHHň" nanpjiM, 3 apy-roro — inyKaHHH ,,BnjiHBÍB" (m,o noro nexTo npe3npjiHB0 oxpncTHB
„BnjIHBOJlOriGK)" ).
„3yX0BH0-ÍCT0pHHHe"   flOCJli^JKeHHH JlÍTepaTypHHX TBO-
piB cnpHMOBaHe Ha bí^kphtth b JlÍTepaTypHHX TBopax ejieMeHTÍB CBÍTorjia^y aBTopiß mh CBiTo^j-a^y, xapaKTepHCTH^Horo rjih bcígí flo-6h a6o oKpeMHx Te^iS. Tpe6a CKa3aTH, mo npeflCTaBHHKÍB TaKoro „AyxoBHo-icTopHHHoro" socjiiA^eHHH 6yjio flytfce Majio — v,e 6yjm nonacTH icTopHKH nepKBH, m;o uiyKajiH xphcthhhcbkhx ochob cTapoi jiÍTepaTypn, nonacTH npeacTaBHHKH iiininx Tenin, 3fle6iJibnioro cpi-jiojioriHHoi, mo npHHari^Ho 3Haxoa;HjiH oKpeMi xapaKTepHCTHMHi pněn b thx a6o íhiuhx naM'flTKax. 3a e,n;Hrioro nocjii^OBHoro npefl-CTaBHHKa ňyxoBHO-icTopH^íHoi MeTOflH, m;o noro npan.i, npaBp;a, jih-ine pi^Ko CTocyiOTLCH no yKpaiHCbKoi jiÍTepaTypn, Tpeöa BBaacaTH 3>. BycjiaeBa, jikhö no^aB cboío nayKOBy «injibmcTb me 3a *iacÍB
pOMaHTHKH.
KijibKÍCTb uiyKa^ÍB  „biijihbíb"  óyjia BejiHHe3Ha; Tane my-
KaHHfl 3po6HJIOCH HaBÍTb MO^OK) i IipHBOflHJIO RO toto, m,0 B TBOpaX
OKpeMHx aBTopiß He 6aHHJiH MaÖHce HÍ^oro opnriHajibHoro: Bee cxoAHjio Ha 3ano3H*ieHHfl Bia íhuihx aBTopiß (Hanp., IIIeBMeHKO Maíiace js,o bcíx cboix TeM Ta 30 MHMajioi ^lacTHHH OKpeMHx mothbíb
Ta o6pa3ÍB npHÖUIOB, MOBJIHB, nifl BnJIHBOM nOJIbCbKHX pOMaHTHKÍB).
12
"tíacTO npocxa cxojkíctb to mm bjkč BBäJKäJiaca 3a noKa3 „BiuiHBy"; TäKHMH g npani B. Pe3aHOBa npo CTapnö yKpaiHctKHH TeaTp, mp 3 ÍHinoro norjiamy ijíhhí. Kophchhm Tpe6a BH3HaTH rojiOBHe uiy-KaHHH jj;JKepeji BiuiHBy b cTapifi JíiTepaTypi, me Ix inyKajin HaÖMeHine.
„^tyxoBHo-icTopiPiHi" mocjiim>KeHHa nacTo nepeTBopiOBajiHca na ,,k y ji b t y p h o - i c t o p h h h i".  IIpHKJiaflOM utoro g BHce Eyc-
JiaCB,  IHO  3B'H3yG  iCTOpilO JIÍTepaTypH 3  iCTOpieiO  MHCTeHTBä. Illy-
KaHHH bi7jihbíb ÍHomi HaÔHpajio (popMH myKaHHa napajiejiiß, 6e3 TBepRJKeHHH, mo OHHH aBTop 3ano3HnHB mpcb Biß innioro; Tajena norjiam nacTO 3ycTpinaeM0 b nojiirjioTa, OjieKcaHmpa BecejioBCbKoro.
OicpeMO CToi'Tb 3acaflHa, ajie He3aKÍHneHa icTopia yKpamcbKOi jiiTepaxypH M. TpyHieBCbKoro. Bíh 3 HamsBHHaiÍHoio epymnuieio Ta BOJioflÍHHaM pÍ3HHMH HayKOBHMH MeTomaMH cnojiyHHB y cboíh npani (pijiojiorÍHHy, myxoBHO-icTopHHHy Ta coHiajibHO-noJiiTHHHy MeTOflH. 3aB^HKH HboMy, a TaKOJK 3aB^aKH 3HaHHio nyjKOMOBHoi eBponeH-cbKoi HayKOBoi JIÍTepaTypH fioMy BmaJioca nomara moci HenepeBep-uieHy KapTHHy cTapoí yKpaÍHCbKoi" JIÍTepaTypH i (poJiKJibopy. Haä-
OpHťÍHaJIbHÍUli Ta HaHHÍHHÍHlÍ HOrO «yMKH Ha myXOBHO-ÍCTOpHHHÍ TeMH.
4. IIlHpOKHH    P03KBÍT    ÍCTOpHHHO-JlÍTepaTypHOrO HOCJlÍHMíeHHH
nicjifl peBOjnonn 1917 p., 30KpeMa npana yKpaÍHCbKoi AKameMii Hayn, MajiH Bejrane3He 3HaneHHa, yMOJKJiHBHBHin BH^aHHH npanb npencTaBHHKÍB MaĺbKe bcíx 3ramaHHx BHii^e HanpaMÍB nopoMaHTHH-Hoi moon.
I^íjihS uieper hocjiíahhkíb BHCTynHB 3 hobhmh norjiamaMH, mp
3B'a3aHÍ   3    CTHJliCTHHHOKD    aHajlÍ30K>    JlÍTepaTypHHX TBO-
piB. AaBHiuie npainoBajiH Ham nnTaHHaMH cthjiio jinuie TBopiB nHCbMeHHHKÍB ocTaHHboro nacy, xa ô to He 3aBJK^H. JleaKi 3ayBann b ubOMy HanpaMi momo CTapiuioro nncbMeHCTBa 3ycTpinaGMO jiHHie b hikojií ľlepeTna. /Jeani cthjiícthhhí yBarn, ajie b nyiKe HecncTe-MaTHHHio xa cy6'eKTHBHÍH (popMÍ maBajín TaKOJK menní npeflCTaB-
HHKH JliTepaTypHOl KpHTHKH (GBHiaH).
He 6e3 BnjiHBy HOBÍTHboi eBponeöcbKoi HayKH Ta pocificbKoro t. 3B. ,,tpopMajiÍ3My" (B. IIlKjioBCbKHH xa íhuií) nonajioca aocjií-fljKeHHa 3 (popMajibHoro norjiamy JlÍTepaTypHHX TBopiB yKpaÍHCbKoi JIÍTepaTypH. M. 3epoB, II. <3>HJiHnoBH% B. IleTpoB, O. ^opoimceBHH, B. ílKyôcbKHH, O. Bijieii;bKHH Ta íhiuí — majiH HH3Ky MOHorpacpiš Ta CHHTeTHnHHX npaub, mp b hhx nomaHo po3rjiam He jinuie 3MÍCTy, ajie íí (popMH TBopiB, rojioBHe hoboí" yKpaÍHCbKoi Jiixepaxypn. Jlmne nonacTH (popMajibHa aHajiÍ3a TopKHyjiaca h CTapoi Ta „cepemHboi" HOÖH yKpaÍHCbKoi JIÍTepaTypH. Cepem yKpaíHCbKHx mocjiiflHHKÍB Man-íiíe He ôyjio npemcTaBHHKiB KpaÖHboro (popMajiÍ3My, aKi 6yjiH cepem pociaH Ta íhojj;í TBep^HjiH, n^o 3míct JiiTepaTypHoro TBopy
13
B3arajii He Mae h i a k o r o sna^eHHa a6o mp bíh i; i ji k o m 3a-
JieWCHHH   BÍ3   (pOpMH.   ^OCJlÍH)KeHHH   (pOpMH   B   TBOpaX yKpaiHCBKOl
JíiTepaTypH Mafi^ce híkojih He BiaoKpeMjHOBajioca Bia yBaHCHoí aHa-JIÍ3H 3MÍCTy, aKHH Ha Paa#HCBKÍH yicpami, npaBaa, 3aHaaTo HaCTO ocBÍTjiK)BaHo 3 norjiaaiB ,,MapKCH3My". J%o toto npeacTaBHHKH yicpa-ÍHCLKoro (popMajiÍ3My 6yjiH 3ae6ijibuioro ao6pe BHHiKOJieHi cpijio-jioriHHo i 3yMÍjiH noaaTH HHMajio iííhhhx kphthhhhx BHaaHt na-m'htok yKpamcBKoi JíiTepaTypH. MoacHa roBopHTH npo híjikom ho-bhh nepioa aocjiiaJKeHHH icTopií yKpaÍHCBKOi JíiTepaTypH.
B   HJH   KHH3Í   pOĎHMO   Cnpo6y   BHKOpHCTaTH   aoCHrHeHHH BCÍX
BHmenoaaHHx Te^iá, He iťHopyiOHH HaBiTb Tenep 3acTapijinx po-MaHTHKÍB. Ajie BejiHKy yBary 6yae npHCBa*ieHo thm nHTaHHaM, inp
aOCÍ HeaOCTaTHBO BHCBÍTJHOBaJIHCa:  nHTaHHHM  (pOpMajIBHHM Ta IIH-
TaHHaM nepioHH3aiiii.
5. IlepiiiHM nHTaHHHM, Ha aite Tpeť5a 3BepHyTH yBary, g MOBa. Hac n,ÍKaBHTHMe He ctíjibkh íctophmhhh po3bhtok mobh, ckíjibkh ii „fíaraTCTBo" Ta BHKopHCTaHHa pÍ3Hnx „niapiB" mobh. KoíKHa JKHBa MOBa He g ijíjikom cTajia, HepyxoMa Ta He g oanaKOBa b ycix nac-THHax neBHoi* mobhoí TepHTopii Ta b pÍ3HHX KOJiax jnoaeá, mo tobo-
paTb H.ÍGIO MOBOK). 1. B KOMCHÍH MOBÍ G   apxaÍ3MH   (CTapi CJIOBa),
qo me BJKHBaiOTBca b jíiTepaTypi jinuie b aeflKHX BHnaaKax, Hanp., b ypoHHCTÍH npoMOBi; Ta hobotboph, HeojiorÍ3MH. IXe — „ícto-pHHHe" po3inapyBaHHa mobh. 2. ITopy^i HBoro g CJiOBa, (popMH, bh-pa3H, mp BJKHBaiOTbca jiHHie Ha neBHifi Tepirropii. 3oKpeMa 3B*a3aHa 3 TepHTopicK) BHMOBa thx caMHx cjiíb (nop. ynp. „CBo6óaa" Ta „CBO-6oaá" toiho). He — fliajieKTH3MH. 3. Hapeurri, b kojkhíh mobí g „hc apťoHÍ3MH" aóo „a p r o t h 3 m h" — ceÓTo pÍ3HÍ
CJIOBa, BHpa3H, 3BOP0TH, mO BJKHBaiOTBCa JIK>aBMH neBHoi con.iajib-
hoi rpynn (ceJiaHH, KpaMapi, po6íthhkh neBHoi npoípecii", CTyaeH-
TH, 3JI0BÍÍ TOHj;o). I 3 MOBHHX 3aC06ÍB ,,3KapťOHÍB" HH „apťo" MOJKe
KopHCTaTHca jíiTepaTypa, TaK caMe, an KopncTaGTBca BOHa ai^jieK-
TaMH Ta  iCTOpHMHHMH HiapaMH MOBH.
JXo Tóro u.i mapn mobh (íctophhhí, TepHTopiajiBHi, coijiajiBHi) Maioib fljia 3BHHaHHoro, ,,nepeeÍHHoro" HHTa^a neBHe 3a6apBjieHHa:
nopy^l CJIÍB „3BHHaHHHX"   (CTÍJI, TOJIOBa, JKHTTa)  3yCTpÍHaGMO CJIOBa,
mp MaiOTB Te a6o mine 3a6apBjieHHa: a6o „ByjiBrapHe", „npocTo-HapoaHe", ,,HH3BKe" (iaKÍ BHpa3H, aK „Jianaca a^TH", „bjiíhhth Ma-KoroHa" b „EHeíai" KoTjiapeBCBKoro; a g CJiOBa, mo Ix HaBiTB He BHíHBaiOTb Ha miCbMi), — a6o, HaBnaKH, „BHCOKe", ypo^HCTe, nia-HeceHe (aK n,epKOBHÍ CJiOBa y IHeBneHita). I bjkhtok cjiíb Tóro a6o
mníoro mapy mobh xapaKTepH3yc MOBy neBHoro jirrepaiypHoro TBopy, a6o HanpaMy, a6o aBTopa.
6. MoBa jíiTepaTypHoro TBopy — ne, nepe^ycíM, 3aci6 Mncrenb-Koro oípopMjieHHfl 3MÍCTy TBopy. OTHce, npH nocjii^JKeHHi jirrepa-TypHHX naaťHTOK, MycHMo 3BepTaTH yBary Ha tí 3aco6n „npnicpa-uieHHH mobh", mp ix y TBopi bjkhto. KjiacncpiKaniio n,nx 3aco6ÍB 3aHo me b cTapoBHHy (aic nooa^HMO, Bi^oMa ôyjia na loiacHcpiKania i CTapoyKpai'HCLKiíí jiiTepaTypi). 3BH-qaHHo roBopaTb npo n.i 3aco6n npHKpanieHHH mobh, hk npo „Tponn Ta (pirypn" MHCTenbKo'i mobh. HaBefleMo jiniue KijibKa npnKjia^iB.
M e t a <p o p a (nop i b hhh hh ) — 3aMÍHa oflHoro o6pa3y íhhihm, mp g jj,o nepnioro noßiÖHnn. 3ra^acMO b UleBHeHKa („Tonojia"): „KpyroM nojie, a k t e m o p e", fliBHHHa „HeHb i BopKye, a k rojiyÖKa 6e3   r o ji y 6 a".
MeroHÍMÍH — bächtok 3aMÍCTb cjioBa, mo BH3Hanae neBHHH oô'gkt, imnoro cjioBa, mp BH3HaHaG oö'gkt, aKOCb, 3BHHaimo nacoBo a6o npocTopoBo (ajie He cxojkíctio) noB'a3aHHH 3 nepuiHM. Ha-npnKJiaß, 3BepTaHHa ao MHJioro a6o mhjioi ,,c e p 3 e h b k o" (jiio-flHHa — He e Jiňme „cepíne"); aöo BH3HaneHHa nacy „n i b h i He cniBajín", mp e jinme o^hh 3 3HaKÍB HaôJinaceHHa paHKy; a6o „3ame6ene coJiOBeiiKo" — 3aMÍCTb „Be*rip", „cnißa co-
JI O B e H K O" - 3aMÍCTb ,,HÍq".
rinepöojia — nepeöijibineHHa. B „Tonojii" Hanp.,: „CKa-jkh MeHi, fle míh mhjihh, — k p a n c b i t a nojiHHy"; Tonojia — „TOHKa, TOHKa Ta BHCOKa, ho c a m o 1 XMap n".
E n i t e t — npHKMeTHHKOBa xapaKTepncTHKa aKorocb noHaTTa (cjioBa): „c n h g Mope", „k a p i o^ieHaia". „CTaH b h c o k n ň", „jiHCT ninpoKHÖ" Ton^o. 3oKpeMa xapaKTepncTH^Hi nocTÍŽHi eniTeTH, tihiobí ajia HapoRHo'i cjioBecHocTH: „chhg Mope", ,,6ijie jih^ko" toiho.
ÄHTHie3a — npoTHCTaBJíeHHa: ,,no tím óoni —• Moa aojia, no cím 6on,i — rope".
IIapajiejiÍ3M — nocTaBJíeHHa nopyq «box o^HaKOBo 36y-flOBaHHX pe^eHb a6o o6pa3ÍB: „aicön 3Hajia, mo noKHHe, 6yjia 6 He jnoonjia; aKÖn 3Hajia, mo 3arnHe, öyjia 6 He nycTHJia".
Ilopy^ TaKHx npHKpac, nprncjiajm annx TijibKnmp mh HaBe-jin Ta aKi 3B'a3aHi 3 3míctom TBopy, 3 3yMKOK> a6o o6pa30M, g íí npHKpacH, n;o Hajie^caTb Jinme ro 3ByKOBoi CTopoHn mobh jiiie-paTypHoro TBopy. Ha 3araji n,i npnKpacn 3Byrbca eBtpoHicio (a6o ,,ÍHCTpyMeHTan,ÍGK)"). H,e, Hanp., noBTopeHHa thx caMnx 3By-KÍB y cyciflHix cjioBax. Hanp., y „TonoJii": ,,6e3 mhjioto CKpi3b Mornjia" — noBxopioiOTbca 3ByKH a6o rpynn 3ByKÍB: 3-3, m-m,
15
HJi-HJi, or-or. Aôo: „Kpafi aoporn rae Tonojno ro caMoro flOJiy" — noBTopioiOTbCH p-p, flo-ao-mo, or-or, oji-oji, 6araTo „o" i t. h.
OnpeMe 3HaHeHHa MaG TaKHH 3aci6 eBcpoHií hk a ji i t e p a-n, i a, ceÔTO noBTopeHHH neBHoro SByicy aôo rpynn SByKÍB Ha n o -h a t k y cyciflHix cjiíb: nop. ,,6e3 MHjioro cicpÍ3B Monuia (m-m), „no fliôpoBi b i Tep b n g" (b-b), „6e3 MHJioro coHne cbíthtl, cbí-thtb Ta He rpic" (c-c-c).
OKpeMy rpyny npnicpac cthjik) yTBopioiOTt TaK 3Bam „3 a-rajiLHi m i c n,a" (rpeij&Ke „Tonoc", MHOHoma „TonoS", JiaT. „loci communes"). I^a Ha3Ba He Mae HeraTHBHoro xapaKTepy, aK y noTO^HÍä mobí Tenep. J\e — neBHi tcmh, mothbh, ani BJKHBajinca Ta n BJKHBaiOTfcca b neBHHx BHnaflKax. TaKHM „TonocoM" g Hanp., „t o n o c c k p o m h o c t h" : Ha no^aTKy aôo HanpHKÍHH,i TBopy aBTop MaG BHÔa^HTHCH nepefl ^niTa^eM 3a cbog „HeBMÍHHa", „Heao-CTaTHK) ocBÍTy", „HeriAHicTb" iiHcaTH Ha Tany BajKJiHBy TeMy toiuo. J\o 3arajií>HHX míchb HajiejKHTL TaKOJK yMOTHByBaHHH Ha-Mipy n h c a t h Ha neBHy TeMy, Hanp., to My, mp me híxto Ha He'i He nncaB, mp aBTop He xo^e ôyra „paôoM jiíhhbhm" Ta He bh-KopncTaTH fljia 3arajibHoro noôpa CBoro 3HaHHa toiho. Hapenm flp „Tonoeiß" HajiemaTB pÍ3HÍ 3acoôn 3aKÍHHeHHa TBopy: 3aKÍH-neHHH TBopy nooaíKäHHHM HHTa^eBi ycnixy, mojihtboio i t. n. I npo-TaroM onoBiflaHHa ôyBaioTi, „3araJitHÍ Micna", Hanp., onHc KpamH, ^e Bi^ôyBaGT&ca aia, oniHica nofliä a6o bí^mOBJíeHHa Bia ouíhkh, BHÔaneHHa, mp aBTop po3noBÍp;aG jranie „nemo", „HeôaraTo 3 ôara-Toro" MaTepiajiy, iup MOHcna ôyjio 6 noflaTH i t. r.
Abtop Mome 3MÍHK>BaTH 3MÍCT, mp bíh Soro BCTaBJíaG b paMKy „3arajiBHOro Micna". HanpnKJiaa, bí^omoctí npo noxoftJKeHHa Ma-Tepiajiy TBopy MaiOTt BianoBiaaTH híhchoctí, ajie TaKi bí^omoctí HajiejKaTb 30 „3arajii>HHx mícuí>". B CTapoyKpaiHCBKifi jirrepaTypi THnoBHH Tonoc g njiam (rojiociHHa) 3a noMepjiHMH, 3míct Ix y pÍ3-hhx TBopax flyace pÍ3HHÔ, ajie caiwa (popMa njia^iy b jiiTepaTypHoMy
TBOpi G TOnOCOM.
Po3noBci03aceHa noMHjiKa píocjiíhhhkíb CTapoi jiiTepaTypn — npHHMaTH Tonoc sa BHpa3 ^íhchhx HacTpoiB Ta nepeJKHBaHt aBTopa, Hanp., 3 „Tonoca ckpomhocth" poôhth bhchobok, mp aBTop cnpaB^i ceôe 3a He3aiÔHoro a6o „HeriflHoro" i t. n.
CTapi Ta hobí TeopeTHKH jiÍTepaTypn noaaiOTt ine ÔaraTo íh-hihx TepMÍHÍB, inp BH3HaHaK>Ti> neBHi 3aco6n JiiTepaTypHHx npnKpac. ITpo 3 nnx 3aco6ÍB ôyaeMo roBopHTH npHHari^Ho, aKinp bohh
HaM 3ycTpÍHyTBca.
Ta SHa^eHHa ^Jia xapaKTepncTHKH TBopy Mac He Jimne bjkhtok thx ^iH íhuihx npHKpac, a i Te, aK ^lacTO, pacHo BHCHBaG tígi aôo tígi npHKpacH a6o MOBHoro mapy oKpeMHä aBTop aôo jiiTepaTypHun TBip.
16
Hanp., y HleBneHKa flyJKe pacni eBcpoHÍi, po3MÍpHo HeôaraTo ix y KoTjiapeBCBKoro a6o Kyjiiiua. A m,e BajKJiHBÍnie, b hkíh (py^nii, 3 HKOio MeTOK) bhchto Tóro a6o Toro MOBHoro 3aco6y. Hanp. Byjit-ťapH3MH 3ycTpinaGMo BHce b CTapiô yKpaiHCbKÍH jiŕrepaTypi, — ne jiaÔKH, cnpHMOBam npoTH BoporiB: cpeTHKÍB (y nponoBÍflax), b6hb-h,íb cb. KHH3ÍB BopHca Ta Tjiiôa („nci 3Jiii") Tom,o. HnMaJio Byjit-ťapHSMÍB y KoTJijipeBCbKoro b „EHeifli" — BacHBaG ix bíh 3 MeToio
ryMOpHCTHHHOIO,   BHKJIHKaTH   CMÍX   y   HHTaHÍB,   60   H.Í ByjIbťapH3MH
(,,IOHOHa cyna flOHKa") bjkhto p,o aHTHHHHx repo'ÍB a6o aHTHHHHx SorÍB TaM, fle 3BHHaÄHO BJKHBajioca b toh nac cjiíb „bhcokoito cthjiio". H,boro BHMaraB i toö ťaTyHOK TpaBecTÍ'i, b aKOMy nncaHO TBip. ByjibťapH3MH 3ycTpÍHeMo i b HleBHeHKa, ajie b 3obcím íhiiiíh (pyHKDjii, mp6 niaKpecjíHTH BHyTpiniHio ByjibťapidcTb Ha30BHÍ „bh-coKoro" (Hanp., napcbKoro flBopy y „Chí"), ByjibťapH3MH b flpaMax KocTOMapoBa e Hacjii^yBaHHiiM IHeKcnupoBnx Byjitraptinx cn,eH, aKÍ fljia KocTOMapoBa 3QKpeMa npHHasm, 60 caivie cnojiyneHHa „bhcoko-ro" Ta ,,HH3bKoro" cthjiíb HajieíKHTb ho nporpaMOBHx BHMor poMaH-thkíb, a KocTOMapoB 6yB poMaHTHKOM. HapeuiTi, b peajiicTÍB, Hanp., y HeHya-TTeBHUbKoro, ByjibrapH3MH xapaKTepH3yiOTb Te OTonemia, npeflCTaBHHKH anoro BJKHBaiOTb ByjibťapHHx Bnpa3ÍB. Otjkc, pac-
HÍCTt yíKHTKy pÍ3HHX MOBHHX npHKpaC Ta (pyHKU;Ía, B aKÍÔ IX BJKH-
BaeTbca, g pnca JiiTepaTypHoro TBopy, fly^ce BajKJiHBa HJia Soro xapaKTepncTHKH.
7. ^ocJiißJKeHHa JiiTepaTypHoro TBopy BHMärac He JiHine onncy Ta aHajiÍ3H noro mobh. BaacjiHBHH i noro 3 m i c t. 3ra;aaGMo ro-jiobhí nHTäHHa, mp CTOcyiOTbca 30 3MÍCTy.
He, nonepme, — KOMno3HU,ia TBopy, ceÖTo äoro BHÔyaoBa, po3nonÍJi OKpeMHx nacTHH, ix nopaflOK, ix B3acM03B'a30K, 3Jiaro-flHteHicTb míjk C060K), a6o nocTaBjíeHHa ix y npoTHJieiKHocTi o^Ha Ho oflHoi; rapMOHÍHHa 6yp;oBa BCboro TBopy a6o HaBMHCHe hh He-HaBMHCHe 6e3JiaflHH, b aKOMy noflaHo 3míct TBopy Tomp.
Ochobhí ejieMeHTH 3MÍcTy MaiOTb cboí Ha3Bn:
T e m a TBopy — ne fioro ,,3aflyM", up Ta flyMKa, mp cnojiynac B IíÍJliCTb OKpeMl HaCTHHH TBOpy, aJK RO OKpeMHX cjiíb. Kojih b TBOpi
€ KÍJibKa TeM, roBopHMo npo „TeMaTHKy" TBopy. B ,,Tonojii" HleB-nemca MOJKHa öa^HTH Teiviy ,,HeiH,acjiHBoro KoxaHHa" b neBHOMy BHrjiafli — mhjihh, oneBHflHO, 3arHHyB Ha nyacHHÍ.
/íajli, B KOJKHOMy TBOpi G   CW3C6T    (3pÍflKa 3yCTpÍHaGMO HaB-
MHCHHH 6paK cioaceTy), — ue 3arajibHHH njiaH nepeôiry nop;ÍH a6o CTaTH^HHX B3aGMHH pÍ3HHX ^hhhhkíb (3fle6ijibiua híhobhx OCÍ6) TBopy míjk C060K). B „Tonojii" ciojkct — oôepHeHHa 3a flonoMoroio nap flißnHHH b pocjiHHy (ciojKeT, hj;o 3ycTpinaGTbca ÍHfle i b IHeB-neHKa i B íhihhx Soro CynaCHHKÍB).
17
ClOJKeT  3BHHaÜH0   (lípÍM   MÍHÍflTK)pHHX  TBOpiß)   CKJiaflaCTbCH 3
OKpeMHX m o t h b i b a6o cnoJiyH6HHH 3 HHMH. IJe — apiômmi ejie-MeHTH 3MÍCTy TBopy. B „Tonojii", Hanp., MaGMO mothbh — „mhjihh Ha ^yjKHHi", „CBaraHHa 3a fliB*nmy cTaporo „Hejiioöa", „caMOTHicTb
flÍBHHHH",  „BOpOJKÖa" TOinO.
I ni eJieMeHTH KOJKHoro TBopy Tpeöa po3rjiHflaTH He caMi no co6i, a b BiflHomeHHi flo BCboro TBopy, naCTo flo bcígí tbophocth aBTopa.
BaíKjiHBOK) pncoK) KOJKHoro JiÍTepaTypHoro TBopy e uje Hajieac-HÍCTb Horo flo Toro a6o Toro jiÍTepaTypHoro ť a t y h k y, flo neB-Horo Tímy TBopiB. A flo KoacHoro ťaTyHKy i aBTop, i HHTani, i Teo-
peTHKH JIÍTepaTypH CTaBJIHTb neBHÍ BHMOTO, BCTaHOBJIK)K>Tb flJIH HBOrO neBHÍ HOpMH. LJÍ HOpMH CTOCylOTLCH i flO CpOpMH Í flO 3MÍCTy.
Bifl cpopMH BHMaraGTbcji neBHoi KoMno3Hnľi, BJKHTKy neBHHx npn-Kpac (a6o 3a6opoHHGTbCH BiKHBäTH neBHÍ npHKpacH), BHÖopy neB-HHx jreKCH^HHX 3aco6ÍB Tomp. Bifl 3MÍCTy BHMaraeTbCH nesHoro xapaKTepy TeMa, neBHoro rany aomer, a mofli neBHÍ mothbh. G
neBHÍ   BHMOrH   i   IUOflO   flÍHOBHX   OCÍ6,   HKmO   BOHH  B   TBOpí   G; BOHH
MycaTL HajiencaTH flo neBHHx cycnijiLHHX rpyn a6o neBHoi* flOÖH. TaKHX BHMor e HHMajio, i bohh 3MÍHioioTbCíi nac BÍfl nacy. iHOfli
B iCTOpHKHOMy p03BHTKy BHHHKaG HaBÍTb BHMOra He p03pÍ3HHTH ťa-
TyHKÍB, He flOTpHMyBäTHCs híhkhx BHMor (irboro ÓajKanH, Hanp., npeflCTaBHHKH Kpainnx poMaHTiraHHX Tenia).
Mh ÔyfleMO 3HaS0MHTHCH 3 neBHHMH JiiTepaTypHHMH ťaTyHKaMH, XapaKTepHCTH^HHMH  flJIfl  KOHÍHOl  flOÔH,   Ta  3  THMH  BHMOraMH, IUO
flo h;hx raTyHKÍB CTaBHjiHCH b pÍ3HÍ enoxH, npn KOHKpeTHOMy o3Ha-öoMJieHHi 3 MarepiajiOM.
3raflacMO TyT jiHiue tí Tpn ochobhí rpynn, b hkí MOJKHa cno-jiyHHTH bcí JiiTepaTypHÍ faTymai: u.e 1. E n o c,  ceÖTo ,,o6'gkthb-
HHŘ"   (3a HaMÍpOM)   BHKJiafl üKHXOCb (paKTÍB,  BHKJiafl, p03yMÍGTbCH,
MHCTeují>KH ocpopMJiemiH; 2. apatia — tí raTyHKH, mo b hhx jiiTepaTypHHH MaTepiJiJi ijíjikom BKJiaflaGTtcji b ycTa aíhobhx oci6; 3. JlipHKa — bcí ťaTyHKH, fle flacTbca BHKJiafl cyô'GKTHBHHx ne-peíKHBäHb, flyMoK aôo nonyBaHb aBTopa. iHOfli n.i ťaTyHKH 3MÍuiy-K>TbCÄ, Hanp., y Ta k 3BaHiü „ôajiHfli". ük nado B^cHBaeTbCii toö a6o íhihhh ťaTyHOK, ak raTyHKH 3MÍniyiOTbCH i t. fl. —• ne 3HOBy flyjKe THnoBe i ajih neBHHx enox, i fljia neBHHx aBTopÍB, i fljiH neBHHx JiÍTepaTypHHx Temň.
8. Po3rjiafl 3MÍCTy npHBOflHTb Hac flo rjiHÔnioro „i n e ň h o r o
3 M i C T y"   TBOpy. BO B KOHCHOMy BHCJIOBÍ KOJKHOl JIIOflHHH,  a THM
öijibme nncbMeHHHKa, BiflÖHBaGTbca fioro cBÍTorjiHfl, eeôro CHCTewta ňoro norjiHflÍB Ha jkhtth Ta cbít. CBÍTorjiHfl aBTopa Moace bhhbh-THca b TBopi ,,caM coöoK)", 6e3 Toro, mo6 aBTop HaMaraBCH nepe-
18
flaTH ^HTaneßi cboí norjia^H. Ajie nytfce *iacTO aBTop cbíhomo xo^e cyrepyBaiH HHTaneBi neBHi nyMKH Ta norjraflH. B TaKHx BHnanKax roBopHMo npo „TeHReHi^iio" TBopy. „Tonojia" — Tßip <5e3 TeH-HeHBjii (MOHce jiHine 3 HaMipoM noKasam noeTH^HicTt HapoHHHX BipyBaHB Ta nepeKa3iß), ajie thiiobo TeHneHHiOHi TBopn IIIeBHeHKa g, Hanp., „Coh" aôo „Heo(pÍTH".
^OCJlÍAHCyiOHH „iEeÖHHH 3MÍCT"  TBOpÍB,  MyCHMO  HaCTO 3BepTa-
THCH flo flHcepeji no3a MeHcaMH naHoro JiiTepaTypHoro TBopy, nepen-yciM no íhiuhx TBOpÍB Toro caMoro aBTopa, aôo aBTopiB Toro caMoro nacy, a nacTO i p;o 6iorpa(pÍHHHx naT npo aBTopa, no HejiÍTepaTyp-HHX npoflBÍB (jiHCTyBaHHa, cnorann) aBTopa aôo cynacHHKÍB; ho cyfliB cynacHHKiB npo TBip (KpuTHKa, napojil toiho) ; flo íctoph^hhx íjaT npo 306y, KOJiH nocTaB TBip, HapeniTÍ, 30 naT npo ocßiTy aBTopa, ôoro HHTaHHfl (KaTajiorn SiÔJiioTeK micbMeHHHKiB), iioro jiiTepa-TypHi Ta ocoôhctí 3b'h3kh. CTapi hocjiíahhkh nacTo ĎynysajiH bck) xapaKTepncTHKy JiÍTepaTypHHX TBopiß Ha TaKHx „noôi^HHx" ß,me-pejiax Ta npHxoflHjiH íhohí H° u.íjikom noMHjiKOBHx bhchobkíb. Po3y-mígtbch, Tpeôa HacaMnepen BHB^aTH jiiTepaiypHim TBip caM y co6i, fioro ineÖHHÖ 3míct MycHTb 3Po6hthch jichhm 3 caMoro TBopy, jiňme no flonoMory mojkcmo 3BepTaTHca 30 „HenpaMHx" HJK.epe.ji.
Po3KpHTTH ineÖHoro 3MÍCTy TBopy 3BeMo „ÍHTepnpeTa-u,ígk>" a6o Kpame „bhujoio i h t e p n p e t a n, i e 10" TBopy, 60 ,,ÍHTepnpeTanÍGio" 3ByTb íhohí i onnc thx (popMajibHHx Ta 3míctobhx ejieMeHTÍB TBopy, mo npo hhx mh rOBopHJiH BHine.
TijibKH 3'HcyBaBiHH (popMajibHHH 6ík Ta 3MÍCT TBopy Ta po3-KpHBiuH éoro ißeÖHHH 3MÍCT, mh MOJKeMo nepeiÍTH ho Toro, mp6 yKa3aTH TBopoBi Ta asTopoBi neBHe Micu,e b icTopn^HOMy npoueei po3BHTKy jiiTepaTypH. IJe g MeTa „cHHTeTHraoro" 3o6pajKeHHH jií-TepaTypHoro po3BHTKy. Ilpn ntoMy HHMajiy Bary Mac nHTaHHH npo nepioHH3aiíiio ntoro p03BHTKy.
9. IIpoôJieMy nepioHH3au;ii icTopii yKpaiHCbKoi JiiTepaTypH no-CTaBjíeHo MOflepHHMH HOCJiiHHHKaMH b HenaBHi nacH. CTapi nocjiifl-HHKH 06'GHHyBajiH bck) cTapy jirrepaTypy bíh 11 ho 18 ct. b nesny iíijiicTb, jimiie íhohí bhhíjihiohh 16-17 ct., mp BMce 3aHaHxo bíh-pÍ3HHJiHca MOB010 bíh CTapinioI JiiTepaTypH. B 19 ct. noMinajiH MeJKy míjk poMaHTHKOio Ta peajiÍ3M0M Ha nincTaBÍ ix ineojiori^HHX po36ÍMíHocTeíí. Ihohí po3noflüi icTopii JiiTepaTypH Ha nepioHH cno-jiynajiH 3 nojiÍTHHHHMH 3MÍHaMH b jkhttí yKpaiHctKoro Hapony. AHajiÍ3a cthjikj npHBeJia ho BHCHOBKy, mo caMe 3míhh JiiTepaTypHHX cthjiíb naiOTb Haimpami Ta cyTOjiÍTepaTypm Kpirrepii fljia nepioflH-3au,ii JiiTepaTypH.
19
^ocjiiflHHKH (Hanp., M. 3epoB S íh.) 3M0rjiH noKa3aTH, mo ^acTo aBTopH a6o Tenii, mp ix aaBHiine cnojiynajiH b MejKax oflHoro
nepiofly,   CTHJliCTHHHO   BinpiSHflIOTbCH   OflHH  BÍfl   OCHOTO ťpyHTOBHO.
SHa^eHHH KJiK nepiomH3anii yiepamcLKOí jiiTepaTypn MaiOTt i npaiii 3aKopflOHHHx BHeHHx, npHCBHTOHi, Hanp., nHTaHHHM öapoKKa aöo „öi^epMaepa".
rojiOBHHM 3aBaaHHflM nepioflH3an,ii g xapaKTepncTHKa OKpeMHX enox, npH HOMy nopy^i npoßjieM cthjiícthkh, BejiHKy pojiio rpaiOTb i nHTaHHji i;n;eojiorř-raoro po3BHTKy. Ajie xapaKTepncTHKa oKpeMoi floÖH He g ocTaHHÍM 3aBflaHHHM: Tpe6a me npoBecTH m e jk i míhc oKpeMHMH nepio,n;aMH, mp, po3yMÍGTtca, He 3aBjK,řni jierKO. iHoai oKpeMi jiÍTepaTypHi Temi BHCTynaiOTb <ih to 3 npHHinmoBOK)
KpHTHKOK)   nonepeflHLoi   flpÖH,   HH   TO    (B   OCTaHHbOMy   CTOJIÍTTÍ) 3
nporojioHieHHHM cboí'x hobhx i^eä (,,jiÍTepaTypm MamtpecTH"). Ajie b CTapi ^acH 3MÍHH jiiTepaiypHoro CMaKy Ta jiiTepaTypHHx npHH-inmiB Bip;6yBajiHca noMajiy, noHHHaiOHHca 3 HesHa^HHx 3míh cthjik) Ta iaeojiorii. OTHce, Mead mojkjihbo BCTaHOBHTH jirane npn6jiH3HO. Hie BaHc^e nnraHHa npo k i h h, i jiiTepaTypHHx enox, 60 npeflCTaß-HHKH nonepeaHboi ao6n He BiflxoßHTb 3 JirrepaTypHoro nojia 6e3 ßopoTLÖH Ta ftiiOTb flajii b cTapoMy HanpHMi, moßi npoTaroM flOB-roro nacy npn naHyßaHHi BJKe hobhx Hanpaivriß (Hanp., poMaHTHK Kyjiiiu y nacH peajii3My).
IleBHi TpyHHomi fljia nepioflnsanii Ta xapaKTepHCTHKH OKpeMHX enox poöJifiTb TBopn Ta aBTopn 3 pi3KHM imniBiflyajitHHM 3a6apB-jieHHaM: b yKpaiHCBKiö JiiTepaTypi, HanpHKJiaa, ,,CKa3amG" npo 3a-ÖHTTH KHH3ÍB BopHca Ta rjiiöa (aHB. II. B. 2) aöo iBaH BnnieH-cbkhh, nonacTH IIIeB^eHKO. TpyHHomi nocTaiOTt TaKoac nepe3 neflo-CTaTHG aocjiiflHceHHa aearcux enox (14-15 ct.).
He 3BaHcaioHH Ha ni TpyflHOiui, MOJKHa noflaTH aocHTb acHy cxeiny nepiofliB po3BHTKy yKpamcbKoi jÜTepaiypn.
3/jaGTbCH,   IHO   MOJKHa   HaBÍTb   BÍflKpHTH  fleHKy 3aKOHOMÍpHÍCTI»
b 3MÍHÍ JiiTepaTypHHx cthjiíb, IIa 3aKOHOMÍpHÍCTb 6a3yGTbca Ha no-
CTÍShÍH   3MÍHÍ    npOTHJieJKHHX    TeH,H,eHnÍH:   CTHJliCTHHHHH p03-
bhtok, a fleaKoio Mipoio i ip;eojiorÍHHHH ifle mjiaxoM nocTiíiHoro XHTaHHa MĎK ABOMa npOTHJieJKHHMH nojiiocaMH.
Xoq  aKÍ  pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ   ÔyjIH  HHCJieHHi   JlÍTepaTypHÍ   CTHJIÍ, IU.O
3MÍHajiHca b eBponeôcbKHX jiiTepaTypax npoTaroM .npBrrix ctojiítb, ajie b HHX JierKO noMÍTHTH RBa thtth, aid xapaKTepH3yiOTfcca npoTH-
JieJKHHMH pHCaMH: JIIOÖOB'iO 30 npOCTOTH HH, HaTOMÍCTb, yXHJIOM flO
ycKJia^HeHOCTH; HaxHjioM jjp acHHx, 3a neBHHMH npmiHcaMH bh-ôymyBamix paMOK a6o, HaBnaKH, CTpeMJiiHHaM Ha^aTH TBopoßi HaB-MHCHe He3aKÍHHeHoí, po3ÍpBaHoi", „bíjiijHoi" (popMH. TaK cai.10, no-míthmo aôo nparHeHHa 30 npo3opo"i acHOCTH myMKH a6o, HaTOMÍCTb,
20
HexTyBaHHH hchocth, 6o, mobjihb, BaHíJiHBinia „rjraÔHHa", xoh 6h BOHa MHTaneBi i He 3aBJK#H 6yjia no kíhuh 3po3yMÍJia; 3ycHjijiH BHpoÖHTH yHopMOBäHy, HopMajiÍ30BaHy, „HHCTy" MOBy a6o, HaTO-
MÍCTb, UiyKaHHH CBOGpinHOi, OpHťiHaJIbHOl MOBH, JIIO60B AO MOBHHX nHBaiíTB,  yHCHTOK  nÍHJieKTH3MÍB  Ta  iKapťOHÍ3MÍB J   CTpeMJlÍHHH ftaTH
Haä to h híhihh bhcjiíb a6o, HaBnaKH, — HaHÔijibuiy noBHOTy mob-Horo BHHBy, xoH 6h ne öyjio i He Ha KopncTb to^íhoctí; nparHeHHa nocíirHyTH b 3arajibHOMy BpaJKeHHH cnoKiÖHoi rapMomi a6o, HaBnaKH, HanpyjKeHHH, pyxy, nHHaMÍKH. IIpencTaBHHKH uhx abox pi3-hhx THniB jiŕrepaTypHHX cthjiíb niHHTb He ie caivre: acmcTb a6o rjiHÔHHy, npoCTOTy aôo nmnmcTb, cnoKiö a6o pyx, 3aKÍHHeHÍCTb y co6i aóo 6e3MeiKHÍCTb nepeneKTHB, bhkíhh6hícti> a6o CTpeMjiiHHH
Ta MÍHJIHBÍCTb, CKOHI^eHTpOBaHÍCTb a6o pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍCTb, Tpa3HI^ÍHHy
KaHOHÍHHicTb a6o hobíctb i t. fl, 3 o^Horo 6oKy, nepeBaacae ineaJi cnoKiÖHoi' ypiBHOBaJKeHoí KpacH, 3 npyroro — Kpaca He g gähhoio
eCTeTHHHOK) H.ÍHHÍCTK) JIÍTepaTypHOrO TBOpy,   nopyH   KpaCH CTOJITb
íhihí uíhhoctí, Ta no eCTeTHHHoí c(pepH npHÖMacTbCH HaBÍTb He-3yrapHe...
IIosHaHMo n;i rann TOCJiaMH „1" Ta „2".
Po3yMÍGTbca, Tane cxeMaTHHHe yaBJíeHHH jirrepaTypHoro po3-BHTKy g no neaKo'i Mipn cxeMaTH30BaH0io aÖCTpaKuicio Bin peajib-Horo npou,ecy po3BHTKy. ni3HÍuie noöa^HMO, mo b MeHiax kohchoí noon g pÍ3HÍ HanpaMH, ÍHnHBinyajibHÍ yxHJiH Ta nepexonoBi HanpsMH míjk oKpeMHMH enoxaMH. JXo Toro m b yKpaiHCbKift jiÍTepaTypi, ana 3Hajia nepionn pejíHTHBHoro 3aHenany, neflKi enoxn — peHecaHC, KJiacirqH3M — penpe3eHTOBaHÍ Majio a6o HeBHpa3Ho.
10. 3arajibHa cxeMa po3BHTKy yKpamcbKoi jiiTepaTypn Bnrjia-nac (Ha nyMKy aBTopa KHHrn) TaK:
I. ^oöa MOHyMeHTajibHoro cthjiio — 11 ct.
II. ,ZHo6a opHaivreHTajibHoro cthjiio — 12-13 ct.
III. IlepexonoBa noôa — 14-15 ct. (Bin H.t>oro ^acy 3ajimuH-jiocH HanTo Majio naM'HTOK, hkí, no Toro, G BeJIHKOK) mí-
pOK)  KOMnijIflTHBHHMH  TBOpaMH aÖO  TBOpaMH,  IH,0 CTOHTb
Ha OKpai JiiTepaTypn). TV. PeHecaHC Ta pecpopMania — Kmeut 16 ct. V. BapoKKo — 17-18 ct.
VI. KJIHCHIÍH3M — KÍHeUb 18 ct. — 40 poKH 19 ct.
VII. PoMaHTHKa -— KÍHenb 20-x poKÍB — nonaTOK 60-x pokíb 19 ct.
Vm. PeajiÍ3M — Bin 60-x pokíb 19 ct. IIpencTaBHHKH i^ieľ Te^ií npainoBajiH 6e3nepepBHo ajK no peBojnonn'. IX. CHMBOJIÍ3M — no^iaTOK 20 ct.
21
Bace 6e3nocepe3Hbo nepeft peBOJiion,ieio 3apoflmiHca hobí HanpaMH, Hanp., (pyTypH3M. 3a peBOJiioun, nopyn näHÍBHHX Tenia peBO-jiioiííhhoí JiiTepaTypH, nocTac acnpaBa Tenia HeoKJiacHnH3My. 51k 3BHnaHHo 6yBae, BHnepnjiHBa xapaKTepHCTHKa HeflaBHix Tenia Mae BJiacTHBi TpyßHomi.
3 Ha3BaHHx TyT enox no rany 1 (hhb. §9) HajieacHTt enoxn 1, IV, VI, VIII Ta X, no THny 2: II, V, VII Ta IX. 3aKÍHHycMO BHKjiafl icTopii JiiTepaTypH b ijíh khh3Í poMaHTHKoio. JliTepaTypa ao6h pea-jii3My Ta MOflepHHx nopeajiicTHnHHx Tenia flyace ninpoKa Ta BHMa-raiHMe KHHrn Tanoro jk oßcary, aK i u.a.
Tpeôa B3aTH Ha yBary, mp b MHHyjioMy, b HaScTapmi flOÔH, HejierKO bí;q;pÍ3hhth yKpai'HCbKi naM'aTKH Bia ômopycfeKHX. Eijio-pycBKHx naM'aTOK cnonaTKy HeÔaraTo. Ajie b 16 Ta Ha nonaTKy 17 ct. tí caMi TBopH, jiHuie 3piflKa b iHmoMy MoBHOMy 3a6apBjieHHÍ, HajieHcajiH so JiiTepaTypHoro penepryapy o6ox HapcfliB. Ornce, HaM BOBeaeTbca ao nonaTKÍB 17 ct. oÖroBopioBaTH meaiti 6iJiopycbKÍ TBopn, BÍH3HanaionH, fle n,e moskjihbo, ix ôijiopycbKe noxojiJKeHHa.
„^OICTOPiraiA £OBA"
A. JÍHíepejia
1. HaScTapiniHH maTOBaHHŮ cxiflHbocjiOB'aHCbKHH pyKonnc — OcxpoMHpoBa GBaHrejiia 1056 hh 1057 p. Ajie g *raMajio HenaTOBaHHX naM'HTOK 11-12 ct. aßo tekhx, iho noxoHHTB 3 Uboro Hacy, ajie fliô-uiJiH 30 Hac jiHine b nÍ3HÍiuHx cnHCKax. Po3yMÍGTbca, ne He HaäcTapiuii naM'aTKH. JXo KHGBa nncbMo Ta JiiTepaTypna (nppKOBHO-cjioß'aHCbKa) MOBa npHnnuiH, HaneBHe, 3 nonaiKOM xpncTHaHCTBa b KÍHii;i 10 ct. Ajie 3HaeMo, m,o xphcthhhh öyjin b Khgbí BJKe me-chthjiítth nepefl thm — hochtb 3ra;n;aTH BapariB-xpHCTHaH, 3aÖHTHX y ^acH BojioflHMHpa, cb. KHarnHio Ojibry. Ilpn ôorocjiyiKÔi, aKinp BOHa He 6yjia rpeubKa, MorjiH TOfti KopncTaTHca KHHraMH 3 Eoji-rapii a6o MopaBi'i. Ajie He npo n,K> „ppicTopHHHy" floöy iífle TyT MOBa. KHHrH, mp npHHeceHi 6yjin 3 HyncHHH, jie^Be MOJKHa Bifl-HecTH flo KHiBCbKoi JiÍTepaTypHoi TpaflHnií. He g JíiTepaTyporo Ta-KOJK i nepeKJia^H ßoroBopiß 3 rpenaMH 911 Ta 944 pp., mp 36eper-jiHca b jíiTonHcax. HwaBinioio g Ta ycHa Tpa^nnia (He jiřrepaTypa, a „cjiOBecHÍCTb"), Hapo^Ha noe3Ía, icHyBaHHa hkoí b toh nac npn-nycKajiH CTapi hocjií^hhkh Ta npimycKacMo i mh. Tenep yjKe He MOJKe 6yTH S mobh npo Te, inp6 npo n,io CTapy cjiOBecmcTb Moaaia 6yjio mpcb neBHoro noBi^aTHca, BKBHaio^H cynacHy Hapo^Hy cjio-
BeCHÍCTb, HK Up pOÖHJlH pOMaHTHKH.
3 hobíuihx nacÍB (17, a ocoöjihbo 19 ct.), ani 3aJiHHinJiH HaM ojihhchí bíííomoctí npo Hapo^ny cjiOBecmcTb Ta Í3 cnocTepejKeHb
Hafl HapoflHOK) CJIOBeCHÍCTIO HyJKHX HapOflÍB, MOJKHa 6a*fflTH HK ÍHOflí XyTKO Ta ťpyHTOBHO nifl fliHHHaM pÍ3HHX KyjIbTypHHX BnjIHBÍB
HapoflHa cjiOBecmcTb MOJKe 3MÍHK)BaTHca. A 3 xpHCTHaHCTBOM 30 KHGBa npHUnijiH bitjthbh BÍ3aHTÍí, Bojirapií, no^acTH MopaBÍl ToMy GHHHHH neBHHÖ uiJiHX flOBÍ,o;aTHCH npo ycHy Tpa^Hniio nepeflxpHCTH-HHCbKoi Ta paHHbol xpHCTHHHCbKoi ^o6h — np uiyKaTH 3ra,npK npo Hel Ta peniTOK 11 b CTapiä jiiTepaTypi. 5Ik noßa^HMO, 3HaH;neMO TyT i HeöaraTo, i He 3aBJKflH neBHe, ajie Te, mp 3HaÖ3eMo, neBHime, híjk raflaHHa CTapnx íctophkíb jíiTepaTypn.
2. He JiHine cjioß'aHCbKa HapoRHa cjioBecHicTb HajiejKHTb 30 „nepeflicTopHHHHx" ejieMeHTiB khibcbkoí JíiTepaTypa. KHH3ÍBCbKa
23
popíma, HpyjKHHa, neBHi mícbkí KyneubKi KOJia 6yjiH CKaHnmaB-cbKoro („Bapa3bKoro") noxonnceHHa. HaM floöpe BinoMa CKaHfli-HaBCbKa noe3Ía JiHine 3 nÍ3HÍnioľ floön. B khibclkíh JíiTepaxypi 3HaS-fleMo   nopy*i ^ejieMeHTÍB   cjiob'hhclkoi    cnoBecHocra ejieMeHTH
CJIOBeCHOCTH   BapH3bK01,   MOJKe   HäBÍTb   i   aKHXOCb   (hKOK) MOBOIO?)
jíiTepaTypHHx 3anHcÍB 10-11 ct.; i neá MaTepiaji Tpe6a TaKOJK Mara Ha yBa3Í. JXo pěni, He 3aßJKnn MOHCHa ôyra neBHHMH, mo tí jiiTepa-TypHÍ ejieMeHTH, ani e i b khibcbkíh i b CKaHniHaBCbKiö JiiTepaTypi, no3H^eHÍ Khgbom Bin BapariB. I Baparn i cjioB'aHH HajieacaTb 30 ,,ÍHflo-eBponeHi(ÍB", oTJKe, MOJKHa npnnycKaTH, mp cnijibHi JiiTepa-TypHi ejieMeHTH i tí i flpyri Morjín nicTaTH 3 cnijibHoi „mno-eßpo-neHCbKoi floÖH". Ha Taity mojkjihbíctb Tpeôa 3ßaacaTH; oflHane, fljia Hocjii^JKeHb y nbOMy HanpaMi u\e HeMac peajibHHx MOJKJiHBocTefi.
B. Cmpa napo^Ha cjioBecHicTb
1. .ZJeaKi 3raflKH npo CTapy HapoflHy cjioBecHicTb, mo bcjihkoio MipoK) m,e He ninnajia nin BnjiHB xpHcraaHCTBa, 3HaxonnMo b Haä-CTapiiHOMy  Hiapi   jiiTepaTypn.   Ha ÖijIbHliCTb   UHX SraflOK
HÍHoro He nae> KpiM n°Ka3y> mp toh aôo toh raxyHOK Hapo^Hoi no-e3i'i Brne icHyBaB.
HeMae cyMHÍBy, mo cjioB'aHH, 3onpeMa cxí^hí, ine nepen npno-HaTTaM xpHCTHaHCTBa MajiH aKicb cniBH Ta aKycb My3HKy. Ajie 3ra«KH npo up JiHine CKyni xa cyMHÍBHi. B He^ncjieHHHx 3raflKax npo „cnÍBii;ÍB" 3aBJKnn MaiOTt Ha yBa3Í cnÍBu,ÍB eni^HHX niceHb, cniBniB „npnflBopHHx", KHa3ÍBCbKHx a6o npyíKHHHHx. 3raflKH cxin-híx MaH,p;pÍBHHKÍB (I6h <£anJiaH) — HeneBHi, 60 flyjKe cyMHÍBHO, mp caMe cjioB'aH bíh onncye an „pyciß". Jlrronnc, MajiioiOHH noraH-cbKe JKHTTa cjioß'aH, a nÍ3HÍnie pÍ3HÍ nponoBinHHKH, 3ranyiOTb ,,irpaHÍa i njiaeama" Tomp, ajie bcí bohh HÍnoro He roBopaTb npo nicHÍ, KpiM Knpnjia TypiBCtKoro, mp roBopHTb npo „nicHi ôícob-CbKi", Ta „CjioBa HÍKoero XpHCTOjno6n,a" (pyKonnc 14 ct. ajie Tßip, 6e3yMOBHO, CTapiniHÔ), ne 3ranaHo „CBiTCbKi nicHi". 3ranyeTbca My3HKy ^opTÍB (onoBinaHHa npo IcaaKia, «hb I. B. 3); My3HKy npn KHa3ÍBCbKOMy flBopi — (jkhtíg <ř>eonocia), íhorí My3HKy B3arajii, ajie HH MOíKHa 6yTH neBHHM, inp b ycix n.iix BHnanKax öne MOBa npo cjioB'aHCbKy h a p o n h y My3HKy ? 3ranKa npo neKejibHy My-3HKy MOHce 6yTH no3HneHa 3 BÍ3aHTÍficbKHx 3pa3KÍB, nBipc!>Ka My-3HKa b Khgbí TaKOHC Morjia 6yTH BÍ3aHTÍHCbKoro noxontfceHHa. He MaeMo MafiHte híhkhx kohkpcthhx BinoMocTeS npo Haponny nicHK) aJK no 16-17 ct., kojih 1571 p. ^ecbKim yneHHH ČIh BjiarocjiaB 3aHOTye nicHio npo CTeťpaHa BoGBony (ajie nicHa na, 6e3yMOBHO,
g 3 KpaÔHboro 3axiflHboro KopflOHy yKpaÍHCbKOÍ TepHTopii), Ta 1625 pony, KOJiH /J^bohobcbkhh apyKyc memo npo K03aica ILnaxTy.
2. /Jeinp HHTaGMO npo oôpa^OBi nicm, ajie nepe^yciM npo Táni,
hkí xoh ^acTKOBo 3B'a3aHÍ 3 xpHCTHHHCTBOM. Dp, HacaMnepefl, -
KOJiHflKH. Ajie, 3H0By, 3raflKH b nponoBiflflx Ta íhiuíh Jih-epaTypi ne roBopíiTB acHo npo KOJiH^KH-nicni, a jinme npo CBaTKyBaHHa Kojia^H. Ilepina JicHima 3ra^Ka (1166) HOBropo^ctKoro noxom>KeH-HH. monpaBfla, b cynacHHX KOJia^Kax ôaraTo npaCTapnx ejieMeHTÍB: 3rap;KH npo Uapropoa, npo BHKyn o6jioHceHoro MÍCTa, npo „pyöaHHa MicTa" (jiiTonncHHH xaH nojioBenbKHH Bohhk 3ÔHpaBca „pyôaTn" Khíbcbkí ,,3ojiotí BopoTa"). SycTpi^iaGMo CTapi cjioBa, ak na boji o k h (uiobkh) Ta HcyKOBHHH (Kaöjiy^KH) Toinp. Ajie Bce np MaÖHce He bhbo3,htb Hac no3a MejKi BH3HaHHa Jinnie cpaKTy, inp hkícb (ajie hh no^iôm 30 cy^acHHx?)  „kojih^kh" icHyBajín BJKe
B nepUIHX fleCHTHJliTTJIX niCJIH npHHHÍITTH XpHCTHflHCTBa, Ta MaöyTB,
MajiH b co6i ,noxpHCTHHHCi>KÍ ejieMeHTH. IHe MeHine flaHHx npo „pyeajiii": 3raflaHo íx b ypHBKy nponoBi^i ,,0 Kapax Eojkhíx", aKy BCTaBjíeHo b jiiTonnc nip; p. 1068, aJie i TyT MOBa iifle npo CBHTKy-BaHHH „pycajiiS", a He npo nicm npn ntoMy CBHTKyBaHHi. JiiTonnc 13 ct. 3ra^yG „Kynajii'i", ajie ayJKe 3arajibH0. — MojKHa 6aHHTH HaTHK Ha BecijitHi nicHi b jihctí BojioflHMHpa MoHOMaxa (KÍneub 11 ct.), flKHH xo*ie 3 BflOBOK) cBoro CHHa „nonjiaKaTn" „3aMÍCTi> ni-ceHt" nin. ■yac ľf „Becijijia Ta BÍHHaHHa" (hhb. I. J\. 4), ajie i TyT inp MOHceMo cyMHÍBaTHca, mii He fi^e Tyr MOBa npo ptBipctKy My3HKy BÍ3aHTÍocí.Koro noxoflHíeHHH. CynacHi 3BHHai Ta nicm yKpaiHCBKoro jiiOfly, a TäKO>K 3HažoMÍ HaM 3BH*iai mjiaxeTCBKÍ 16-17 ct. cBiflnaTb npo Te, inp ôaraTo ejieMeHTÍB HapopHX BecijiBHHx 3BHHaiB, 6yjiH b CTapi nacH BjiacHicTio TaKonc i b h m; o í BepcTBH: i tí 3BHHai, inp HaraayiOTb npo 3axonjieHHa HapeHeHoi chjiomíi^i,, i cjiob-
HHK BeCÍJIBHHX niceHB  (KHa3b, ÔOapH, flpyJKHHa, MeM, CTpÍJIH Tomp),
flawTB ocHOBy ajia npnnymeHb, mp cynacHHH BecijibHHH pHTyaji, pa30M Í3 nicHaMH nonacTH nepeňinoB np Hapo^y Biß bhiuhx BepcTB cTapoi KHa3ÍBcijKoi ,ei;o6h. Ajie HÍHoro neBHoro npo BecijibHÍ nicm KHa3ÍBCBKoi floÔH Ha niflCTaBÍ cy^acHHx niceHt CKa3aTH He MOJKHa.
3. BHnaflKOBO npo ojmy cpopMy oopaflOBoi CTapoí noe3Íí 3ra-flycTtca 6araT0, a caine npo „njia^i"; ne BjiacHe He nicm, a pHT-MÍ30BaHÍ rojiociHHa Hafl noMepjiHMH. Ajie i TyT CBiflneHHa aochtb CKyni, a Haiuiimni jiiTepaTypHi HacjiiflyBaHHa njianiB, MaeMo 3 nÍB-hohí. He 3BHHaÔH0 — 3raflKH jiiTonncy npo Te, mp po^HHa, apy->KHHa Ta Hapofl „njiaKajiHca" no CMepTi KHa3a. Tpe6a cKa3aTH, m;o i iíi 3raflKH ne i^Íjikom nepeKOHJiHBi, 60 yBajKHe hocjií-flíKeHHa noKa3yc, mp BHpa3 „njiaKaTHca" — TpanHu.iÖHa (popMyjia, aKoi JiÍTonHci^i BacHBaiOTt, mo6 3MajiiOBäTH 3arajiBHHÔ jKaJit 3a
25
noMepjiHM. TaK, onoBiaaiOHH npo cMepTb l3'acjiaBa McTncjiaBOBHna (1154), JiÍTonncenb 3raaye npo njia*i „^opHHX KJioôyKÍB" (ceÖTO
TIOpKCbKOrO Hapoay 3 IlepeíICJiaBCbKOrO KHa3ÍBCTBa), b onoBi^aHHi
npo CMepTb BojioßHMHpa B^cnjibKOBn^a 1288 p. cepea thx, xto „njiaKaBca" 3a KHH3eM, 3raaaHo hímhíb Ta jkhaíb — jieflBe hh ny-3Khhd;í BnrojioniyBajiH Haa TpyHoio khíí3h cjiob'hhcbkí „njia-HÍ"-rojiocÍHHH. 3raňicn npo Te, mp „bcí jnoan" njiaicajiHca Haa OjieroM (flKnň, Moace, noMep y CicaHaiHaBii!), mo Ojibra „njiaita-jiaca" 3a cboím hojiobíkom, mo CHH Ta BHyKH „njiaKajTHca" Haa OjibroK), 3aneceHÍ no jiiTonncy (nip; pp. 912, 945, 969) nÍ3HÍme, bjkg b xpncTHHHCbKy aoôy. Bojiohhmhp MoHOMax xone 3 yaoBoio CBoro CHHa íioro „onjiaKaTn"; ne BMce Tpoxn öijibni nepeKOHjiHBe, xo*i yBecb TBip MoHOMaxiB — TBip jiiTepaTypHHÖ, noBHim o6pa3ÍB: na caMa HeBÍCTKa MoHOMaxa Mae „cícth, hk rojiyÖKa na cyxoMy ae-peßi" Tomp — to MoiKHa ne po3yMÍTH aocjiiBHo? „ILnaicaTHca" moai 3Ha^HTb „B3HTH yiacTb b noxopoHÍ" (1154). Irani 3raaKH npo „onjiaKyBaHHa" khh3Íb Ha3HBaiOTb nopy^ nboro „oôhhhí nicm", ceÔTo iiepKOBHÍ noxopoHHi cnißn. I, po3yMÍGTbca, „jiimni MyMci BojioaHMnpcbKi", ceÔTo 6oapH, jieflBe hh BnrojioinyBajin Ha« TpyHoio KHa3a BojioflHMnpa BacHJibKOBH^ia „rojiociHHa", ani BCioan Bnro-jioniyiOTb He hojiobíkh, a íkíhkh.
Be3yMOBHHM aoKa30M icHyBaHHa HapoaHHX ,,njiaHÍB" g Jimne HacjiiayBaHHa íx y CTapifi jriTepaiypi: ,,CKa3aHÍG" npo 3a6nTTa KHa3ÍB Bopnca Ta Tjiioa BKjiaaaG b ycTa BopncoBi 3BopyniJiHBHÍi njiaH Haa ôaTbKOM BojioanMnpoM BejinKHM, a TjiiooBi noaiôHnn njiaq Haa aoJieio 3aÓHToro Bopnca. 3a jiiTonncoM KHa3b HponojiK 3 apy>KHHOK> „njiaHeTbca" 3a bShthm KHa3eM l3'acjiaBOM 1078 p., MOBjíann: ,,6aTbKy, 6aTbKy míh! ^h jkhb th 6e3 nenajii Ha nbOMy cbítí, CTijibKH HanacTen npmiHaBinH Bia Hapoay Ta 6paTÍB cbo'íx? . . " ^aabKO KnÍBCbKoro KHa3a l3'acjiaBa McTHCJiaBOBH^a (BMep 1154), BanecjiaB TypoBCbKHH „njia^eTbca" Haa hhm: „CHHy! n,e 6yjio 6 moc Micne, ajie mo MOKeMO 3po6nTH npoTH Bora? . . " „Jlinnii Myaci BojioanMHpcbKi" „nJianyTbca" Haa BojioanMnpoM BacmibKOBHHeM: „aoôpe ôyjio 6 HaM, naHe, BMepTH 3 to6ok> .. . Tenep, naHe, ne MoaceMo Te6e B^Ke öannrn, BJKe Haine coHne HaM 3anmjio, i mh 3a-jinniHJiHca b HeinacTÍ". B „Cjiobí o nojnty IropeBÍ" 3HaxoaHMo 3raann npo „njia*i" „pycbKnx jkíhok": „Bm,e HaM mhjihx cbo'íx hojiobíkíb aHi raaKOK) 3raaaTH, ani ayMoio 3ayMaTH, aHi o^HMa noöa^HTH... "; TaM caMe 3raaaH0 i njian MaTepi BTOHyjioro kh. PocTHcjiaBa Ha „TeMHOMy 6epe3i" (1093), 3raaaHo npo nen „njia^" i b jiiTonnci. B Cjiobí", Hapenrri g i cjiäBeThhh njian KHarnHi HpocjiaBHH. IIo-piBHaHHa 3 HapoaHHMH njia^aMH, 3anncaHHMH b 19 ct., noKa3yc, ino ae^Ki pncn noeTHKH „njia^iß" 3ajinmnjiHca npoTaroM CTopin tí
26
cairi: 3ra#KH npo BTpaneHy Jiioöy jnoflHHy (cepefl nopiBHSHb 3Ha-
XOflHMO Í flOci nOpÍBHHHHH nOMepjIOrO 3 COHUeM), BHCJIOBH ÔaJKaHHH
BMepTH 3aMicTB He'i a6o pa30M 3 Heio, 3raflKn npo Bee 3 noMepjiHM BTpa^eHe floöpo, nepeöijibineHe 3MajibOByBaHHa CBoro HemacjinBoro CTaHy. — ni3HÍuii 3raj4KH npo yicpamcbiri (aöo öijiopycbKi) nJiani MaGMo b MeHeijia (1551), ajie HaBeflem hhm y JiäTHHCbKOMy TBopi KijibKa pe^eHb, He SBaacaio^H Ha áoro 3aneBHeHHa, He „pycbKi", a nojibCbKi, Ta b jraTHHCbKOMy HacjiijuyBaHHi yicpaiHCbKoro njiany KjibOHOBHMa (1584). Bei ni 3raflKH flOBoflaTb 6e3nepepBHicTb Tpa-flimn cTapnx njia^iB. B 19 ct. „njiaKajra" He jiHine Hafl noMepjiHMH, a h Hafl peKpyTaMH, Hafl 3ropijioK> xaTOio Tomp. ILIpCb nofliÖHe, 3fla-GTbCH, 6yjio BJKe i b CTapi nacH. B ycHKOMy pa3i jíiTonncenb, 3ra-flyiOHH npo Te, aK Bojioahmhp Bcjihkhh HaKa3aB Haönpara fliTeä flo hikíji, 3raflye i npo Te, mo „MaTepi ík fliTeií niix njiaKajiHca 3a HHMH... HK 3a MepTBHMH" (988). IliKaBo, mp neBHi BiflryKH noe3Íí njia*iÍB — 3BepTaHHH flo noMepjinx toiijo — 3ycTpi^aeMo i b npo-noBiflHX a6o TBopax pejiiriOHoro cthjiio: b nponoBiflax IJiapioHa Ta KnpHJia TypiBCbKoro (njia^i EoropoflHiji), b KHGBO-IIeHepcbKOMy IlaTepHKy (njian IleTpa-JiiKapa), b rajraubKOMy jíiTonnci (1288), cepefl niflHeceHHx, nncaHHX ijepKOBHoio moboio pafliciB. LJe, no neB-
HOl MipH, pOĎHTb CyMHÍBHHM CaMe nOXOflJKeHHH njianiB. Iljiani ic-HyBajIH  Í   B  BÍ3aHTÍÍ,   TO  HH  He  npHHHIJIH  BOHH  flO   BJKHTKy BHIHOÍ
KHÍBCbKoi BepcTBH 3BÍflTÍjiH, a noTÍM po3noBCK)flHjiHCb i cepefl Ha-pofly? OTJKe, n,i BHHHTKOBo fleTajibHÍ BiflOMocTi npo CTapi njia^i 3ajiHinaiOTb Micne cyMHiBaM,     mh TyT fliíícHo MacMo peuiTKH cyTO-
C JI O B' H H C b K O í    CTapOBHHH. pe^i,   ,,njia^i"   3HaXOflHMO   i B
Eiôjiii (JíaBHfl Hafl ABecajioMOM Ta HoHaTaHOM) Ta b anoKpmpax (njian Ahhh b „GBaHrejiii IflKOBa").
4. MOHtHa   BCTaHOBHTH   3   neBHOK)   HMOBÍpHÍCTK)   TeMH CTapHX
eniHHHX TBopiB. (flHB. I. Ta II. JX). Ajie npo (p o p m y cTaporo enocy He mojkcmo CKa3aTH mnoro neBHoro. B HboMy, hmobípho, cnojiy^em ÔyjiH ejieMeHTH cJiOB'aHCbKi, cKaHfliHaBCbKi Ta BÍ3aHTÍS-
CbKÍ - BHflijIHTH   Hl   ejieMeHTH,   IH,o6   BHflOÖyTH   peniTKH ,,flOÍCTO-
Phhhí" — HejierKo. TeMaTHKa floxpHCTHHHCbKoi' enoxn nonacTH 30e-perjiaca b cy^iacHOMy HapoflHOMy enoci (Ojier, Ojibra), no^acTH b jiiTonHcax (Poraifla, cMepTb Ojiera). B HapoflHOMy enoci *iacTO 3ÖepiraiOTbca TeMH Hafl3BHHaHHoi CTapOBHHH. TaK y ,,Cjiobí o nojiicy Iropeßi" 3raflyK>TbCH roTCbKi nicm npo ,,^iac Byciß". „Byc" — ne, Maôyrb, KOpojib Ahtíb Boo3, íiKoro nepeMorjiH Toth b 4 ct.. Orace nepeKa3 npo Byca flo naeiß ,,CjiOBa" aíhhiob 3a 900 pokíb!
5. MaGMo me neam, po3MipHO pacHi peniTKH CTapoi HapoflHoí cjioBecHocTH: npHCJiiß'a Ta npnnoBiflKH. Iii flOTenHi cpopMyjin 3y_ CTpmacMo b jiiTonncax Ta b fleaKHx íhiiihx naM'aTKax KHa3ÍccbKoí
27
roôh. PÍ3HHM ocoöaM, npH pÍ3HHX Haroflax npimHcyiOTb jiÍTonHcn,i
TaKÍ  BHpa3H,   HK   „HKHK)   BOBK  nOBaflHTbCH  flO   OBenb,   TO BHHOCHTb
ycK» OTapy", „CMepTb cnijitHa yciai", „Pycn gctb Becejine iiiith, He MOMceM 6e3 Toro 6hth (Öyrn)", „He nepeflaBHBniH öflHiiji, Mefly ne icth", „MepTßi copoMy He MaiOTb", aöo JirronHcnj BjKHBaiOTb caMi
TaKHX BHpa3ÍB, HK „nOKH KaMlHb nOHHe nJiaBaTH,  a XMÍJIb TOHyTH".
XapaKTepHCTHHHi npnnoBiflKH, npHCBH^em oKpeMHM HapoflaM, míc-TaM Tomp. Hanp., npo nÍBHÍHHo-cjioB'HHCbKÍ jia3Hi roBopHTbcn: ,,ce TBopHTb MOBeHHG, a ne MyneHHG" (pea BHpa3 npHnHcyeTbCH b jiíto-nnci an. Ahapígbí). A6o: 6i.ua, hk y PoflHi", „nimaHuj öiraiOTb bíh BoBHoro XßocTa"*. TaKi npnnoBiflKH icHyBajiH m,e 30 Toro, hk ix jiiTonHceub no3aHOCHB flo JÜTonncy. TnnoBe fljiH hhx g Te, iqo BOHH, hk H,e B3arajii nacTO öyßac 3 npHCJiiß'HMH Ta npnnoBiflKaMH, g hí6h 3ryu^eHHHM, CKOHueHTpoBaHHHM qijioro onoßiflaHHH. Hanp., npo CTaHOBHme HacejieHHH b PoflHi npn o6jio3í ií, npo nepeMory BOGBojiH Ha ím'h Bob^hh Xbíct Ha,o; PaflHMH^aMH Ha pinn,i niinaHiii Tomp. lipo icHyßaHHH npHCJiiB'iB Ta npnnoBiflOK CBiflnaTb i TaKÍ TpoxH nÍ3HÍuii npHKJiaflH, hk ,,PoMaH6t PoMaHe, He floöpe HiHBeni, JIhtbok» opeui" npo PoMaHa rajranbKoro. Ajie, flOBOflHHH HaM icHyBaHHH nboro jiiTepaTypHoro raTyHKy b cTapi nacn, npn-noBiflKH Ta npHCJiiß'fl, hkí mh 3ycTpi*iaGMo b CTapiö jiiTepaTypi (Hanp., 36ipHHK 1076 p., „MojiemiG .ZJaHHuia" toiuo), jinine b MajiiŘ nacTHHi opHťiHajibHi. íx oxone nepeÖMajiH 3 nyíKHHH Ta HaBiTb nepeKJiaflajiH 3 nyjKHx mob. TaK cjiaBH03BÍCHe „nornöoina, aKH 06pe", MaöyTb, necbKoro noxofltfceHHH. (ahb. EKCKypc I, JX. 4). A cepefl TaKHX cynacHHx npHCJiiB'iB Ta npnnoBiflOK, npo hkí HaM i He
CHHTbCH,    IUp   BOHH   He   G   BHHBOM    „HapOflHOl    MyflpOCTH"     (HK üß
BBaíKajiH poMáHTHKH), 3HaôfleMo HHMajio TaKHX, iup g npocTo ne-peKJiaflaMH 3 rpeubKoro. JXo TaKHX HajiejKaTb, Hanp., „BOBica Horn roflyiOTb", ,,3a flBOMa 3aÖHHMH ... ", ,,nec Ha cíhí", „He Majia 6a6a KJionoTy, Ta Kynnjia nopocn", „mokphh flomy ne öoiTbcn", „nTH^e MOJioKo", a6o „noBHHHoi tojiobh Men ne cíne" (3raflyc In. IIotíh p. 1599) i t. fl. Bei ni npHCJiiß'H npn noBepxoBOMy norjiHfli jierKO MOHíHa 6yjio 6 yBaHcara 3a npacTapi yKpamcbKi. Po3yMÍGTbCH, me öijibuie npHCJiiB'iB 3 xpncTHHHCbKHM 3a6apBjieHHHM g rpenbKoro noxoflíKeHHH — Hanp., ,,i nopToßi Tpeöa CBi^iKy 3anajiHTn", qo b 19 ct. flajia TeMy fljiH ,,cniBOMOBKH" PyflaHCbKoro. HaBiTb Tam,
3flaBaJIOCH  6,   THnOBÍ   ,,yKpa"ÍHCbKÍ"   npHCJlÍB'H,   HK   ,,H3HK   flO KHGBa
flOBefle" aôo ,,3 MocKajieM flpyjKH ..." g CTapHMH nepeKJiaflaMH 3 rpen,bKoro, Jinnie Khib nocTaBjíeHo 3aMÍCTb U,apropofly, a MocKajiH — 3aMÍCTb nca. A60, Hanp., Max. Poro3a b jihctí 3 p. 1593 3ra-
*) ÍM'H  BOSBOflH,  HK  nOHCHWG JIÍTOnHC.
28
nye: „KOMy iiokjiohhthcji 3aBTpa, Toro ctoroßm ne rmBH", inp e BapiHHTOM cTaporo Ta cynacHoro ,,He iuiioä b kphhhhio, 3ro,HHTbca HanHTHca", mp Tem nepeKjiaflena 3 rpenbKoro.
IIpoTe, MaTepiaji AOBOftHTb, m,o npHCJiiB'a Ta npunoBißKH icHy-BajiH me nepen npjriiHHTTaM xpHCTHHHCTBa. JliTonnc nepeKOHye Hac TaKOJK i b TOMy, mp ix „noeTHKa" ôyjia Brne Top;i Ta caMa, tu;0 ň Tenep: KopoTKa (popMyjia, nado 3 cHHTaKCHHHHM napajiejiÍ3MOM 060X noJiOBHH, ^acTO 3 ajiÍTepau;ieio a6o phmoio: ,,mob6hhg: :Myne-hhg", „nHTH: :6hth", ajie BCTaHOBHTH, hkí caMe npHcniB'a Ta npn-
noBÍ?I,KH iCHyBajIH lllß RO npHHHflTTa XpHCTHJIHCTBa, JieflBe HH MOMCJIHBO.
6 OKpeMHM   ťaTyHKOM   HapOflHO'í   CJIOBeCHOCTH   G „3aKJIHTTíí",
(3aM0BjiaHHH), ,,3aroBÍp". HeMac cyMHißy, mp Mariím 3aKJiaTTa icHyBajiH b cxiflHix cjioB'aH me b nepeßxpHCTHaHCbicy Aoôy. lipo ne CBi^qaTb t,3aKjiaTTa", 3aHeceHi b „noroBopn" Pyci 3 rpeKaMH 907, 949, Ta 971 pp. B nepuiOMy 3aHOTOBaHo, mo „MyMci" Ojiera npnca-rajiH ,,no PycbKOMy 3aK0Hy" 36pocio, IlepyHOM Ta Bojiocom; b ßpy-roMy po3noBÍp;aGTbca Buce acmine, mo Pycb CKJiaflajia cbokd 36poK> Ta npHcarajia HOTpHMyBaTH yMoBH «oroBopy, a xto nboro He bh-KOHyBaTHMe, toh „BapTHH BMepTH bía BJiacHoii 36po'í"; b TpeTbOMy g noBHHH TeKCT npHcarH, aica cnojiy^ieHa ôyjia 3 3aKJiaTTaM: „aionp MH He AOTpHMaGMo nonepe,n;y CKa3aHoro... to öy^eMO npoKjiaTi 6oroM, b aKoro BipycMO, b IlepyHa i b Bojioca, 6ora xyaoöH, i xaä 3poÖHMOca jkobtí, aK 30J10TO, i 6yp;eMo nocinem BjiacHoio 3ÔpoGio." Ha íKaJib, ne ,,3aKJiaTTa", MaöyTb, He cjioß'aHCbKe, a Bapa3bKe, a 30 Toro opHťiHaji pproBopy 6yB rpenbKHtí, TaK mo MacMo b tckctí AoroBopy b jiiTonnci nepeKJiaa 3 rpenbKoi, aKHä nepe^ae jiHine 3MÍCT 3aKJiflTTa, a He fioro 30Bhíhihio (popMy.
7. JJ,o (popMajibHHX ejieMeHTiß nepe,nxpHCTHaHCbKoi HapoflHoi noe3Íí, HH jiiniiie Kascyra, „noeTHHHoi mobh" HajiencHTb, MaóyTt, nacTHHa THX rapHHx (popMyji, ani 3ycTpi^aGMo b JiiTonHcax Ta Haň-CTapiniHx TBopax KHiBCbKoí jiiTepaTypH. Hanp., npo nepeMOJKija-KHa3a roBopHTbca, mo bíh noBepHyBca ,,3 noöißoio Ta cJiaBoio se-
JIHKOK>",  „3 nOXBaJIOIO BejIHKOH)", npo MHp MĎK KHa3aMH - „MaTH
MHp a JII060B"; npo nonaiOK 6010 — „cTar nocTaBHTn" Ta „cnnc 3Jio-mhth" (Kon'G í3jiomhth", ceÖTo KHHyTH cnHca,* a mo MyciB nepuiHH
*)IIoaí6hí 3BHHa'i — KHflaTH cnHc a6o íhihhh npe^MeT (Hanp. oöropijiy rajiy3Ky ^epesa) MaeMo b CTapiň Tpa^imii pi3HHX iHAoeßponeöcbKHx HapofliB. y BapnriB nepe# Ghtboío KH^ajiH b HanpaMi BopojKoro BiňCbKa Cime, y phmjihh, me 3a qaciB ÍMnepaTopcbKHx (no P. X.), nepefl BiöcbKOBOK) BunpaBOto, oahh i3 jKepijiB (pater patratus) KKflaB bmohghhh y KpoB cnHc y „ly^cy 3eMjiK>". TLop,i6ue onoBiflae LUnepoH npo 3BHHaI pHMCbKoro nJieMeHH — caMHixiB, hkí nepea 6ht-bok) KH^aJiH cnncH, mo He BJKHBajiHCH b 6htbí, iH^ycH KHflajiH noHafl tojiobh BoporiB oSropijiy rajiy3b. G HaTHKH Ha icHyßaHHH noAiÖHHx 3bhtoib y nepciB, KejibTis, jihtobi^íb Ta rpeKiB. 3flaeTbCH y cjiob'hh sejihiuhbch rteň 3BHiafi.
29
3poÖHTH KHH3B — rapHe onoBÍflaHHH jiÍToiiiíc> Hirt p- 946); npo CTapicTb Ta HaÖJiHJKeHHH cMepTH — „chhíth Ha caHHx", — Ha ca-Hax Be3jiH aöo Hec jih xoBaTH noMepjiHx, HaBÍTt i jiítom, Ha „cami" caflJKajiH thx, XTO BMHpaB, Hanp., cb. 4>eoflocia Ha BejiHKfleHb (jii-TOHHC p. 1074)! JIk ÖanHMo b TaKHx (popiayjiax nacTo ,,3rymeHo" 3MÍCT aKorocb 3BHnaio. ZteaKi (popMyjiH Hafl3BHnaHH0 tihiobí. Hanp., BÍflMOBJíaiOHHCa BHHTH 3aMÍJK 3a BOJIOflHMHpa BejiHKoro, CHHa Ojib-JKHHOÍ kjiiohhhu,í, Poraifla Kaate: „He xony pos3yTH poÖHnnna", 60 flo BecijibHoro oöpany Hajieacajio po33yBaHHa nojiOBÍKa (3a repMaH-CbKow npaBHOK) CHMBOJTÍKOK) — po33yBaHHa o3Hanajio nifljiaramia TOMy, Koro po33yBaK>Ti.). ITpaBHHH 3MÍCT Mae i noflHByriHHHÖ bh-poK BojioHHMHpa BojiHHCBKoro (nifl p. 1288 y rajiimBKOMy jiíto-nnci), m,o npocHB CBoro ÖpaTa McTHCJiaBa He flasaTH Heöoaceßi KDpießi HaBiTt „BixTa cojiomh". CoJioMa sa npaBHoio chmbojiíkoio 3aKpinjiioBajia npaßo (Bißcijia cynacHe HÍKOMy He 3po3yMÍjie: „cHJia i cojiOMy jiomhtb"). 3BHHai, Ha aKHX 6a3yK)TBca n.i (pop&iyjra no-nacTH repMaHCBKoro (Bapa3tKoro) noxonaceHHa, ajie (popMyjiH HÍHIUJIH flo Hac cjioB'aHCBKOio MOBOK), OTace HaJiejKajiH Bace flo CKapöy cjioB'aHCBKoi noeTH^Hoi mobh. Xon, npaB^a, He 3aBaiflH MOJKHa 6yTH neBHHM Toro, mp Ta hh Ta (popMyjia cjioB'aHCBKa, a He noTpannjia flo Jirronncy aK nepeKJiafl. Hanp., kojih roBopHTtca npo KHa3a, hk> BepTaGTtca 3 bíhcbkoboí" BHnpaBH — „yTep cjií3" Ta ,,yTep noTa" (,,yTep noTa 3a PycbKy 3eMJiio") — to ne g npaMHÔ nepeKJiafl rpentKoro BHpa3y.
8. Be3yMOBHO, np CKapöiß noeTHHHHX o6pa3ÍB HajieacaTh i tí BÍpy-BaHHa Ta yaBjieraa, mp sacBianem b cTapiá JiiTepaTypi, Hanp., mp conne Ta Micant niji; nac 3aTeMHeHHa xtocb „3'i;n;a6" (3míh hh bobk?), npo „HaBHG" — MepTBaKÍB, mp MoacyTt. ^ochtl aKTHBHO BTpynaraca b 3eMHe JKHTTa (nanp., „6hth" jkhbhx), npo „BHpin", 3 aKoro npn-jiiTaiOTB nTaxH, npo „aepeH", aK chmboji npaBa (Hanp., jnpaaTOK Ho nepeKJiaHHoro „CaoBa" rpnropia Ha3ÍaHctKoro — pyKonnc 3 11 ct.). y fleaKHX BHnaflKax, BHXonanH 3 nÍ3HÍniHx SBHnaiB (Hanp., „Moropnn", mp, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, g CTapHM 3BHnacM, mp BiflnoBiflaG repMäHCBKOMy litkouf; „napy6on>KÍ rpoMa^H" 3 Ix bíhcbkoboio chmbojiíkoio,   Hjp   G   peniTKaMH   flpyJKHHHHX   3BHna'ÍB,   TOIH,0), MOJKHa
3HaäTH b HHx CTape „nepeaxpHCTHaHCBKe".
MojKHa ôyjio 6, aK up i poÔHJioca He pa3, HaBecTH ine 6araT0 npinryínpHb npo CTäpOBHHHi ejieMeHTH b cynacHÍS Hapoania noe3ii, e cynacHHX 3BHnaax, toiho. Ajie mh niflxo/jHMo np MaTepiajiy Kpn-THHHO. H.k öanHMo, 3 CTapoi jiiTepaTypn, He floBÍflaGMoca öaraTO npo CTapoBHHHy cjioBecnicTb. MoacHa jinnie cKa3aTH, in;o toh a6o íhihhh ťaTynoK HapoflHoi noe3Í*f icHyBaB yace b CTapoBHHy. JXa.-jieKo Mernue flOBÍRycMoca npo noro cthjib, a npo oijibinicTb (pop-
30
MaJIbHHX pHC CTapoi HapOflHOl CJIOBeCHOCTH He flOBÍflyGMOCfl MaibKe
Hrqoro, — hk npo MOBy TBopiB, KOHKpeTHi o6pa3H, nopÍBHHHHfl, Tomo. PoMaHTHKH kojihcb raflajra, mp cynacHa Hapoflm noe3ia flo-jKHjia MaHJKe 6e3 3Míh 3 10-11 ct. flo Haimix ahíb. Tenep He mo-HceMo noflijiHTH niei flyMKH. Bhchobkh, jtk 6a*iHMo, CKyni. Bee jk jiiniue 3HaTH HeôaraTO, ajie neBHinie, híjk BHCJioBjiioBaTH cmíjihbí npnnymeHHH, no30aBjieHÍ TBepflHx niflCTas.
B. CKaH^iHaBCBKi ejieiweHTH
1. CKaHflÍHaBCBKHH    KHH3ÍBCBKHH    pífl    (HMOBÍpHO    6yjIH pÍ3HÍ
pofln), cKaHflmaBCbKa flpyjKHHa, npnnjiHB hobhx cicaHfliHaBCbKHX ejreivieHTÍB 30 CxiflHboí EßpoiiH MycijiH npHBecTH flo neBHHX Kyjib-
TypHHX BnjIHBÍB  CKaHflÍHaBÍB  Ha  CJIOB'íIHCEKy JHOflHÍCTb.  MoBa 3a-
CBoIjia neBHy, xon i He SHa^Hy KÍJibKicTL CKaHfliHaBctKHX cjiíb*, cjioBecHÍCTb npHHHHJia fleqo Í3 CKaHfliHaBCbKHx nepeKa3ÍB, 30K-peMa  MOJKHa  cnofliBaTHca  3HanTH  nepeKa3H  npo KHH3ÍB-cKaHfli-
HaBÍB.   ,ZJOBeCTH   3   nOBHOK)   neBHÍCTK)   CKaHflÍHaBCbKe nOXOflJKeHHfl
Toro iHiHoro nepeKa3y He 3aB>KflH mojkjihbo. £Ik yace 3raflaHO, KojiH 3ycTpinaeMO napajiejibHi nepeKa3H y CKaHflÍHaBÍB i b cjiob'hh, to 30BCÍM He o6ob'h3Kobo npHnycKaTH, m,o cjiob'hhh nepeÖHfljiH nepeKa3 y CKaHflÍHaBÍB, mohcjihbo 6yjio i npoTHjieHCHe, a TaKOHc oÓHjjBa HapoflH MorjiH flicTaTH Ton caMHH nepeKa3 3 iHfloeBponeö-cbKo'i cnafliiniHH. CKaHflÍHaBCbKÍ nepeKa3H, iup npo hhx TyT iTHMe MOBa, BiflOMi HaM jiHiue b 3anacax nÍ3HÍinHx, híhc cjiob'hhcbkí. IĽ[e öijibiH ycKJiaflHHGTbCH cnpaBa, kojih mh MaGMO napajiejii flo TaKHX nepeKa3ÍB i b íhihhx HapoflÍB, mo ôyjin cyciflaara cxiflHÍx cjiob'hh Ta MorjiH Ha hhx KyjitTypno BnjiHBaTH, 30KpeMa, b rpeKÍB, Bifl hkhx
MOrJIH nOSHHHTH i CJIOB'flHH i CKaHfliHaBH. HHMaJIO CKaHflÍHaBCbKHX
napajiejib MaiOTb onoßiflaHHH jiÍTomiey.
2. HaÖHCKpaßiniHM 3 hhx g, Hanp., BiflOMe onoBiflaHHa npo Ojiera Ta öoro kohh. Bifl „KyflecHHKÍB" (namiymB) Ojier floßi-flaBca, mo bíh 3arHHe Bifl CBoro yjnoöjieHoro kohh. Oner nepecTaB Í3flHTH Ha D;bOMy kohcbí, ajie Hana3aB Soro flajii florjiaflaTH. 3a KijibKa pokíb bíh flOBiflaBca, iu,o kíhb yjKe 3rHHyB. IIocmííibhjhch 3 npopoKyBaHHH KyflecHHKÍB, Ojier 3axoTÍB noflHBHTHca Ha kíctkh kohh; b tok nac, hk bíh orjiHflaB Ix, 3 KmctKoro čepeny BHJiÍ3Jia rafliOKa Ta BKycHJia Ojiera, Bifl noro bíh i noiviep (jiÍTonHC 912 p.). íle onosiflaHHH Mac HHCJieHHÍ napajiejii b pÍ3Hnx HapoflÍB Cxofly i 3axofly. CnijibHoio TeMoio TyT g i Te, mp repoň npHÖMae cMepn>
*) 3a hobíuihmh flOCjiiflHceHHHMH ix HaňoiJibiiie 2-3 flecHTKH, Ta fi to ne-peBasKHo pi^KHX, noqacTH B»ce BTpaqeHHx moboio.
31
Biß HesKHBoi íctoth, npo mp üoro BMce Hanepefl nepecrepirajiH (orhh THHe Bim MepTBoro Benpa, nopaHHBiiiHca fioro 3y6oM, íhihhh — Bim 3py6aHoro mepeBa, HaKOJioBinnca TpicKoio, mp mninä — Bim CTaTyi jieBa, mp B fioro naini 3axoßaBca CKopnioH, Toinp). — HanöjnDKHe mo JiereHmH npo Ojiera onoBÍmaHHa b „Emmi". IcjiaHmcbKa „Emma" nepemae ne onoBÍmaHHa b maJieKo p o 3 BHHe h i nriii cpopMi: napiß-ram;a nanpopoKyBajia repoeßi ntoro onoBÍmaHHa Omoßi, mp bíh no-Mpe Bim ramK)KH, inp „ßjiHCHe 3 cTaporo nepena <EaKci" (TaK 3ByTb b „Emmi" OmoBoro Kona). Om yÖHBae icoHa, 3aKonye noro tjihooko b 3eMJiK) Ta 3ajiHniaG pimny Kpamy. 3a 300 poKÍB Om noBepTacTbca, 3a n,en Mac BÍTep 3bíhb nicoK 3 KÍHCbKoro KicTaKa, nepen onHHHBca Ha noBepxHi. IIpopoHTBo 36yBaeTbca. Tpeöa CKa3aTH, mp ohobí-maHHa „Emmu" He JiHiue cnpaBJíae BpajKeHHa reTb nÍ3HÍmoi cTamii po3BHTKy Toro caMoro CKmexy (imipoTa iioro, Ka3KOBÍ ejieMeHTH jKHTTa Oma), ajie boho ripnie i K0Mno3Hn,ÍHHo. Tomi» hk y jiíto-nnci nHTan am. mo ocTaHHboro peneHHa He 3Hae, aK MOHce 36yTnca npopou,TBO (60 KÍHb ynce He acHBe), b „Emmi" 3 caMoro nonamy roBopHTbca, inp npnHHHoio CMepTH 6yme He KÍHb, a ramiOKa b éoro nepeni. 3miöcHeHHa npopoHTBa HecnomißaHe JiHine TOMy, mp Om tjthôoko 3aKonaB Tpyn KOHa. Otjkc, aKmp CJioß'aHH miöcHo no3H-HHJiH nepeKa3 y BaparÍB, to Bim flKoicb CTapimoY (popMH, híjk Ta, mp nepemaHa b „Emmi"-
JtpyrHM onoBimaHHaivr, mp Mae cKaHmÍHaBCbKy napajiejiio, g onoBÍmaHHa npo neTBepTy noMCTy Ojibith mepeBJíaHaM, aKÍ 3a6njiH 11 HOJioBÍKa. Ojibra oôJioHCHJia mícto mepeBjíaH IcKopocTÍHb, ajie ni-cjia poKy 6e3ycniuiHoi oojiorn, nonpocHJia y MeuiKaHn,ÍB jimne „Ma-Jioi maHHHH", no Tpn rojiyÔH Ta no Tpn ropo6n,i Bim flBopy. Zip nranb npHB*a3yioTb cipKy i, 3anaJiHBuiH íí, nyCKaiOTb ix Ha bojiio. IXraxH jieTaTb m° cbo'íx rnÍ3m i nimnajiioioTb mícto... (jiiTonnc p. 946). IIomiÖHi icTopi'i onoBimaiOTb xpoHÍKH aôo nepeKa3H, rup noxomnTb 3 pi3HHx nacÍB Ta pÍ3HHx KpäiH'. aHTJiÍHCbKÍ, (ppaHiry3bKÍ, CKaHmi-HaBCbKi, BipMeHCbKi. 3 cjiOB'aHCbKHx Tpe6a 3ramaTH necbKy xpo-HÍKy t. 3B. ,,^ajiÍMÍJia", aKa nomiÖHHM cnocoôoM onoBÍmae npo B3aTTa TaTapaMH KnGBa, Ta xpoHÍKy TaOKa, mp TäKHM 3aco6oM TaEHpix IIjiayeHCbKHH 6epe mícto 3an, b Hexii (15 ct.). HJKaBo, mp TeMa — 3anajieHHa MÍCTa aôo nojiÍB pÍ3HHMH TBapHHaMH Ta nomiÖHi 3axomH npoTH soporÍB — BÍmoMa i aHTHHHÍH jiÍTepaTypi. B Jlißia raHHÍ6aji BHnycTHB 3000 bojiíb Í3 CMOJiocKmiaMH npoTH pHM-jiaH. B Biôjiii CaMcoH BHnycTHB Ha nojia (pijiicTHMJiaH jihcíb 3
npHB'a3aHHMH   mO   XBOCTÍB   CMOJIOCKHHaMH.   ITomiÔHe   G   TaKOJK   i B
„E3onoBÍH" 6amj;i. — B KOJKHOMy pa3i, b jiÍTonnci MaeMO 3HanHy 6jiH3bKÍcTb mo cKaHmiHaBcbKHX nepeKa3ÍB, aire onoBÍmaHHa jiíto-nncy BÍmpÍ3HaGTbca Bim hhx ôijibinoio mpTenmcTio. Kojih b cKaHmi-
32
HaBCbKHx nepeica3ax oöjiora Mae jiobhth irraxH, b jiiTonnci OjiBra flicTae ix šik R&mmy Bin KOJKHoro flBopy IcKopocxeHH, i ne g 3a-nopyKOK), mp ôyne 3anajieHHH kojkhhh 6yaHHOK y míctí, — Mein-KaHiíi MicTa caMi cnpHHHHaioTBca no BJiacHo'i 3ara6ejii! Tyr 3HOBy jiiTonncHe onoßinaHHa Mae CTapmiy cpopMy (JiiTonHCHHH 3annc Ha CTO poKÍB CTapiiHHÖ Bin CKaHninancBKoro!). BjiacHe, noKa3ÍB Ha CKaHniHaBCbKe noxon^eHHa HBoro onoßinaHHa He MacMo.
Ihiuí nepeKa3H MaiOTB TaKOJK cKaHninaBCBKi Ta imni napajiejri. Hanp., nocHTb HHCJieHHHMH 6 onoßinaHHa npo 3acHyBaHHa MicTa (y Hac KHGBa) rptoMa ÖpaTaMH, aôo npo noKJiHKaHHH Tpbox 6paTÍB-khh3íb; na com Táni onoßinaHHa CTapirui Bifl cjiob'hhcbkhx (Hanp. y xpomuj Be^H 7-8 ct., ajie TaM jinnie n^a repoi). OnoßinaHHa npo Kopaöjii Ha KOJiecax, an y Ojiera npn 3no6yTTi I[apropony, npo-öyBajiH 3'acyBaTH peajiBHHMH (paKTaMH: Baparn nepeTarjin cboi, po3MipHo HeBejiHKi *iobhh Ha KOJiecax, oÔMHHyBinH jiaHinora, hkhm 6yB neperopoflJKeHHH Bxin no KoHCTaHTHHonijiBCBKHx npoTOK. G kíjib-ca napajiejiBHHx BÍ3aHTÍficBKHx onoßinaHB no oÖMaHy ne*ieHÍ3BK0i oöjiorn, BHCJianqaM aKo'i 6iJiroponn,i noKa3ajiH nßa KOJion-si3i, b on-HOMy 3 aKHx ôyjio BCTaBjieHo n^Ky 3 MenoM, b npyroMy 3 KHcejieM, mp6 3anesHHTH ix, mo b míctí g n°CHTt nojKHBH, TeMa öopoTBÖH repoa 3 bopojkhm BejieraeM 3ranycTBca b jiÍTonnci pßa. pa3n: ßopoTBÖa aKorocB KHißCBKoro K)HaKa 3 neHem3BKHM BejieraeM Ta KH. McTHCJiaBa TMyTopoKaHCbKoro 3 Penenero (922 Ta 1022 pp.), ajie TaKi onoßinaHHa saraji&Horo xapaKTepy po3noB«onJKeHÍ no BCBOMy cbítí (nop. öopoTBÖy ZíaBHna 3 ToJiiacpOM y BiÖJiii).
3. Y neaKHX Micn;ax mojkcmo npimycKaTH Bapa3BKe noxonJKCH-HH onoßinaHHa, BHXon«HH 3 TpoxH noropňJiHBoro CTaBjíeHHa nepe-Ka3y n° CJioB'an. Hanp., npo noniJi 3no6irai nin HaproponoM (nin 907 p.), KOJiH Baparn (PycB) ôepyTB co6i Brrpnjia 3 TOBCTinioro nioBKy („naBQjiOHHTH"), a nypni cjioß'aHH — 3 jierKoro moBKy („KponHH&HH"), aKi npn njiaBaHHi pBe BÍTep. A60 b onoBinam-ri npo noxin HpocjiaBa npoTH CßaTonojiKa (1015), kojih khíbcbkhh BOGEona CßaTonojiK HacMÍxaeTBca 3 BiôcBKa čfpocjiaEa, ne 6yjio ôaraTo HOBroponu;ÍB, cjioB'aH: „bh, Tecjiapi... ". Aue TaKnx mícd;b KeöaraTo: cjiob'íihcbkí jiiTonHcni jienße hh xotíjih BKJiiOHaTH no jiíto-nncy, npoTHCJioB'aHCBKi aHennoTH!
MoíKe Haiii;ÍKaBÍiui g Micn,a, mp MaiOTB Birpa3HHÖ npoTHCjioB'aH-cbkhh xapaKTep Ta HaranyioTB HaM npo oftHy Bapa3BKy Tpaniniiío: KptroaBy noMCTy. H,e — onoßinaHHa npo HpocJiasa 6e3nocepenHBo nepen 3ranaHiiM äoro noxonoM nin Khíb. HoBľoponcBKa Rpywuma. HpocjiaBa noraHO noBonnjiaca 3 HOBroponnaMH, TOMy HOBroponni nepeÔHjiH ßapariß. HpocjiaB „posrmßaBca" i, mobhbhih no hobto-
33
poflnm, — „Mem Bace n.nx He BocKpecHTH" („yace mhí chx He Kpi-chth"), noKJiHKaB flo ceôe b rocTHHy HaÖBH3Ha^HiiuHx HOBropofln.ÍB i HaKa3aB Ix nepeÖHTH. Ajie tígí caMoi hohí irpiriiniJia 3BÍcTKa npo CMepTB BojioflHMHpa i npo Te, mp CßaTonojiK 3axonnB BJiany. Hpo-CJiaB Myciß 3Í6paxH „peniTKH HOBropofln;iB", flyace niKOflyiOHH 3a BTpaneHoio flpyjKHHOK) Ta 3a nepeÖHTHMH HOBropofln,HMH. — CeHC nboro onoßiflaHHa, Ha mok» flyMKy, b pe^eHHi ,,MeHÍ ix yace He boc-KpecHTH"; u,e, MaßyTt, 6yjia (popMyjia oroJiomeHHa KpireaBoi noM-CTH (Taní (popMyjiH icHyBajiH no BCBOMy cbítí, Re tíjibkh icHyBajia KpHBaBa noMCTa; orojionieHHS noMCTn 6yjio oahhm Í3 nepmnx 3M'HrnieHB Ta oÖMeaceHb nboro acopcTOKoro 3BHHaio, HKoro Bflajioca HocamyTH hobíh npaBHÍo cbíaomoctí). OrojionieHHa BopoacHem ,,n,e-Hyjieio oflnoBÍflHoio" 36eperjioea na YKpai'm aac flo 16 ct. JJß Öyjia (popMyjia, BHTOJiomeHHa aKo'i 03Hanajio BiflMOBJieHHa Bin ycix mo-
paJlbHHX HOpM,  B TOMy HHCJIÍ  Í  TOCTHHHOCTH.   HoBropOflCbKÍ CJIO-
b' a h h He 3po3yMijiH nboro BHpa3y, ujci norpo3H CBoro KHa3a. ITo-fliÖHe onoBÍflac jiítoiihc TaKOJK npo noMCTy KHarHHi Ojibra. Kojih ßepeBjiHHH, böhbuih HoJioBÍKa Ojibra, Iropa, xotíjih nocBaTara íí 3a CBoro KHa3a Majia, Ojiwa BÍnnoBÍflaG: „Mení Bace nojiOBiíca Moro ne BocKpecHTH" („yace mhí Myaca CBOcro He kpíchth") i nicjia n,boro noHHHaGTbca noMCTa, nepnioio acepTBOio aKoi CTaiOTb nocjin. TyT TaKo« cjioß'aHH He 3po3yMÍjiH ujci (popMyjiH. IlepniHÖ aKT noMCTH 3B'a3aHHH 3 JKopcTOKHM noTenoM: Ojibra caMa paflHTb no-cjiaM BHMaraTH, m,o6 Ix npHHecjin flo i"í 3aMKy b hobhí. Thm nacoM ^OBeH — cKaHfliHaBCBKa TpyHa. C ji o b' a h h i nboro He 3po3y-míjih. Y flBopi 3aMKy nocjiiB y hobhí BKHHeHo b aMy Ta 3acraiaHO 3eMJieio.. . TaKe ipoHÍHHe cTaBJíeHHa flo cjioß'aH xapaKTepH3yc ne onoBiflaHHa aK CKaHflÍHaBCbice. Ilicjia nboro Ojibra MCTHTbca fle-peBjíanaM m,e Tpn pa3H. Xo^i flo flajibinoro onoßiflaHHa HeMac ÔJiHJK^HX CKaHflÍHaBCbKHx napajiejib, öoro CKaHfliHaBCbKe noxo-flaceHHa CTBepflacycTbca, Ha mok flyMKy, CTaBjíeHHaM onoßifla^a flO cjioB'aH. — IIÍ3HÍnie (popMyjia „Mem B>Ke öoro He BOCKpecHTn" CTaG npocTo noeTHiHoio (popMyjioio, TaK g b onoBÍflaHHÍ KHiBCbKoro jiiTonncy npo CMepTb oflHoro 3 KHa3ÍB (1151) Ta b „Cjiobí o nojiKy Iropeßi" (xapaKTep ijhx cjiíb, an (popMyjin b „Cjiobí", acHnn 3 íx nOBTopeHHa flBa pa3n; He BHKJiiOHeHO, npaBfla, m,o b „Cjiobí" m,e yTpHMajiaca naM'aTb npo nepBÍcHe 3HaneHHa n,Í6Í (popMyjin, 6o ii bjkhto nopyn 3aKJiHKy CßaTOCJiaBa flo BÍflnjiaTH, noMcra nojioB-i;hm, 3a ix nepenory Hafl IropeM). JIÍTonncni, mp 3anncyBajiH ono-BiflaHHa flo JiiTonncy, HaneBHe, Bace He naM'aTajiH npo nepBÍCHe 3HaMeHHa (popMyjin „Mem Bace öoro He BocKpecHTH".
Ihuií peuiTKH CKaHflÍHaBCbKHX 3BHHaÍB 3ÔeperjiH fljifl Hac, mo>k-
JIHBO,   fleaKÍ   3   CTapHX  npaBHHX  ^OPMy-11   Ta   3BHHaÍB,   mo   npo HHX
Sk
MH roBopHJiH b nonepe^HbOMy po3flijii ň MoncHa aoflaTH me aemp: Hanp., npncary 3 aepnoM Ha rojiOBi, ny>KHH kjiioh, hk chmboji nifl-jierjiocTH (b „PycbKiö npaBfli" Ta oahíh nponoBißi cb. «reoßocia). 4. HJoao noeTHKH nepeKa3ÍB cjiOB'aHCbKoro noxomHceHHH — to
BCTaHOBHTH íl  eJieMeHTH HeJierKO.  MoJKJIHBO,  UJO  3 CKaHflÍHaBCbKOÍ
noeTHKH nocTajín HeHncjiemri Micn,a, hkí híôhto HacjiiayiOTb 3Ha-homí Ha m Í3 CKaHfliHaBCbKHX cať peneHHíi-3arap;KH. Ha JKaJib, jiíto-nnc 3Öepir Majio Micnb TaKoro xapaKTepy. Hanp., HpocjiaB nia nac noxony 1015 p. 3annTye nepe3 nocjiaHija oflHoro 3 „My;KÍB" Bopora CBHTonojiKa, m;o poÔHTn — ,,Mefly Majio BapeHO, a p;py>KHHH 6a-raTO?", toh BiflnoBÍB: ,,hk ivreay Majio, a apytfCHHH 6araT0, to Tpeóa aaTH (Men) yBenopi", — ,,i 3po3yMÍB ÍIpocjiaB, — florae JiiTonnc, — in.o BejíHTb yHoni ÔHTHca". noaiÔHHMH 3araflKaMH e i cnpaMpBaHi flo cjioB'aH cjioBa HpocjiaBa Ta Ojibrn „BHce öoro MeHi He boc-KpecHTH", no^acTH MOJKe i aeaKi nÍ3HÍmi npncjiiB'a hk MOTHBania bhhhkíb, a>K ji,o „He nepeaaBHBinn öflHciji — Meny He í'cth".
JXesmi Miens JiiTonncy Ta „CjiOBa o nojiKy IropeBi" — Hara-ayiOTb CKaHfliHaBCbKi t. 3B. „kenningar" (o^mma — „kenning"). „Kenningar" — n,e nocTÍHHi Bnpa3H ajia 03HaneHHa neBHHx npeflMe-tíb a6o bhhhkíb, mp 3aMÍmoiOTb sBn^anHo cjiobo. B „Cjiobí" hh-
TaCMO   3aMÍCTb   „KpOB" - „KpHBaBe  BHHO",   3aMÍCTb   „ÔHTHCH   3 BO-
poroM" — „noiTH noro (bhhom)" „^acTyBara öoro" aöo „mojio-thth" i t. js,. (hhb. po3flijin npo „Cjiobo o nojray Iropeßi" Ta npo InaTiiBCbKHH JiiTonnc).
JIÍTonncn MaiOTb ime oflHy CTHJiicTHHHy pney, cnijibHy 3 CKaH-HiHaBCbKHMH caraMH — onoßiaaHHH npo anicb no^ií b (popMi po3-MOB híhobhx oci6 mďk C060K). Ha pnea 3ycTpinaeTbca nacTiuie b nÍ3HÍuiHx jiiTonncax, KniBCbKOMy 12 ct. Ta rajiHiibKo-BojiHHCbKOMy 13 ct., ae BiKe BäJKKO npnnycKaTH BejíHKnn CKaHaiHaBCbKmí BnjiHB, ajie b HHX 3HaíÍ3eMo HHMajii BnjinBH BÍ3aHTÍHCbKO*i jiiTepaTypn.
Mo)KHa BBaHcaTH 3a pnen noeTHKH CKaHainaBCbKHx onoßißaHb y cjioB'aHCbKKX nepeKa3ax neBHy phtmíhhíctb mobh b nnx nepe-Ka3ax Ta ^ncjieHm ajiiTepanľi b hhx, Phtmímhíctb mobh He ay^e BejíHKa: onoBiaaHHa 3ae6iJibnioro po3nap;aK)Tbca Ha KopoTeHbKi pe-neHHa, mp aeanoio Mipoio MOHce 6yiH 03HaKoio nesHoi npHMiTHBHocTH mobh; a cnHTaKCH*mi napajiejiÍ3MH b OKpeMnx pe^eHHax, mo 3y-
CTpi^aiOTbCa flOCHTb piflKO, MOJKyTb 6yTH i BHnaňKOBHMH. JleflBe MH
MOíKHá BBajKaTii 3a BHnaflKOBicTb HHCjieHHi aJiiTepai^ii b jiereHßapHnx Mici(ax CTaporo JiiTonncy. TaKHX ajiiTepaniii 3obcím HeMae b ono-BiflaHHax HejiereH^apHoro xapaKTepy, n^o no^aioTbca Tyr m.e, Hanp., b onoBiaaHHi npo xpnmeHHa Ojibrn, He roBopann BHce npo BCTaB-jieHi b JiiTonnc i^íjií naM'aTKH pejiiriÖHoro xapaKTepy (npoMOBa „(pijioco(pa"-MÍcioHepa nepea Bojio^HMnpoM, onoBÍ,ii,aHHa npo yTBo-
35
1
peHHíi cjiOB'flHCbKoi aôeTKH), b reorpa(pmHHx BHKJia^ax, b floro-Bopax 3 rpeicaMH Tomp.
Oct, HanpHKJia^, ajirrepann b po3mobí čIpocjiaBa 3 MyateM Cbhtoiiojikobhm :
HTO Tbl TO My BejIHUIH TBOpHTH? T-T-B-T ,
Majio Me^y Bapeno m-m-b
a npyaíHHbi MHoro m
flane Meay Majio £-m-m a ^pyHCHHbi MHoro ji-m fla kt> Be^epy B'bßaTH .,. a-b-b
A6o b onoBiflaHHi npo b3htts IJapropofly OjieroM:
h noBejľB Ojier BoeM b cbohm b n-B KOJieca HSflijiaTH k h nocTaBHTH na KOJieca Kopaôjra n-K-K H ÔblBUIK) noKOCHy B^Tpy n-B B'bcnHHia napycbi c noJia B-n-n
.ZJocHTb xapaKTepncTH^He TaKoíK noBTopeHHH ajiÍTepoBaHHX cjiíb Ha kíhuí OKpeMHX phtmíhhhx o^HHHUib — peneHb, Hanp., b onoBinaHHi npo Ojiera Ta fioro kohh:
H npncnt. oceHb H-n-o h noMHHy Ojierb KOHb cboh H-n-o-K HJKe 6* nocTaBHjľb kopmhth H-n-K
K He BCEflaTH Ha Hb H-H-B-H
6"b 6o Bi>npainajľb BOjľbXBOB'b
[h Kymechhktj 6-6-b-b-k OT'b *iero MH ecTb yMpem? o
H noBejľB oce^JiaTH kohh: H-n-K
Ma to BHJKK) KOCTH ero" K-e
H npHHfle Ha mícto, H-n HflejKe ókma jie«can;e kocth
[ero rojibi K-e-r
h jioô-b rojľb H-ji-r
H CCi^e C KOHÍI H-C-C-K
h nocMT>HCH pene: h
„OT'b cero jih Jióa c-ji-ji
CMepTb 6bIJIO B3HTH MHÍi?" C-B
h BCTynn HoroK) Ha jioôt^; h-b-h-h-ji
H BbIHHKHyBHIH 3MHa H30 Jl6a H-B-H-JI
36
3 onoBiflaHHH npo oßjiory Bijiropo^a:
H noBejii JKGHaÄľB ctbophth
[ií^jKb, H-n
b HeMbJKe BapHTb KHcejit, b-b-k
h noBejrä HCKonaTH KOJioaa3b, h-ii-h-k
H BCTaBHTH TaMO Kaflb, H-B-K
h HajibHTH nfcjKa Ka^b. h-k H noBejiŤ> mpyrtiä KOJioafi3b
[HCKOnaTH, H-n-K-H H BCTaBHTH TaMO Kaflb, H-K
h noBejiT> HCKaTH Me^y; H-n-H-M ohh JKe Hieame B3ímia Mejjy
[jiyKHO, B-M
6t> 60 norpeôeHO b khhjkh
[Meayinn; 6-6-n-K-M
H nOBejľfe pOCblTHTH BeJIbMH H-n-B H BTjJIHTH B Kaflb H-B-K B flpysfcMt KOJIOflH3H . . . B-K
B onoBiflaHHi npo 3a6nTTa oflHoro 3 nojioBen.bKHx khh3íb:
npHHMt JiyK CBOH C H HaJIOiKHBTj CTpT>Jiy, H-C
yaapH HTJiapíi b cepflme, h-c h flpyíKHHy ero bck> H36pauia; h-h h TaKO 3Jľfe HcnpoBepjKe h-h
JKHBOT CBOH HTJiapb . . . C-H
AjiÍTepau,is — flyJKe po3noBciofl»ceHa pnca CTapo'i jiiTepaTypH (HaBÍTb He JiHHie KpacHoi) iHfloeBponeäcbKHX Hapofliß: 3yCTpinacMO n, Hanp., y CTapo(ppÍ3bKHx 3aK0Hax, b ocbKO-yMÔpcbKHx Hanncax, y KejibTCbKiů Ta CTaporepMaHCbKiů noe3ÍI i t. r. TaM 3BHHaÖH0 Mac-Mo aJiÍTepau;ÍK> HarojioineHHX CKJiafliß; b CTapocjioE'aHCbKHX MOBax HarojiocH HaM He 3aBuie bí^omí, a flo Toro, hk 3flaeTbCH, CTapy ajiiiepaniio 3ycTpinaGMo bhkjho^ho Ha cxiflHbo-CJiOB'flHCbKiH Tepn-Topii; flOBOflHTbca p,yMaTH npo nyjKi BnjiHBH i, po3yMÍGTbcn, Haž-npnpoHHiHie TyT MOtfíHa nyMaTH npo BnjiHBH CKaHamaBCbKi. Ajie Hania ajiiTepanja repMaHCbKÍH He BÍflnoBÍp;aG. TaM — JiHHie neBHa HeBejíHKa KijibKicTb ajiÍTepoBaHHx cjiíb, neBHHM hhhom po3Tanio-BaHHx y Bipiui. A b Hacr 3flaGTtcH, npaBHJioM ôyjio, mp hhm Ôijibnie cjiíb ajiiTepyc, thm Kpame (3hb. po3aiji npo „Cjiobo o nojiKy Iro-peßi"). Hama CTapa ajiÍTepania Hara^yc öijibine KejibTCbKy, xoh njocb nofliÖHe g i b HopBe3bKHX caťax. y rpenbKifi JiiTepaTypi ajii-
37
i
f«panjfl ayJKe pi^Ka. OTHce, nHTäHHa npo noxojEjHceHHa cTapoyicpaiH-cbKoi ajiÍTepann me flocHTb CKJiaflHe.
5. Rk 6a*iHMo, CKaHfliHaBCbKi nepeaxpncTHHHCbKi ejieMeHTH He neBHi. 3,n;aGTbca, neBHime g cKaH^ÍHaBCbKe noxo^HieHHa thx nepeKa3ÍB, 111,0 rjih. hhx He MacMo CKamjmaBCbKHx napajiejib, nim thx, fljia HKHX MaGMO, 3ßaBajiocb 6h, „Hy^oBi" napajiejii (Ojier-Oa, IcKopocTÍHb), Bo MOJKJiHBicTb cnijibHoro iHAoeBponeöcbKoro noxo-flHíeHHH a6o cnijibHoro 3ano3HHeHHa 3 TpeTboro ,n;}Kepejia 30bcím He BHKJiiOHeHa. HaÖBajKJiHBinie ôyjio 6 3Po6hth cnpoôy BminyicaTH Ta 3Í6paTH b c i ejieMeHTH cKaH^ÍHaBCbKoi noeTHKH b Hainifi CTapifi jiiTepaTypi, rojioBHe b JiiTepaTypi CBÍTCbKoro xapaKTepy (Jütohhc, „Cjiobo o noJiKy IropeBi").
T. iHAoeBponeücbKi peiimíH
1. Po3yMÍGTbCH, Tam peíHTKH MycHjiH 3ajiHHiHTHCH b nepeKa3ax Ta Hapo,n,HÍH noe3Í'i yKpai'HD,ÍB. Ilpn noÔbKHoiny neperjiHfli ciojKeTÍB, TeM Ta mothbíb cynacHoí HapoflHo'i noe3Íi, Bnaflac b ohí BeJiHMe3Ha KijibKicTb cnijibHHX T6M y pÍ3HHX ÍHaoeBponeocbKHx HapofliB. me KijibKa aecKTHjiiTb TOMy ne BBaMcajiocH 3a j3pKa3 cnijibHOCTH no-xoßHieHHH hhx noeTHHHHx ejieMeHTÍB. Ajie, Ha Hcajib, ÖJiHJKne 30-
CJliAHCeHHfl CKOpO BHHBHJIO n.ÍJIKOBHTy ÍJIK)30pHÍCTb HayKOBoro onTH-MÍ3My, mp BBajKaB 3a MojKJiHBe yTBopHTH HCHe yíiBjíeHHH npo enoc, Ka3Kn Ta 3BHHaľ ÍHfl;oeBponeHiíÍB m,e fflo *iacy IxHboro po3no,n;ijiy Ha oKpeMi njieineHa. BijibniicTb cnijibHHx iHßoeBponeücbKHM HapomaM
ejieMeHTÍB  3yCTpÍHaGMO  TaKOJK  y HaíipÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍI[IHX HeiHAoeBpo-
nencbKHx nJieMeH. /Jjia aeaKo'í KÍJibKocTH cnijibHHx ejieMeHTÍB yaa-jiocH AOBecTH, mo BOHH no3H*ieHÍ OAHHM njieMeHeM y iHiuoro. OTjKe,
BHHBHJIOCa, mO CaMOl TOTOMCHOCTH, a Ulfi MeHHie CXOHÍOCTH, OKpeMHX
ejieMeHTÍB y noe3Íí ^box pÍ3HHx iHfloeBponeöcbKHx Hapo^iB He 30-CHTb, moô MOJKHa ôyjio BH3HaTH cnijibHe iHAoeBponeScbKe noxo-AJKeHHH hhx ejieMeHTÍB. Ha no^iôm Tpy^Homi HaTpannjin CBoro
qacy i B  MOB03HaBCTBÍ.  Ajie  MOB03HaBĽ;Í  3HaHUIJIH MeTO^H,   HKÍ flO-
3BOJiaK>Tb js,yme tohho 3'acyBaTH, cxojkí cjioBa fliftcHo noxo^HTb 3 iHfloeBponeficbKo'i mobh, hh bohh 6yjiH nÍ3HÍnie 3ano3HHem ohhhm Hapo,q;oM y imnoro. 3obcím ÍHaKine CTorrb cnpaBa b ctpepi eTHo-rpacpií: m© He BHpoöJieHo n e b h o 1 MeTo^n, ana 6 flonoMorjia flo-
BeCTH CníJIbHÍCTb nOXOflJKeHHa 3BHHaÍB aÔO TBOpÍB. OTHce, xo*i HeMaG
cyMHÍBy, mo i c h y 10 t b cnijibHÍ jiÍTepaTypm cioHíeTH, mothbh Ta cjioBecHÍ npHKpacH, m° ix OKpeMi Hapo^H ycna^KyBajiH Biß íh/jo-eBponeficbKoi aoÔH, ajie n,e Hanie nepeKOHaHHa Bce m ne j\a,e 3Morn BÍanoBÍCTH, a k i c a m e cioaieTH, mothbh MHCTenbKÍ npHKpacn noxoflaTb 3 ÍHfloeBponeHCbKoi CTapoBHHH.
38
Hafiripnie Te, mo caivie y cjiob'hh Mafiace HeMac cTapnx 3anHcin onoBinaHb, Ka30K, enocy, öijibinicTb 3poÖJieHO mpimo B 19 ct., nyace Majio b 18 ct., jiHiue hk bhhhtok y CTapinii nacH. OTace, 3aBacnH MOJKHa cyMHÍBaTHCH, HH ne nepeÖHHTi TaKi onoBinaHHa jimne b HaHOCTaHHiiiiHX CTopinnax a6o S necflTHpinHfix 3 nyacnx aôo jiiTe-paTypHHX HJKepeji, TaK caMO, hk HaponHHMH nicHHMH 3po6HjiHca Bipmi IIIeBneHKa, HJorojieBa, PynaHCbKoro, a6o aK cepen, HaponHHx Ka30K 3anncaHÍ b pociaH Bace b 20 ct. onoBinaHHa JleBa TojiCToro Tomo.
HÍHKHX  neBHHX   BHCHOBKÍB   Hl,OflO   ÍHHOeBpOneŽCBKHX eJieMeHTÍB
yKpai'HCbKOi HapoflHoi cjiobcchocth b TBopi HayKOBo-nonyjiapHoro xapaKTepy nonaTH HeMoacjiHBo. Moacna jimne KopoTeHtKo 3ynHHH-THca Ha KÍjibKOx cioaceTax Ta MOTHBax, mp i'x nexTo BBaacaB 3a mfloeBponencbKi.
2. G, HanpHKJiam, yKpamcbKa Ka3Ka, m,o Haranye onoBinaHHa CTaporpenbKoro enocy npo Ofliccea Ta IIojii(peMa, onHooKoro jiionp-acepa BejieTHa-,,UHKJiona". Oflicceô Í3 cboImh cynyTHHKaMH noTpairaB Ha ocTpiß b nenepy nojikpeMa; mp6 ypaTyBaTHCa, bohh BHnajiH-jiH IIojiicpeMOBi oko Ta BTeKJiH, 3axoBaBniHca nin, nepeBaMH fioro OBeub. IIojiitpeM, HiyKaioHH Oniccea Ta fioro TOBapnuiiB, oÖMaijyBaB CBoí bíbijí jimne no cnHHax. BnopaBHiHca 3 nenepn, Onjcceß 3 TOBa-pnniaMH BiflnjiHBae, Brojioc raysyionn 3 nojiiipeMa. IIojii(peM, no-HyBUiH n;e, KHflac ím HaB3nprÍH BejiHHe3Hí KaMeHiOKH. — noniÔHi MOTHBH — řepou ocjiinjnoe BejieTHa Ta BTinae Bia Hboro, BnarHyB-niHCb b OBeny niKipy; BejieTeHb, mp Knnae KaMÍHHa b hobhh toihp — 3ycTpinacMo b niBHiHHiň ca3i npo Erijia Ta AcMyaa, npo Tpojibíppa, a 30KpeMa npo Ona, onoBinaHHa npo aKoro HaraayiOTb onoBiflaHHa jiiTonncy npo Ojiera (hhb. BHine). — Ha YKpami 3Ôe-peraaca Ka3Ka npo onHOOKy 6a6y-jnonpa<epKy, „JlHxo-onHooKe", aKiö repofi Ka3KH BHÔHBae oko Ta Bin. aKo'i BTÍKae, BnarHyBniHca y BHBepHeHHH ôapaHaMHH Koacyx Ta 3aMÍinaBinHCb míjk ôapaHH. JIionoHtepKa KHnae bcjiíh. HOMy coKHporo. — nontóm onoBinaHHa
BÍHOMÍ i B pocifiCbKOMy CpOJIKJIbOpL
He 3BaacaioHH Ha BejíHKy cxoacicTb mothbíb, He Bnajioca i noci 3'acyBaTH, hh onoBinaHHa n,iöcHo HaaeacaTb no mnpeBponeHCbKoi cnan,iHHHH, hh i'x, mohíjihbo, nÍ3HÍme no3HHHB ohhh Hapon. y onHoro. Micue noxo^aceHHa TaKHx onoBinaHb — hí6h Ciijijiia (b CTapi nacn rpeubKa KOJioHia). CKaHnmaBH MorjiH no3HHHTH onoBinaHHa b rpe-kíb (ino MoaíJiHBicTb Tpeôa 3aBac,nH Mara Ha yßa3i, 6o CKaHnmaBH, nepeôyBaioHH y BÍ3aHTÍi, Hanp., aK HaÜMaHe BiocbKo, MorjiH hh-Maao nepeÖMaTH 3 BÍ3aHTÍucbKHX JiereHn,, Ka30K, onoBinaHb), cjio-b'hhh b rpeKÍB a6o CKaHfliHaBiB Ta MoHcaHBo, qo Jiimie ôaraTo nÍ3-HÍnie (Hanp., Bace b 17-18 ct. nepe3 niKoay).
39
3. TaK caMo noBTopiocTbca b pi3HHx Hapo^iB onoBÍp;aHHH npo flBOÖiH 6aTtKa-6araTHpa 3 chhom, aKoro bíh flora He ÖannB. Tane onoBiflaHHa flajio b kíjibkox ÍHp;oeBponeHCí>KHx Hapofliß MaTepiaji n,jia eninHOÍ oôpoÔKH: Hanp., y hímijíb — nxCHa npo rijibfleôpaHfla (8 ct.) ; y nepciß — onoBÍ,n;aHHa npo PycTeMa i 3opa6a y BejíHKOMy enoci „IIIax-HaMe" <3>ipn,aBci; y rpeniB icHyBajio nofliÖHe onoBi-HaHHa npo 6iö Ofliccea 3 chhom íioro TejieroHOM (onoBiaaHHa, mp He yBiôniJio b roMepißctKy oöpoÖKy icTopii Ofliccea); nofliÔHe ono-BimaHHa ôyjio y KejitTÍB; Hapenm, TaKe onoBiflaHHa 36eperjioca b nÍBHÍHHO-pocÍHCBKÍä enigma nicHi npo 6iô Ijijií MopoBi^a (,,My-poMua") 3 chhom „Cokojibhhkom". I TyT cnpoÔH hobíthíx hocjií-HMceHB He npHBejiH 30 neBHHX bhchobkíb: to^í, hk o^hí BBajKaioTb TeMy mMenbKoro enocy 3a 3ano3iraeHy y cjioB'an (oTace me nepefl 8 ct.), íhuií myMaioTb, mp 30 cjioß'aH TeMa npHSnijia 3 Ilepcii necb b 16-17 ct. EniHHa nicHa b cynacHiň cpopMi nincHo Mae neBHi 03HaKH nÍ3Hi.oro noxomsKeHHH, aire ne He 3HaHHTb, mp íí TeMa y cjiob'hh He CTapinia, híjk BißOMa HaM nÍ3Ha 11 pociöcBKa oôpoôKa. Mojkjihbo, m/y ufiň cioHteT HajieaíHTb 30 m;o;oeBponeHCbKoi cnafln^HKH.
4. MoJKHa ôyjio 6 Ha3BaTH ôijibiny kíjibkíctb OKpeMHx CTapo-
BHHHHX   MOTHBÍB,   ILO   pOSnOBdOflHíeHi   B   pÍ3HHX ÍHfloeBponeHCbKHX
HapofliB, nonacra HaBÍTb TaKHX, 6e3nocepeamx 3hochh míjk hkhmh Manace He ôyjio (cjroB'aHH Ta KeJibra, cjiob'hhh Ta iHjrycH).
Zlo TaKHX MOTHBÍB HaJieJKaTb HHCJieHHÍ 3MÍG6opCTBa   (y CX^HiX
CJioB'aH Hanp., ^oÔpnHa, Mnxafijio noToK, KoacyM'aKa). Ajie TyT MH MaGMO 6e3cyMHÍBHÍ cjiimn nyacHX BnjiHBÍB, a caMe XpHCTHaH-
CbKHX 3MÍe6opĽ[ÍB   (CB.  K)pÍH,   CB.   <í>eflíp  TnpOH)   Ta XpHCTHaHCbKOl
jieťeHflH (Hanp., Mnxaojio IIotok bhhhk nip; BnjiHBOM ôojirapcbKoro CB. MHxaňjia 3 IIoTyKH).
3ycTpinaGMo b mfloeBponeficbKOMy (pojiKJibopi i onoßimaHHa npo „6e36aTHeHKÍB", chhíb, mp Hapoflacem 30bcím 6e3 6aTbKa: 3 nppeßa, 3 nTauiHHHx acnb, B13 Toro, mp Mara 3'iJia myKy a6o bh-nHjia K>niKy 3 Hei* (MaTip'io 6yBaG íhoaí cyKa, mon,i KopoBa Tomp). Be36aT^eHK0M g, Hanp., i Bojibra 3 nÍBHÍ*mopocÍHCbKoro enocy: ne-pen. noro HapoflHteHHaM fioro MaTepi npncHHBca 3míh, inp Hara^yG icTopiio HaposateHHa OjieKcaHapa MaKe,npHCbKoro b cTapoMy po-MaHi (flHB. Ekc I. T. 6. 2), Ta HaBÍTb icTopHHHoro KHa3a Bcecjiasa, 11 ct., aKoro 3a jiÍTonncoM „Mara nopoHHjia BÍ3 nap". — lien mo-thb Moace 6yra ÍHfloeBponeiícbKHM — 3ycTpinaeMo noro i b kcjibt-cbKHX nepeKa3ax (HaBÍTb npo íctophhhhx ociö). Ajie íhjjjo-eBponeöcbKoro noxoßJKeHHa i nboro MOTHBy He noBe^eHo.
BaraTO cnijibHHX mothbíb 3HaHfleHo b Ka3Kax, Hanp., npo ,,Oxa" (Ox 3'aBjiaGTbca, kojih oaTLKo 3Í,n;xaiOMH bhmobjihg „Ox!"). Bíh 3a6npaG b 6aTbKa Soro flHTHHy. JXHTima noTÍM noBepTaGTbca Ha-
3an,  HäB^THBHIHCil  OÖOpOTHHHTBa,  Ta  3flo6yBaG  ÔaTbKOBÍ ÔaraTCTBO,
KaíKyHH ce6e nponaßaTH to y BHrjiafli kohh, to coKOJia, to xopia, Ta noTÍM 3H0By noBepTaiOHHca moßOMy. Ileä mothb (a mofli i n,ijia Ka3Ka) 3ycTpÍHaeTtcH y MOHrojiiB, y KaBKa3LKHx HapofliB, y a6e-cíhijíb, a 3 iHfloeBponeHnÍB — y nnryeiB, rpeniB Ta ÍTajiÍHH,ÍB (ne Te caMe ím'h „Ox"), nomioHe me 3HaxoflHMo y „MeTaMopcposax" Obíríh (EpÍ3ÍXT0H Ta flOHbKa Soro MecTpa) Tomp. TaKHX npHKJianiB MO)KHa 6yjio 6 HaßecTH ôijitine.
5. Cepen 3ranaHHx npHKJia/jiB g KijibKa, mp MOJKyTb noxoHHTH 3 rjiHÔoKoi' CTapoBHHH Ta HajiejKaTH no ^aciB Hanioi CTapoi jiiTepa-Typn. IIocTaHHa onoBiaaHHa npo Ojiera, khh3h BcecjiaBa, ^oöpHHio, Bojibry, MnxaHjia IIoTOKa, KomyM'aKy, Ijijiio MopoBija — MoüceMo
3 BeJIHKOK) HMOBÍpHÍCTK) BißHeCTH 3 O CTapO KHH3ÍBCI.KOÍ flOÔH (HEB.
I. 2EC. Ta II. J\.). Ajie npoäne, MaöyTb, inp flOBrnft nac, noKii erao-rpaípii B^acTbca xoh 6h b OKpeMHX BHnaflKax snoSyra nCBHi KpH-Tepii, na niflCTaBi hkhx MOJKHa 6yq;e cyflHTH npo iHaoeBponeöcBKe noxo^iKeHHH OKpeMHX nepeKa3ÍB a6o ľx ejieMeHTÍB. CnpaBa He g 6e3-Haniäna: po3rjian OKpeMHX nepeKa3ÍB íhohí Bac 3Mory BCTaHOBHTH Ix „ponoBin". Ajie Tenep mojkcmo jiHine cKa3aTH, mp cepen cy^ac-HHX nepeKa3ÍB, hkí aoacHjiH flo Haninx naciB 3 *iacÍB soxphcthhhclkhx xa CTapoxpHCTHflHCbKHx-CTapoKHa3ÍBCbKHx g HaneBHe TaKÍ, IIK) nicTajiHCH no HaniHX npe^KÍB 3 iHRoeBponeficBKoi CTapoBHHH. Ajie a k i c a m e nepeKa3H g TaKHMH, cynacHa HayKa mp ne MOJKe aaTH neBHOi BinnoBini.
EKCKyPC I. IIEPEKJIA^HA TA n03HHEHA JIITEPATyPA
A. 3arajibHi 3ayearH
1. 3  npHHHHTTHM  XpHCTHÍIHCTBa nO^ajIOCH  JlÍTepaTypHe JKHTTH
cxi^Hix cjiob'hh. ITeBHime — JlÍTepaTypHe jkhtth b Khgbí. Bo Jirane aajieKO nÍ3HÍnie no^ajiacJi JiiTepaTypHa aiajibHicTb b HoBropofti, a me nÍ3HÍme Ha niBHi^HOMy cxo^i (Cy3aajib i t. Tojiobhoio CKJiaaoBOK) qacTHHOH) HaíícTapiiiroi jiiTepaTypH 6yjia jiiTepaTypa no3HHeHa Ta nepeKJiaflHa. 3 cainoro nonaTKy MOJKHa ôyjio bhko-pHCTaTH Ty aocHTb HiHpoKy jiiTepaTypy, mo nocxajia b öajiKaHCbKHX Ta MOpaBCbKHX cjiob'hh nepea xpHCTHHHÍ3aii.ÍGK> PycH. IIpoH,ee npn-Hocy 3 nyjKHHH u;epKOBHO-cjiOB'HHCbKoi jirrepaTypn npoxo^HB 3 ca-Moro nonaTKy aocHTb xyTKo: Khib Ha nonaTKax cBoro xphcthjih-cbKoro 3KHTTH 6yB, 3AaGTbCH, TÍCHÍuie 3B'íi3aHHH 3 ôojirapcbKoio, híjk 3 rperjbKOio HepKBOK).
2. Ajie b CKOpoMy naci nonajiH poÖHTH caMocTiSm nepeKJia^H ÄJiÄ KHGBa, nonacTH, Maöyrb, y KoHCTaHTHHonojii jiHUie 3 yqacTK) „pycÍB", a nÍ3HÍme b caMOMy Khgbí. JIÍTonnc 3raayc npo nepeKJia-HaobKy Ta nepenHcyBauBKy flinjibmcTb 3a khh3h flpocjiaBa b Khgbí: „i 3Í6paB 6araTo rmcapÍB, i bohh nepeKJiaflajiH 3 rpeubKo! Ha cjio-B'HHCbKy MOBy Ta nepenHcyBajiH ôaraTo KHHr" (1037). ÍIk no6a-HHMo, MOiKHa HaBÍTb npHÔJiH3Ho BCTaHoBHTH, mo caMe nepeKJiaflajia HH „nepeKJiaaaiĺbKa komícíh" ÍIpocjiaBa.
ITepeKJiaJia BOHa ^mmajio Ta sochtb BejíHKHX oöciiroM TBopÍB. íle ôyjio He jranie 36araHeHHH Hamol CTapoí JiiTepaTypH, ajie i neBHa 3MÍHa 11 xapaKTepy, 60 cepe/j; nepeKJia;neHHX ÜpocjiaBOBoio komícígio
TBOpÍB -       MHMaJIO CBÍTCbKHX, a He BHKJIIOHHO npH3Ha^eHHX flJIH H,ep-
KOBHOrO BJKHTKy.
3. ni3HÍine 36araneHHfl nepeKJia#Hoii JiiTepaTypH hhijio oôoMa HiJiHxaMH — i npHXOíiHjiH hobí KHHrH bíj^ nÍBfleHHHX Ta 3axiflHix cjiob'hh, i poôJieHo BJiacm nepeKJia^H; nÍ3Hinie aiajibHicTb ,,pycb-khx" nepeicjianaHÍB1 nepefinijia, tojiobkhm mhhom, Ha „CBíiTy ropy",
AípOH.
nepeKJiaflHa jiÍTepaTypa b 3Ha*mÍH cboíh nacram nepeJKHJia i pÍ3HÍ nojiÍTH^HÍ 3MÍHH i *iacH KyjibTypHoro 3aHena,ny i *iacH 3míhh jiÍTepaTypHoro  craany.  XapaKTep  JiiTepaTypH  opHťÍHajibHoí 3mí-
lf2
HaBCa flOCHTb HIBHflKO  H  ÍHOflÍ  pilHyne   BÍfl   CTOJ1ÍTTH  flO CTOJIÍTTH;
iHoni opHťmajiBHi jiÍTepaTypHi TBopn nepepoÔJiiOBaHO b ochobí KijibKa pa3ÍB npoTsroM KopoTKoro nacy (JliTonnc, „MoJieHHe HHiJia", toiho). JliTepaTypa nepeKJiaflHa 36epirajiaca ctojiítthmh nacTO 3 jiHiue flyace HeBejiHKHMH 3MÍHaMH, a nacTo Bsarajii 6e3 híhkhx 3míh, xoH mofli i nepeKJiaflm TBopn nepepoóniOBaHo rpyH-TOBHO. ToMy nÍ3HÍnii ciihckh TBopiB nepeKJianHoi JíiTepaTypH, mp HÍhuijih flo Hac nonacTH jimne 3 16-17, a to fi 18 ct., naiOTb nacTO 3Mory cynHTH npo ix nepßicHy (popMy.
4. B naJitnioMy Hac HJKaBHTHMe opHťiHajibHa jiÍTepaTypHa TBopnicTb CTapoi yKpaiHH-PycH. Ajie nepeiuiaflHy JíiTepaTypy He MOHceMo oÔMHHyTH MOB^aHKOK). BoHa flajia Hafl3BHHaHHo GaraTO fljia po3BHTKy JíiTepaTypH opHrmajibHoi: MOBa, cthjib, KOMno3HH,ia, 3MÍCT ocTaHHboi' nícTaBajiH nHCJieHHi npoflyKTHBHi cnoHyKH Bifl ne-peKJiaflHoi JíiTepaTypH. Heö BnjiHB 6yB 3HanHHH HaBÍTb y ccpepi HapoflHoí noe3Íi, nocKijibKH npo Hel MoacHa cyflHTH.
JJyx nepeKJiaflHoi JíiTepaTypH b BejíHKiô nacram 6yB flyxoM
CTapOXpHCTHHHCBKHM  Ta   reJIJieHÍCTHHHO-XpHCTHflHCI>KHM J CneUIKpin-
Ho ,,BÍ3aHTÍňci>KÍ" BnjiHBH 6yjiH, aJie He nepeßaacajra.
B. BorocjiyHĺôoBa JliTepaTypa
1. OflHHM Í3 HaHBajKJiHBiniHx mothbíb jiÍTepaTypHoro p03BHTKy öyjiH noTpeÖH xphcthhhcbkoí oorocjiyacOH. JJjia Hei noTpiôm 6yjiH KHHrH öorocjiyjKÖoBi 3 oflHoro 6oKy i khoth cb. ÜHCbMa — 3 flpy-roro. I tí h tí Bace icHyBajiH b nepeKJiaflax MopaBctKoro Ta öojirap-CbKoro nepiofly po3BHTKy cjiob'hhcbkoí JíiTepaTypH.  Bohh npHÔ-
HIJIH   pa30M   Í3   XpHCTHHHÍ3ai];ÍeK),   HK   KOHHe   noTpiÖHe 3HapHflfla
ÖorocjiyjKÖH.
2. yjKHTOK cb. ÜHCbMa 6yB BipoHaBHajiBHHŘ Ta 6orocjiyac6oBHH.
ToMy fleHKÍ  naCTHHH CB.   ÜHCbMa  MajIH  nOflBÍHHe   OípOpMJieHHH, —
fljia oflHiei ň flpyroi mcth, TaK 6yjio Base 3 GBaHrejiieio. GBaHrejiia icHyßajia b cpopMi — „HeTBepoeßaHrejiii", ceÔTo noBHoro TeKCTy GBaHrejiil, nopyn uboro ôyjiH GBaHrejiii, BHÖpam b nopaflKy ix THHCHeBoro HHTaHHH npH öorocjiyaiöi („AnpaKoc"), a caMe — aöo jinuie fljia HeflijibHHx 6orocjiyac6 (flo TaKHx GßaHreaiH HaaeacaB HaöcTapiuiHH flaTOBaHHÄ cxiflHbocaoß'aHCbKHH pyKonnc 1056-7 pp. „OcTpoMHpoBa GßaHreaia", nncaHa mohíjihbo nncapeM-KHaHHHOM fljia HOBropoflCbKoro nocaflmnca OcTpoMHpa), Ta GßaHrejiia fljia Bcix pinHHx 6orocjiyac6 (rajiHUbKa GßaHreaia 1144 p.). 3 caMoro noaaTKy MycHB yacHBaTHca i „AnocTOJi", mp Teat icnyßaB y nepe-
KJiafli  B   flBOX   (pOpMaX,   aK  nOBHHH   TeKCT   (pyKOnHCH, nOHHHaiOHH
3 13 ct.), a6o BHÖpaHHH fljiH 6orocjiyH<6 (pyKonncn 3 12 ct.). 3 KHHr „Oraporo 3aßiTy" Hanoijibnie po3noBdO,n»ceHHa Ta 3HaneHHfl Maß „IIcajiTHp"; nopyn TeKCTy „ncajirapa" icHyßajiH me pi3iíi
HOrO OÖpOÖKH."  „TOJIKOBaa ITcaJITHp", 3 noaCHeHHaMH Ba>KKO-3p03y-
míjihx Micnb (noHCHeHHH ATaHacia OjieKcaHflpincijKoro aöo TeoßopH-Ta KipcbKoro). Bate no3a Meaci nepKOBHoro Ta npaBOBipHoro BJKHTKy
„ncaJITHpfl" BXOflHB HOrO BHCHTOK flJIH „raflaHHa"   (BOpoaÚHHa), -
TeKCT „raflajibHHx IIcajiTHpiB" Maß *racjieHHi npHMÍTKH, npo 3Ha-neHHH Toro aöo Toro TeKCTy: ^ochtb öyjio „po3irHyTH" „IIcajiTHp" Ta npoHHTaTH Te Micn,e, rqo Bnepiue Bna^e b o*ii, mp6 3poÖHTH 3 HBoro nmch BiicHOBKH npo MaSöyTHG, HeßiflOMe, npo Te, UJO POÖHTH b flaHOMy BHnaßKy Tomo.
TojiOBHe flHcepejio, 3 aKoro 3HajiH b 11-12 Ta ö HajibuiHx bí-Kax „Grapnä 3aBÍT", 6yB „napHMeÖHHK" — BHÓipKa thx Micnb, rkí noTpiöm fljia HHTaHHa npn ßorocjiyacöi. „napHMeÖHHK" He jih-ine cjiyxajiH b nepKBi, ajie ö yBajKHo HHTajiH Ta nepenHTyBaJiH: MoaceMo 3HaHTH b pÍ3HHX TBopax 11-12 ct. (Hanp., y jiÍTonnci) hhc-jieHHi DjHTaTH 3 „ITapHMeHHHKa". Ilopyn Hboro icHyBajiH i MeHiu po3noBCK»fliaceHi nepeKJiasn „n'aTHKHHHOKa" (khht MoficecBHx) Ta „BocbMHKHHJKJKa" (II'aTHKHHHCJKa Ta KHHrH HaBHHa, „Cyfleíí", Pycp). HapeniTi He öpaKyBajio i ,,KHHr npoponbKHx". 3 MeTOio no-jierniHTH po3yMÍHHa OKpeMHX míchb, icHyBajiH tckcth „tojikobí" (BHTOBManeHi), fle tckct npoponbKHx KHHr 6yB He ujjikom noBmra, ajie 3  floflaHHMH p,o Hboro noacHeHHanra 3MicTy.
He Tpeöa 3a6yBaTH npo jiiTepaTypHi aKOCTi cb. nncbMa Ta Hafl-
3BHHaÖHy   pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍCTb   HOrO   3MÍCTy   Ta   3B'a3aHOrO   13 3MÍCTOM
cthjiio: naTeTHHHa MOBa npopoKiß, rapHi o6pa3H Ta nopiBHaHHa (npHTii) GBaHrejiii, BHCona noe3ia ncajiTHpa i t. a. — Bee n,e, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, cnpaßjiajio BpaaceHHa He jinnie cboím bhcokhm 3míc-tom, ajie ô jiÍTepaTypHoio Kpacoio: He AypHo ac 3ycTpinaGMo Ha-CJiiAyBaHHa cthjiio cb. ÜHCbMa He Jinme b pejiiriibiiH JiiTepaTypi (nponoBiflax), ajie i b cBiTCbKin (jiŕromíc Ta HaBÍTb „Cjiobo o noJiKy Iropeßi"). nopy^i HacjiiflyBaHHa MacMO i UHTaTH 3 cb. ÜHCbMa. I He flHBHO, 6o híjií KHHrH cb. nncbMa (npHTHi, KHHra CnpaxOBa, EKJiÍ3ÍacT) CKJiafleHÍ 3 rapHHx npncjiiB'iB. IJiKaBo bhcjiobhb cboí flyMKH npo jiiTepaTypHe 3HaneHHa cb. nncbMa Ha no^aTKy 16 ct. 4>p. CKopHHa. B nepejjMOBi 740 cBoro BHflaHHa BiÖJiii bíh nnuie: ,,B Biôjiii MoaíHa 3HaÖTH onoBinamiH npo BificbKOBi Ta ôaraTnpcbKi flijia, npaBflHBimi, mac onoBÍ,n;aHHa npo OjieKcaHn,pa Ta Tpoio", TaM 3HaHfleni MopajibHy (pijiocotpiio, a aKmp „ôaacaGHi HaB^íHTHca My-3HKH, ceÔTo cnißy (CKopHHa Mac Ha yBa3Í „noe3ÍK>"), to 3Hafifleni CaraTO BipniiB Ta niceHb CßaTnx no rýjiiň híh khh3í".
kk
3. 5lKpa3 np ,,noe3Íí" HajieacaTt KHHra ôorocjiyHtôoBÍ, 60 b hhx 3Í6paHÍ Haöjiinmi TBopn rpentKoro xpncTHHHCbKoro BipniyBaHHjf 3a KijiBKa ctojiítb. HeMae cyMHÍBy, inp cjiy>K6a Eoaca b 11 ct. Ta b HacTynHHx Binax cnpaBjíHJia Ha npncyTHix HHMajie BpaaceHHH caMe cboí'm 3aBHÍuiHÍM ecTGTH^HHM xapaKTepoM Ta KpacoK) ayxoBoí noe-3Í1 öorocjiyacöoBHX cniBÍB, mp Ton.i nepKOBHOcjioB'HHctKoio moboio 6yjIH ÖJIHJK^i HO MOBH jnony Ta HOMy 3po3yMÍjiiuii, HÍJK nÍ3HÍHie. lípo TaKe CTáBjíeHHH np öorocjryjKÖH cbía^ihtb onoBÍn,aHHH jiiToimcy npo rpen,i>Ky öorocjiyjKÖy: nocjiH BojionHMHpa BejíHKoro np Koh-CTaHTHHonojiH, MOBjííiB, He 3HajiH b rpeuBKOMy xpaivii, „HH Ha 3eMJlÍ Bonn, Ha He6i", i BH3HaBajiH'. „He MOHceMo 3a6yTH tígi Kpacn". Ufi ecTeTHHHe BpaHceHHa cnpnaJio BnjiHBaM öorocjiyjKÖOBoi noe3Íí b CTapoyKpaiHCbKiíi jiiTepaTypi.
BjKHBaHO 3 ôorocjiyjKÔOBHx KHHr HacaMnepefl „CjiyaceÔHHKa" Ta „TpeÖHHKa", — nayKa nan cBHinemiKiB npo BinnpaBy ôorocjryjKÔ Ta Tpe6. Y hhx 3HaHfleM0 hhcjichhí mojihtbh, mp e rapHHM ťaTyH-KOM pejiiriÖHoi noe3ÍI; Hapenrri, Taid 3ÔipKH nppixoBHoi noe3ÍI, hk „Tpioni", „IlicHa" (cniBH Ha *iac nocTy) Ta „nBÍTHa" (cniBH Ha nac no BejíHKOflHi) Ta „Okto'íx" (BocbMHrjiacHHK).
3 TäKHX niceHt (Tponapi, KonnaKH Toinp) CKJianem 6yjih i TaK 3Bam „CjiyíKÔOBi MiHe'i" (pyKonncH BHíe 3 11 ct.), ne ni nicm po3KJiafleHo 3a flHHMH poKy. IIÍ3HÍine nepeKJianpmiH TeKCT nonp-noBHioBaHO opHťiHajiBHHM cjiob'hhcbkhm MaTepiflJIOM. „CjiyacöoBi MiHeí" — TejK na&i'HTKa bhcoko'í noeiH^HOi i^íhhocth. IJi KHHrii npHÉniJiH np Hac y roTOBOMy nepeKJianj 3 Eojirapil. Bohh MajiH hh-MajiHH BnjiHB Ha opHťiHajibHy jiiTepaTypy — Ha *mcjieHHÍ cjiyjKÔH cjiOB'aHCBKHM CBHTHM  Ta  mojihtbh,  a  TaKosK  i  Ha JiiTepaTypy
CBÍTCBKy.
B. Pejiiruma jiiTepaiypa a. IIpaBOBipHa
1. CBHTe IIhcbmo npH3HaHeHe öyjio He jimne n,jia öorocjiyjKÖH, aJie ň pjjiH HHTaHHH. Be3yMOBHo, — npHHaíhiHi cepen. n,yxoBHHX, mp 3 hhx noxoHHjia i BejíHKa nacTHHa CTapnx nHCí>MeHHHKÍB, — 6yjra HHTaTii Ta 3HaBni ßorocjiyJKÖoBHx KHHr. Ajie Brne cneiiiajibHo njiji HHTaHHH npnsHa^eHa ôyjia peJiiriŽHa jmepaTypa „JKHTiŽHa" Ta , ,nponoBÍn,HHn,BKa''.
2. ,,}KHTÍa" — np n.y>Ke CTapnö raryHOK xphcthjihcbkoi JiiTe-paTypn. „2Khtíh" 6yjiH b nepeKJiani b 36ipKax Ta hk OKpeMi TBopH. BejíHKy 36ipKy „jkhtíh" (ho íikoi npn,aBaHo inp ň ,,noB^aHHa"-npo-
noBini) — „HeTBi-MiHei" nepeKJiaaeHo ine b Bojirapii (xoh Moace i ne Bei 12 TOMÍB Ha Bei Micani pony). „OKhtíji" no^acTH ^ochtb HiHpoKoro oôcary, 3míctom Hafl3BHHaŽHo pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ Ta nonaioTB BejíHKy ťajiepiio thiiíb „xphcthhhcbkhx repoiB". HacTo rapno Ha-nncam Ta niKaBicTio He ctohtb mračne sifl CBÍTCBKoro poMaHa. He iHypHo 3K nÍ3HÍnia JirrepaTypa Majia TaK ôaraTo JiiTepaTypHHx 06-poöoK caMe jkhtíh. nopyn icTopmHo ooťpyHTOBaHHx oiorpacpiS cbhthx, 3HaH3eMo cepen MiHeinnix jkhtíh ppsmi onoBißaHHa jieťeH-HapHoro xapaKTepy, inp BHKopHCTOByiOTB MaHp,pÍBHÍ ciojkcth cbíto-B01 JiÍTepaTypn: Hanp., cnopißHeHy 3 ,,<í»aBCTOM" jiereHfty b jkhtíi <í>ÍJiapeTa MnjiocTHBoro, Ka3KOBe onoBÍ,o,aHHa npo hoptíb, iup cjiy-jKaTB CBÄTOMy 3a áoro HaKä3aMH b jkhtí'í KoHOHa, TOinp. Hen pÍ3Ho-MaHÍTHHÔ MaTepiíiJi MHTaBCH i kjih noBHaHHH i aK iiÍKaBa JieKTypa.
KopoTKi JKHTia noflae HaTOMÍCTb — b u,iJioMy tok rochtb bcjih-khh, Ha flBa TOMH — 3ÔipHHK „npojior" (BJiacHe „CHHaKcap" a6o „MeHojiorioH"): ne — 3ÖipKa mchhihx jkhtíh Ha KOHceH fleHB pcrny
3 noflaTKaMH noB^iajiBHHx onoBÍflaHB. H^en 36ipHHK nepeKJianeHO aôo BíKe b Khgbí a6o b LJapropoai mjia KncBa Ta 3 ynacTio khib-CBKoro nepeKJiana^a, i BJKe bíh Hac „npojior" nepeimajiH nÍBneHHÍ cjiob'íihh. nepeKJiap; 3po6jieHO, JuaöyTB, Ha nonaTKy 12 ct. „npojior" He 3ajiHiHHBCfl öes 3míh: áoro noinnpiOBaHo Ta nepepoôjiiOBaHo; B)Ke b 13 ct. bíh y Tpn pa3H oíjibiuhh 3a rpenBKHÍí opHťiHaji. JXo-naHo 30KpeMa HHCJieHHÍ rapni noBHajiBHÍ onoBinaHHa 3 pÍ3HHx jkhtíh Ta 3 „naTepHKiß", npo aKÍ ine 6yne MOBa. ,,npojior" Mae pÍ3H0-MaHÍTHHH rapHHH MaTepiaji: HHCJiemii acpopH3MH, „ceHTeHnľí", Ma-jieHBKi icTopi'i noB^ajiBHoro 3MÍCTy (HanpHKJian npo meöpaKa, mp äoro MOJíHTBa yronHÍnia EoroBÍ, híjk mojihtbh GimcKona; npo Te, HK XpncToc y nocTaTÍ JKeôpaKa BiflBinaB iryMena; npo npocToro naôaHa, mo 6yB CBaTÍinHH 3a acKeTÍB y nycTejii, Tomo), a6o S Ka3-KOBoro, (paHTacTHHHoro xapaKTepy. — J\o HanniKaBiinHx 3 JiÍTepa-TypHoro norjiapy 3ÖipoK HajieJKaTB „naTepHKH", BimoMi 3 HaonaB-HiniHx nacÍB (3 HHX noMacTH sanosn^HB cbo'í onoBiaaHHa ,,npo-jior"): u,e — 3ÔipKH He ctíjibkh uíjihx jkhtíh, ckíjibkh onoBißaHB npo oKpeMi npHKJianii noóoJKHOCTH, acK63H, jj,o6pohHHy. „IlaTepHKH" oô'GnnyBajiH onoBi^aHHa 3 neBHoi Kpama. JXo HancTapininx TBopiB TaKoro THiry y Hac HajieJKHTB „naTepnK CHHancBKHÖ" (najiaflia 3
4 ct., „JlaBciaK"); „naTepnK ckhtcbkhíi" (Mocxa, 3 7 ct.) po3noB-CK»3JKeHHH, roJiOBHe, y nepepoÔJieHoMy BHrjiani; „JlHMOHap", a6o „.ZlyxoBHa jiyKa"; „ľlaTepHK phmcbkhh" (nann rpnropia 3 7 ct., flHB. 4). — IIÍ3HÍHie nonpnxoHHJiH ň íhuií 3ÖipKH TaKoro xapaKTepy. „naTepuKH" 3rajj,yG BJKe HecTop y jkhtíi <í>eop;ocia. Ha 3pasoK ix nocTaB „KHGBo-nenepcBKHH ľlaTepHK". B „naTepHKax" g ono-BiaaHHa npo OKpeMi enÍ30flH 3 JKHTTa CBarax aôo íi npocTo noöojK-
46
HHX jnoflefi, MaÖJKe 3aBacn,H 3 peairÍHHo-MopajibHHM bhchobkom: onoßiflaHHH npo re, hk nojioHeHoro b Ilepcií aHroji 3bíjiijhhb 3 b'h3-hhh,í b tí md, KOJiH 3a Hboro npaBJíeHo naHaxnnH, in;o íx 3aMOBjiajra ftoro poflHHÍ, BBaacaio^H ůoro 3a MepTBoro; npo CTapma TepacHMa, mp 3 hum 3anpHaTejiK)BaB jieB y nycrejii, TepacHM cnacaBca; npo BejíHKoro acKera, aKnn y nycTeJii Bace ne 3HaB, icnye me cbít Ta aKoro ro^yBaaa Hapofliima cKaTepna; nopys iiboro rapHÍ onoBÍn,aHHa b cpopMÍ kopotkhx po3MOB 3 flOTenHHMH a(popn3MaMH
i T. fl.
Ocb 3pa3KH onoBiflaHb ojraoro 3 naTepniciB: nycTejibHHKa 3y-CTpinae nnaBOJi Ta h Kaaíe žoMy: „IHp th poônm, Te poôjno i a: TH nocTHm, a B3arajii m*ioro He im; th MaJio cnnni, a B3arajii He cnjiio, ajie a He Moaíy 3Po6hth to6í HiaKoro 3Jia, 60 th nepeBHiuyein MeHe noKopoio (cMHpeHHCM) ''. — Ohhh nycTejibHHK, aKoro KjnrayTb Ha 3ÖopH HeHi^iß, np Mae oßroBopioBaTHca rpimne acHTra aKorocb MeHna, npHxoflHTb Ha 36opn 3 flipaBHM koihhkom, noBHHM meny, iup cnnaeTbca Ha 3eMjno; Ha 3annTaHHa, 111,0 H,e 3Ha^HTb, bíh BÍa,-noBÍB: ,,TaK i rpixn moI nanaiOTb no3an,y MeHe, Ta a ix He öa^y, a cioflH npHxoaacy, m,o6 cyflHTH rpixn ÍHmoro". — Oh,hh nycTeJib-HHK npHXOflHTb y rocTHHy no enncKona, i toh nacTye noro 06i-flOM 3 M'aca; nycTejibHHK Kaace, inp bíh Bin, Hapon,aceHHH He íb M'aca. Ha ne enncKon: ,,A a híkojih BBenopi He jiaraio cnaTH, aKinp MaB aKycb jnonHHy, m o 3 Heio 6yB 6h b CBapui". nycTejibHHK no-6aHHB, mo MCHTTa cnncKona Jiinme, 3a fioro BJiacHe „nicHHUbKe aíHTTa". OcTaHHG onoBiflaHHa g npHKJianoM toto, m;o naTepHKH naCTO floôpoHHHHÍCTb cTaBJíaTb noHan. acKeTH3M. ,ZJjia HHTa^a CTapo'i Yicpa-íHH onoBÍnaHHa naiepHKÍB MajiH ^HMajie BHXOBHe 3Ha*ieHHa...
nopyn nboro posnoBcioflaceHÍ ôyjin oKpeMi BejíHKÍ acHTÍnm TBopn, m;o b hhx ayace nrapoKo onneyBajioca aíHTTa aKorocb oKpe-Moro CBaToro. JXo acHTTGnncy ^acTo npjiy^ajioea moct noniÖHe a,o öorocjiOBCbKHX TpaKTaTÍB Ha noB^iajibHi TeMH (Hanp-, onnc KÍHU,a CBÍTy Toinp), JXo BaacjiHBiix acHTiö, inp ix nepeKJianeHo ine 3a CTapoi A,o6h, HaaeacajiH, Hanp., híhtíg Ahtohíh BejíHKoro, BejíHKoro acKeTa, inp noro acKeTH*mi hhhh 6yjiH 3pa3KaMH pa nÍ3HÍmHX acKeiÍB; acHTÍc CaBH ,,OcBam.eHHoro" — Teac acKeTa, aae minoro THny, ineojioria aKoro BnjiHHyjia noMÍTHo Ha nonaTKH nenepcbKoro Ma-HacTHpa (hhb. I. T. 4); híhtíg nonyjiapHoro CBaToro Mhkojih HyAO-TBopma; míhtíg AHßpia íOponHBoro, 3 innpoKHM onneoM noro BHfliHb npo KÍHei^b CBÍTy; hchtíg BejíHKoro nponoBÍflHHKa IoaHa 3jiaTo~ ycToro; acHTic cb. OjieKcia, m,o Majio Moace HaSmnprnHH eiijihb b icTopii yKpaiHCbKoi' jiÍTepaTypn; HapemTÍ, ^lecbKÍ „^CHTÍa" (cb. Ban;-jiaBa, JIionMHjiH), Tomo. — ^CHTiÖHa JiÍTepaTypa cjiyacnaa He jinme
pejiiriiiHOMy noB*iaHmo, ajie Maua TaKOJK BejiHHe3HHH biijihb Ha Beet JiiTepaTypHHH po3bhtok.
3. He MeHHie 3HaHeHHH Majia h jiixepaTypa nponoBiHHHnbKa. BoHa MOJKe me nrapnia, híjk jKHTiiiHa. HnMajia ^acTHHa i"i npnoinjia 3 Bojirapii, ajie ßemo nepeKJiaaajioca b Khgbí. I^h jiiTepaTypa me He flo kíhijíi flocjimaceHa. OKpeMi TBopn 3ÖeperjiHCH nonacTH jiHuie
B nÍ3HÍHIHX BÍflnHCaX,  Ta ^laCTO IX nOMHJIKOBO IXpHIIHCyBaHO pÍ3HHM
aBTopaM. IIponoBißi — „cjioBa", „noBneHHH" npH3Ha^eHo ajih to-TaHHH. TBopa nponoBinHHqbKOl jiÍTepaTypn yTBopioiOTb coôoio n,ijiy 'CHCTeMy 6orocjioBÍíi — nepeBaJKHo MopajibHoro, a BejíHKOio Mipoio
Í   XpHCTHHHCbKO'i   BÍpOHayKH   Ta   HäBÍTb   xpHCTHHHCbKOl (pÍJIOCCMpil.
Hafiôijibuie nepeKJia^eHo nponoßißi TaKHX aBTopiß: IoaHa 3jiaT0-ycToro, GtppeMa CnpHHa, BacHJiia BejíHKoro, TpHropia BorocjioBa (oflHH pyKonnc 3 11 ct.), <řenopa CTy^HTa, KnpHJia OjieKcaHflpiö-CbKoro Ta íhhi. Ihoj^í nponoBifli cnojiynyBaHO (me i b BÍ3aHTÍficbKÍH jiiTepaTypi) b 3ÔipHHKH nm pÍ3HHMH Ha3BaMH: „3jiaToycT", „Map-rapHT", ,,l3Maparfl;", ,,3jiaTaH ninb" (oÖHjnsa ocTaHHi nonpHHMajiH nÍ3HÍnie opnťÍHaJibHÍ nponoBmi CTapopycbKHX nponoBi^HHidB), „3Jia-Taa Marana". MoJKna 3aora;íyBaTHca, mp iCHyBajiH me íhuií 361p-HHKH, Bia HKHx sôeperjiHca jiHHie Ha3BH'. „Encep", „ÍKeM^yr", „rjiy-ÖHHa". nponoBinHHUbKa JiiTepaTypa Majia MHMajiy cyTO jiiTepaTypHy BapTicTb — cepe# íí npeacTaBHHKÍB 6yjiH HaOBHaaraiiui MaHCTpi peTopHHHoro bmíhhh BÍ3aHTÍ'i. npo3opHH xijj, ayMOK, rapHi peTo-pEraHi (popMyjiH, noeTHHHi o6pa3H 6yjiH 3pa3KaMH, BapTHMH Hacjii-HyBaHHfl.
UXo6 cxapaKTepH3yBaTH cthjib nponoBmeií HaBeay ypHBKH 3 ,,3jiaT0CTpyji" (KHÍBCbKHíí pyKonnc 12 ct.) : IoaH 3jiaToycT nopiB-HK)G „flyniy JiarijUHoi jikjahhh" 3 npHpo^oio — „híôh 3Bepxy ropn, He bíg hhcthh BÍTepen,b, cBÍTHTb npoMÍHHa, tíhctí flucepeJia i pi3HÍ apoMaTHi Ta rapm kbíth, i KpacHi ca^H. I rojioc (Ti) TaK caMo co-jioAKHÍí ftjia rax, XTo äoro cjiyxaG, hí6h TyT CH^HTb Ha BepiiiKax flyôÍB citíbohí nTaxH, cojiob'I i jiaciiBKH Ta chhhijí, mo cnoJiyHHJín CBOi rojiocH b GflHHHH 3ByK, a6o híôh BÍTep JierKo bíg Í3 cxofly, py-xac TpeneTJiHBe jihcta Ta niyMHTt no raax, Ta Bepx tíg'í ropn BKpn-thh KBÍTaMH — nypnypoBHMH, nepBOHHMH, oíjihmh ... i BÍTpenb Tarae
i CXHJIHG IX, HK XBHJli. Too, XTO CTOlTb TyT, He MOJKe ani BiHOBOJIb-
hhthch uhm apoMaTOM, am HaflHBHTHca Ha Kpacy kbítíb, i ... ra,q;ae, mo nepeöyBac He Ha 3eMjii, a Ha He6i. I híôh 3 ropn Te*ie... no-
TÍ^OK i, BHapaiOHHCfl 06 KaMÍHHJI, COJIOflKO ßpHHHTb . . .   KOJIH 6a*iHTe
TaKy KapTHHy, to po3yMÍGTe, HKa npncMHa g TepnejiHBa Ta Jiari^Ha jnoflHHa". nofliÖHo MajibOBHHHo onHcaHO i ayniy „rHÍBJíHBoro", mo noro 3jiaToycT nopiBHiOG 3 ôypxjmBHM Ta HecnoKíííhhm míctom.
4. Ilopyn nonyjiapHHX TBopiB ctoíitb cyTo-öorocjioBCbKi Teope-thhhí TBopH- MaGMo b nepeKJianax i TBopn acKeranm („JIíctbhiíh" IoaHa „JlicTBHHHHKa") i „BorocjioBÍG" loaHa ^a&iacKHHa, mp KpiM cyTo-6orocjioBCbKHx nHTaHb o6roBopioK)Tb i (pijiocotprrm Ta HaBÍTb mobhí (rpaMaTHnHi) nHTaHHH. MaGMo i „BnHTejibm GBaHrejiii" — BHKJian, xpHCTHHHCbKoi BÍpoHayKH b npHCTocyBaHHÍ np GBaHrejiil (m. íh. KocTHHTHHa npecBHTepa, öojirapcbKoro nncbMeHHHKa 10 ct.). Taici TBopH nacoM nncaHo b (popMÍ 3annTam> Ta BÍnnoBÍnÍB (mofli 3anHTaHHH MaioTb xapaKTep 3aranoK), Hanp., „ÜHTaHHa" Aianacia (BHíe b pyKonHci 11 ct.).
6. AnoKpiKpH
1. Ilopyn   BejiHHe3HHX   biijihbíb   xpncTnaHCbKoi jiÍTepaTypn
Ha MOBy  Ta  CTHJIb  HajieaCHTb  nOCTaBHTH  He  MeHHI  3HanHÍ BnjIHBH
Ha ciojKeTH, TeMH, MOTHBH jiÍTepaTypn „anOKpH(pÍHHOÍ".
„AnoKpHípH" — ne Táni TBopn npo nonii Ta ocoöh CBampHHoi
iCTOpii,   1H.0   He  BH3HaHÍ  XpHCTHÍIHCbKOK)   HepKBOBD   Ta  He npHEHflli
Heio np „KaHOHy" cb. ÜHCbMa. B cb. uhcbmí öaraTO non.iö ocBÍTjieHO jiHHie 3arajibH0, ßaraTo oci6 3ranaHo jmine no6ÍHíHo. IIíjikom npn-ponHbo, inp y xphcthhh, a me naBHÍine b acnnÍB ni nonii Ta ocoöh BHKJiHKajiH iHTepec Ta mo flOBKOJia hhx 3Í6paBca jiereHnapHHfi Ma-Tepiaa, nonacTH nepeHHHTHÖ Bin, íhhihx HaponÍB („MaHnpÍBHi cio-JKeTH"), nonacTH BHranaHHH. Táni JiereHnH paHo 3a<pÍKC0BaHi nn-ceMHo; iho6 HanaTH ím aBTopnTeTy, ix nacTo npHnncyBaHo naTpiap-xaM Ta npopoKaM, anocTOJiaM Ta oTnaivr nppKBH toiho. /JpaKi TBopn HaÖyjiH BejinnesHoro po3noBCK>n,a<eHHa; 30Kpeivra hhmh KopncTajiHca „cpeTHKH", a neařd 3 hhx HaBÍTb nocTaBajin b cpeTHHbKHx KOJiax. B KOJKHOMy pa3i, nopyn anoKpncpiB, ani He cynepenaTb xpncTHaH-cbKiö Haynj, g ö Táni, ani BHCJioBjnoioTb norvnanH, mp ix HiaK He MOJKHa noronHTH 3 nepKOBHoio Hay kom, a neani HaBÍTb MaioTb 6jik>3-HipcbKHH xapaKTep. Po3yMÍ6Tbca, i^epKBa paHo nonajia CTaBHTHca Bopoace np anoKpH(pmHoi jiixepaTypH, non,ijihbihh ii TBopn Ha TaKÍ, hh-TaHHa HKHx no3BOJieHe, Ta Ha „3a6opoHeHÍ". CnHCKH („ÍHneKCH") 3a6opoHeHHX tbopíb CKJia^ajiHCH He pa3. y Khgbí 3ycTpmaGMo ne-peKJianpm 3ranKH npo anoKpncpinHy JíiTepaTypy Bace b ,,l3ÔopHHKy CBHTocjiaBa" 1073 p.
2. JJp HaöcTapimoro mapy anoKpncpiB HaaeacHTb nacTHHa ano-
KpH(pÍB ,,CTap03aBÍTHHX",  IHp nOCTajIH me Ha JKHfliBCbKOMy ťpyHii
Ta „flonoBHioiOTb" ÜTapHÖ 3aBÍT. HonacTH np cTapoacnniBCbKi Ka3KH. 11a rpyna anoKpH<pÍB me 36ijibniHnaca Ha xpncTHaHCbKOMy rpyHTÍ, ■6o 6yjio ÖaacaHHa BCTaHOBHTH tíchí]iihh: 3B'a30K Miac nonia&iH Ta
pejiiriÔHOMy noB^amno, ajie Majia TaKOHC BejiHHesHHH biijihb na Bect JiiTepaTypHHH po3bhtok.
3. He MeHiue 3Ha*ieHHa Majia h JiiTepaTypa nponoBmHHnbKa. BoHa MOJKe me innpma, híjk JKiixiOHa. HHMajia ^acTima u npnoniJia 3 Bojirapií, ajie ßemo nepeKJiaflajioea b Khgbí. Ha jiirepaTypa me ne Ro kíhi^h flocjimsKeHa. OKpeMi TBopn 3öeperjiHca noKacTH JiHine b nÍ3HÍuiHX BiflnHcax, xa nacTO íx noMHJiKOBo npHnncyBaHo pÍ3HHM aBTopaM. nponoBiai — „cjioBa", „noBHeHHa" npH3HaneHo HJia hh-TaHHH. TßOpH nponoBiflHHi^BKoii JiiTepaTypa yTBopioiOTb C060M njjiy •CHCTeMy 6orocjiOBÍH — nepeBaacHo MopajibHoro, a BejíHKoio Mipoio
Í   XpHCTHHHCbKO'í   BÍpOHayKH   Ta   HaBÍTb   XpHCTHHHCbKOl dpijIOCCKpľi.
HaHÔiJibHie nepeKJia^eHo nponoBifli TaKHX aBTopiß: IoaHa 3jiaTO-ycToro, GdppeMa Cnpima, BacHJiia BeJíHKoro, rpnropia BorocJioBa (oflHH pyKonnc 3 11 ct.), <í>e;rjopa CTyjn-iTa, KnpHjia OjieKcaHflpin-cbKoro Ta íhhi. Iho,hí nponoßifli cnojiynyBaHo (me i B BÍ3aHTÍHCbKÍH jiiTepaTypi) b 3Ôíphhkh nifl pí3hhmh Ha3BaMH: „3jiaToycT", „Map-rapHT", „l3Maparfl", „3jiaTaa ninb" (oÔHjrnía ocTaHHi nonpmhviajiH ni3HÍuie opuťiHajibHi irponoBifli CTapopycbKHx nponoBÍflHHKÍB), ,,3jia-TaH Marana". MoHíHa 3floraflyBaTHca, mo icHyBajín me íhihí 36ip-HHKH, BÍ3 HKHX 36eperjiHca JiHine Ha3BH'. „Encep", „JKeM^yr", „rjry-ÔHHa". nponoBiAHHiĺbKa JiiTepaTypa Majia KHinajiy cyTo JiiTepaTypHy BapricTb — cepea 11 npemcTaBHHKÍB ÖyjiH HaHBHflaTHinii MaäcTpi peTopHHHoro bmíhhh BÍ3aHTÍi. npo3opHÍí xia HyMOK, rapHi peTO-
PHHHÍ (pOpMyjIH, noeTHHHÍ 06pa3H 6yjIH 3pa3KaMH, BapTHMH Hacjii-
nyBaHHH.
IH,o6 cxapaKTepH3yBaTH crajib nponoBmeíí HaBeay ypHBKH 3 „3jraTOCTpyfl" (Khibcbkhh pyKonnc 12 ct.) : IoaH 3jiaToycT nopiß-hk)g „flyniy jiariflHoi jiiojuhhh" 3 npnpoaoio — „hí6h 3Bepxy ropn,
rte BÍ6 ^HCTHH BÍTepeiíb,  CBÍTHTb  npOMÍHHH,   HHCTÍ  flJKepejia  i pÍ3HÍ
apoMarai Ta rapm kbíth, i Kpacm cajjH. I rojioc (ľi) TaK caMo co-jiOflKHH flJia tux, XTo Soro cJiyxae, híôh TyT cH^aTb Ha BepniKax #y6ÍB cnÍBoni maxn, cojiob'i i jiacTiBKH Ta chhhijí, mo cnoJiyHHJín cboí rojiocH b g^hhhh 3ByK, a6o híôh Birep Jierno bíg Í3 cxoay, py-xac TpeneTJiHBe jihcta Ta ruyMHTb no raax, Ta Bepx tígí ropH bkph-thh KBÍTaMH — nypnypoBHMH, ^epBOHHMH, 6ÍJIHMH... i BÍTpeub Tarae
i CXHJIHG ÜX, uk XBHJli. Tofi, XTO CTOITb TyT, He MOHCe aHÍ BflOBOJIb-
hhthch iniM apoMaTOM, aHÍ HaAHBHTHCH Ha Kpacy kbítíb, i ... ra^ae, mo nepeöyßae He Ha 3eMJii, a Ha Heöi. I híôh 3 ropn Te*ie.. . no-
TÍMOK i, BflapaiO^IHCH 06 KaMÍHHH, COJIOJUKO ÖpHHHTb . . .   KOJIH ÓaHHT©
Tany KapnaHy, to p°3yMÍGTe, ana npncMHa g TepnejiHBa Ta jiari^Ha jnoflHHa". nofliOHO MajibOBHHHo onHcaHo i flyiny „rmBJíHBoro", mo fioro 3jiaToycT nopiBHiOG 3 ôypxjiHBHM Ta HecnoKÍHHHM míctom.
Jf8
4. IIopyH nonyjiapHHX TBopiB ctohtb cyTo-6orocjioBCbKi Teope-thhhí TBopH* MaeMO b nepeKjianax i TBopn acKeTHHHi („JIíctbhiíh" IoaHa „JlicTBirqHHKa") i „EorocjioBic" loaHa ^aMacKHHa, m,o KpiM cyTO-6orocjioBCbKHx nirraHb oöroBopioioTb i dpijioco(pÍHHÍ Ta HaBÍTb mobhí (rpaMaxHHHi) nmaHHfl. MaeMo i „BHHTejibHÍ GBaHrejiii" ■— BHKJiafl; xpHCTHHHCbKoi* BÍpoHayKH b npHCTOcyB&HHi no GBaHreJiii (m. íh. KocTHHTHHa npecBHTepa, öojirapcbKoro nncbMeHHHKa 10 ct.). Táni TBopn ^acoM nncaHo b dpopMi 3anHTaHb Ta BÍnnoBÍniB (ÍHOfli 3anHTaHHH MaiOTb xapaKTep 3aranoK), Hanp., „ÜHTaHHH" ATaHaciH (BJKe b pyKoriHci 11 ct.).
6. AnoKpm^H
1. riopyn BejiHMesHHX biuiiibíb xpHCTHHHCbKoi jiixepaTypn Ha MOBy Ta cthjib Hajie^KHTb nocTaBHTH He MeHui 3Ha*iHÍ bhjihbh
Ha CH)5KeTH, TeMH, MOTHBH jiÍTepaTypH „anOKpHípi^IHOÍ".
„AnoKpncpn" — n,e Táni tboph npo no nil Ta ocoßn cBHineHHoi'
ÍCTOpii,   nj,0   He   BH3HaHÍ  XpHCTHHHCbKOK)   i^epKBOK)   Ta   He npHHHHTÍ
Heio no „KaHOHy" cb. IlHCbMa. B cb. IlHCbMi 6araT0 nonin ocBÍTJieHO jiňme 3arajibHo, SaraTo ociß 3ranano Jinnie noöiJKHo. IJíjikom npn-ponHbo, mo y xpncTHHH, a nie naBHinie b Hcnniß n,i nonií Ta oco6h BHKJiHKaJiH iHTepec Ta iho noBKOJia hhx 3Í6paBCH jieťeHnapHHn Ma-TepiflJi, nonacTH nepeümiTHH Bin iHninx Haponis („MaHnpiBHi ck> HceTH"), nonacTH BnranaHHH. TaKi jieťeHnn paHo 3a(piKC0BaHi iih-ceMHo; mp6 Hanara ím aBTopHTexy, íx nacTo npHnncyBaHo naTpinp-xaM Ta npopoKaM, anocTOJiaM Ta otuhm ijepKBH romp. JX^hkí TBopn HaÖyjiH BejiHHesHoro posnoBcion^KeHHH; 30Kpeivra hhmh KopncTajincH „epeTHKH", a nenKÍ 3 hhx HaBÍTb nocTaßajiH b GpeTHnbKHx KOJiax. B KOJKHOMy pa3i, nopyn anoKpndpiB, hkí He cynepenaTb xphcthhh-cbKin Hayni, e h Táni, hkí BHCJiOBJíioiOTb norjiann, ino Ix híhk He MOJKHa noronuTH 3 n,epKOBHoio HayKoio, a nenKÍ HaBÍTb MaiOTb 6jik>3-HipcbKHÖ xapaKTep. Po3yMÍGTbCH, nepKBa paHo no^iajia CTaBHTHCH Bopome no anoKpndpiHHoi jíiTepaTypn, noniJiHBinn 11 TBopn Ha TaKi, mh-TaHHH hkhx no3BOJieHe, Ta Ha ,,3a6opoHeHÍ". CnncKH („mneKCH") 3a6opoHeHHX TBopiB CKJianajiHCH He pa3. y Khgbí sycTpmaGMo ne-peKJianeHi sranKH npo anoKpHdphmy jiÍTepäTypy BJKe b „l36opHHKy CBHTocjiaBa" 1073 p.
2. ^o HaöcTapimoro mapy anoKpndpiB Hajie^íHTb ^acTHHa ano-KpH(pÍB „CTapo3aBÍTHHx", iho nocTajiH me Ha JKHniBCbKOMy r/pymi Ta „nonoBHioiOTb" CTapHÖ 3aBÍT. XIo^acTH n,e CTapoiKHnÍBCbKi Ka3KH. "IXh. rpyna anoKpnípÍB me 36iJibmnjiacH Ha xpncTHHHCbKOMy ťpyHTÍ, 60 ßyjio öaacaHHH BCTaHOBHTH TicHimHH 3b'h30k míhc nonÍHMH Ta
49
OCOÖaMH CTap03aBÍTHHMH Ta H0B03aBÍTHHMH. JJ,0 THHOBHX TeM CTapo-
3aBÍTHÍx anoKpH(pÍB HajieHCHTB onoßiaaHHH npo TBOpeHHH CBÍTy, řípo AflaMa Ta Cßy Ta Ix híhtth b paio Ta nicjra BHraaHHa 3 paio, npo Hon Ta noTon, npo jkhtth Moöcea, npo Aßpaaivta, npo JXslbursí Ta CojioMOHa, npo TaKnx oció, mp Ix Biôjiia 3raaye Jiňme noöbKHO (Jla-Mex, MeJixecHfleK). Ha 3pa30K npoponbKHX KHnr Biöjiii rem yTBo-peHo anoKpncpi^Hi xBopn (,,3anoBÍTH 12 naTpiapxiß"); b íhuihx ono-BiaaeTbca npo HeöecHnn cbít Ta npo Kmenb CBÍTy („ecxaxojioria").
He MeHni mnpoKo po3BHHyjiaca JiixepaTypa anoKpnípiB „hobo-3aBÍTHHXM Ha xpHCTHaHCbKOMy rpyHTi. Hi anoKpH(pn onoBi^aiOTb npo flHTHHCTBO XpncTa, npo acHTTa BoropoflHiri, npo cya Han Xpnc-
TOM,   npo   MaHJTpÍBKH  Ta  aOJIK)   OKpeMHX   anOCTOJIlB,   aonOBHFOIOTb i
AnoKajiincnc. AnoKpnrpH MOHcyTb 6araTo po3noBÍCTH npo „npio XpncTa 3 anaBOJioM", npo cxonmeHHa XpncTa nepen BocKpeceHHaM flo neKJia (caivre yaBJíeHHa npo exořpžteHHa XpncTa no neKJia He cynepe^HTB rjepKOBHiii Haynj). 3B'a3ye CTapnn 3aBÍT Í3 Hobhm, Hanp., onoBiflaHHa npo „xpecHe ;nepeBo".
HapeniTÍ, ň JíiTepaTypy „jkhtíh", onoBi^aHL npo híhttb cbbthx,
flOnOBHIOBaHO „anOKpHCphlHHMH JKHTÍaMH", XeJK He pa3 BinKHflaHKMH
nepKBOKX ,Ho TaKHX onoBi^aHb HaJieJKaTb jkhtíh 3 Ka3KOBHMH eni-soflaMH, fpaHTacTHHHHMH nynecaMn, HeHMOBipHHMH MyKaMH; B ÍHUIHX anoKpH(pÍHHHx JKHTiax nonam npopouTBa npo ocTaHHi *iacH
CBÍTy.
3. nomnpeHHa anoKpncpi^Hoí JiÍTepaTypH, ne 3BaücaioHH Ha n,ep-kobhí 3a6opoHH, 6yjio no BCboMy cbítí BejinHe3He. AnoKpnípiHHa jiÍTepaiypa Ha BÍ3aHTÍncbKOMy Cxoni Ta Ha JiaTHHCbKOMy 3axo,n;i -— npHÔJiH3Ho Ta caMa. HaTHKH Ha anoKpHípi^Hy JíiTepaTypy 3Ha-xo^hmo BJKe b HoBOMy 3aBÍTÍ (Hanp., nocjiaHHa Iiojih, ne 3rany-K)Tbca npopoirrBa GHOxa, HeBinoMi 3 CTaporo 3aBÍTy). AnoKpHCpůma jíiTepaiypa BnjiHHyjia Ha Taní TBopn, aK 3axinm nepeKa3H npo na-pÍBHHKa MepjiiHa, Ha „MicTepii", Ha ,2JaHTe, 3a hobhx nacÍB Ha Be-jihkí enocn 3 CBameHHoi icTopii: b Ahivií'í — MijiTOHa, b HiMeHHHHi — KjibonmroKa, Ha „Mapiio" HleBHeHKa, Ha „Marienlieder" P. M. PijibKe. Ha YKpami 17-18 ct. CTapnn MaTepiaji anoKpncpi^HOi' jíiTe-paTypn m.e nonoBHiOBaHo hobhmh nepeicjianainn a6o nepenasaMH 3axÍ3Hboro noxoflHíeHHa. MHMajia KiJibKicTb ciojkctíb Ta mothbíb 3 anoKpn(pÍB nepennuia no HapoflHoi cjiobcchocth, rojioBHe no Ka3Kn; ajie yTBopnjioca öaraTo TBopiß nyxoBHo-anoKpHtpi^Horo 3MÍcTy: no hhx HaJietfíHTb BejiHKa HacTHHa t. 3b. nyxoBHnx BipniiB Ta „Hapon-HHX jiereHH". He MeHinnn BnjiHB Majia anoKpnípiHHa JíiTepaiypa Ha o6pa3OTB0pne MHCTenTBo: Ha iKOHax, no^nHaionn 3 naBHix naciB, g MHCJieHHi nerajii, ino ťpyHTyioTbca na anoKpndpiHHnx TBopax.
50
4. He jierKo bctehobhth, hkí anoKpncpn 6yjiH Bace bí^omí b Kh-íbcbkíh jiiTeparypi. HaeKpanraM noKa3HHKOM g icHyBaHHH CTapnx pyKonHCÍB i Táni nyme CTapi pyKonncn icHyiOTb: 3 11 ct. MaGMO „JtiflHHfl naBJía Ta TeKjra", 3 12 ct. — „XojKfleHne Eoroponnni no MyKax", 3 13 ct. — ,,Cjiobo AcppoflHTÍHHa" toiuo. JXoópe CBiflnaTb npo icHyBaHHa anoKpH<pÍB i iraTaTH a6o 3ra^KH npo hhx y CTapiö jiiTepaTypi: nopyn TaKHX TBopiB, hk „najiei", hkí 36yn,oBam BejiH-
KOK  MipOIO  3   MaTepiflJiy  anOKpH(pÍHHHX  TBOpÍB,   3HaÖfleMO HaTJIKII
Ha anoKpncpH i b jiiTonncax (KÍJibKa anoKpncpiHHHX mothbíb e b nponoBifli, mp 11 rpenbKHH „cpijiococp" BHrojioniyG nepen, kh. Bojio-HHMHpoM BejíHKHM), 3raflKa npo anoKpHCprme jkhtth Mhkhth g b „CKa3aHHi" npo 3aÖHTTÄ kh. Bopnca Ta Tjiioa, Hafl3BHHaÔHO hhc-jieHHi anoKpHcpinHi mothbh mrgmo b onnci IlajiecTHHH JX&miijia,-Tla,-jioMHHKa; HaTHKaG Ha anoKpncpH Khphjio TypiBCbKmí, HaBÍTb y cbít-CBKOMy „Cjiobí o noJiKy IropeBi" g Bi^ryKH anoKpncpiB („He #o6pOM #e-peBa nocKHflajiH jihcth", inp Haramyc anoKpníp „BH3HaHHH Gbh") . Ora-poBHHHoro noxoameHHH MaiOTB 6yTH i anoKpntpH, 3B'fl3aHÍ 3 po3noB-cioHHceHOK) b Bojirapii epeccio t. 3b. „ôoroMHjiiB" (10-11 ct.). 3a flaBHiuiHx naciß MycHJia npHHTH r o cxí^híx cjiob'hh i „CBaHrejiin HHKOflHMa" BÍp; 3axiflHix cjiob'hh (n,HB. flajii). BKa3ÍBKH CTaporo MHCTen,TBa — cyMHÍBHi, 60 o6pa30TBopne MHCTen,TBo Morjio npocTo nepeÖMaTH oKpeMÍ no^poOHni 3 BÍ3aHTificbKHx 3pa3KÍB; 3HaHHH bía-noßißHHx jiiTepaTypHHx TBOpiß He 3aBiKnH 6yjio ^jih nt>oro nOTpiôHe.
5. JXo KniBCbKoi cTapoi JiÍTepaTypn BJKe HajiejKajiH, 3na6TbCH, TaKi anoKpncpinHi TBopn: 3 CTapo3aBÍTHHx anoKpH(f>ÍB — onoBi^aHHS npo AnaMa; ,,BH3HaHHH Gbh"; ôoroMHJibCbKi onoBÍn,aHHH, mp npn-nncyiOTb neBHy pojiio b yTBopenm CBiTy ^habojiobí, mo 3 caMoro nonaTKy 3ÍncyBaB Hacnray TBopy BojKoro; npo cnoKycH flHHBOJia Ta „pyKonHcaHHH'', hkkmh AnaM ceôe BinrracaB ahhbojiobí ; npo „xpecHe RepeBo", ae po3noBÍflaGTbca, mp nepen Anana JieacaB nin, flepeBOM, 3 aKoro 6yB 3po6jieHHH xpecT Xphctobí, — nepen AflaMÍB, TaKHM 1HH0M, noTpanHB Ha Tojirocpy, TaK mo KpoB CnacHTejiH TeKJia Ha Hboro, „3MHBaioHH rpixH" — (ranoBo Hai'BHe onoBi^aHHa, inp 36y?iOBaHe Ha oôpasHOMy Bnpa3i cb. ÜHCbMa „3mhth rpixn"); khh-ra ,,GHoxa" npo bhäíhhä GHOxa Ha HeÓi Ta npo Soro Haina^KÍB a^í 30 Hoa; onoBiflaHHH npo Jlaiviexa, hkhh híôh to 3aÔHB Kama; 3a-noBÍTH 12 naTpiíipxÍB, chhíb IaKOBa, ■—■ Mopajibm noBnaHHH (ine CTapoHíHfliBCbKi) cnojiynem 3 npopon/TBaMH npo XpncTa, mp Ix np-3aH0 xpncTHííHaMH; icTopin AßpaaMa (30KpeMa ijncaBa ňoro 60-poTbßa npoTH noraHCTBa); jkhtth MoScea; anoKajiincHC Bapyxa; anoKajiincHC Ica'i-
6. JXo H0B03aBÍTHHX  anOKpH(pÍB,  BiflOMHX y CXiflHbO-CJIOB'flHCb-
KOMy cbítí HajieHcaTb „GBaHrejiia IaKOBa", — rojiOBHe npo nonií 3
51
JKHTTH BoropOflHIji,   npo Íl flHTHHCTBO,   ÖJiarOBiineHHH, HapOflJKeHHH
XpHcra, npo flOJiK) IoaHa XpncTHTejia (noro Main, cb. GjincaBera, xoBaeTbca 3 hum bía yöHßijiB, nocjiaHHx IpoflOM, y ropi), npo CMepTb noro 6aTbKa 3axapii toiho; „GBaHrejiia Xomh", — onoBiAamia npo
AHTHHCTBO XpHCTa, npH HOMy rOJIOBHHŽ 3MÍCT - (paHTaCTHHHÍ ny-
fleca (oJKHBjieHHa nTaxis, hkí jiinnTb xJiomiHK XpncToc Tomp); XpncToc TyT HacTijibKn HexpncTnaHCbKa Ka3KOBa Ta ncopcTOKa noc-TaTb, mo anoKpn(p He MaB BejiHKoro po3noBCioA>KeHHH (HaHcrapimi TeKCTH öoroMHJibCbKi 14 ct.). BaüiJiHBa „GBaHrejiia HHKOflHMa", Ta 3 Heio cnojiyneHi: „JIhct IlijiaTa ao ÍMnepaTopa Tiöepia", „CMepTb IlijiaTa", icTopia Hocnna ApHMaTeiicbKoro, — bcí onosiaaiOTb p,e-TajibHinie, híhí GBaHrejiia, npo CTpacTi Ta CMepTb XpncTa, 30KpeMa npo noro ,,HH3xofl»ceHHa b aa"; ypHBKH 3 „GBaHrejiii HnKOflHMa" HaBÍTb TíHTaHo no njepKBax Ha cipacHOMy thjkhí; Gyjio ABa ňoro nepeKJiaflH — ■qecbKO-MopaBCbKoro (3 jiaTHHH) Ta ôoJirapcbKoro no-xoA^KGHHa; 3 „GßaHreJiiGio HHKOflHMa" 3B'a3am anoKpn(pÍHHÍ npo-noBifli GBceBia OjieKcaHflpiöcbKoro Ta Gni(pama KnnpcbKoro. G anoKpH(pÍHHÍ icTopi'i npo nponoBÍAi anocTOJiiß no BCbOMy cbítí, npo ix nyAeca, i'x CMepTb. G SoroMHJibCbKi JieťeHAH npo XpncTa, „hk iioro b nonn CTaBHjra", „hk bíh njiyroM opaß" toiho. Po3noBCK> AJKeHe „OnoBÍAaHHa A(ppoAHTÍaHa npo nyAO b nepcbKiä 3eMJii", Ae b nac HapoAHíeHHH XpncTa noraHCbKi íaojih b Ilepcii npopoKyiOTi> npo Hboro Ta „XoJKfleHHG EoropoflHnj no MyKax" — onnc neKJia Ta pÍ3HHx MyK y HboMy, — nofliÖHe — „OiKpoBeHHa anocTOjia IlaBjía".
7. yjnoöjiem 6yjiH i anoKpn(pÍHHÍ híhtíh: Teopria, Hhkhth, <3>e-Aopa TnpoHa i t. a. JXesmi 3 hhx, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, BnjinHyjiH Ha ono-BÍAaHHa cbítcbkí (Mnxanjio IIotok) Ta flyxoBHi (lOpiô, <í>eflop Th-poH) npo 3MÍGÔopn,ÍB- Ihuií anoKpnipH npo CBaTHx onoßiflaiOTb npo BcecBÍT Ta Kmenb cBÍTy, Hanp., „ÜHTaHHa IoaHa BorocjiOBa Ha <řa-
BOpCbKÍH Topí", ,,P03MOBH TpbOX CBaTHTeJliß", „OTKpOBeHÍa Mecpoflia
IlaTapcbKoro" (hh „OjiiMniňcbKoro") — Ay^Ke yjnoöJieHe, „2Khtíg BacHJiia HoBoro", „JKhtíg HncpoHTa". ^eani 3 nnx onoBiflaHb y Hac 30BCÍM He BBaJKajiHca 3a 3a6opoHeHÍ anoKpncpH.
G h Apißninii anoKpn(pÍHHÍ TeKCTH, Hanp., anoKpH(pi*íHÍ mojihtbh, 3 anoKpH(pÍHHHMH noflpoôHijaMH, a íhoaí 3 3a6o6oHHHMH ejieMeH-
TáMH.
JXo h,hx rpyn aííichhx anoKpH(pÍB Ha cjioß'aHCbKOMy rpyHTi íhoaí npHGflHyBajiH m,e TBopn 3a6o6oHHoro xapaKTepy — ôijibinicTb 3raAaHHX anoKpncpiB g „KHHrn oTpeneHHi", 3a6o6oHHÍ TBopn g „khh-rn ôorooTMerai i HeHaBHAHMi". íle, rojioBHe, pÍ3HÍ „niApy^HHKH" AJia BopoHCÖH. BopojKHTH npo MaôoyTHG MoíKHa 6yjio 3 rpoMy, 3 jibOTy nTHUt, 3 6jiHCKaBHn;i; po3yMÍ6Tbca, BraAyBaTH MafiöyTHG npo-ÔyBajiH i no CHax. IIa jiřrepaTypa 3B'a3aHa 3 anoKpncpaMH TijibKH
52
THM, mo BOHa Tent 6yjia 3a6opoHeHa. Bíjilihícti. u, 3nacTLCH, npnii-iiijia JiHine nÍ3HÍnie Ta roJioBHe no Mockbh. JliTepaTypHe 3HaneHHH 'íí HeBejiHKe.
8. CiOJKeTH anoKpncpiB Majin majieKo öijitnie SHaneHHH, mm iix (popMa. MoBa Ta cthjib anoKpnrpiB 3MÍHK)BajiHCH npn nepenncyBaHm jierKo, nocKÍJibKH bohh He 6yjiH nin oxopoHoio nepKBH- J\o Toro BOHH nepeBa^íHO i cKOMnoHOBam aochtb npnivriTHBHo Ta nepeKJianem 6yjiH He 3 TaKOK) yBaroio Ta mobhhm mhctcuxbom, hk iiepKOBHi TeKCTH. Ajie ciOHceTH ix 3ne6ijibiHa nyJKe niKaBi, nacTo Ka3KOBi, i TOMy Hafl3BHH:aHHo JierKo HanaBajiHCH 30 oöpoÖJieHHH Bwce b „cbít-CBKOMy" nyci, hk Ka3Ka hh nepeica3... JXeKKi, oRHa^e, Majín *ra-Majie 3HaHeHHH i hk tboph pejiirinm: Hanp., 3BopyuiJiHBe onoBi-naHHH npo MyKH b neKJii Ta npo mhjiíctí> Boroponniri HäBÍTi> no rpiinHiiKÍB j íhihí no6pe nonyjiHpn3yBajin xpHCTHHHCbKy HayKy, Hanp., HaÍBHe onoßinaHHH npo „nepeBo xpecne" a6o TaKHŽ BHnaim-niHÍí JiiTepaTypHHH TBip, hk „HnKonnMOBa GBaHrejim"; mini n co6i MajiiOBajiH ceHTHMeHTajibHi Ta innjimHi KapTHHn 3 jkhtth Boro-Maxepi Ta Xpncxa, hk „GBaHrejiiH iHKOBa" xoinp. B KOJKHOMy bh-na^Ky, BnjiHB anoKpncpiB HajieJKHTt He JiHine no icTopii MapHOßip-CTBä, ajie i no icTopi'i cnpaBJKHtoi' noöojKHocxH.
T. JIÍTepaiypa CBixcwca a. HayKosa
1. ,,CBÍTCbKÍCTb" nepeKJianeHoi, 30KpeMa HayKOBoi jiÍTepaTypn e Jinme pejíHTHBHa. B 10-11 ct. octíjibkh CHjibHe 6yjio 3arajiLHe nepeKOHaHHH, in,o noBHa rapaioHÍH míjk pejiiricio Ta íhiiihmh cdpe-paMH nyxoBHoro jkhtth ícHyG xa noBHHHä icHyBara, ujo flJIH p03B'H-3aHHH 6ÍJii>mocTH nnTaHb nocHTb ôyjio nocjiaTncn Ha BipoHayKy xa ii n^KepeJio — CB- IIhcbmo. Ajie jiixepaxypa, 111,0 HaM Tenep 3naGTLCH 3aHanTo pejiiriíiHo Ta nepKOBHo 3a6apBjieHOio, 3 norjinny Toro nacy BÍnnoBÍnajia BHMoraM HayKOBOCTH. njonpaBna, „nayKa" KnÍBctKoi Pycn, 3a BHHHTKOM xi6a 6orocjiOBÍI, 6yjia bhkjiiomho nonyjiHpn3a-niGio. BejíHKoio Mipoio nepeKJiann u 3po6jieHo BjKe b Khgbí.
2. BajKJiHBHH raTyHOK HayKOBoi jiixepaTypn ciaHOBJíaxi. TBopn icxopn^iHi. 3 Bojirapii npnnmoB nepeKJian cbíxoboí icxopi'í IoaHa MaJiajín (6 ct.) : n,e nepeBajKHo icTopin aHTH^Ha Ta paHHH BÍ3aH-xincbKa no K)cTÍHÍHHa, noBHa niKaBHx (paHTacTH^Hnx onoBinant; íi unTyc BJKe jiiTonnc nin p. 1114, oTJKe, BOHa MycHjia npnnTn no KnGBa m,e b 11 ct. XpoHiKa Majiajín yBinmjia nÍ3HÍme no CKJiany KOMnijíHTHBHHx „xpoHorpadpiß"  (niiB. II. 3). — .ZJajieKo cyxima
53
„XpoHÍKa" reopria AMapxojia (BJiacHe FaMapTOJia = rpiinmiKa, „MHororpiuiHoro"), in.o 3BepTae rojioBHy yBary Ha icTopiio BÍ3aHTÍi Ta nonae nopy^ hochtb noBepxoBoro, 3 bcjihkoio yBaroK) np aHeK-noTHHHoro MaTepiHJiy, BHKJiany nonin TaKOJK hochtb öaraTO ícto-pHKO-KyjiLTypHoro MaTepiajiy, Hanp., ho icTopii öorocjioBCBKHx cne-penaHb Ta naßiTB (pijiocoťpii, hkhh, monpaBna, b pyKonncax Macro CKopo^yBajiH. AMapTOJia nepeKJianeHo, MaôyTB, kojickthbho, 60 b
MOBÍ TBOpy 3HaxOflHMO Í BHpa3HÍ CTapopyCBKl ejieMeHTH,  i KpÍM to-
ro niBfleHHOCJioB'HHCbKi Ta MopaBCBKi: MOJKJiHBo, inp n,eá nepeKJian. 3ajiHHiHB HaM CBinpirrBO npo MÍiuaHHH CKJian. tígi komícíi nepe-KaananiB, aKy yTBopHB khh3b HpocjiaB y Khgbí, ajie moíkjihbo, iho nepeKJian, 3po6jieHo b U,apropon.i- AMapTOJi Maß HHMajiHö ycnix. Ko-pncTaBCH h hm i jiiTonnceuB. MeHiH posnoBcionaceHa ôyjia xpoHÍKa reopria CmKejia (8-9 ct.), mo nonaBajia CBameHHy Ta BÍ3aHTÍHCBKy icTopiio b nyace cthcjiíh (popMi. Ihiuí TBopn Menní nmaBi (Hanp.
iCTOpiH  BCeJieHCBKHX COOopÍB  B  ,,l3ÖOpHHKy"   CBHTOCJiaBa  1073 p.)
aöo icHyßaHHfl ix 3a Kh'íbcbkoí np6n HeneBHe, jraine nÍ3HÍuie npnxo-ji;htb 3 Bojirapii nepeKJian. nncaHoi Han3BHMaHHo nnuiHoio moboio xpoHÍKH MaHaci'i.
3. JXO iCTOpHHHHX TBOpÍB  HaJieJKHTB  TaKOJK  ÍCTOpia IlajieCTHHH
(bío, 2 ct. nepen. P. Xp. 30 3pyHHyBaHHH GpycajiHMy) HocHĺpa <E>jiflBÍH. BoHa nÍKaBHjia ^ h Ta na Bace cboIm 3b'h3Kom 3 CBaineHHOio icTopiGio. IlepeKJian,, 3 BHpa3HHMH o3HaKaMH KHiBCBKoro noxonaceH-Hfl, nonac np rpen,BKoro TeKCTy neara npnoBHeHHa npo XpncTa, npo IoaHa XpncTHTejia (noxon,»ceHHa hhx nonaTKÍB ine noci He uíjikom acHe: He BHKJiiOHeHo, inp bohh 6yjiH Bace b HeBiflOMiô HaM Tenep penaKn.ii rpenBKoro TeKCTy, y BÍnpMiřl penaKH.ii Ix HeMae). Ajie n,i-KäßicTB KHHrn naa HHTaHÍB nojiarajia TaKoac y (popMi BHKJiany: TBip <E>jiHBÍa — ohhh 3 HaiÍKpainHx 3pa3KÍB rpentKoro cthjiio bíh-cbkob01 noBÍCTH. JJ,o Toro h nepeKJiana*! nepenaG cbíh tskct bíjibho, jierKoio, npnponHoio moboio. Tam Micn,a, hk xapaKTepncTHKa pnM-CBKoro BificBKa — ,,Byxa ix rocTpi Ha cjiyxaHHa, 0*11 3paTB Ha xo-pyrBH, pyKH totobí 30 cim", — ohhch 6htb — ,,i 6yjio 6a*niTH jia-MaHHa cnncÍB, i cKperir Merá, i nopyÔam iuhth, i 3eMJia Hannaaca KpoBH", „CTpijiH 3aTeMHHJiH cbítjio", 3aÔHTÍ „nanajín, aKo chohh"
i T. fl., - BnjIHHyjIH i Ha BÍScBKOBÍ OnOBiflaHHH aÍTOnHCÍB i HaBÍTB
Ha „Cjiobo o nojmy Iropeßi".
4. IIpHponHHHi TBopn — np HacaMnepen, „HlecTonHeBH" — bh-KJian. npHpofl03HaBCTBa b (popMi KOMeHTapa ho icTopií inecra hhíb
TBOpeHHa CBÍTy.  MaGMO lyT i KOpOTKHÖ BHKJian CBÍTCBK01 HayKH i
nojieMiKy 3 Heio. 3ranyGTBca i npo (pijiocoípiHHe B^eHHa npo ejie-MeHTH, i npo pyx HeôecHHX CBÍTna, i npo TBapnHH Ta pocjihhh. Ab-Topn „HIecTonHeBÍB" He oÖMeacyiOTtca Ha TOMy, mo no^aiOTB i^ijiy
51f
eHH.HKJionen.iio pÍ3hom&híthhx BinpMocTeií, bohh 30KpeMa 3BepTaiOTb yBary Ha chmbojiíhhg 3HaneHHfl npnponHoro ÔyTTíi, poÖJiHTb 3 nony-jinpHO-HayKOBoro BHKJiany Mopajitm a6o pejiiriSm bhchobkh Tomp-Oohhbí bíhomí HaM „IIIecTHnHeBH" npHHniJiH no Hac 3 Bojirapii: n,e „IIIecTOHHeB" BacHJiin BejiHKoro Ta nepepoÖKa äoro IoaHa Ek-3apxa BojirapcbKoro (9-10 ct.), jikhh npnaB no TeKCTy BacHJiia Be-jiHKoro pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHO MaTepiflJi, 3ano3HneHHÍí, MaöyTb, 3ne6ijii>-nioro 3 íhhihx ,,UIecTOHHeBÍB". 3Haxon,HMo TyT 3ran,KH npo Hayny ILnaTOHa, ApicTOTejiH Ta íhhihx CTapnx (piJioco<pÍB; BHKJian., Ha íKajib, He n.yjKe Bnajrafi. „IHecTonHeB" yBÍôuioB n.o TaK 3BaHoi „Toji-KOBoi Ilajiei".
IIonyjiHpHÍHiHH TBip TaKoro caMoro THny — ,,<í>Í3Íojior". Up 3ÖipKa onoßinaHb npo TBäpHHH, npo KaMÍHHH, nepeBa, n.e nopyn ko-
POTKHX, HaCTO (paHTaCTHHHHX BlflOMOCTeH npo OKpeMÍ TBäpHHH, 30K-
peMa 3BepHeHo yBary Ha chmbojiíhhc 3HaneHHH kojkhoi TBapHHn: onmojia — npaubOBHTicTB, (peHÍKC — BocKpeciHHH, rojiyÖKa — ßip-híctb (o6pa3 rojiyÔKH, m,o njiane 3a cbogkd RpymHHoio, b jihctí BojioaHMHpa MoHOMaxa g RMce b „«risiojiora"). BHTOBManeHo j\mcm h (paHTacTHHHi BinoMocTÍ (Hanp., jieBHi^a HaponiKyc MepTBHx jiese-
HHT, JIKHX JieB 3a TpH flHÍ OJKHBJIHG CBOIM nonHXOM — CHMBOJI BOC-
KpeciHHa). 3ycTpÍHaGMo TyT, KpÍM (peHÍKca, cajiHMaHflpy, mp jkhbc b ofhí, Ta íhihí (paHTacTHHHi TBapHHH. 06pa3aMH ,,*Í3Í0JI0ra" KO-
pHCTaJIHCH BJKe OTU.Í HppKBH Í nponOBÍ^HHKH aJK ho 18 CT.; g HHMaJIO
3ranoK mp b CKOBoponn.
TeorpaípiHHHH Ta KOCMorpacpinHHH TBip Ko3í>mh iHnHKonjioBa (6 ct.) b 12 ct. nepeKJianpHO Brne b Khgbí (g pyKonncH 3 bcjihkoio kíjibkíctk) MajnoHKÍB) ; onHc BcecBÍTy, po3yMÍGTbca, BinnoBinac yíiB-jieHHHM Toro nacy (3eMjiH — MorapHKyTHa njiomHHa Tomp); míjk mníHM, TyT nonano npHKi bíhomoctí npo eK30THtrai TBapnHH-
5. MeHHie jiiTepaTypHe 3HaneHHH MaioTt. nepeKJiann b rajiy3i i^epKOBHoro npaBa: „KopM^aa" (aôo „HoMOKaHOH") — 3ÔipKa HopM u,epKOBHoro npaBa. CTapmy oopoÓKy IoaHa CxojiacTHKa nepeKJia-neHo me 3a KHpHjio-MeToniiBCBKoi npÖH, nÍ3HÍnia <í>OTÍGBa oôpoÔKa po3noBCK>3HJiacH noTÍM, ajie b 13 ct. npHHinjia 30 cxinmx cjiob'hh flajibma KOMeHTOBaHa oöpoÖKa <3>oTÍGBoro „HoMOKaHOHy". n,ÍKaBÍ 3axinm ejieMeHTH b „HoMOKaHOHi", mo CBinnaTB npo MopaBCBKe no-x03jkchhj1 npHHaÖMHi oKpeMHX fioro naCTHH.
6. Cbítcbkhh xapaKTep MaiOTL nonacra pisHi 3Ôíphhkh. CjiaBHo-
3BÍCHHH   3ÖipHHK   CßJITOCJiaBa   1073   p.   MaG,   KpÍM ÖOrOCJIOBCBKHX,
icTopHHHi CTaTTi (npo BcejieHCbKi coÖopn, npo xpoHOJioriio), i jíiTe-paTypHO-TeopeTHnm (npo „Tponn i (pirypn", ,,o6pa3H" ceÔTo cth-jibobí npHKpacH — Teopriíi XopoöocKa) toiu;o. HeBejiHKHH TBip Xo-poöocKa 6yB ni^pynHHKOM noeTHKH cTapo'i YKpamn. JXo onncy mhc-
55
TeiTfcKHX 3aco6ÍB cjiOBecHoro bmíhhh nonaHo npHKJianH, „rinepöojia" (nepeöijiBnieHHfl) ijiiocTpoBaHa npHKJian,oM — jiionHHa HeceibCH „hk
BÍTep";   „aHTOHOMacifl"    (bHÍHTOK   3aMÍCTb   ÍMeHH   JIK)n,hhh BKa3ÍBKH
Ha Ti BJiacTHBOCTi) noHCHena TaKHMH npHKJianaMH, ne 3aaiicTB ÍMeHH JiiOflHHH roBopHTBCH „KyjibraBHH" aöo „Tecjinp"; ahbhhm cnoco6oM, 3ycTpÍHaGMo oÖHflBa Iii npHKJianH b jiiTonnci, ne onoBinacTbca, mo KOJiH HpocjiaB MynpHii y bíhhí 3 CBjíTonojiKOM npninnoB nin, Khíb 3 BÍHCBKOM 3 HOBropOflCBKHX MÍmaH, KHHHH cmísjihcs 3 Hboro, Ka-acynn: „a bh, Tecjiapi, *ioMy npnHinjiH cionn 3 iihm KyjibraBHM" — HpocjiaB, niöcHo, 6yB KyjibraBHH. IIpHKJianaMH noacHeHo pi3ni thüh
„ipOHÜ" TOmO.
AyJKe  p03nOBCK)flJKeHÍ  ÔyjIH  „B^JKOJIH"    (MaKCHM IcnOBÍnHHK
7 ct. Ta nÍ3HÍnii oßpoÖKH) i íhhií 36ipKH. U,e 36ipKH ceHTeHia;íh 3Ha-
MeHHTHX  HHCbMeHHHKiB.   IhOHÍ  TaKi   CeHTeHĽ(Íl  nOIHHpeHi   HaBÍTb ho
MÍHÍHTK>pHHX ôafioK; TyT 3ycTpinacMo HHMajio (pijioco(pÍB Ta nncb-MeHHHKiB. CeHTeHnii MaOHíe tíjibkh noB^ajibHoro xapaKxepy. Ilepe-KJian. 3po6jieHo b Khgbí, MaôyTb yace b 13 ct., najii tckct nonrapio-
BaHO  Ta  3MÍHK>BaH0.   ÍHHIÍ   3ÔÍpKH   CeHTeHH,ÍH,   Hanp., „CTOCJIOBeHb"
TeHaflia, 3ycTpiHaGMo Teac (Hanp., yace b 36ipHHKy 1076 p., hhb. II. 3K.). Ilopyn nboro 3ycTpinaGMO i npiömnii noB^aHHa b nyci ôijibui cbítcbkoi Mopajii (b TOMy caMOMy 36ipHHKy); icHyBajiH i 3ÔipKH nHTaHb Ta BÍniiOBÍn,eH, opHriHajibHÍcTb hkhx He 3aBHcnH rjih Hac 6e3-
CyMHÍBHa (36ÍpHHK 13 ct., flHB. II. JK.).
36ipKH ceHTeHiiiň ni3muie nonoBHiOBajiHca Ta cKopo^yBajiHca. /JeaKÍ CTaTii nepenncyBaHo OKpeMo. IlisHime JiioÔHTejii jiÍTepaTypn cKJianajiH BJiacHi 3ÔipKH nepeicjianeHoro Ta opHrmajibHoro MaTe-piajiy. Ilpn nbOMy nepenncyBaHHÖ MaTepiaji nacTo nepepoSjiiOBaHo.
Ocb npHKJianH KopoTKHx noBHajibHHx onoßinaHb 3 „Bajkojih", m,o i'x Tenep Ha3BajiH 6 „aHeKflOTaMH". CoKpaTOBi npHnncaHo, Hanp., TaKHH BHpa3'. bíh cKa3as jiionHHi, mo npocHjia Majrapa HaMajiioBaTH Ha KaMem íi nopipeT: „Th öaacaGin, m,o6 KaMiHb 6yB cxojkhô Ha Te6e, a thm He i^iKaBimica, mpô" caM th He 3po6HBca noniÖHHfi no KaMeHH". A60 onoBinaGTbCH npo .ZJioreHa: ňoro xtocb raHHB, mo
BÍH  XOflHTb   no  HeHHCTHX  MÍCI^hx,   bíh   BÍnnOBÍB:   „I   COHIje   CHG Ha
HenHCTÍ Mici^a, ajie He 3a6pynHiOGTbCH". IcoKpaTOBÍ hkocb po3noBÍ-jiH, mo XTocb necb jiaHB Soro, Ha mp IeoKpaT BÍnnoBÍB: ,,Hk6h th iíboro He cjiyxaB 3 Hacojionpio, to too 6h MeHe He JiaHB". EniKypo-bí npHnncaHo Bnpa3; ,,ÍIk6h Bor nocjiyxaB mojihtob ycix jnonefi, ... to BHrHHyB 6h Becb jHOflCbKHH pin,, 6o jnoflH npoxaiOTb y mo-jíHTBax CHJiy jiHxoro flJia íhihhx"- 3ycTpi^iaGMo onoBiflaHHa, n^o niflKpecjnoiOTB niHHicTb KyjibTypHoi' tbophocth — CiiiijiincbKHH u,ap 3anHiaB KceHO(poHTa, ni;o toh myMac npo ToMepa, a kojih KceHo-
56
(poHT raHHB ToMepa, to 3anHTaB äoro: „Ckíjibkh paöiß th Maeni?" Toh BÍp;noBÍB: „JIbox, Ta h thx jie^Be MOJKy HarosyBaTH". Tofli cíiííjiíhclkhh n.ap bííhiobíb: „A He copoMHinca raHHTH ToMepa, inp h no CBOiH CMepTi ronye THcani jHonen cboí'm MHCTeíľTBOM" (cniBi^ÍB ňoro noeM). Eíjibuiíctb onoBijjaHB Mae Mopaji&HHÍi xapaKTep. Hanp., ApicTOTejießi npnnHcaHO BHpa3: „Chjibhíhihh toh, xto nepeMarae npncTpacTB, amjfc toh, xto nepeivrarae bohkíb"; IIjiaTOHOBi: „Xto npHHMae BejíHKy BJia^y, MycHTB MaTH BejíHKHä po3yM"; äoMy cane:
,,IIOHaTOK 3HaHHa - 3p03yMÍTH CBOG He3HaHHfl" . . .   HHMajIO i bh-
poKÍB „CBiTC&Koro" xapaKTepy. TaK npo OjieKcaH^pa BejíHKoro po3-noBi^aeTbca b „Ehjkojií", ih.o bíh Ha npoxaHHa cbogi „apyjKHHH" Ha-nacTH bhohí Ha BoporiB, bííthiobíb: „íle He 6yae nepeMora u,apcBKoi chjih" (jiHuapcBKa Mopajit!). A6o npo nepcBKoro n,apa Kipa: no Hboro npHBejiH K)HaKÍB 3 oÓBHHyBaneHHaM, mp bohh JiaajiH fioro npH bhhí. Orhh 3 H)HaKÍB Ha 3anHTaHHH u,apa, hh u;e npasna, bía-noBÍB; „Mu n,e roBopHjiH, napio, ajie cKa3ajin 6 me óijiBine, hk6h MajiH öijiBuie BHHa", G h hochtb ßOBri onoBimaHHa. ^eaKi 3 hhx jiarjiH b ocHOBy yKpamcBKHX Hapoamix aHeK#ot, nepeica3ÍB, npn-cjiíb'ib. IH,e b 17-18 bb. noBTopioiOTBCH Tara bhcjiobh, hk: ,,He 6a-raTHH macJiHBHÍí, a toh, xto He noTpeôyc öaraTCTBa" (nofliÖHe y CKOBopoflH), a6o „Ha 3eMjno npnoniOB tojihm, tojihm Bifliŕmy nm 3eMJno (hk noMpy) . •. " (BipniHK 3 hígk) tcmoio g y BejiHHKÍB-cbKoro). G onoBmaHHa, mo noBTopioiOTBca b naTepHKax. Kojkch
p03flÍJI   „EfliKOJlH"   nOHHHaGTLCfl   3   UHTaT   3   cb.   HHCBMa   Ta oth,íb
qepKBH, a BHce noTÍM HaBOflHTBca onoBiflaHHa „cbítcbkí".
7. HayKOBa jiiTepaTypa Majia Maüme bhkjihdhho xapaKTep no-nyjiapH3an;ii i TOMy He CTajia ochoboio caMocTiínioi HayKOBoi aíhjib-hocth, KpiM icTopiorpacpii (jiÍTonHciB Ta xpoHorpacpiß) Ta nonaTKÍB 6orocjioBCBKo"í eK3ere3H (Hanp., y KjiHMa CMOJiarana). Ajie jiiTepa-TypHe 3HaneHHa ii BeJinnesHe. Bec& cbít Ma b 3 norjifmy ToronacHoro CBÍTorjiany chmbojií^hhh Ta pejiiriOHHO ceHc: bcí íctophhhí nofli'i,
TBapHHH,  pOCJIHHH, 30pi, KaMÍHHa — BCe 6yjI0 nOHiÖHiCTK» ÖOiKeCT-
BeHHoro CBÍTy. ToMy peJiirifim nHCBMeHHHKH KopHCTajiHca oxone bcím HaKynneHHM y crapiS HayKOBiS jiiTepaTypi MaTepiajioM. ^eaKi TBopH (MajiajiH, <I>jiaBÍa, „HlecTOflHeBH", „<l?Í3Íojior") 6yjiH 3pas-KaMH jiiTepaTypHoro cthjiio, bhhjih BHKJiaay b pÍ3Hnx JiiTepaTypHHX ťaTyHKax. He HypHo JiiTonncH KopncTyiOTBca pÍ3H0MaHÍTHHMH Hay-KOBHMH TBopaMH. HJe 6ÍJIBHIHH BnjiHB MajiH TBopn laKoro rany, HK „BfljKOJiH", 3 hhx BHJiHBaJiaca ninpoKa Tenia p,o pÍ3Hnx ťaTyHKÍB jiiTepaTypn — bíh nponoßifli 30 Hapo^HHx npHCJiiß'iB Ta npnnoBiaoK. — D^ÍKaBo flJia Hac i Te, mo b Khgbí nepeKJia^h HayKOBoi jiiTepa-Typn 3HaHH0 36araTHJiH toíí JiiTepaTypHHH MaTepiaji, hkhh flicTajiH 3 Bojirapii. Jlo Toro npaiíio BeneHo b Khgbí b mnpoKOMy ManiTaöi:
57
TaKi TBOpH,  HK AMapTOJI,  <Í>JIHBÍH - Ue  Í b HOBÍTHÍX BHflaHHHX —
I^ijli   TOMU.   P03KBÍT   nepeKJiaflHHUBKOl   flĹHJIBHOCTH   b   KhGBÍ TpHBaB
HeflOBro, ajie fioro npoflyKTH jkhjih nÍ3HÍine i^ijii ctojiíttíi — aac flo 18 ct. TßopH, nepeKJiafleHi b Khgbí, noinnpHjiHCH i b öajiKaHCBKHX cjiob'hh. .ZJeflKi TBopH He BTpaTHJiH iHTepecy Tan npßro, m.o poö-jieno hobí nepeKjia^h, Hanp., <í»jihbíh b it ct. 3HOBy nepeKJiafleHo
3 nOJlbCBKoi mobh.
6. ÜOBiCTJipCTBO
1. BjKe HayKOBa nepeKJiaflHa JiiTepaTypa, hk mh öannjin, fla-Bajia öaraTo KpacHoro MaTepiiury HHTaneBi, i jíiTepaTypHHŮ bhjihb i"i Ha CTapopycfcKe nncbMeHCTBo — 6e3cyMHÍBHHH. Ajie oflHonacHo no-HajiHCH nepeKJiaflH onpeMHx noBicTeH, i flyjKe mojkjihbo, hj,o Resmi 3 hhx 3po6jieHi tígk) caMoio khibcbkoio rpynoio nepeKJiaflaniB, aKa npaijioBajia Hafl nepeKJiaflaMH peJiiriiraHx Ta HayKOBHx TBopiB. TaK mh TaK, m,e b 11-13 bb. öyjin nepeKJiaflH kíjibkox noBicTeň.
2. TeMa „O.neKcaHflpii" — icTopia OjieKcaHflpa MaKeflOHCbKoro — oflHa 3 Haopo3noBCK)HaíeHÍHiHX TeM cbítoboí jiiTepaTypn. ^o enpaBfli flyace aBaHTypHoro hchtth BejiHKoro BOHOBHHKa floflaHo me HHCJieHHi (paHTacTHHHi, Ka3KOBi MOTHBH. IIoxoflH OjieKcaHflpa fla-BajiH mojkjihbíctb cKynHHTH b onoßiflaHHi npo HBoro bí^omoctí npo pÍ3HÍ HapoflH, 3 hkhmh fioMy aoBOflHJioca 3ycTpinaTHCfl. JKhtth Be-jiHKoro 3aBOHOBHHKa Ta TpariHHa flOJiH noro Boporiß caMi coöoio noBHi HaH3BHHaHHoro HanpyjKeHHH i Morjin npaBHTH 3a npeflMeT po3yMyßaHb. PoMaH npo OjieKcaHflpa HanncaHo no-rpentKH fleet y 2-3 ct. no P. X. b cepepi OjieKcaHflpiHCLKOi KyjibTypn, 6o pojiJi GrnnTy b poMam 3aHaflTo BejíHKa, xona npnnHcyBaHo fíoro Kajiic-TeHOßi, cynacHHKOBi OjieKcaHflpa, i TOMy 3BeTtcn bíh „nceBflOKajiic-tchobhm". Ueö poMaH b 5 ct. 6yB oöpoÖJieHHH oflHonacHo no jiaTHHi Ta HaHOBo no-rpeií&kh, 3 m,e ôíjibuioio flOMiniKoio cpaHTacTHKH. IIÍ3-Hiiue nocTajia rpentKa xpHCTHHHCbKa oopoÔKa, HKa OjieKcaHflpa 3o6paa<yG npnxHJiBHHKOM CTapoJKHfliBctKoro MOHOTeisMy (ApicTO-Tejib) Ta 3Myniyc noro HaßiTb npopoKyBäTH npo XpncTa. Cjiob'hh-cbkí nepeKJiaflH 3po6jieHo 3 flpyro'i rpentKoi oöpoÖKH, ii xphcthhhí-30BaHo Ta nepepoÔJieHo. uobíctb 3Haôiujia Micn,e b nepeKJiaflemH y Bojirapi'i rpeubKiä xpomnj. MajiajiH i pa30M 3 Heio yBiôniJia flo pÍ3HHX cTapopycBKHx ,,XpoHorpa(piB". B 13 ct. nepeKJiafl „OjieK-caHflpii" me pa3 o6po6jieHo 3 no ch jieHHHM xpHCTHHHCBKoro ejie-MeHTy (3flaGTBca Ha nÍBHÍHHOMy exofli). B „OjieKcaHflpií" OjieKcaH-flep — CHH He <řijiina, hk b icTopii, a GrnneTCbKoro napn — H<epn,íi-napißHHKa HeKTaHeÖa. HapoflHceHHH OjieKcaHflpa eynpoBOflHTi. npn-
58
poflHÍ 3HaKH — rpiM, ÖJiHCKaBKa, 3eMjieTpyc; noro sojiio tôjk BÍiny-K>Th HapÍBHi 3HaKH. BnxoBaHHH OjieKcaHnpa, noro kíhb „hojiobíko-aneuB", noro 3aÓáBKH — Bce n,e HesBHHaÖHe. BcTynHBinn Ha TpoH, OjieKcaH^ep BÍnpa3y nonnHae noxin npora nepciB. Ilopyq: BejiH-KHX nepeMor Han nepcBKHM napein ^apieM, Hap; íhhíhcbkhm IIo-poM, noBÍCTb onncye 3;íhchí (IlajiecTHHy) Ta (paHTacTHHHÍ a6o HanÍB(paHTacTHHHÍ KpaiHH Ta Haponn (aMa30HOK, „paxMamB" ■—-oneBHflHO, íhhíhcbkhx ôpaxMamB), flHBa, hkí TaM 6aHHB OjieKcaH-flep Ta nhcaBÍ aBaHTypn, hkí bíh nepeJKHBaB. y BaBHjioHÍ ôoro OTpyíOG noro „BHHOHepniň"; bíh yMHpae 3HOBy npn nynecHnx 3Ha-Kax. Haoôijibiue po3noBcion>KeHHfl „OjieKcaHflpi'i" HajiejKHTB no nÍ3-híihhx nacÍB, ajie BJKe Ha cthjib rajraiibKoro JiÍTonncy „OjieKcaH-npiji" Majia BnjiHB, hk i Ha eninm nepeKa3H (Hanp., npo Bojibry, nHB. II. G. 4).
3. uobíctb npo Tpoio tok HaJiejKHTb no kjihchhhhx tbopíb cbí-toboí JiiTepaTypn (ToMep, BepťÍJiiii). JXo KnGBa BOHa npnoniJia 3 Bojirapii b cKJiani xpoHÍKH Majiajín b HeroMepiBCBKiň oôpoônj. (npn-nHcyBaHÍH JJíktícobí) . ľlonii nin Tpoeio Majiajia BinHOCHTB no nacÍB .HaBHna. OnoBinae bíh He jinme npo nonii nin Tpocio, ajie ô npo Bxeny Oniccea ň noJiio rpeKÍB no 3aKÍHneHHÍ bíhhh. BaraTo ne b HOMy bíh po3xonHTBca 3 ToMepoM, nocnjiaionHca Ha „npeMynporo ^ÍKTÍca", xa nonac BejíHKHH KOMnjieKC rpen,bKHx jiereHn. BHKJian cyxyBaTHH, ajie He 6e3 po3noBÍnanbKoro xncTy. IJiKaBi onncn ociô, Hanp., Te-jieHa — „rapHa Ha Bpony Ta Ha 3picT, KpacHonepca, HHCTa, hk cmr, Mojiona Ha BHrjian, 3 rapHHMn öpoBaMH, hocom Ta oojihhhhm, jkobto-pycHBa, BeJíHKOOKa, panicHa, cojionKorojioca, nynoBe HBnme míjk
JKÍHKaMH,   JIÍT ÍH  6yjIO   26".   IIoMÍTHHX  BnJIHBÍB   TpOHHCBKOl icTopii
b cTapi nacH BKa3aTH He MOHceMo. Po3noBcionjKeHa BOHa ôyjia b thx caMHX xpoHorpa4)inHHx TBopax, mp á CTapa „OjieKcaHnpin".
4. HanSBHnaÖHO h,ÍKaBHM TBOpOM G T. 3b. „.ZJeBremGBe 3íhhhg",
nepeKJian rpen,BKoro enocy npo .ZJiremca AKpiTa. CTaporo rpenB-Koro TeKCTy He 3ÔeperjiocH, i jiHine b 19 ct. BnnaHo KijibKa hobí-uihx (16-17 ct) rpeubKnx xeKcxiB, mo nonaioTb TBip yace b nepe-poöJieHOMy BHrjiani. 36epirca cxapnií cjiob'hhcbkhh nepeKJian Jiňme b 4-x pyKonncax, 3 hkhx Tpn He 30BCÍm noBHÍ, a 4-hh 3ropÍB nepen BHnaHHHM. 3míct enocy xaKHÔ: u;ap apaBixcBKnfi AMip (eaiip) 3a-xonHB xpncTHHHCBKy niB^HHy; nepečjiinyBaHHÔ i"í ÔpaxaMH, bíh oxpe-ui,yGTBCH. /InxHHa nboro nonpy>k>kh e AKpix-^ireHÍc („nnocpon-hhh": Bin „capanima" xa rpeKHHi). Bace 3 nnxHHcxBa bíh nommaG rpaTH MeneM, cnncoM Ta Í3nnTH Ha kohí. HoTHpHani^hth pokíb bíh Ine Ha jiobh: jioch xa Benniens bíh po3pnBae HanBOG, a jieBa po3-cÍKac MeneM. 3MHBaioHH KpoB y n^epeJii, AeBreHiö MycÍB nonojiaTH me MHororojioBoro 3MÍa. IIícjih u;Boro bíh nonnHac nyMaxn npo niJia
59
bíhcijKobí. Harofla npHHinjia He3a6apoM: n.ap <I>ÍJiinaT Ta Horo flOMKa MaKCÍMiflHa noKJiHKajiH jihctom .ZJeBreHÍH ao ce6e, ajie hk JJ,qb~ remS npHixaB Ha E<ppaT, Ha Hboro Hanajio bíhcbko 3>ijiinaTa. JíeB-remn noÖHB yce bíhcbko i nepeMÍr <3>ijiinaTa 3 MaKciMÍHHoio. Ajie B13 HHX XteBreHiň flOBiflaBCH npo me CHJibminoro npoxHBHHKa, Opa-THra (rpeu;i>Ke: nojiKOBoneub) Ta npo in,e Kpainy hďk MaKcÍMÍHHa HOHKy CTpaTHra, CTpaTHriBHy. ^eBrenin Bnpymae ro CTpaTnra. TaM
BÍH 3'HBJIHGTbCH ťaJIHHTHHM KaBaJiepOM,  TpaG nepefl BÍKHaMH CTpa-
THriBHH eepeHaflH, Ta žoMy b^acTbca 3aKoxaTH Ii b ceöe, TaK mo HenpHCTynHa HiB^HHa-ôaraTHp 3roflJKycTbca BTeKTH 3 JXesremGM bíh 6aTbKa. CTparar i'ne 3 CHHaMH Ta bíhcbkom HaB3norÍH, ajie ReB-remií nepeMaraG Soro Ta oflpyHcyGTbcn 3 OrpaTHriBHOio. IIícjih utoro ^eBreHiä nepeMarac me napn BacnjiÍH (rpentKe — ,,h,ap") Ta 3aBoôoByG fioro 3eMJiio- 3a npopon,TBOM XHeBreHÍGBÍ nicjia n,boro 3aJiHniaGTLca jkhth me JiHine 12 poKÍB. 3a nÍ3HÍniHMH rpeubKHMH nepepoÔKaMH bíh nepeJKHBac me íhuií aBaHTypn, ajie b pyKonncax nepeKJiafly bohh He 36eperjiHca. MaöyTb, opnriHaji CKJiajjaBCH, hk i nepeKJiaa, 3 oKpeMHX enÍ30flÍB a6o niceHb (hhthhctbo .ZleBreHÍa, ÔopoTbôa 3 4>iJiinaTOM, CipararoM, BacHJiÍGM). IlepeKJiaa, hk i ne-peKJiaflH flyxoBHoi noe3Íi, 3po6jieHHH npo30K>. OpHťiHaJi, MaôyTb, 6yB BipmoBaHHH. Mojkjihbo, qo 6yjio ?ma pi3Hi nepeKJiap,H.
IcTopin /JeBremn — He JiHine HÍKaBHH npHKJiaa eninHoro TBopy, mo MaB BnjiHB Ha KHiBCbKHH enoc, ajie S mojkô HaHpo3KlniHÍiHHH Ta HaänHuiHiuiHH cthjiícthhho TBip CTapoí khíbcbkoí jiiTepaTypH. 3o6pajKeHHH Hafl3BHHaHHo MajibOBHHHe, nepeoÔTHHceHe 3ojiotom Ta 6apBaMH: .ZJíremc „KpaceH ayHce, jiHH,e Soro hk CHir, Ta pyM'HHe, hk MaKÍB kbít, bojiocch noro hk 30jioto, om BejíHKÍ, hk nami, jKax-
JIHBO nOflHBHTHCH Ha HbOro" J OflHľ HOrO BiflnOBiflaG 30BHÍmH0CTÍ -
„oflnr noprora, npoTKaHHH cyTHM 30JI0T0M, a HapyKaBHHKH ycnnam floporHMH nepjiaMH, a HaKOJiÍHHHKH — 3 floporoi' näBOJioKH, a no-60th yei 30ji0tí, yennaHo Ix floporHMH nepjiaMH Ta kímíhhhm inap-rapHTOM". nofliÔHo BflaraiOTbCH h íhuií ocoôh, Hanp., OpaTHr: Ha
HbOMy  ,,6pOHH  SOJIOTa  i  HIOJTOM  30JIOTHH  3  HOporHM  KaMÍHHHM Ta
nepjiaMH, a KÍHb Soro bkphthíí 3eJieHoio naBOJioKoio.. . "; HaMer AMipa „nepBOHHH, a flojii 3ejieHHÖ, a 3ropn npHKpaineHHÜ 3ojiotom, cpiÖJioM Ta nepjiaMH i noporHM KaMÍHHHM, a y 6paTa ňoro HaMeT chhíh, a aojii 3ejieHHH. . * "; KÍHb .HeBremn „ôíjihh, rpnBy nepenjie-
TeHO HOpOrOH.ÍHHHM KaMÍHHHM,  a  Cepefl  KaMÍHHH  30ji0tí a3BOHHKH*',
„KÍHb nonaB BHrpaBaTH, a 33bohhkh fioro KpacHorojiccHo ôpnuiTii". Ka3K0B0 onncaHÍ i hhhh híhobhx ociô: „IIoíxajiH, hk sojiotokphjií HCTpyÔH, a kohí ni^ hhmh hí6h jieTÍJín", „kíhb Tne noro 6yB CKopníí Ta rapHO BHrpaBaB, a lOHaK cmíjihbhh Ta bmíb Ha kohí chaíth"; 6'iOTbCH repoi, „hk floöpi Kocapi TpaBy kochtb"; TleBreHÍä „yxonnB
60
cbíh ciihc Ta h ynep y pinny kíhiipm i nepecKOHHB nepe3 pinny... i cíb Ha CBoro koha i nonaB raHHTH, aK floopnii jkhob-l TpaBy ko-
CHTb",   „BflapHBCa  Cepefl hhx,  HKO CHJIbHHH COKÍJI i  hk flOÖpHH ko-
cap TpaBy noKJiaB". MaeMO b enoci i jihcth, ho Tóro HaBijTt jhoöobhJ. TaK MaKCHMÍHHa nHHie JJpBreHÍGBi, monpaBfla, mp6 bjiobhth Soro, aK „3aHH.fi b TeHeTo": „O, CBiTJie, CBÍT03apHe coHne, npecjiaBHHH «UpBremG: th naHycm Hafl... yciMa xopoöpnMH Ta chjibhhmh, hk Man Micaub Hafl MicaijaMH: b Maio BcaKa Kpaca 3eMHa npoKBÍTae i jihctbhhí aepeBa BflaraiOTbca jihctom i.. . TaK i th čepen. Hac npoKBtiaeni, npecjiaBHHÖ .DpBremG"- MaGMo b enoci i bíihj chh, i "nyTJiHBi, HaBÍTt ceHTHMeHTajiBHi nepeJKHBaHHH, nepeflam TaKoio ca-
MOK> nHUIHOK) MOBOK>: MaTH 3aX0njieH01 AMOpOM flÍBnHHH HíaJlÍGTbCH:
„YpBaB MeHi KopiHHH cepu.ii i  npoKOJioB  MeHe,   HKO 6e3flyuiHy
TpOCTHHy ..."
Ua MOBHa po3Kim noMiTHO no3HanHjiaca Ha nnnraoTi TaKoi ic-TopHHHoí Ta eninHoi JíiTepaTypn, aK rajraubKHH jíiTonnc, „Cjiobo o nojiKy IropeBi" Tomp. IlepeKJiafl nocTaB He nÍ3HÍuie 12 ct. b Khgbí.
5. 3ycTpmeMo cepefl nepeKJianeHHX TBopiB i noBicTi „ineoJio-rinm", MeTa hkhx — noBnaHHH. JXo TaKHx HaaeacaTb He HaSripím 3pa3KH CTapHX onoBiflaHB. ITonepine up — „IIobíctIi npo npeMyfl-poro AKipa". Ile — npacTapa noBiCTb, iup nocTajia fleet b Aenpii me b 7 ct. nepefl P. X., nepes flßa cTopinna BOHa öyjia nepeiuiafleHa Ha apaMeöcLKy Mosy, B»e TOfli i^HiaTH 3 He'i noTpannjin flo rpeub-Ko'i jiiTepaTypn; b 5 ct. no P. X. 11 nepeKJiafleHo Ha cnpiucbKy MOBy, a Bace 3 apaöcbKoro nepeKJiafly (9 ct.) 3po6jieHo rpeirbKHH b 10 ct. y Khgbí noßicTb nepeKJiafleno 3 rpenbKoi aöo CHpißcbKoi MOBH, He nÍ3HÍme 12 ct. 3míct noßicTH flocHTb cKJiaflHHH: AKipa, flopaflHHKa HiHeBÍHCbKoro napa Cmarpina, 3a (pajibuiHBHM flOHO-coM fioro BJiacHoro BHXoBaHija MaioTb noKapara na CMepTb. HoMy BflaGTbCH 3axoBaTHca. Thm nacoM GrHnercbKHH cpapaoH BHMaraG Bifl Cmarpina BHKOHaTH BaacKi 3aBflaHHa (36yflyBaTH najrau, míjk HeßoM Ta 3eMjieio, 3hihth po3ÖHTi JKopHa Tomp), a aranp toh He
BHKOHäG - flaHHHH.  TaKi BaJKKi 3aBflaHHH MOJKe p03B'H3aTH JIHHie
MyflpHH AKip. npHHTeJib, y hkoto AKip xoßaBca, npnHocHTb napeßi paflicHy 3BÍCTKy, mp too jkhbhö. AKip i'fle jik nocoji flo GrnnTy, „BHKOHye" (papaoHOBi bhmofh (fljia 31hhtth acopeH bíh npoxae hh-tok 3 íhuihx JKopeH; y noBÍTpíi bíh nycKae opjiiß 3 xjionnHKaMH b Kouiax, xjionni BHMaraiOTb noflaTH im öyniBejibHi MaTepiajiH, noro
GrHnTHHH He MOaiyTb BHKOHaTH í T. fl.). IIOBepHyBHIHCfl, AKip 3H0By
flicTac CBoro BHXOBaHna fljia flajibmoro BHXOBaHHH, aKe, oflHane, BnjiHBaG Ha öiflojiauiHoro TaK, mp toh yMHpac. iHTepec onoßiflaHHa nojiarac He CTijibKH b cioaceTi, Ta HaßiTb He y BflajioMy po3B'a3aHHi BaacKHX 3aBflaHb, hk y thx nncjieHHHX npncaiß'ax, inp noposcHnam
61
b onoBinaHHi npo AKipoBe HaB^aHHH. CrapuS acHpificbKHň poMaH BnjiHHyB Ha Cxoni, 3flaGTbca, HaBÍTb Ha TaKi KHarn cb- ÜHCbMa, hk KHHra CipaxoBa, npHTHi Cojiomohobí Tomp. HnTan 3 3an,ÍKaBJieHHHM BnjiHHyB Ha Cxofli, 3naeTbCH, HaBÍTb Ha TaKi khht-h cb. ÜHCbMa, hk híjk THcana nranb y noBŕrpi", „kojih BOfla noTe^e Ha3afl,... a6o jkob^i cTaHe cojioflKOK), TOfli flypHHÖ HaBHHTbCH po3yMy", „^oro He HyB ByxaMH, Te no^ycin hihgio" i t. n.. JJ,eam npncjiiB'a noinnpem flo 6aöoK. . . UeS MaTepiaji BHKopHCTOByBajiH CTapi nncbMeHHHKH, a6o flocjiiBHo fioro nepeÖMaio^H a6o Hacjiiflyio*iH hh BCTaBJíaiOHH
B 3ÓÍpKH CeHTeHIiiíí.
6. JXyme CTapa i mína ,4fleojiorÍHHa'' noBicTb ,,CTecpaHÍT Ta IxHijiaT". BoHa nocxajia b iHflii necb nepefl 5 ct. no P. X-, nÍ3HÍnie 6yjia nepeKJiaflena Ha oflHy 3 CTaponepcbKHx jiiTepaTypHHx mob, a 3 Toro nepeKjiany b 8 ct. — Ha apaôcbKy („Kajiijia Ta JIímusl") ; b 11 ct. 3 apaôcbKoi — Ha rpentKy. 3 nboro rpenbKoro nepeKJiany b 13 ct. 3po6jieHo cjioB'aHCbKHH nepeKJiaa y Bojirapi'i. IIpníiinoB flo cxiflmx cjiob'hh neá TBip jinme b ^acH TaTapcbKi, nÍ3HÍme bíh
6yB   ,,XpHCTHaHÍ30BaHHH"   pÍ3HHMH   BCTaBKäMH.   3MÍCT   HOľO 6aÔKO-
bhh: „(pijiocoíp" po3noBÍflaG napeBi „npHTHi" MopajibHoro 3MÍCTy. Ilepuia 3 HHX — icTopia inaKajiiB, CTe(pamTa Ta IxHijiaTa, m,o ň co6i po3noBÍp;aK)Tb najibini öaÖKH. B uhx öaÖKax ynacHHKH — TBa-
PHHH, - BOBKH,    JIHCHIji,   TaHBOpOHH,    ajie    nOpyH    hhx eK30THHHÍ
— CJIOHH, JieBH, MaBnn i t. fl. OKpeMi mothbh nonepexoflHJiH b jiiTe-paTypy, ajie nepeBaamo b Ka3KH.
7- KynH BHflaTHiniHH g BejíHKHH ifleojiorňiHHH, 6a HaBÍTb (pijio-coípňiHHH poMaH „BapjiaaM Ta Ioacacp". lie ahbhhm ihhom — ic-Topia Eyflfln! Uio icTopiio HanncaHo flecb y 6 ct. no P. X. i Tenep He iiijiKOM acHo, aKoK) mobok), ií nÍ3HÍnie nepeKJianeHo Ta nonepe-o6po6aiOBaHo Ha pÍ3HÍ mobh, a nicJia 7 ct. ,,xpHCTHHHÍ30BaHo" b rpeiibKiS mobí. OKpeivri icTopii 3 poaraHy 6yjin rpeKaM BÍflOMÍ me naB-Hime. TpeiibKy oöpoÖKy npmiHcyBaHo cb. IoaHOBi /JaMacKHHOBÍ. 3 ByflflH CTaB „iHfliiicbKHH napeBH*i Ioacaíp", BapjiaaM — acKeT, mo BHCTynac i b mflÍHCbKÍž noBicTi. B 11 ct. noBicTb nepeKJiafleno b Khgbí (oKpeMi nacTHHH, MoacjiHBo, m,e Toro b Bojirapii). OflHO-^acHo BOHa noTpannjia Ha 3axifl, ne Teac 6yjia flyace nonyjiapHa. CaMa 3BopymjiHBa icTopia ByflflH, napeBHHa, mo noKHHyB npHHaflH nboro CBÍTy, noöaHHBuiH ix HeneBHÍCTb, flonoBHeHa me n.ÍKaBHMH onoBiflaHHaMH BapjiaaMa Ta íhuihmh BCTaBKaMn: cepefl u.hx ono-BinaHb g nepjiHHH cbítoboí jiÍTepaTypn, aK onoBinaHna npo MaH-
flpÍBHHKa,   IUP,   BTÍKaiOHH  BÍfl   GflHHOpora,   Ha   XBHJIHHy 3aTpHMaBCa
Ha rijin,i pocjiHHH Hafl npoBajiJiaM, fle jieacas 3míh, ajie, noôaHHBnra Ha flepeßi Tpoxn Mefly, no^aB ňoro ícth, 3a6yBinn i 3a 3MÍa, i 3a GflHHopora. I^e — chmboji KopoTKO^acHOCTH acHTTa- iHuie onoBiflaH-
62
HH — npo iiTaxa, mo bmobhb mhcjikbi^h iioro BHnycTHTH b nonaKy 3a Tpoe BaJKJiHBHx hchttbobhx npaBHJi: He nparHyTH Toro, noro He MOJKHa flicxaTH, He Bipnra HenpaBflonofliÖHOMy, He acajiKyBaTH
3a 3po6jieHHM. Ajie 3a XBHJIHHy bíh 3MyCHB MHCJIHBU.H 3a6yTH Bei
TpH npaBHJia, po3noBÍBHiH fioMy, mp bíh, cojiOBeä, y BjiacHÓMy HiJiyHKy Mae BejiH^e3HHH niaMaHT. He norám i MopajiBHo-xpncTH-hhcbkí noBHaHHH BapjiaaMa. nepeKjian, npßpe nepenae MHCTen/rao BHKJiafly opHťmajiy. Ycnix poJvraHy HaÖKpanje 3acBinHyG Soro nony-
JIHpHiCTB i b nÍ3HÍHIÍ HaCH   (yKpaÍHCBKO-CJIOB'aHCBKe  BHflaHHH 1637
p.), BHKopHCTaHHH noro onoßinaHb noeTaMH me b 19 ct. (m. íh. I. í>paHKOM). A 3a CTapHX naciß KijiBKa onoßinaHb yBiSinjio no t. 3B. „npojiory"; oKpeini onoßinaHHa nepeo6po6jiK)BaB m. íh- Kh-
PHJIO TypÍBCBKHH.
8. „OnoBinaHHH npo iHniiícBKe n,apcTBo" — 3axinHBoro noxo-naceHHH. nocTajio BOHo b 11-12 ct. hk „TIhct CBainemiKa loaHa", napa iHfliöcLKoro xpHCTHHHCBKoro napcTBa, npo noro aepacaBy. lie hí6h xpHCTHHHCbKa „yTonia", mo npoTHCTaBJuiG MoryTHK) TeoKpa-THHHy nepacaßy eBponeScBKHM HBapaM. MaôyTB, jiHine nÍ3HÍme na MopajiBHo-peJiiriHHa yTonia 6yjia npnoBHeHa Ka3K0BHM MaTepiaaoM, onncaMH po3KÍuiHoro JKHTTH b nepacaßi n,apa-CBam,eHHKa. Y rpenil n,eö TBip HaöyB SHa^eHHa naivKpjieTy npora npeTeHciö iMnepaTopa MaHyi'jia KoMHeHa (onoßinaHHa o(popMjieHe, hk jihct CBameHHKa IoaHa MaHyiJioBi), cbítcbkhm TeHneHniaM aKoro npoTHCTaBJieHo Teo-KpaTHHHy iHHiöcBKy nepaiaßy. 3 JiaTHHCBKoro noßicTB nepeKJianeHO Ha cJioB'jramHHy necB y ^aaManii, a b 13 ct. BOHa noTpannjia neBHo, cnonaTKy np TajiHHHHH, ne aKpa3 nepeöyBaB aK yriKan onHH 3 poíuhhíb MaHyi'jia. Onnc BeJiHHe3Ho'i Kpamn — b ohhh 6ík 10 mí-canÍB xony, a b apyrnô — Kmna „híhth He MoacHa"; Ii (pam-ac-THHHoro HaceaeHHH (carapn, HaniETHrpn toiho), TBapHH (rpncpH, (pemKc i t. n.-), npporonÍHHoro KaMÍHHa, pocjiHH, po3Konii HBopy, mo nepeBHin;yG BÍ3aHTÍHCBKy, nynpBHx najianiß, íhhihx hhb, a ro-jiOBHe, cnojiyneHHH nyxoBHoi Ta cbítcbkoi Bjiann — ne Bce 3axon-aiOBaao HHTa^iB. BnjiHB Ka3KOBHx nonpoönuB noßicTH Ha rajinnt-KHH enoc (JJ,k>k CTenaHOBHM, Hypnao -— AHB. III. JX) — 6e3cyM-híbhhh. MoaíJiHBHH BnaHB i Ha rajran,bkhh aÍTonnc. BHKopncTaHa noßicTB i npn (niBHi^HocxinHiii) nepepo6n,i „OjieKcaHnpľi", no aKOi BOHa yBiöinaa ^HMaaoio cbogk» nacTHHOio.
9. Hk öaHHMo, CKJian CTapoi nepeKJianeHoi noßicTapcBKoi jiiTe-paTypn hochtb pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHH. TyT i aBaHTypHHÔ repoiHHHÍi poMaH-enoc, i poMaH THny „JKnTia", i noBicii „ineojiorrqHi", i noBÍCTi bíô-cbkobí. 3 HHX MoaíHa ßyjio BHHTHca i BMÍHHa BHKaajj;y, i nnniHOCTH MOBH, i MHCTei^TBa 6aÖKH, i CTHCJiocTH BHpa3y. BnaHB i^ígi JiiTepa-
63
Typu MHMajiHH. Yhhí b Khgbí Ta b rajiHHHHi HaHHijiHca ao6pi. HjKaBO, mo BnjiHB noBicTHpcTBa 3axonHB i Táni JíiTeparypHÍ ťa-
TyHKH,  HK,  Hanp., JIÍTOnHC-
r. Bipmi
1. CTapopycBKÍH JíiTepaTypi, hk 3flacTbca, Gpaicye híjikom BipniyBaHHH. U,e ahbho, kojih 3ran.a6Mo, aicy pojno rpajio Bipnry-BaHHH, Hanp., y necbKiô JíiTepaTypi 13-14 ct. Ta inp BÍ3aHTÍa Majia HiHpoKy BipnioBaHy jíiTepaTypy. Oapa uepKOBHocJioB'aHCbica JíiTe-paTypa nepeíniajia BÍ3aHTÍíicBKHH Bipni 3 neBHoio kíjibkíctio cKJia-Aíb y paflKy, 3 n,e3ypoio (Heo6oB'a3KOBOK>) Ta, MaöyTb, 3 HarojiocoM Ha nepeaocTaHHBOMy cKJia^i. CTapi cjiob'hhcbkí Bipmi nepenncyBaHO me ř nÍ3HÍme, ajie ix BipmoBoro xapaicrepy Bace He noMinajiH, — Ho nboro cnpHHHHHJiHCíi me 3míhh b mobí: 3hhkjih He ni3Hiuie 11 ct. „b" Ta „t" hk tojiochí, hk ix yjKHBaHO b CTapHX cjiob'hhcbkhx MOBax. B Khgbí, 3AaeTbca, opHťmajibHHx Bipniiß 3obcím He npoôy-BajiH nncaTH. CjioBa „Bipni" (cTHX"b) BacHBaHo rjix npo30Boi 06-
POÖKH  i^epKOBHHX tímhíb.
2- KijibKicTb cTapnx Bipniiß, mo fliíiHiJiH n,o Hac 3fle6ijibnia b
CXiflHbOCJIOB'íIHCbKHX CnHCKaX ^HMaJia. IIÍ3HÍniÍ pOCÍHCBKÍ CnHCKH MyCHTb  MaTH  3a  OCHOBy   CTapOKHlBCbKy  TpaflHmiO.   U,e,   KpÍM flBOX
noxBaji ôojirapcbKOMy n,apeBÍ CaMyíJioBi (on.Ha b 36ipHHKy 1073 p.), 03HÍGÍ' MOJiHTBH Ta nepeflMOBH 30 GBaHrejiii i t. íh. — aKpocTHXH, ceÖTo Bipmi, fle kojkch palote noMHHaGTbca 3 íhuioí Jirrepn 3a no-paflKOM aöeTKH. JHesiKi Bipmi MaioTb noHafl 100 paflKiB. Ocb npnK-jiafl („b" Ta       tojiochí, nepnia nofliÖHa flo „I", flpyra — flo „y") :*
	Syjio	3aJIHIIIHJIOCH 1
	CKJiaAÍB	no BTpaTi ,,i>'
A3-b cjioBOMb cHMb MOJiioca Bory:	12	— 9
Eoace Bbcea TBapn h 3HjKflHTejiio	12	— 11
BHflHMblMt h HeBHflHMbllWb	12	— 10
Tocnofla ílyxa nocbjín acHBy-		
[maro,	12	— 11
J\dL BTjfl^XHeTT?    B'b CbpAbl^e mh		
[CJIOBO,	12	— 8
Eace öyjJßTb Ha ycnixT. Bbckarb,	12	— 8
}KHBymHHM-b B'b SanOBTjflbXTj		
[th . . .	12	— 9
*)3 orjiHfly Ha 6paK jíiTep y spyKapm Myniy 3aMiHHTn TaK 3Bam „hocobí" rojiociBKH („k>ch") Hepe3 ,,y", „io" xa ,,h".
6k
JX> .ZJacepejia nepeKJiajjHoí Ta no3iiHeHoi jiiTepaTypn
1. ITpHHHflBIUH   XpHCTHJIHCTBO  3   BÍ3aHTÍl,   CXÍJUHÍ   CJIOB'jIHH He
MorjiH řúcTaTH bí^ He'i cjiob'hhcbkoi jiiTepaTypn. 3 caMoro nonaTKy noBHHHi 6yjiH 3aB?H3aTHCH híhbí 3b'h3kh 3 Eojirapieio, bírkíjih npHH-HiJia i aßeTKa, i totobí nepeKJiajni oorocjiyíKÔOBHx Ta íhihhx khht i aeflKa opHťinajibHa JíiTepaTypa. 3b'h3kh 3 Bojirapicio icHy-BajiH s pamnie. 3b'h3kh Hamoi mojiôaoí ijepKBH 3a nepnii iťflTflecHT poKÍB íí icHyBaHHH BejiHKOK) MipoKj fiiHjiH jj;o Eojirapü, a He flO Bi-3aHTÍI: 3 Bojirapii npHOuijia, Tpeöa ayMara, nepiua KHÍBCBKa iepap-xíh, bí^tíjih npHOuijia JíiTepaTypHa MOBa Ta JíiTepaTypa.
2. TojioBHi nepeKJiaflH 6orocjiyac6oBHx KHHr nocrajiH, 6e3 cyM-HÍBy, BHce 3a naciB ;d(Ííijibhocth KnpHjia Ta MeTo^ia b MopaBÜ. Bohh nepefiiHJiH 30 Eojirapií, a 3 Bojirapii, MaöyTB, npHHiujiH ho Hac. IIo-míthhx 03HaK "ix MopaBC&Koro noxoaJKeHHH b mobí ÖOrOCJiyJKÖOBHX KHHr HeMae: uepKOBHOcjioB'jiHCBKa MOBa nocTajia nim bhjihbom Ma-Ke^OHCbKoi MOBH sik JíiTepaTypHa MOBa rjih pi3HHx cjiob'hhcbkhx HapofliB. 3 Bojirapii npHOmjiH i tboph ,,3ojioToro BÍKy" 6ojirapcBKOÍ JiiTepaTypH, aoÖH u,apH CnMeoHa (9-10 ct.) : „IHecTo^HeB" IoaHa Ek-3apxa BojirapcBKoro, ,,y HHTe JiBHa GBaHrejiia" KocTHHTHHa IIpecBi-Tepa, nepeKJiaHH „EorocjioBii" .ZJaMacKma Ta imne. 3 Eojirapií no-
3HHeH0 TaKOHC 36ÍpHHK CBHTOCJiaBÍB 1073 p., tomh BejIHKHX „HeTUi-
Mmež", ,,3jiaT0CTpyH", „Xpomicy Majiajin". JlaBHiiue icTopHKH JíiTe-paTypH BBaJKajiH, m,o Majio ne bch nepeKJia^Ha JíiTepaTypa cTaporo *iacy npHHiHjra 3 Eojirapii, noKH He bhhbhjiocíi, m;o ^acTHHa II My-CHjia 6yTH njioflOM khíbcbkoí npaiy, 60 oKpeMi naivťfiTKH MaioTB
BJiaCTHBOCTÍ CTapOpyCLKOÍ mobh.
Thm iGpapxiHHHM ueHTpoM, mo 3 hhm 6yjia 3B'H3aHa naBHiuia KHÍBCBKa uepKBa, 6yB, 3p;aGTBCfl, OxpiacBKHH naTpiapx Ha «ajieKOMy 3axoAÍ Bojirapii". Bíjibiiiíctb 3raflaHHX BHiu,e ôojirapcBKHX naM'aTOK e TBopaMH cxiflHBoí Bojirapľí, a6o BBaHcajiHCJi 3a Táni. 3axi^HB0-SojirapcBKHMH naM'aTKaMH g, Hanp., MaôyTB, tí, p;e bjkhto CTapiuioí cjiob'hhcbkoí aôeTKH, „rjiarojiHiji", 60 b cxiflHiS BoJirapľí Ti Majio BHíHBajiocH. Mobhí 03HaKH 3axi;nHBoí öojirapiHHHH 3HaöneHo b ncaji-
THpi 3 KOMeHTapíIMH ATaHacifl   (pyKOnHCH 11-12 CT.).
3. 3oKpeMa uiKaBa rpyna naM'HTOK MopaBCbKoro Ta ^ecBKoro noxoaHceHHH — u,e naM'aTKH, mo nocTajiH niß nac icHyBamui rjep-kobho-cjiob'íihcbkoi SorocjiyjKÔH b MopaBÍI Ta Mexii. íx nepeKjia-HeHo ^acTo 3 JiaTHHH, 60 qepKOBHe jkhtth 3axi#HÍx cjiob'hh Ôyjio mijiBHo noB'íi3aHe 3 KaTojiHijBKOio iíepKBOK). MoBa hhx naM'HTOK Mae THnoBo *iecBKi cjioBa („noHeBaHce", „ne^ia", „h3bojihth" — bh-ôpaTH Tomo) Ta ejieMeHTH KaTOJini^BKOí TepMÍHOJiorií: onjiaTOKľB, nanŤ.HCB, KOCTeji^., ,,cb. Mapia" (3aMicTB ,,BoropoflHD;fl"). Hi naM'aT-
65
KH npHHuiJiH no KHGBa Ta flojKHJiH 30 flajieKo nÍ3HÍnioi ho6h. „Ee-ciflH nanH rpnropia" raic 3b, „Phmcbkhh naTepHK" cTajin HaBÍTb fljKepejioM flejiKHX flonoBHenb 30 „Ilpojiory". MaGMo cepep; MopaB-cbKHX naM'flTOK hchtíh 3axiflHÍx cBHTHx: BeHeflHKxa, BiTa, IoaHa MHJiocTHBoro, Anojimapia PaBeHCbKoro, CTecpana, XpH3oroHa i t. 3., a TaKoiK hchtíji necbicHx cbhthx: B'anecjiaBa, JIk>3mhjih (30KpeMa rapHe BejiHKe jkhtíg B'anecjiaBa t. 3b. ryMnojibaoBe, nepeKJia^eHe
3 JiaTHHH). HapeiUTi,  TaKHH  BaJKJIHBHH  anOKpH(p, AK „HHKOflHMOBa
GBaHrejiia" Ta fleam mojihtbh, mp b hhx 3raflaHo 3axijj;Hix cbhthx: <I>jiopiaHa, Bajibnypťy, Brra, MaťHyca, KaHyTa, Boimxa Ta íh. Tbo-pn MopaBCtKoro noxoflJKeHHH MajiH HHMajiy nonyjiapmcTb Ta nn-MaJiHH snjiHB Ha Haniy cTapy jiiTepaTypy: Tan bhjihbh íkhtíh B'ane-cjiaBa 3HaÔHeHo b híhtíhx, nncaHHx HeciopoM (ahb. II. T. 2-4), 30KpeMa HiHpoKi BnjiHBH „Hhkoshmoboí GBaHrejiii".
4. DliKaBo, mo b CTapiíí JiiTepaTypi mojkômo 3HaHTH neBHi peurr-
kh TaKHX ÔOJirapCbKHX Ta MOpaBCbKHX TBOpÍB, mo 30  Hac He 3ÍH-
uijiH. TaK y jiiTonHci MaGMo onoBiflaHHa npo kh. CßHTOcjiaBa, nncam 3 TaKHM 3HaHHHM 6ojirapcbKHX bíahochh, aKoro He MOMCHa npnnyc-thth b Khgbí: MaöyTB, ne peniTKH SojirapcbKHX onoBiflaHb npo Soro „ôojirapcbKy nojiiTHKy". OnoBiflaHHa npo oxpnineHHa Bojio3HMHpa BeJíHKoro, 30KpeMa fíoro „npoôy Bip", Mac b 3eaKHx BapiaHTax Taici aHäxpoHÍ3MH (naxpiapx <í>otíh, ,,<pijioco(p" MicioHep — KnpHJi), hkí 3MyuiyK>Tb 30CJIÍ3HHKÍB BHSHaTH, qo u,e onoBiaaHHH g nepepoÔKoio 6ojirapci>Koro onoBiflaHHH npo xpniueHHa ßojirapcbKoro uapa Eopnca.
3HaxoflHMo nofliÖHi peniTKH i MopaBctKoro noxosmeHHa. H,e, nonepme, onoBiflaHHa npo BHHaxifl cjioB'aHCbKoi aôeTKH Ta nepe-KJiafl CB. ÜHCLMa 3 JiÍTonHey. T^ajii b Jirronnci onoBiflacrbca npo po3ceJieHHH cjiob'hh 3 noflpoOHuaMH, m,o motvih n,ÍKaBHTH JiHine 3a-xíhhíx cjioB'aH. I n,i mích,h MoJKyib 6yTH peniTKaMH HKorocb MopaB-cbKoro icTopnnHoro nepeKa3y. 3rasyG jiiTonnc „oöpiß", ceôro asa-piB, m,o syJKe thIthjih cjioB'aHCbKe njieM'a ,,3yjii6ÍB" Ta 3arHHyjiH 6e3 cjii^y, 3 noro niniJio npncjiiB'a „nornÔonia aKH 06pT>", H,i ,,fly-jií6h", MaôyTb, necbKi „ßyflJieÖH", 3 aBapaMH cxí^hím cjioB'aHaM MaibKe He 30B0flHJioca 3ycTpinaTHca, oTHce, Bee onoBiflaHHa Ta npn-cjiiß'a, MaÖyTb, MopaBCbKo-necbKoro noxoflMceHHa. HapeniTi, ono-BißaHHa „EjiHHCbKoro jiiTonHcn,a" npo CMeprb Attíjih BKa3yc Ha
CBOG 3aXÍflHG nOXOftJKeHHa TaKHMH CJIOBaMH, aK „KOCTeJTb", ,, BOJI OXT>"   (ÍTaJIÍGUb).
5. Ajie HaňD;ÍKaBÍHie fljia Hac, aid TBopn nepeKJianem 6yjin Bxce y Hac. KpiM (poHeTHHHo-Mop4)ojiorinHHx 03HaK, BKa3yK>Tb Ha cxip[-
HbOCJIOB'aHCbKe   (MOHCHa BÍ3pÍ3HHTH   Í   KH1BCBKÍ   naM'HTKH   BÍfl H0B-
ropoflCbKHx) noxosa<eHHH nepeKJia^iB i cjioBa, mo He BvKHBajiHca
66
íhiuhmh rpynaMH cjiob'hh (Hanp. cjiob'hhcbkí cjiOBa: nocaflHHK, rpHBHa, Kyna, Hacaji, Komyx; no3HHem: njiyr, TiyH, uiobk, JKeMHyr, yKcyc, Ka^b, o6e3BHHa, JiapB; BJiacm iMena: Cypoac, Cys = nponjiHB kojio Ilapropoay, o6e3 = rpy3HH, BeHeaniín toiiio). OôivrejKHMoca Ha nepejiiKy naM'aTOK, mp npo hhx mh BHce roBopnjiH Bnrne- D|e — BHTOBMaHeHHH jihctíb an. IlaBJía ra „IIíchí IliceHb", KHnra Ecdpipi, „Ilpojior", híhtíh — AH^pia lOponnBoro, OecpaHa Cypo3BKoro, 3>e-flopa CTy^HTa, nyneca Mhkojih Hy^oTBopna, n,eaKi /jMHTpa CoJiyH-CBKoro, Ko3bmh Ta AaM'aHa b Kopcyni, Teopria, nponoBiai <í>e;n;opa CTynŕra, „IIocjiaHie" IleTpa AHTioxificBKoro, onoBiflaHHH npo nepe-HeceHHH mohj,ib Mhkojih HynoTBopiia b Bapi, onoBinaHHa npo 6y-AOBy nepKBH cb. Codpii b Uapropofli, CTynincbKHÍi yciaB, IlaHfleKTH HnKOHa HopHoropna. 3 anoKpntpiB: jKHTTa Moíícea Ta pÍ3HÍ ono-BinaHHH npo CoJioMOHa, jkhtíg MaKapia PHMJiaHHHa, onoBiflamia npo ABrapa. 3 cbítcbkoi jíiTepaxypn ■— Ko3BMa iHnnKonjioB, HocH(p í»jiaBÍn, „<í>i3iojior" („2-oí peflaKnii"), „B^íKOJia", acpopH3MH Me-HaH^pa, xpOHÍKa AinapTojia (nepeKJian,eHa inpHaHMeHine sa y^acTio KnaHHHa), poMaH npo ReBremn, AKip. Hk Ôa^HMO, #ochtb ÍMno3aHT-
HHH CnHCOK. XOH Í MOJKJIHBO, vj,0 fleaKÍ 3 U.HX TBOpÍB JIHUie npOT3-
roM cbogI icTopii Ha cxofli Haôpajín cxí,e(hbocjiob'hhcbkhx a6o yKpa-íhcbkhx pne, ajie 6yjio HaneBHe HHMajio íhihhx nepeKJian,eHHx npanB, Bifl aKnx He 36eperjioca HaÔMeHninx peuiTOK. IlepeKJianHa jíiTepa-Typa ôyjia, b KOJKHOMy pa3i, HHCJieHHa Ta pÍ3HOMaHÍTHa, a nepeKJia-flanBKa aíhjibhíctb y CTapiô yKpami — innpoKa.
I. ^OBA MOHyMEHTAJIBHOrO CTHJIK) (KHlBCLKA ^EPJKABA)
A. XapaKTepHCTHKa
1. XoneMo Tyr nonaTH HacaMnepen, jiiTepaiypHy xapaK-TepncTHKy niei" moon. 3aBflaHHH He Jierne, 60 fljra 11 ct. nynce Majio 3po6jieHo flocjiiflHHKaMH, mo floci npainoBajin 3fle6ijibma a6o cpijio-jioriHHOK) a6o coniojiorinHoio MeToflOio. <Ě>ijiojiormHÍH hikojií Hajie-míhtb BejinnesHa 3acjiyra y bhhchchhí, hockíjibkh ne ho3bojihg Ma-TepÍHJi, icTopii TeKCTÍB oKpeMHX TBopiB cTapoi" JiTrepaTypH, i'x flaiy-BaHHK, BCTaHOBJieHHH ix MicijeBoro hh nyjKoro noxoflmeHHii, aBTop-cTBa Tom,o. Ajie MaTepinji He 3aBiKflH flo3BOJiHe flocarHyTH neBHHX bhchobkíb y nboMy: HaHBHÍ 3aHaflT0 BJKe nÍ3HÍ, nacTo JiHHie 3 15-ro, a to h 3 17-18 ct. pyKonncH, hkí nacTo flyace BÍjxpÍ3HHK)TbCíi oahh Bifl oflHoro. G BHHaflKH, KOJiH He 3BaHíaionH Ha Bei 3ycHJijiH h floci He BflajiocH BCTaHOBHTH am nacy noxoflHceHHa naM'HTKH (Hanp., „MojieHHG ^aHHiJia", mo noro bíahochjih flo 12 a6o 13, ajie i flo 11 ct.), am Micn,a ii noxoflJKeHHH (nanp., AMapTOJia, mcoro mobhí
BJiaCTHBOCTi poÖJIHTB MÍCH,e HOTO nOCTaHHJI fleiHO CyMHÍBHHM).
CyMHÍBHHM  naCTO   G   Í  aBTOpCTBO    TBOpÍB:    Hanp., BHCJIOBJíeHO
cyMHÍBH inpflo HecTopoBoro cnÍBaBTopcTBa b JiÍTonnci Ta inpflo 3HaH-ho'í ôijitmocTH npnnHcyBaHHX 3>eoflocieBÍ Ilenepc&KOMy nponoBiflÍB Toinp. Ajie flocHTb nacTo BflaBaJiocH BCTaHOBHTH u,ÍKaBy nepeflicTO-piio TBopy, CTopiHKH jiÍTepaiypnoro jkhtth, hkí HaM 6e3nocepeflHbo HeBifloMi, ajie npo akí cßiflnaTb nÍ3HÍmi naivi'íiTKH, jiÍTepaTypHÍ BÍfl-HOCHHH, npo akí 30BCÍM He 3ajraniHJiocH npHMHx 3raflOK (nanp., BnjiHBH MopaBCbKoí jiÍTepaTypH toiho). TaKi peKOHCTpyKijii MHHy-jioro HaflSBHnaHHo HÍKaBÍ Ta Kopnem, bohh Tem g 3acjiyroio cpijio-jioriHHOi mKOJiH. MeHine 3HaneHHfl MaiOTb npani coniojiormHoi, ícto-pnnHoí Ta íhiuhx Tenia, mp 3a JiiTepaTypHHMH naM'aTKaMH inyKaiOTb
BHKJIIOnHO   peaJIbHOÍ   flÍHCHOCTH.   BHKOpHCTOByiOHH   3   nÍGlO MeTOK)
jiiTepaTypHy naM'HTKy, bohh HepiflKo noflaiOTb floôpnä KOMeHTap
flO OKpeMHX MÍCUb naM'HTKH, ÍHOflí nOHCHIOIOTb i ifleOJloriHHHH 3MÍCT
naM'íiTKH b rjuioMy- Ajie ßyjio jiHine HeöaraTo flocjiiflHHKiß, hkí
OCBÍTJIK)BajIH CyTO JIÍTepaTypHHH 0ÍK TBOpÍB, HaBÍTb TaKHX CTHJliC-THMHO I(ÍKaBHX, HK JIÍTOnHC.
68
Mem 3flaGTi>ca, in,o nonaTOK 12-ro ctojiítth yxBopioe neBHy Me-
JKy MÍJK pÍ3HHMH JIÍTepaTypHHMH CTHJIHMHI IHO MeJKy MOJKHa noMi-thth,   Hanp.,   MÍJK  CTapílHHM,   T.   3B.   „HeCTOpOBHM"   JHTOnHCOM (flO
1113 p.), „Khibcbkhm" (mo no^HHae nrapini sannen b 20-x Ta 30-x
pp. 12 CT.) Ta „rajIH^KO-BoJIHHCbKHM" JlÍTOnHCaMH. PÍ3HHIÍK) 3HaH-
jifiMQ TaKOJK míjk nponoBiflHMH 11-ro («reoflociii) Ta 12-ro ctojiítb; Tana jk pÍ3hhu,h g míjk „jkhtíhmh" 11-ro ctojiítth Ta „Ile^epcBKHM naTepuKOM" 13-ro ct. TaK caMo MOJKHa npoTHCTaBHTH i TBopn pi3-HHX JiiTepaTypHHX ťaTyHKÍB 3 11-ro Ta 12-13 ctojiítb.: „IIoy^eHHG" Bojio^HMHpa MoHOMaxa Mac pHCH „pammoro", „MojieHHG" /JaHHiJia — ,,nÍ3HÍnioro" cthjik). Thiiobhm npejicTaBHHKOM ,,nÍ3HÍinoro" cth-jiio e „Cjiobo o nojiKy IropeBÍ", cnopiřmeHe 3 nponoBi^jiMH Knpnjia TypiBCBKoro aóo rajiH^KO-BojiHHCBKHM jiiTonncoM. Tpeôa o^Ha^ie
BH3HaTH, IU;0 B 11 CT. MaGMO TaKOJK TBOpH, UJO CTHJIÍCTHHHO ße B HO-
My noniÔHi ro nÍ3HÍniHX, Hanp-, npoMOBy MHTponojíHTa IjiapioHa, a 30KpeMa „CKasamiG" npo 3aÖHTTH Bopnca Ta Tjiiôa. ITpn HeBe-
JIHKÍH KÍJIBKOCTÍ OpHťÍHaJIBHHX TBOpÍB, 111,0 flÍHIIIJIH fíO HaC, TaKÍ „bhôhhtkh"  MaiOTB BejIHKe 3HaneHHH.
2. 3arajibH0 nasKy^h, TBopaM kh'íbcbkoi JiÍTepaTypn 11 ct. BJiac-THBa neBHa cthjiícthhhe ,,m oHyMeHTajiBHÍCT b", BHÔy-
flOBa   3   OKpeMHX   p03MÍpH0   HeHHCJieHHHX  CTHJIÍCTH^hhx eJieMeHTÍB,
oÔMeaceHicTb Ha Majiy kíjibkíctb y BJKHBaHHÍ npHKpac Ta CKynnemiH yBarn Ha 3míctí. IlepiHHM 3aBnaHHHM aBTopÍB, 3aaGTBCH, 6yB ,,aíjio-bhh" BHKJiafl 3MÍCTy. Hacjii^KOM n&oro g po3MÍpHo npocxa KOMno-3hu;íh TBopiB. XapaKTepncTHHHo, m,o ayMKH BHKJiaay nacTo KOHH.eH-TpyíOTtcH b neBHy adpopncTH^Hy (popMyjiy, 3ae6ÍJiBiua HanpHKÍHni
BHKJia^y. iHO^i (pOpMyjia nOBTOpiOGTBCH KÍJIBKa pa3ÍB npOTHrOM BHK-
jia^y. JliTepaTypHe 3aBaaHHa nijioro TBopy, a6o npnHaHMHi kojk-Horo OKpeMoro po3sijry — 30cepeflHceHe Ha ohhíh ayMiji i pwco Bifl-
XOflHTB BÍfl He'í:  BHKJiaa ,,MOHOTeMaTH^hhh", 3 OflHÍGK) TeMOK).
3. Cthjiícthhhhmh HacjiÍRKaMH u,ígi ochobhoi pncn g ^acia He-
HCHÍCTB KOMn03HU,íí TBOpÍB Ta npOCTOTa ix CHHTaKCH. Kojih aBTopoBi
flOBo^htbch noflaTH BejíHKHÍi (paKTH^HHH MaTepisji (Hanp., y Hec-TopoBOMy jkhtíi 4>eoHocia) a6o bhcjiobhth pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ nyMKH („IIo-y^eHHG" BojioAHMHpa MoHOMaxa), bíh Majio n6aG 3a Te, mp6 Ha^aTH OKpeMHM ejieMeHTaM neBHoro nopa^Ky, 60 bcí bohh npoHHHTÍ onmcio HyMKOKj a6o HeHHCJieHHHMH ayMKaMH: TOMy oKpeMi ejieMeHTH bhk-Jiamy npocTo HflyTB opn 3a oahhm (ranoBi söo^emiH b tckctí, 3 KÍHiíeBoio (popMyjioK) „noBepHÍMocB ao nonepe^HBoro"). U,íh npoc-tíh a6o ÍHOfli HäBÍTB 6e3nopaflHÍH, KOMno3Hiíľi BiflnoBiaaG i npocTOTa CHHTaKCHHHa: BHKJiap; 3ae6ÍJiBina — 3 KopoTKHx peneHB, m,o ypHB-nacTO äayTB o^ne 3a o^hem, ího^í HäBÍTB nonacTH noBTopioio^H no-nepe^HG. HacTi noBTopeHHa Toro caivroro ni/jMeTy a6o flonaTKy b
69
cyciflHix peneHHHx: „inÍTb no MicTa, a h 3aBTpa BincTynjno Bin MicTa Ta niny b cbog mícto" aöo Maö>Ke b KOJKHOMy peneHm — ím'h tígí caMoi nÍHOBoi oco6h — Hanp., jirronnc — p. 1096, a6o jkhtíg <E>eo-nocifl.
4. /Jo xapaKTepHCTHHHHx pne cthjik) cTapoi KHiBCbKoi JíiTepa-Typn HajieJKHTi. TaKOJK jiioôob n° cTajinx (popMyji, mo nacTo hobto-pioiOTbCH b TOMy caMOMy TBopi aôo po3niJii a6o b pi3Hnx po3niJiax TBopy. MaeMo i hhcjichhí tckcth cb. üncbMa i 3arajibH0 BJKHBam, MaÖyTb, y tí nacn (popivryjm. TaKOJK i HHCJieHHi „caMonoBTopeHHH" caMoro aBTopa, akhx aBTop He jniine He öajKac yHHKara, a HaBnaKH, oxone BJKHBac. ABTopn 3ajno6KH HHTyiOTb i íhihhx i ce6e CaMHX,
Ta UHTyiOTb nOCJlÍBHO.
5. IHpnO CTHJliCTHHHHX npHKpaC, to npoCTHH CTHJIb 3HaG IX He-
6araTo: n,e rojioBHe — napajieJiÍ3M cycinmx peneHb a6o nyMOK, bh-cjiOBjíeHHx y cycinnix peneHHHX, napajiejiÍ3M, me nocHjnOBaHnn 3ra-naHHMH MHCJieHHHMH noBTopeHHHMH oKpeMHx cjiíb Ta ÍMeH. nopyn h,boro 3ycTpÍHeMo ajíiTepaipI, akí me nocHJiioiOTb BpajKeHHH napa-
JieJIÍ3My.   IIopiBHflHHfl - HeHHCJieHHÍ,   ajie   BHpa3HÍ    („CTpÍJIH, HK
nom", Bopomi nojiKH, „hk jiích" — „aKH öopoBe", nepHen,b-acKeT-öaraTHp ■—- „xpaópV toiho), ajie TyT öpaKye me yjiioôJieHoi nÍ3HÍine po3BHHeHoi chmbojiíkh. Bhhhtkom — ajie JiHiue no neBHoi Mipn — g npoMOBa IJiapioHa, 3ÖynoBaHa 3a BÍ3aHTÍocbKHMH B3Ípn,hmh- Eni-TeTH —- HeHHCJieHHi, MaÖHce HeMac yjiioöjieHHX, KpiM ÍMeH-npÍ3BHm —■ CßaTonojiK OKaflHHHÖ, Eohhk niojiynHBHií toiho). B3arajii npn-KpacH He po3pocTaiOTbCíi b CKJianHy opHaMeHTan,ho, mo 3aKpHBajia 6 npo3opy 6ynoBy peneHb Ta npocTnfi xin syMOK a6o BincyraicTb 6ynb-HKoro nopan^y nyMOK, „njinraHHa" 3 Teiwn Ha TeMy, npo HKe mh
BHíe rOBOpHJIH.
6. MoíKHa  HäMÍTHTH Í JlfifLKl  OCHOBHÍ ÍneOJIOrÍMHÍ  pHCH paHHbOÍ
KHiBCbKoi jíiTepaTypH, xoH, po3yMÍGTbCH, ineojiorr-íHo cxapaKTepH-3yBaTH BCK) enoxy 11 ct. TaK caMo HejierKo, hk HeJierKo u,e 3Po6hth i ftjiH cynacHocTH. IIpoTe, nsi pněn 30KpeMa BnanaioTb y mm, — ineoJioriH „BejiHKonepjKaBHa", yHBJíeHHH npo n^HacTn^Hy Ta nep-HcaBHy ennicTb „Pycn", He 3BatfcaiOHH Ha Te, mo b niScHocTi TaKOi GnHOCTH Maö>Ke He icHyBajio (nHHacTHHHi po30i>KHocTÍ b JiiTonnci HaBMHCHe „3apeTyinoBaHo", caMocTifiHy nojiiTHKy HoBropony, Bio-jioiĺbKa a6o TMyTopoKaHi, npoTHBeHCTBo HepmroBa Ta KncBa 306-paJKeHO b JiiTonnci hk mocb BHnanKOBe), Ta „xphcthhhcbkhh ooth-mÍ3m" panicTb 3 Toro, mo Pycb ,,b ocTaHHio ronnHy", ,,onHHann,HTy ronHHy" me noKJiHKaHa BoroM no xphcthhhcbkoí cnijibHoTH. BHte n,e npHGnHaHHH no npaBnnBOi Bipn, oxpnineHHH, npnHMacrbCH hk 3a-nopyKa „cnaceHHH"; cTaBJieHHH no Bora — nonyTTH 6e3MejKHoi
BnHHHOCTH,   JIIO60BH'   aCKeTH^HÍ   mothbh   HyTH   JIHUie   ÍHOni. ÜOpyn
70
UHx ocHOBHHx ineojiorňíHHx „KOHCTaHT" CTapoKHiBCbKoi jíiTepa-TypH — 3HaMH0 cjiaôini Bei íhiiií TeHfleHiiii. HanpHKjiafl e Be-jiHKa po36iJKHÍCTb b ohíhij;í SHa^eHHH rpeKÍB flJia Pycn: 3piflKa — naHeripHHHe CTaBJiemifl no rpenbKoi KyjibTypn, nacTo CKenra^He, HeťaTHBHe Ta HaBÍTb rjiy3JiHBe (60 rpeKH ä noci oinyKaHiji — „jibcthbh") . riopyn nonyTTa ghhocth 3ycipÍHeMo cjiiflH ncHxo-jiori^Horo (He jiHuie nojíiTHHHoro) npoTHBeHCTBa míjk „noJiaHaMH" Ta ,,p;epeBJiJiHaMH", míjk KHíraaMH Ta HOBropofluaMH toh],o; Bace jih-Hie peniTKH cTapnx mothbíb — hkícb npoTHBeHCTBa míjk BaparaMH
Ta CJIOB'HHaMH.   JleHBe   hh MOJKHa rOBOpHTH   npo   HKiCb KOHTpaCTH
míjk flyxoBHoio Ta cBÍTCLKOio ineojiorieio b JirrepaTypi. He^HCJieHHÍ peniTKH CBÍTctKHx TBopÍB (nacTHHH JiiTonncy, „noy^emiG" BOJIOflH-MHpa MoHOMaxa) nponinjra nepe3 aKycb JiÍTepaTypHy „n,eH3ypy" iiepKBH Ta me CHjibHÍruy ,,neH3ypy" nÍ3HÍniHX ctojiítb, i TOMy hkih,o ä 6yjiH TaKÍ npoTHBeHCTBa, ix cjiiflÍB y jiÍTepaTypi He 3Haä-HeMo. ToBopHTb y híh 3aBH<flH i^epKOBHa, ayxoBHa ifleojioria. Hie Memne ^ycMO npo npoTHBeHCTBa míjk xphcthhhctbom Ta norancTBOM, — nocKÍJibKH 3ranyiOTbcji noraHH — bohh 3aBJKflH no3a Me>KaMH tígi KyjibTypHoi xpHCTHHHCbKoi" ctpepn, HKy Bei aBTopH Hanioi CTapoi jiÍTepaTypn BBajKaiOTb 3a GflHHy MOJKJiHBy KyjibTypHy cípepy B3a-rajii. Uh ifl,eojiori^Ha ghhíctb, po3yMÍ6Tbca, g íjik>3ígk>, mo ťpyHTy-GTbca JiHnie Ha nepeBajKHo nyxoBHOMy xapaKTepi aBTopÍB, nepenncy-BanÍB Ta thx nocepeflHHKÍB, hkí 36eperjiH hjih Hac peniTKH CTapoí jiÍTeparypn — nepKÓB Ta MaHacTHpÍB.
e. IIponoBiflHimTBO
1. Ilopyn ^HCJieHHHx nepeKJiaflHHx nponoBÍneo b paHHiö KHÍBCbKHH nepiofl opHťÍHajibHÍ nponoBÍfli e jranie flyace ckpomhhm flonoBHeHHHM no CKapÔHHni BÍ3aHTÍocbKoi roMÍjieTHKH. JXo Tóro Be-jiHKa ^acTHHa opHťmajibHHx nponoBÍneií He naTOBaHa tohho, i jih-me mobhí 03HaKH Ta ejieMeHTH 3MÍcTy BKa3yiOTb Ha ix HajieacHÍCTb Ho CTapoi KHÍBCbKoi jiÍTepaTypn. Jiňme nBa aBTopn bíhomí naM Gjihjk-Tje CE (řeoflocia Ta MHTponojiHT IjiapioH. IH.e ôíjibine, híjk aHo-HiMHicTb, niKOflHTb po3inyKyBaHHio cTapnx nponoBineü nÍ3HÍnie npn-nHcyBaHHH ix cbhthm, otijhm i^epKBH Tomo- Ha JKajIb, iCTOpHKH jií-TepaTypH He 3BepTajiH HajiejKHoi yBarn Ha cthjib 6e3yM0BH0 CTapnx
aHOHÍMHHX TBOpÍB.
2. Cb. <E>eonociGBi (noMep 1074 p.) npnnncyBaHo nÍBTopa jjp-cflTKa TBopÍB cepen hhx — mojihtbh, 10 nponoBineö, jihcth ho khh-3h 13'acjiaBa Ta KijibKa ypnBKÍB 3 „noBHaHb", qo ix Heciip ycTa-bhb ho <í>eoHOCÍGBoro jkhtíh. JIhčth ho khh3s l3'flCJiaBa, HaneBHe,
71
<řeo;n;ocÍGBÍ He HajiemaTb; bohh g BiflnoBiflHMH Ha 3annTaHHa Ka-HOHÍHHoro xapaKTepy, mo ix khh3b aflpecyBaB, HaneBHe, HKOMyet
3HaBIíeBÍ; 3a npOTHKaTOJIHUbKHM 3MÍCT0M -        TOJIOBHe OflHOrO 3 HHX
— ix Tpeöa BBajKaTH 3a TBopn „<S>eoAOcÍH (<Ě>e;n;oca) TpeKa", nnca-
hiimii flO ÍHHIOro KHH3H Lä'aCJiaBa CTO pOKÍB nÍ3HÍHie. JIhCTH 30 KHfl-
3a CBHTOCJiaBa BTpaneHi, bíromo Jinnie KÍjiBKa syJKe pÍ3KHX cjiíb Ha a,o;pecy KHa3H, HKoro cbjithh nopÍBHiOG 3 KamoM. HecTÍp 3ra-flyG npo HHCJieHHi nponoBÍn,i «reo^ocia 30 Hapo^y ra neHnÍB; Ha jKajib, 3 nepmoi rpynn He MacMo JKan,Horo neBHoro 3pa3Ka. U,ÍKa-Be noBnaHHa npo Kapn Bojkí, BCTaBjíeHe ho jiÍTonncy, He HajiejKHTb í>eop;ocÍGBÍ. 3 nponoBiflen 30 ^eHnÍB «reoflociGBi HaneBHe HajxejKaTb n'axb.
IIponoBifli «reoflocia MaiOTb MopajiLHe 3a6apBjieHHH. 33e6ijiBino-ro n,e — naraayBaHHa neHiiaM npo BHMorn ^epHe^oro Himy: bíh xo-HHceHHa 30 i;epKBH Ta noBaJKHoro noBOflJKeHHH npn 6orocJiyJK6i n,o floöpoHHHy, npani, noKopn, TepniHHa, orace, — bíh, 30BHÍniHBoro fío BHyTpiniHboro. Ha30BHÍ noBHaHHa 3aBJKflH KopoTKi, fleani nepenoB-HeHi TeKCTaMH 3 CB. JlncBMä, mmi KopncTaioTBca hhmh noMÍpKOBa-Hiuie. MoBa — npocra. TnnoBHX nepKOBHO-cjiOB'aHCbKnx cjiíb Majio: HoöpoHHHCTBO, ÔJiaroHpaBHG, florjpojiinHHH Torno, 3aTe g Haponm cjio-Ba: CBHTa, nocjiyx, TpnBaHHG i t. n. Ajie HecnpaBen,jinBo 6yjio 6 yBa-jKaTH, 111,0 nponoBi^i <E»eoHocia no36aBJiem 6yflb-aKoro JiÍTepaTypnoro 3a6apBJieHHH Ta JíiTepaTypHoro BMÍHHa. HaBnaKn, <í>eojj;ocÍH 3Haxo-flHTB cjioBa i fljia xapaKTepncTHKn ncnxÍHHnx nepeJKHBaHb, ■— xbh-jnoBáHHa, posflpaTOBaHHa, niflHeceHHa Tomo: ,,cepíne ropnTb", „nynia TaHe (ncTaeBaeTTj)", „oipycnra cyivi", „3 cjib03aMH mobjiio ripKÍ cjio-Ba"; bíh roBopHTb npo „caHHa" b flymi, npo „CMepTb rpixa". HacTO CBo'i HyMKH bíh o^araG b cpopary npocTnx nopÍBHaHb. G GBaHrejibCbKÍ nopiBHHHHa, Hanp., npHT^a npo Mynpnx Ta jrypHHx ;o;íb ■—- »cbí-THjibHHKH" híb — Aymi; ojiia, hko'í 3a6paKJio flypHKM RÍBaM, —- „mh-jiocTHHa"; bíh naraaye GBaHrejibCBKe onoBÍflanHa npo „BHHorpafl-hhk"; tohiiíb Bor bhbíb 3 „Gramy Uboro CBÍTy" ho „6e3Bo;n,Hoi nyc-thhí" Tonro. Ajie <3>eo;a;ocÍH yjKHBac TaKOJK i mninx npHHariflHHX nopiBHaHb: Kannjio — o6pa3 Tíyxa CBHToro; MyneHHKH „caiOTb, aK 3opi"; Haropofla 3a TepniHHa — „Bmenb"; ^eHqi — pa6n Bojkí, My-caTb CTOHTH b nepKBi ,,3b'a3aBnin pyKH". He Bee o6pa3n TpaßHHiHHi. Ajie «reoHocin bmíg po3BHHyxn o6pa3n ninpoico Ta Bpa3JinBo: TaK bíh 3Be ce6e Jinnie 3HapaaAaM Bojkhm — „60 TpocTb He nnnie caMa, aK He 6yse Tóro, xto Heio nnnie, i coKnpa He npocjiaBHTbca 6e3 Toro, xTo Heio cíne"; bíh b^htb, aK Tpe6a CTaBHTnca 30 nyxoBHoi npani: „5ÍK XTOCb o6po6jiac HHBy a6o BHHorpanHHK, to aK 6a*niTb njionn, ru;o pocTyTb, to 3a6yBac i npo (MHHyjiy) rrpaino Bifl paflocrn Ta mo-
72
jiHTbca BoroBi, mp6 noBeaoca 3Í6paTH njiifl"; 3ycTpinaGM0 b HBoro TaKoac npöpy aHTHTe3y: „Kojih HaM He nanyrb yôpaHHa a6o cbhth a6o norocb iHinoro noxpiÖHoro, to poÔHMO co6i 3 Toro BejiHKy nenajit. A kojih nac ryÖHMO, to npo Te He naM'aTaGMo i npo Tě He nenajiHMoca ..."; Kjnon, mo fioro npHHMae MaHacxnpcbKHH KJiionap, «í>eoflocÍH nopiBHKiG 3 EoraeM 3 BÍBTapa*; n.ÍKaBHM g nrapoKe bíhcb-KOBe nopiBHaHHa: öhjio öyflHTB neHn,ÍB no cjiyacôH, — „kojih Haxo-flHTb BHnpaBa Ta 3acypMHTt cypMa, híxto He Moace cnara: hh n.o6pe
JlÍHHTHCa i BOaKOBÍ XpHCTOBOMy ? I TÍ flJia MaJIOl Ta 3aHHKJIHB01 CJiaBH
3a6yBaiOTb i npyatHHy i niTefi, i MaGTOK.. . HaBÍTb rojioBy cbok> hí b mo He cTaBJiaTb, mo6 He nicTaTH copoMy. Ajie, aK bohh caMi thm-nacoBi, TaK i cjiaBa Ix KÍHnaeTbca 3 ix acHTTaM. A b Hac — He TaK. HKin.0 BHTpHMacMo b öopoTböi 3 BoporaMH HaniHMH, to aK nepeMoai-n,i flicTaHeMo cJiaBy 6e3MeaiHy Ta cnonpÖHMoca necTH HeBHMOBHOi..." Ta <E>eonpcÍH roBopHTb He jinine o6pa3aMn; bíh yMÍG i npöpe 3<pop-MyjiioBaTH CBo'i rojiOBHi ayMKH: „HaM HajieacHTb Bin. npan.i cbogi ro-iHyBaTH ôiflHHx Ta MaHn,pÍBHHKÍB, a He nepeöyßaTH 6e3MHHHHMH, nepe-xonann 3 Kejiii np Kejiü"; aöo, roBopann npo cnoBiab: „On.KpHGMO TyT CBoi rpixH nepen ghhhoio jnon,HHOK) (cBameHHKOM), mo6 TaM (Ha cTpaniHOMy cyni) ix He bíhkphjih nepen, yciM bcccbítom" — n,e npHKJia/j; npöpoi aHTHTe3H. <3>eon,ociH KopncTaGTbca nepeKJianHoio nponoBiaHHUbKOK) jiiiepaTypoK) — nponoßinaMH IoaHa 3aaToycToro, ^enppa CTyfliHCbKoro, BacHJia BejiHKoro, a TaKoac MaHacTHpcbKHM ycTaBOM.
Ilpn Bciü npocTOTi nponoBineö «reonpcia n,e npöpi 3pa3KH npo-noBÍflHHiĺbKoro CTHJiK), 3 yMÍHHaM npoMOBjiaTH np cepn;a i no po3yjviy.
3. nopyn npocTHx nponoBinefi <E>eonpcia MaGMO 3 Toro ca-Moro CTOJiiTTa niflneeeHy npoMOBy MHTponojiHTa IjiapioHa, mo fioro nepnioro He-rpeKa nocTaBjieHo MHTponojiHTOM 3a kh. ČIpocjiaBa Myn,-poro 1051 p. Bace b piK cMepTH HpocjiaBa, 1054, LnapioH He 6yB mht-ponojiHTOM. He BinoMo, nn bíh noMep, nn bíäíhhiob 3 MeTponojiii (aK nexTo npnnycKaG, no ITeHcpcbKoro MaHacTHpa). Horo npoMOBa npo ,,3aKOH Ta ÔJiaronaTb" (MHJiicTb Boaíy) — ÖJincKyniiä 3pa30K ny-xoBHoi KpacHOMOBHocTH. Ajie n;e BjiacHe He nponoBinb, aK „noBnaH-Ha", a panine cBHTKOBa yponncTa npoMOBa, mo Morjia 6yTH BHrojio-meHa HaBÍTb He npn öorocjiyacöi. ÜHcaHHii net TBÍp MÍac 1037 Ta 1050 pp. Oôcar fioro po3MÍpHo bcjihkhh ; ynBoe öüibhihh, híhí pa30M yci n'axb nponoBinefi cb. <í>eonpcia 30 neHnÍB. nopyn nboro Ijiapio-hobí npnnHcyGTbca „IcnoBinamia Bipn" Ta Tpn mmi nponoßini. npH-nymeHHa, mo IJiapioH- nÍ3HÍnie, ôyBimi nin, iMeneM HHKOHa, neHnpM
*) nop. cKa3aHe npo kjik>^, hk npaBHHií chmboji, — „floicTopHiHHH nepioA" I. B. 3.
73
üenepcLKoro MaHacrapa, oöpooHB 1073 p. jiítoiihc Ta mo ôoMy Ha-jieaoiTb yKaaflaHHa „l36opHHica" 1076 p. Ta neaici CTairi b HbOMy —-rinoTeTH^Hi.
4. ripoMOBa IjiapioHa po3nanacTbca Ha Tpn aacTHHH: nepina ^acTHHa peTopHHHe, aae 3MÍcT0BHe Ta nprMaTHHHO-rpyHTOBHe npoTH-CTaBJíeHHa CTaporo Ta HoBoro 3aBÍTy, — „3aK0Hy", nin. akhm acnan aiOflH no npHxony XpncTa, Ta „ôaaronaTi", nin, hkoio acHBe bh3bo-JieHe Ta BHKynjieHe XpncTOM jnoncTBO. íupyra nacTHHa — ne noxBa-jia KHa3eßi BojionHMHpoBi, hkhh npnenHaB Pycb np HaponÍB, mp aic xpncTHaHH ninaaraiOTb ,,6jiaronaTÍ" Boadö*; TpeTa nacTHHa — mo-jíHTBa. IIpoMOBa IjiapioHa He g mhmcb Haa3BHHaimo opHťmaabHHM. ICTopHHHi npoTHCTaBjíeHHa hbox noHaTb i noxBaan sycTpi^acMo b nponoßinax oth,íb ijepKBH, a MOJíHTBa HaBÍTb Hacainyc BinoMi Ham 3pa3KH. Ajie TBip LnapioHa — np ne npaMe HacjiinyBaHHa aicorocb neBHoro TBopy xpncTHaHCbKOi rpei^bKoi JiÍTepaTypn (g neaica cxo-acicTb 3 nponoBÍa,n,K) g(ppeMa CapHHa Ha CBaTo ÍIpeoôpaaceHHa). Ijia-pioH KopHCTyGTbca cb. ÜHCbMOM, TaKoac anoKpHĺpaMH Ta IIIecTonHe-BOM. XapaKTepHCTHHHi pa npoMOBH acHa oynpsa, np6pHft po3bhtok ayMOK Ta Han3BHHafiH0 BMine KopncTaHHa BciMa 3aco6aMH BHpoöJie-
hoí BÍ3aHTÍÔCbK01 peTOpHKH.
riepnia ^acTHHa npoMOBH nicjia KopoTKoro noxBaJibHoro BCTy-ny — nonaKH BoroBi 3a xpHCTHaHÍ3airiK> Pycn — nepexonHTb np nopiBHaHHa cTaHy aionea nepen. xpncTHaHCTBOM ra nicaa npHHHaTTa
XpHCTHaHCTBa.   XpHCTHaHCTBO   3MaJIbOBy6TbCa   aK   nOBHHH noBopoT
ycboro icTopHHHoro niJiaxy jnoncTBa. Tane npoTHCTaBjíeHHa npn-poflHe Ta BjiyHHe. Jlnuie, xapaKTepH3yiOHH nepenxpHCTHHHCbKHH CTaH, IaapioH He nyace Bnaao 6epe He cjioB'aHCbice noraHCTBo, a cTa-po3aBÍTHy peairiio. npoTHCTaBjíeHHa CTaporo Ta HOBoro 3aBÍTy ac-Kpase Ta peTopHHHo no-MHCTeHbKH 36ynoBaHe. KopoTKo HaMineHO npoTHCTaBjíeHHa — aHTHTe3y, a noTÍM po3BHHeHO Ha nopiBHaHHax:
CTapHH 3aBÍT -■ MÍCaHb, hobhh -        C0HH6, CTapHH -        TlHb, HOBHÍÍ -
CBÍTJIO,  CTapHH - híhhhh XOJIOH., HOBHÍÍ - COHaHIH6  TenjIO TOIH.O-
HanpHKiHi^i nepuioi HacTHHH 3H0By noBTopeHe npoTHCTaBjíeHHa Bace cneuiaabHo mono CTapopycbKoro norancTBa Ta xpncTHaHCTBa: 6e3-HaniSmcTb Ta Hanja Ha Bi^rae acHira, cainoTa ö rjiyxoTa Ta bíhkpht-Ta onefi Ta Byx", 3aMicTb 3ai'KaHHa noraHCTBa, „acHa MoBa" xpnc-thhh i T. fl.
„MaHnpiBHHKH ôynyrm, BoporH Boacii öynyHH, Ha3BaaHca awnbMH Bohchmh, Ha3Baanca chhämh BoacHMH".
*) Abtop yHCHBae me CTaporo xo3apcbKoro cJioBa „KaraH" — ijboro cJiOBa IjiapioH y3KHBae t&kojk i b „IcnoBiflaiiHi bíph".
Hj nopiBHHHHíi HaÖJiHHcyiOTLCfl Bace n° Tiei chmbojiíkh, HKy 3ycTpi-H6MO b nponoBiflax HacTynHoro BÍKy. IjiapioH po3BHBae cbo'í npora-cTaBJíeHHíi Ha cTapo3aBÍTHHx npHKJianax, ceHC hkhx — „paôCTBo" jnofleS nin BJianoio CTapo3aBÍXHoro 3aKOHy i „chhíbctbo" ix nin BJia-noK> „ÖJiaronaxi". TaKe npoxncxaBJíeHHH hjia xhx, naciB kojih pa6-cxBo 6yjio me peajibHHM HBHmeM xa peajibHoio He6e3neK0io jiioncb-Koro JKHTxa — Han3BHnaÖHo Bpa3JiHBe. 3 n,boro npoTHcxaBJíeHHa
BHpOCXae  i  nOÖpHH   BHKJian  XpHCXOJlOril  h k  npOTHCXaBJíeHHH rbox
cnojiyneHHx y Xpncxi „Haxyp" — ôoatecbKoi Ta JiioncbKoi. B KopoT-KHx Te3ax n,i npoTHcxaBJíeHHÄ naiOTb 3aKÍHneHy KapTHHy florMaTHn-ho'í HayKH uepKBH npo nsi npnponn XpacTa:
hk jiionHHa noBHBca nejieHaMH,
hko Bor 30peK> npOBOflKB bojixbíb,
íik jHOflHHa JiencaB y acjiax,
HKo Bor npHHHHB Bin bojixbíb nonapyHKH Ta nOKJliH, sík JiionHHa btík no GrnnTy,
i HKO BorOBi BKJIOHHJIHCH T06Í pyKOHijIbHi (inOJIH)
[ GraneTcbKi,
hk jiionHHa CKyiiixyBaB OĽ,xy
Ta BinaaB nyx,
HKo Bor 3aTpHMas coHi^e i noTpycHB 3eMjieK>, sk jiionHHy noKJianeHo Te6e b rpoôi,
i HKo Bor, Tn 3pyHHyBaB neKJio Ta 3bíjh,hhb nymy • •
i t. n- (17 aHTHTe3).
3aKÍHHHBuiH nepuiy nacTimy npoTHCTaBjíeHHHM noraHcxBa Ta xpHcxHHHCTBa, IjiapioH nepexonHTb no noxBajín kh. BojionnMnpoBi. KojKHa Kpai'Ha BHXBajiae cBoro anocTOJia: Phm — BLexpa i IlaBjía, A3íh —• IoaHa BorocjioBa, iHnia — XoMy, GrnneT — MapKa, — ,,yci KpaiHH, Micxa i Jiionn uiaHyiOTb xa BHXBajiaioxi. KoacHe CBoro bhh-xejia, mo HaBHHB ix npaBocjiaBHo'i Bipn. BioxBajiiMo ac i mh no chjií HainiS MajiHMH noxBajiaMH xoro, xxo cxBopHB BeJinne xa nnBHe, Ha-inoro BHHTejia Ta HacxaBHHKa, BejíHKoro KaraHa Hamoi 3eMjii, Bojio-nHMHpa, oHyKa CTaporo Iropa, cHHa ac cjiaBHoro CBaTocjiaBa". nic-jia xapaKTepncTHKH nojiiranHoro 3naneHHa BojionuMnpa, „enHHO-nepncaBija" PyctKo'i 3eMJii, IjiapioH nepexonuTb no oxpnmeHHa Bo-jionHMnpa — „i an bíh TaK JKHB, npaBJíann 3eMJieio cBoeio í3 cnpa-BenJiHBicTH), MyacHicTK) xa po3yMOM, cnonoÔHBca bíh BinBinHH Bo-jkhx". He BnjiHBOBi rpenbKo'i nponoßini, a noKJíHKaHHio EoJKOMy npnnHcye IjiapioH HaBepHeHHa Bojionmvinpa no xpncxnaHCTBa: „no-
75
3HBHJioci> na HLoro BceMHjiocTHBe oko ÖJiaroro Bora i nociajio b cepnj. noro flyMKy 3po3yMÍTH cyexy noraHctKoi omshh Ta inyKaTH GflHHoro Bora ..." JlHHie TOfli bíh 3BepTaeTbca mo „öjiaroBipHoi 3eMjii rpenb-koi" no oxpnmeHHa: „KaraH cKHHyB 3 ceôe pa30M 3 oflaroM i cTaporo HOjioBÍKa, CKHHyB TJiiHHe, oTpycHB nopox HeBÍpCTBa i, BBÍHUIOBIUH b CBHTy Kynijib, nopoflHBca Bifl Ayxa i borh, xpncthbca bo XpHCTa, BflarHyBca bo XpncTa ...".
ypo^HCTO Majiioe IjiapioH Kpamy b panocTi Ta cbítjií xpHcraaH-CbKOl BipH, 3aKÍH*iyK)HH:
„XpHCTOC noöiflHB, XpHCToc nepeinir,
XpHCTOC boi^apHBCH,
XpHCToc npocjiaBHBca..."
IjiapioH nepexoflHTb ro noxBajiH KHasesi BojioflHMHpoBi aK xpncTH-aHHHy, Majiioio^H Kaprany ôoro floöpo^HHy b ocTanm poKH íioro jkhtth Ta BKasyio^H Ha nÍ3HÍniHH po3bhtok xpncTHaHCTBa Ha Pyci. noxBajia KyjibMiHye b naTei-HHHOMy 3aKJiHKy 30 BojioflHMHpa: „Yc-TaHb, ^lecHo rjiaBo, 3 Tpymi tbogi, oTpycn coh: 60 th He BMep, ajie cnnin 30 3arajitHoro BocKpeciHHa bcíx. yciaHb, th He BMep, 60 He rojuHTBca BMepTH TOMy, XTo yßipyBaB y XpncTa, jkhtth BCtoro cbí-Ty.. .", — i IjiapioH npofloBHcye phtmíhhhmh 3aicjiHKaMH:
„noflHBHCt Ha CHHa TBoro Teopria*
noflHBHCL na ßjiaroBipHy HeßicTKy tboh) IpHHy, noAHBHCb Ha OHyKÍB Ta npaBHyKÍB,
aK BOHH JKHByTB,
aK ix oxopoHae Tocnoab,
aK BOHH TpHMaioTbca ÖJiaroBip'a 3a 3anoBÍTOM tboím,
hk y^an^aHDTb 30 cBarax n,epKOB,
aK cJiaBjiaTB XpHCTa,
aK noKJioHHiOTbca iMem Horo!
IToflHBHCb Ha mícto, mo caG bíhhíctk), noflHBHCb Ha r^epKBH, m;o KBiTHyn., noflHBHCb Ha xpHCTHHHCTBO, m° pocTe,
nOHHBHCb Ha MÍCTO, idjo, OCBÍTJieHe ÍKOHaMH cbhthx, SjínmHTbca, mo THMÍaMOM OBÍaHe,
mp noxBajiaMH Ta 6oiKecTBeHHHMH nicHaMH o3By^eHe..."
*) Teopriň — xpiacniHHCtKe ím'h kh. HpocjiaBa.
76
3aKÍHHyGTbca „cjiobo" aHTHTe3aMH, mo HarajryiOTb 3H0By 3arajibHy TeMy npoMOBH — npoTHCTaBjíeHHa floxpHCTHHHCbKoro Ta xpHcraaH-cbKoro CTaHy Pycn:
„Paflyöca, KHa3io-anocTOJie,
iiio nac, flyuieio MepTBHx, Bifl xBopoÖH
iflOJIOCJiyJKÖH
BocKpecHB, 60 Hepe3 Te6e mh
OJKHJ1H Ta jkhtth XpHCTOBe nÍ3HaJIH,
CKopqem 6yBiUH Bifl Oícobcbkoi oÔJiyflH,
Hepe3 Te6e mh BHnpaBHJincb i BCTyiiHJiH Ha niJiax acHTTa, cjiini cepfleHHHMH oHHMa 6yBura
Bifl 6ÍCÍBCbK01 OMaHH, OCJlinjieHÍ He3HaHHHM,
nepe3 Te6e 3po6HjiHCb BHfliorni cbítjio TpHcoHaniHoro EoxcecTBa, hímí 6yBiuH,
^epe3 Te6e 3aroBopHJiH i hhhí,
Majii ö BejiHKi, cjiaBHMo GHHHocyiHHy Tpiöiuo!"
Tßip 3aKhray6 niflHeceHa MOJiHTBa.
5. BHKJiaflaiOHH 3míct npoMOBH IjiapioHa mh noflajra pa30M i xapaKTepncTHKy 11 BHKm^eHoi KOMno3HH,i'i Ta cthjiícthmhhx pne, mo
3 HHX rOJIOBHÍ -       aHTHTe3H, nOBTOpeHHa, 3aKJIHKH (aBTop 3BepiaGTb-
ca i flo MicTa KHGBa), a rojioBHe, pHTMÍKa mobh, mp b nesHHX Micnax, 3aBflHKH napajiejii3MOBÍ cyciflHix pe^eHb, me BHpa3HÍnia. IIapajiejiÍ3M niflTpHMycTbca i nacToio pnMoio: acHo h BejierjiacHo; H3bifle aicoace h BHHfle; Ben b MOJiHTBaxTb npHjieJKaTb, BCH roTOBH npeflCToaľb;
BHJKflb i];epKBH HBÍiTyiHH, BHJKflb XpHCTHaHCTBO paCTyiHp', fla COÖJIIO-
fleib ... Bon. orb BcaKoa para h njTBHema, orb rjiafla h BcaKoa CKop-6h h cbTyatfleHHa; BHJKflb rpafl'b HKOHaMH cBaraxT» ocBliiHaeMt..» h XBajiaMH h ôoJKecTBeHHbiMH nicHMH orjiauiaeMt. iHOfli nooyflOBa peneHb pHTMřqHa:
paTHbia nporoHH, MHp yTBepflH, CTpaHbl ynpoTH, rjiafl yroö3H, öojiapbi yMyflpH, rpaflbi pa3cejiH,
HepKOBb tbok) BTj3paCTH, flOCTOaHHe TBOe COÖJIIOflH,
MyjKH h HíeHbi h MJiafleHHbi cnacH...
77
A6o:
Hartia onkBaa,
acanHbia h ajiHHbiH Hacbimaa, 6oJiaus,m/ľh yxEiueHHe nocbijiaa, npjiacHbia HCKynaa, poÔOTHaa CBoôoacnaa ...
OcHOBHa TeHneHijia TBopy — irpocjiaBjieHHa hoboí xphcthhhcbkoi PycH *iepe3 npocjiaBjieHHa 'if bcjihkhx khh3íb; nepe3 npocjiaBJieHHH nijia noro SaTbKa npocjiaBjieHo TyT i CHHa HpocjiaBa. Ilopyn Han,3BH-naÖHHX jiiTepaTypHHx BjiacTHBOCTeS, hkhx He 3aKpHBae HaBiTb moni CKJianHa MOBa (ôaraxo non.BÍHHHx cjiíb: 6jiaronpH3HpaHHe, paBHO-yMHbiH, paBHoxpHCTOjnoöeqt, MHOronjioflHi i t. r.) 3Míct 3a6e3nenHB TBopoBi BejíHKHH ycnix. He jiHuie yKpai'HCbKa Tpan.HH.ia fioro ni3-Hiuie HacjiiflyBajia (Ejihmcht Cmojihth1! j y FajiHiibKO-BojiKHCbKOMy jiiTonnci noxBajia BojionHMHpoBi BacHjibKOBHneBi 36ynoBaHa Ha 3pa-30K noxBajiH IjiapioHa; KaciaH CaKOBHH y ßipuiax Ha norpeö Caraô-flaHHoro 1621 p. nepecniBye nonaTOK tíg'í ac noxBajiH, KopncTyeTbca TBOpOM IaapioHa i „nepecxopora" 1605 p.), ajie i MocKOBCbKa xa HOBropoflCbKa aixepaxypa (aíHxia kh. JD[MHxpa iBaHOBHna MocKOBCb-Koro, CB. JleoHTia PocxoBCbKoro, KocxaHTHHa MypoMCbKoro, npo-Konia y"cno3bKoro, Hi(pOHTa HoBroponcbKoro, CxecpaHa nepMCbKO-ro i r. R.), aK xanoac i aixepaxypa cepôcbKa (acHxie cb. CHMeoHa Ta CaBH, nncaHe b 13 ct. GpoMonaxoM JJoMeHxiaHOM).
6. Hk yace 3ranaHo, neaici íhhií TBopn npiniHcyBajiHca Ijiapio-hobí. 3 HHx HaöneBHiine fioMy Moace HaaeacaTH KopoTKe noBnaHHa, mpcb cepeflHG Miac nponoBiflnio, mojihtbok) Ta noxBaaoio, nin, Ha3B0io: „3 noaaTKy — ôyjio cjiobo". JXo TeKCTy uboro noBnaHHa nponoBin,-HHK nojnac KOMeHTap-noxBaay i 3aKÍHHye mojihtbok) 3 npöpe 36ynp-BaHoK) kíhh,íbkok>. — 3a cepfio3HÍCTK) 3MÍcTy MoacHa 6 yBaacaxH tbo-poM IaapioHa „Cjiobo o kophctí nymeBHiß", ajie TyT Tpyn,HO BnÍ3HaTH BaacTHBi laapioHOBi CTHJiicTHnm pncn. HapeniTi, „Cjiobo np thx, xto bíhmobhbch Bin, cBhy" (ÍHaKHie „Cjiobo np 6paTa CTOBnHHKa"), ne aBTop BHRiarac Bin. HeHHJB cyBopiiuoro acHTTa, — MaöyTb, Teac Tßip Ijiapiona. B niBneHHo-cjioB'aHCbKHx pyKonncax ôoro npnnHcywTb IaapioHOBi. 3>opRiajibHo boho najieico npociiuie, ajie BHTpnMaHe b rapHOMy peTopanHOMy cthjií — 3anHTaHHa np cjiyxaniB, 3aKJiHKH, npoTHCTaBjíeHHa, rapHi nopÍBHaHHa, Hanp., nepHenbicoro acHTra 3 acHTTaia nTaxiß cepen, npnponH, mo cnißaMH cboimh BinnaiOTb xBajiy BoroBi:
He öyjio b ľx Byxax MicbKoro HecnoKOK),
JHOflCbKOrO KJIHKy,
78
He fliHiHjiH 30 Ix ymeä orn^Hi nicHi noBií,
He ÔanHJIH BOHH, HK KpaÍHa BHHHIJia npOTH KpaiHH Ha ÔHTBy,
... jiHHie öyB b Ix onax pyx 3epeB,
(b i'x yxax) myM rajiy30K,
cniß nTaxiB, mo kojkch cniBae cbokj memo.
ToMy Bonn He MaioTb nenajii,
60 no36aBHJiHCL nenajii, bíhíhhiobuih BÍ3 CBiTy. ..
I^ÍKaBO, mo aBTOp HaBÍTř> ÍpOHÍ3yG 3 npOMOBUlB, mO CB01 Myflpi flyMKH
npHKpHBaiOTb 3aHaflTO niTyHHOio mobok> — n,e xe caMe, hk6h Jimap jiiKyBaB paHy „Kpi3B oaar". YpHBOK UBoro „CjioBa" (a6o hh He jihc-
Ta?)   BHKOpHCTaHHH  nÍ3HÍHie  b  „CjIOBÍ",  ÍIKe  3  neBHOK) niflCTaBOK)
npHnncyBaHo Ejihmchtobí CMOJiaraneBi (3hb. II. B). — JXexTo BBa-JKaB 3a HeňMOBipHi TaKi rocTpi Hana^H Ha nepHeubKe híhtth b toh nac, KOJiH 30 MaHacTHpiB öhijih JiHHie tí, xto caM nonyBaB noKJiH-KaHHH 30 acKeTHHHoro íkhtth; ajie aBTopn nponoBifleö, nonepme, HHiJiH 3a neBHOK) TpaflHmeio, mo TaKy KpHTHKy nepHenoro hchtth 3Hajia, a, noflpyre, 30 ncHxojiorľí ycHKoro acKeTH3My najiejKHTB neB-Ha nepeôijitineHa cyBopicTB BHMor, mo BôanaG BejíHKi MopajiBHi xh-6h TaM, ne i'x HeivraG a6o fle bohh ne TaKi BiKe bcjihkí. B KOJKHOMy BHnaflKy „Cjiobo" — CTapnô opHrmajiBHHH TBip, a TaKi TBopn 3JIH Hac n;ÍKaBÍ, He3ajie>KHo BÍ3 Toro, xto ix aBTop.
7. Ille neBHy kíjibkíctb nponoBiflen MOJKHa BiflHecTH 3 neBHOK) HMOBipHicTK) 30 11 ct. J\o HHx HajiejKHTb, HaneBHe, nepßicHa cpopMa „CjioBa HÍKOGro xphctojiio6d;íi", — nponoBÍ3B, mo b híh aBTop Ha-naaac Ha noraHCBKi BipyßaHHH Ta 3BHHaí cboí'x cynacHHKiB. 3ra3KH npo 6orÍB ,,IIepyHa, Xopca, CnMa-Perjia, Mokohi" Ta 3BHnai, mo 3 KyjibTOM Ix Ta „Po3y, Po>KaHHHB" 3B'H3aHÍ, cnojiynem 3 TeKCTaMH cb. ÜHCBMa. „Cjiobo" chjibho 3MÍHeHe b nÍ3HÍmi nacn. 3 ím'hm „Xpnc-tojhoöuh" bíhomí fi mini cTapoBHHHi „cjioBa", — npo noKipmcTB jry-
XOBHOMy oti^eBÍ, mo B HÍH TäKOHC 3yCTpÍnaGM0 HHMajIO BKa3ÍBOK Ha
CTapi 3BHHaI: „poHcaHHHHy Tpane3y, MOJiemie KopoBaÖHoe" (hh He „KopoBafi" Ha BeciJiJii?), „HíejieHHa h KapaHHa" (acajii 3a noMep-jihmh), Ta TaKOJK „Cjiobo npo HeBHHmcTB". „XpHCTOJiioöen.B" — n,e
MOHÍJIHBO   CBÍTCBKHH   nOCJliflOBHHK XpHCTHHHCTBa.
Jlynce CTapi i 3B0G cjiíb TpHropia (b pyKonncax — „BorocjioBa", ajie b 3ÍHCH0CTÍ öijiropoflCBKoro cnncKona) npoTH nnanTBa. íle —
He JIHUie 30CHTB HCKpaBi MaJIIOHKH nHHHTBa, ajie TäKOJK i 3aKJIHKH 30   XpHCTHJIHCBKOrO   jkhtth'.    „CnOÄHBaHMO   CTpaBH   CBHTHX KHHI\
a 3aMicTB nHTTa — HayKH ra onoßiflaHHH cbhthx otuíb. íle cbhto BoroBi! íle pasicTB cbhthm! U,e cnaciHHH 3ými! íle 33opoB'fl Tijiy! íle HeßiflxiflHa cTopojKa jrarojia xopoHHTejín! ľS<e npor-HaHHH 6ícíb!" MoHce TOMy jk TpHropiGBi HajieaíHTB m© 3bog noB^aHB CBnmeHHKaM.
79
BimiiyKaHO 3a 3MÍctom Ta mobok) me muri CTapi noBnaHHa, mo cnpflMOBam npora con,iajiBHoro raiiy, HeBijiBHHirrBa, mo noBonHTB jnoaeä HaBÍTb fío caMoryöcTBa, „Knnaionnca b Bony Ta cboimh pynaMH
CnpHHHHHIOHH Co6Í CMepTB", npOTJÍ BÍHCOTKÍB (,,pÍ3ÍB"), mo „HK 3MÍfl,
acepyTb ôíhhhx", npOTH jiHH,eMipcTBa ôaraTim, mo, nocTanncB, „no-
lflaiOTB TĹ7IO ÖpaTHC", npOTH KHH3ÍB, ib.o HÍ6h He 3HaK)tb, II^O poÔJiaTB
Ixhí ynpaBHTejii. U.i Bnpa3H HaranyiOTB npo con,iajiBHÍ pecpopMH Bo-.jiosHMHpa MoHOMaxa HanpHKÍHn;i 11 ct.
06pa3H JKHTTH 6araTÍiB b o^híh nponoßini* HaranyiOTB nÍ3HÍnii o6pa3H b jiHCTax IßaHa BnineHCBKoro: ôaraTiíi
,,3KHB Ha 3eMJIÍ p03KÍHIHO,
b nypnypi Ta nioBKy xojihb,
kohí noro ronoBam, moxořrai,
nninaiOTBca 30Jiothmh BÔpaHHaMH,
cin,Jia noro nosojionem,
paôn, mo Hflyrt nepefl hhm, nncjieHm,
B IHOBKy H HaHIHÖHHKaX 30JIOTHX,
a íhhií 3-3any b HaMHCTi i HapynHHKax,
Ha Tpane3i npncjiyrn ôaraTO,
nocynn KOBam 3 30Ji0Ta Ta cpiôjia,
CTpaB 6araTo Ta pÍ3HHX,
TeTepi, rycH, acypaBjíi, paônnKH, rojiyÔH,
KypH, 3aHH,i, BenpH, nnnnHa
njsß uiß KÍJiBKa Ha3B CTpaB, neaid He3po3yMÍJii: „naivrBpH, TptTOBe, neneHH, KprbnaHia, iiieMi>jiH3H".
nami cpiôm bcjihkí no30JioneHÍ,
KyÔKH Ta kotjih,
nHTBa ôaraTO, — Men, KBac, bhho, Men hhcthS Ta 3 nepn,eM,
nnaiíTBO bck> Hin 3 rycjiaMH Ta conijncaMH . ."
JXesiKi nponoBini 3ranyioTB nonľi CBoro nacy, TOMy MoacHa íx npn ÖJIH3HO naTyBaTH. Skiiio roBopHTBca npo nepeHecemia MoiniB cb. Mhkojih aôo npo „PycB" aK „HOBOxpnineHHH" Hapon,, aK b oshíh pHTMinHo 3ÔynoBaHÍn nponoBijii Ha nomaHy Boroponnnj, — to npo-noBifli MoacHa 3 bcjihkoio hmobíphícthd naTyBara 11 ct.
*) H,n nponOBiflB — nepepo6Ka flBox rpeijbKHx nponoßifleö loaHa 3jiaTo-ycToro.
80
CTapi nponoßifli pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ i b TeMaTHiy i b cthjií. Ilopyn npcHTb npocTHX nponoBinefi: Ha BejiHKHH nicT, 3HaxonHMO ypo-hhctí „noxBajiH" (e Han3BHnaHHo nnniHa cb. <PeonpcieBÍ, m,o nÍ3Hiuie BBiánijia no CKJiany „nenepcBKoro IlaTepHKa". J-Jhb. II. T.).
36HpaHHfi Ta ocBÍTJieHHH cTapnx nponoBineä BapTO me nponoB-
JKHTH. CTHJliCTHnHO ix MaOHíe He BHCBÍTJieHO.
B. IIOBicTapCTBO
1. CßiTCBKe opnriHajibHe noBicrapcTBO b CTapopycbKÜ jíiTepa-Typi a6o He posBHHyjioca a6o 3aTpaHeHe. Ilpore, MaeMo b CKJiani jií-Tonncy*, a nonacra ä OKpeMo KijibKa TBopiB, am penpe3eHTyioTb naa Eac noBÍCTapcTBO, rojioBHe, nyxoEHe. Tßopa nboro THny nepeKa3yiOTb npo nonťi, CTHjiicTH^HO xHxaiOHHCL míjk „npoTOKOJibHHM" Ta naTe-
thihhm i CTHJliCTHHHO BHTOHHeHHM OnOBÍflaHHHM. TnnOBHM HJia Jjy-
xoBHoro onoBÍpiaHHfl e Te, iho boho Mac neBHy „Mopajib", mo onoBinan
POÖHTB 3 HBOrO neBHHH pejliriHHO-MOpaJIBHHH bhchobok, HJO HOľO bíh
sneoijibina nonac HHTaneBÍ aK acHo ccpopMyjibOBaHy ceHTeHi^iio. J\o TBopiB nboro THny HajieaíHTb y jíiTonnci KiJibKa onoBinaHb. Iii ono-BiflaHHH He yKjianeHo b neBHi xpoHOJiormm paMKH JiÍTonncy, ix jinine 3anncaHo nin, neBHHM poKOM, ajie bohh e 3aKÍHneHHMH HapncaMH,
KOJKHe 3 BJiaCHHM nOMaTKOM, BJiaCHHM KÍHH,eM, Ta naCTO 3 BJiaCHOK)
„MopajiJiio". JXo nic! rpynn Moama 3apaxyBaTH m,e 03HH oíjibhihh caMocTiÔHHH TBÍp, t. 3B. „CKa3aHHG" npo 3aÖHTTH BopHca Ta Tjiiöa Ta HH3Ky npiÖHiiHHx onoBinaHb npo nyneca, npo mohu (3Haxin, mo-ihíb cb. <í>eonpcia, nepeHeceHHa moihíb Bopnca Ta Tjiiöa), npo ôyap-By Ta ocBíineHHH nepKOB („J-Icchthhhoi" b 996 p., cb. lOpia Ta Co-<pii b Khgbí), npo 3acHyBaHHfl IlenepcbKoro MaHacrapa Tomp. TJeaKi 3 n,HX onoBiflaHb yBirnnan 30 jirronncy a6o np íhhihx TBopiB — (uenepcbKoro IlaTepHKa, Ilpojiory).
2. J-Jbog onoBiflaHb npo 3aÔHTTa Bopnca Ta Fjiioa — onoBinaH-Ha b jiixonHci Ta TaK 3b. „CKa3aHHG" — He g „acHriaMn", ne Haae-acaTb np n.boro raTyHKy CTapo'i JiiTepaTypn, TOMy HecTip yBaacaB 3a noTpiÓHe nÍ3HÍuie oöpoöHTH npö cainHH MaTepiaji b ,,acHTÍHHOMy" cthjií (hhb. najii I. T.). IIonaTOK onoBinaHHa npo Bopnca Ta Tjiiöa b jiíto-nnci BCTaHOBHTH BaaíKo. B KoaaioMy pa3i nonii nicjia cMepra Bojio-SHMHpa (1015) BHKnaneHo mnHBinyajibHHM oôpoôjieHHM jiiTepaTyp-hhm CTHjieM. nie ninpnie Ta jiiTepaTypHo BHKiHHemme „CKa3aHHG". OÔHflBa TBopH a6o MaiOTb cnijibHe aacepejio, aôo aBTop ,,CKa3aHHa"
*) HMOBipHO, mo ^eHKi onoBiříaHHH 3 JiiTonHcy icHyeajiH hk OKpeMi TBopa, aJie saacKo ue TBep^hth 3 neBHicTio, JlHíue onoBi/jaHHH npo kh. Bacujitica hochtb
yCi 03HaKH caMOCTÍHHOrO TBOpy, aBTOp HKOrO rOBOpHTB BÍ« BJiaCHOrO ÍMeHH.
81
noinnpnB Ta oöpoÖHB onoBiflaHHH 3 JiiTonncy (mo aBTop „CKa3aHHa"
— akhhcb nepHenb ÍIkíb, — 3obcím HeneBHo). 3BHHanH0i jkhtíhhoi paMKH — BHKJian,y npo nonepeflHG >khtth cbhthx, sik ne g b HecTopa
— oÖHflBa TBopn He MaioTB. IIo KopoTKOMy BHKJiafli npo CMepTb Bo-jioflHMHpa noflacTbCH icTopia 3a6nTra Bopnca 3a HaKa30M öpaTa Cbh-TonojiKa, a noTÍM icTopia 3a6nTTa Tjiiöa. OÖHflBa TBopn 3aKÍHHyiOTb-ca noxBajiaMH cbhthm.
„CKa3aHHG" aBTop noHHHaG ceHTeHijieio 3 cb. ÜncbMa — „Pin, npaBHX öaarocjioBHTbca" (IIc. 3, 3) — hí6h HaTHKaioHH Ha Te, mo, npocjiaßjiaiOHH CBaTnx khh3Íb, bíh npocjiaBjiae thm caMHM ysecb KHH3ÍBCLKHH pifl. Po3noBÍBniH npo CMepTb BoJIOflHMHpa, aBTop yKJia-flac b syMKH BopHca CTHjiÍ30BaHHH „njian" y flyci HapoflHHx rojiociHb:
Tope Mem, cBľre o^en mo'íx,
CHHBo i 3ope jinna Moro,
nipnopo iohocth mog'i,
HayKo Hepo3yMy Moro!
Tope MeHi, oT^e i rocnoflHHe míh!
J\o Koro 3BepHycb?
Ha Koro noflHBjiiocb ?
JXe HacH^ycb TaKoro npöporo BHxoBaHHa
Ta HayKH TBoro po3yMy?
Tope MeHi, rope MeHi!
Bace nonyBaiOHH 3arpo3y coöi Bifl CßaTonojiKa, Bopnc 3acno-kok)g ceÖe TeKCTaMH 3 cb. ÜncbMa npo noKopy Ta jikiöob Ta MipKyc npo Te, inp Bce b nbOMy cbítí rHHe:
Bce npoxoflHTb i ripnie naßyTHHH ...
IH.0 npHflöajin 6paTH Moro 6aTbKa Ta 6aTbKo mííí?
J\q ix acHTTa i cjiaBa n,boro cBÍTy,
i nypnypn i uiobkh,
CpiÖJIO Í 30JIOTO, BHHa i MeflH,
flOÖpi CTpaBH Ta ÖHCTpi KOHÍ,
i KpacHi Ta BejiHKi öyflHHKH,
Í MHCJieHHÍ MaGTKH,
i flam i noniaiffl HeHHCJiemri,
i iiHHiaHHa CBOiMH öoapaMH?
Bce n,e flJia hhx — hí6h noro híkojih h He öyjio,
BCe 3aHHKJI0 pa30M 3 hhmh . . .
Bopnc, no^yBaioHH 3arpo3y, xHTaGTbca Miac „n-naneM" Hafl coöoio, Hafl CB06K) MOJioflicTK) Ta noßoacHHMH flyMKaMH, mo hk iioro 3a6'iOTb,
82
bíh 6yae „MynemiKOM rocnoaeßi cBOGMy". — CrjeHa MiHHGTbca — Cbh-TonojíK BHCHJiaG nocjiÍB 30 Bopnca 3 npHBÍTaHHaM, a pa30M i yÖHB-n,ÍB. — Cn,eHa 3H0By míhactbch — Bopnc ctoitb Han, Ajibtoio, ?i;py-jKHHa noro 3ajiHuiHjia, npBinaBíHHca, mp bíh He xo^e oopoxnca npoxn CBHTonojiKa, Bohbuí, mo otohhjih noro HaMeT, ^yioxb, hk Bopnc cniBaG nepefl cxoaom coHna ncajiMH 3 3ayTpem. 3 ncajiMÍB Bnöpam TaKi míčích, hkí ijďikom mnxon,HTb 30 CHTyanií CBaroro: „rocnoan! ÍIk ôaraTo moíx Boporiß! .Hk 6araxo xnx, xxo nocxaBHBca npoxn Mene!" i x. n. Bopnc ^lye xynoxÍHHa (a6o uienix) kojio CBoro naMexy, CBHUJieHHK xa cjiyra EopnciB 6anaiB ÖJinmaHHH 36poi xa nyioxt 6pa3KÍx MeniB. Bohbiíí BflnpaiOTbca no HaMexy i KnaaiOTbca Ha Bopnca. Bace nopaHeHHĚ Bopnc nepen, cMepxio mojihtbch 3a ce6e i 3a Boporiß, BHKJiHKaiOMH y HeBejiHHKoro nonexy, mp 3 hhm 3ajiHuiHB-ca, flyMKH, mo Teac cxHJiÍ30Bam an rojiociHHa. — Cn,eHa 3hob míhh-gtbch — CßaxonojiK MipnyG, in,o bíh noBHHeH me íhiuhx yönBCTB bhk-hhxh, 60 maicnie 6paxn 3'GaHaBninca
... BHaceHyib MeHe,
i 6yay aajieKO Bia npecxojiy 6aTBKa Moro, i xyra 3a mogio 3eMjieio rpH3THMe MeHe, i raHböa raHHTejiiB Bnaae Ha MeHe,
í MOG KHH3ÍBCXBO BÍ3BMe XXOCb ÍHinHH,
i 3anycxÍK)Xb aßopn moí ...
Bíh nocHJiac no Tjiiöa. Tjiiß 3 HeBejiHKOio apyJKHHoro i'ae ao KHGBa, Bia CMOJieHCbKa njiHBy^ra *iobhom. ITo aopo3Í bíh aicxaG BÍcxKy Bia JIpocjiaBa, m;o BMep BojioanMHp xa mo 3a6nTO Bopnca. Tjiio „njia-Hexbca" 3a öaxtKOM i 6paTOM (3HOBy b cthjií Hapoannx rojiocÍHt). KojiH hobhh Tjiiôa i CBaxonojiKOBnx nocjiaHU,ÍB 3ycxpÍHyjiHca Ha ^Hinpi, bohbuí nocKanajiH b nose h TjiiÖa 3 MenaMH b pyícax, — „b ycix noBHnaaajin Becjia 3 pyK, i bcí 3aBMepjin Bia ncaxy". Tjiio, me Maäace anxHHa bíkom, noHHHac 3BopyuiJiHBo mojihth bohbuíb noMH-jiyBaTH noro:
IIoMHJiyHTe mok) MOJioaicTb, ôpaxifl Ta naHOBe m 01! Bh 6yaeTe moímh naHaMH, a a BaniHM h6bíjibhhkom. He noacHHaÜTe MeHe me Heao3pijioro hchtthm! He noacHHaÖTe Kojioca me HecTHrjioro, ajie noBHoro MOJioKa
[6e33JioČHOCTn! He piacTe jio3h, mo me HecTHrjia, ajie Mac njiifl!
npoxaHHa He BnjiHBaiOTb Ha bohbuíb, TaK caMo fi 3BopyniJiHBa moji n TBa 3a poflHHiB, b TOMy HHCJii i 3a „öpaTa Ta Bopora" CßflTonoJiKa. }KaxjiHBÍcTb cneHH nocHJiiOGTbca me thm, mo Tjiiöa 3aKOJiiOG íioro
83
/
Kyxap Top^HH HoaceM, „hko 6e33jio6nBe ama". — Jlnine KopoTKO onoBinaG „CKa3amiG" npo nepeMory HpocjiaBa Has Cbatoiiojikom, npo HaniBÔoaceBÍjiBHy BTeny CBaTonojma, „3a hkhm híxto He aceHeTb-ca", ia npo noro CMepTt fleet y nycrejii míjk Ilojibineio ?a HexiGK)...
— Tßip 3aKÍHHy6Ttca BHTpnMaHoio b 6orocjiyac6oBOMy cthjií noxBa-
jiok) CBHTHM.
JIítohhc 3Öepir onoBiflaHHa b KopoTiniö cpopMi. Boho no^HHacTB-ca npocTO 3 Toro, m,o Bopnc flicTac 3BÍCTKy npo cinepTb ÖäTBKa, a nic-jia onoBiflaHHa npo 3a6HTTa o6ox khh3íb (flajieKo KopoTnii jiipHnm mícijh, HeMaG MipKyBaHb CBaronojiKa), — Hfle 3Haimo niflHecemnia „noxBajra". lipo flOJiio CBHTonojiKa po3noBiflacTLca ninpnie Ta Bace b Meacax jíiTonncHoro onoBiflaHHa.
OÖHflBa TBopH jíiTepaTypHo Hafl3BHHaSHO BHKiHHem. B jiipn^HHX
MOHOJIOraX, pHTMÍ30BaHHX, CTHJlÍ30BaHHX 3fle6ÍJIBUIOrO hk rOJIOCiHHH
(„njia^i") a6o mojihtbh (Bflajio BnöpaHi tckcth 3 3ayTpem, mo nifl-xoflaTB flo CTaHOBnma Eopnca), BacHTO (poparn HapoflHHX rojiociHb, no BCbOMy TBopi po3cnnaHi TeKCTH 3 cb. IlncBMa, BHKopHCTam Tpa-
HHUÍHHÍ  MOTHBH XapaKTepHCTHKH  3MÍHJIHB0CTH  Ta CKOpOMHHyjIOCTH
CBÍTy i t. fl., floöpe BiflTBopeHi nepeacHBaHHa Ta nyMKH, mp ix Morjin Mara Bopnc, Tjiiö, CBaTonojiK. KoacHy ocoôy cxapaKTepnsoEaHO íh-flHBiflyajiBHO: flHTHHHÍCTb rjiiöa, noro jik>6ob 30 CTapmoro 6paTa, BiflflaHicTB CBHTonojiKa ,,6jiaraM nboro CBÍTy" Tomp; ni xapaKTepnc-THKH BnjieTeHi b xifl flii. IIíksbiih yacHTOK ajiÍTepanin, 30KpeMa, hhc-jieHHHX y nonaTKOBiö nacTHHi jiiTonncHoro BapiaHTy. AßTop bhko-pHCTaB cTapiiuy nepeKJiaflHy jiiiepaTypy; flemo bíh HaßiTb 3raflyG, Hanp., acHTTH Hhkhth, B'a^ecjiaBa HecbKoro, /jMHTpa CoJiyHCbKoro, jiereHfly npo lOjiiaHa BiflCTynHHKa, ajie ocoöjihboi 6jih3bkocth 30 nnx TBopiß noMÍTHTH He MoacHa. Tana 6jih3bkíctb HajieacHTB flo Tpa-flnnin „acHTiä". Bejin^ie3HHH yenix „CKa3aHHa" b nÍ3HÍmi ctojiítth, MaßyTb, HaHpo3noBCK)flaceHÍnioro TBopy CTapoKHiBCBKoi jirrepaTypn
— ijíkjiom 3acayaceHHH. IIÍ3HÍnie fioro nepeKJiafleHo i Ha öijiopycBKy Ta yicpaÜHCbicy mobh (noHHHaiOHH 3 „HeTbi" 1489 p.).
3. JXpymu uJKaBHH npnKJiafl flyxoBHoro onosiflaHHa — onoBiflaHHa npo nepniHx nenepcbKnx neHijiB. Boho BciaBjieHe flo jiíto-nney (p. 1074), a 3rofloM flo IleHepcbKoro IlaTepHKa. IIÍ3HÍnie noro nacTo po3KJiaflajin Ha neTBepo OKpeMHX onoBiflaHb npo hothpbox HeHi^iB. Lie 30BCÍM He BiflnoBiflac flyxoBi onoBiflaHHa. 3míct noro npocTHH. IIo^aBniH 3 Toro, mp «reoflocin 3i6paB „TaKHx neHniB, mp chiotb Ha Pyci, HK CBiTHjia", Ta cxapaKTepn3yBaBnin ix KopoTeHbKo, ak flyxoBHy cnijiKy, MjieHH hkoi noBHi jik)6oeh Ta totobocth flono-MaraTH oahh oflHOMy, aBTop 3ynHHH6Tbca Ha kíjibkox 3 hhx. lie — jZLaM'HH, mp jiiKyBaB fliTeô Ta flopocjiHx, noMOJinBuincH Hafl hhmh
8k
Ta noMacTHBuiH Ix ojiígio; GpeMiH, mo MaB „Bin, Bora aap" nepea,-ßanaTH MaööyTHG Ta nyMKH jnoaeii; MaTipiö, mo MaB BHamna, smi BinicpuBajiH äoMy BHyTpiniHG híhtth jnoneň; Hanp., bíh 6a^HB ^op-Ta b o6pa3i aaxa, mp xohhb nin, nac cjiyacÔH no u,epKBÍ Ta KHnaB Ha HeHn,ÍB kbíth, np Koro kbíth npHJinnajiH, toh bhxohhb 3 nppKBH i He noBepTaBca; bíh Öa^hb Kyny ^opTÍB, mp Ha noro 3anHTaHHfl BinnoBÍJiH, mp bohh npHÖnijiH 3a MnxafijioM ToaböeKOBnaeM, — nÍ3HÍnie bhhbhjioch, mp n,eö Mnxanjio — nepHenb — thm nacoM yriK 3 MaHacTHpa. ,ZIoKJiaňHo po3noBÍnaG aBTop npo Icania. Hp hí6h i^eHTp ycboro onoßiaaHHa. IcaKiö, „y cbítí" oaraTHŮ Kynent 3 Toponn,a, BHpiniHB nira np MaHacrapa, po3naB MacTOK 6in,HHM Ta
MaHäCTHpHM i npHHlUOB flO AhTOHÍH rie^epCLKOrO, HKHH Í n,aB HOMy
iM'a IcaKiö Ta „BnarayB Ha Hboro ^epHene BÖpaHHa". IcaKiö nonaB BaaíKe, cyBope acHTTa — bíh BflarHyBca y BoaocaHHino, a Ha Hel EflarHyB cnpy K03aany uiKÍpy, mo 3C0xaaca Ha HtoMy, 3aMKHyBca b MaaeHbKÍH nenepi Ta cím pokíb cnacaBca b „3aTBopi", nicTaiOHH jinine oflHy npociíypy nepe3 npHb, any npHHOCHB HOMy Ahtohíh, Ta TpoxH Bonn. Ojmoro pa3y bhohí 3acaao b nenepi cbítjio, i nepen, Ica-kígm 3'aBHJiHca flBa KDHaKH 3 caoBaMn: „mh HHrojiH, a 3a hemh önp XpacToc, noKaoHHca öoMy". IcaKiö noKJioHHBca nocTari, aKy bíh yßaacaB 3a XpncTa, i onHHHBca TaK y Bjiani MopTÍB, 60 Bce np ßyjia jinine *íopxÍBCbKa oMaHa, hkoí bíh He po3nÍ3HaB. Ilenepa HanoBHH-jiaca HopTaMH, inp n,iay híh 3a6aBJiaaHca IcaKÍGM, 3MymyioHH noro TäHinoBaTH np My3HKH . . . Bpanitf Ahtohíh He nicTaB Ha cbog npn-BÍTaHHa np IcaKia maKoi ßinnoBinj, i, ßin,KpHßniH nelepý, 3HaÉnioB noro HanÍBMepTBoro. Tpn poKH aeacaB IcaKiö Maöace HepyxoMo, no-Majiy bíh 3HOBy HaBHHBca xohhth, ícth ... Aae Tenep bíh yace He saTBopHBca b nelepí, a xonnB no MaHacrapi, npainoBaB 3a Kyxapa Ta „TBopHB loponcTBo"* b MaHacTHpi Ta no3a MaHacTHpeM, a4cTaK)HH 3a CB01 ,,K>poflCTBa" jiaíiKH, a to h noôo'i.. . KopoTeHLKo onoBÍnaG aB-Top npo Te, aK IcaKiö nepeHocHB CTpaniHHÖ xoaon. y 3hmí, ak bíh 60CHMH HoraMH noracHB BoroHb y neni, aK bíh y3HB rojiHMH pyKa-MH BopoHa. Tenep bíh 3HOBy oceanBca b cboih cTapiö nelepí, nopra poÖHJiH cnpoöy cnoKycHTH aöo „nepeaaKaTn"** äoro, aae HÍ^oro He Moran 3 hhm 3Po6hth i Mycian BH3HaTH: „Th Hac nepeMir, Ica-kík>!" KopoTKo po3noBÍflaGTbca npo cMepTt IcaKia. Bce onoßinaHHa saKÍHHyGTtca KopOTeHbKOK» noxBaaoio IlenepcbKHM neHijaM.
*) ,,K>poACTBO" — neBHa (J)OpMa acKe3H: HaBMHCHa HyaepHanBKa noBe-fliHKa JiiOflHHH, HKy 3a qe iHini BHCMiioioTb hh 3HeBaHcaioTb; ajie xaKHÖ lopoflHBHŘ MOHce MäTH iHMajiHö BnjTHB na OTo^eHHH, Hanp., roBopHHH OABepTO npo Te, npo mo „po3yMHi" He tobophtb, Tomo.
**) „JlHKaHHH" HopTiB Mae Ha Meli nopyniHTH piBHOBary jho^hhh, BiflTHr-HyTH ii yßary bí^ iioöojkhhx po3flyMyBaHb.
85
KOJIH MH yBaHÍHÍlUe npHHHBHMOCa flO OnOBiflaHHA, TO noöaHHMO,
mp BOHo He e npocTHM cnojiyneHHaM noTHptox o k p e m h x onoBÍ-nam,. Bce onoBiflaHHH g noBHa g n, h i c t b, , 60 xiepe3 Htoro npoxo-AHTb KijibKa npoBiflHHx nyMOK. OcHOBHa inea — flyMKa npo „napn Ryxa,", 60 caMe npo Taid napn, aK jimyBaHHH, ^HTaHHa n,yMOK, npo-ponraa, flap SaHHTH flyxoBHHH cbít — ifle MOBa b KopoTeHBKHX ono-BiflaHHax npo /],aM'aHa, GpeMho Ta MaTípia. A b onoBinaHHÍ npo Ica-Kia Hfle MOBa npo oahh 3 HaHBaacjiHBiniHx napiB .ZJyxa — „po3pi3HeH-hh flyxiB", 3fliOHÍCTb nÍ3HaTH, „aKoro nyxa" g Te, m,o HaM 3'aBjiaeTb-ca. npo 5,po3pÍ3HeHHa flyxiß" roBopaTt HHMajio onoßinaHb 3 CTapnx naTepHKÍB. IeaKifi, oneBHnHo, He Maß Uboro „flapy JXyxa,", kojih bíh Mir npHHHaTH hoptíb 3a XpHCTa Ta aHrojiiB. Ujo nopT Moace nepe-KHflaTHca „aHroJioM cBÍTjia", npo ne mh MHTaGMO b cb. uhclmí (2 Kop. 11, 13) Ta b anoKpmpax (,,Bn3HaHHa Gbh"), 3Hac npo ne i „IlaM'aTi, Ta noxBajia kh. BojionHMHpoBi" (ahb. I. r. 6). 3 onoBi-HaHHH npo IcaKia bh^ko, mo „po3pÍ3HeHHa nyxiB" He MoacHa npcar-HyTH HaBÍTb HaöcyBopinioio acKe3oio. IUpno Tpbox íhhihx nemjiB, to jiHuie npo acKe3y JJaM'aHa roBopHTbca KijibKa cjiíb. AapH Tíyxa He MoacHa flicTaTH, Tan 6h mobhth, „npHMycoM". I cyßopHÖ acKOT IcaKiß 6yB flyxoBHo wp He 3pijiHH naa Uboro. ni3HÍme bíh Kaace nopTáM: „Bh nepeMorjiH MeHe b o6pa3Í Xphctobím, kojih a me 6yB HeapcTOHHHH TaKoro BHfliHHa". A n,e npHBOHHTb Hac no n,aJibinoi tcmh nboro onoBinaHHa — np nojieMiKH npoTH HanMipHoi acKe3H, 60 «reonpciä 6yB, BjiacHe, npoTHBHHKOM KpaiÍHix (popM acKeTHHHoro acHTTa. OTace, onoBiflaHHH npo nepninx HeHn,íb g bhabom neBHo'í nyxoBHoií Tpannnii uenepcbKoro MaHacrapa.
íle nytfce rapHe TeHfleHijiHHe onoBinaHHa HanncaHe npocTOio mobok), He noMÍTHMO TyT ani phtmíkh, am BHHiyKaHHx (piryp, HeMae iiaßiTb TeKCTÍB 3 cb. ÜHCbMa. Ajie oKpeMi MOTHBH nyace nacTo Hara-AyiOTb onoBiflaHHa CTapnx — Toni Bace bíaomhx y Khgbí -— naTepHKÍB Ta acHTiö.
4. Ille npocTimi onoBinaHHa oíjibui CBÍTCbKoro xapaKTepy npo „bojixbíb" Ta npo KHa3a BacHjibKa. OnoBinaHHa npo bojixbíb (3aHe-ceHe b jiiTonnc nin. p. 1071) g cnojryaeHHaM Tpbox OKpeMHx onoBi-
naHb 3 OflHÍGK) TeMaTHKOK), UJO 30BCÍM He 3B'a3aHÍ 3 THM CaMHM pOKOM.
Bojixbh, mo BHXBajiawTbca cboí'm Bce3HaHHaM Ta npopoKyiOTb npo MaößyTHG, He nepenÖanaiOTb BjiacHoI cbogí 3arn6ejii. lipo nepnioro BoaxBa b Khgbí po3noBÍnaeTbca jiňme b kíjibkox cjioßax — bíh npo-poKyBaB, inp 3a n'aTb poKÍB „ZlHÍnpo noTene Ha3an, Ta KpaÍHH no-
3MÍHK)IOTb CBOl MÍCna", aJie OflHÍGl HOHÍ caM 3HHK.
ninpoKe g onoBinaHHa npo bojixbíb na nißHom y (pÍHÍB. Up onoBinaHHa 3anHcaHe, HaneBHe, 3i cjiíb flpyacHHHHKa ílHa BinnaTHHa,
86
mo noflaB jiiTonHcn.eBi *iHMajio mß ň iHiuoro MaTepiflJiy. aBa bojixbh b PocTOBCbKOMy Kpai 3aneBHHJiH JiioflHicTL nifl nac rojiofly, m,o jkíhkh napaMH „3axoByioTi> CTpaBH" Ta npopÍ3yK>HH tíjio 3a njienHMa imx
JKÍHOK, HÍÓHTO 3BÍflTH BHTHraJIH XJIÍ6 a6o pHÖy, „bhhhhx" hííhok bohh 3aonBajin, a ix Maň ho 3aÖHpajiH coöi.. . Hh, iup 36npaB TOfli noflaTKH, 3aTpHMaB bojixbíb Ta BiflflaB Ix Ha noMCTy poflHHaM 3a6n-THx jkíhok, mo h noBÍCHjiH ix Ha fly6i: ,,TaK oÔHflBa 3arHHyjiH *iepe3 öiciBCbKy Hayny; 3HaBuiH 3arH6ejib íhhihx, cbog'í He 3HajiH..." — ^ajii äfle HÍKaBe onoBiflaHHH npo noraHCBKHň CBÍTorjiHfl (piHÍB („^yfli"), a BCK) u,io cepiK) 3aKÍHHyG MÍHÍHTiopHe onoBiflaHHH npo Ha-poflHe noraHCbKe noBCTaHHH b HoBropofli (MaöyTb, kojio 1070 p.), fle BOJixB noBÍB 3a coôoio Bce HacejieHHa; jiňme flpyHama 3ajiHHiH-jiaca npn KHH3eBÍ rjii6oBÍ Ta enncKonoBi. Tofli KHH3b, y3HBiHH to-iiipenb nifl njiain., nifliínnoB flo BOJiXBa i 3anHTaB noro, hh toh Bce 3Hac. ,,Po3yMÍGTbCH, Bce" — „A mp öyfle cboroflHi?" — ,,3po6jiK> BejíHKi nyfleca". Tofli khh3b BflapHB BOJixBa TonipijeM, toh ynaB MepT-ehh, a Hapofl po3ÍonioBCíi. 2KHBe onoßiflaHHii npHKpameHe jranie ko-poTKHMH 3raflKaMH npo napofliiB 3 cb. IlHCbMa. JXiňcm nepeacHBaHHfl íma Ta onoBiflaHHH npo Bipy „nyfli" ((pmiß) ctohtb TyT nopyn Man-
flpiBHOl aHeKflOTH, iyo TyT li 3aCT0C0BaH0 flO KHH3H Tjli6a Ta KHlBCb-KOrO  BOJIXBa.   OTHCe,   MaGMO  MaJieHbKHH   30ÍpHHHOK pÍ3HOMaHÍTHOrO
MaTepiajiy, 3B'H3aHoro b gahíctb cnijibHicTio ochobho'í TeMH.
5. TaK caMo npocTo po3Ka3ana icTopin kh. BacHjibtca (jiiTonnc nifl 1097 p.). Ajie HaBiTb npocTHH BHKJiafl noflifi caMOBHflueM, Bacn-jieM (MaöyTb, flyxoBHHKOM TepeöoBjicbKoro BacHJibKa* ), ne-
pe3 flpaMaTHHHÍCTb caMHx nofliö Ta 3fliömcTb aBTopa flo runpoKoro BHKJiafly HaöyB Hafl3BH^aiiH0i njiacTH^mocTH. Ilicjiji po3MipHO ko-poTKoro jiiTonHCHoro BHKJiafly npo JIioöenbKHH coöm khh3Íb, hkí TaM „uijiyBajiH xpecT" He no^HHaiH bíhhh oahh npoTH oflHoro, noHHHa-GTbCH onoBiflaHHH npo BacHJibKa cjiOBaMH: ,,I npniimoB Cbhtohojik
(KHlBCbKHH)   3 JlaBHflOM  (BoJIOflHMHpCbKHM)   flO KlIGBa, i BCÍ JIHDflH
6yjiH pafli; jinnie ahhboji JKypHBCH 3 iiígí jiioöobh". IIígm KpacHOK) aHTHTe30K) b onoBiflaHHH BnpoBaflJKyGTbCH TeMa npo HBapn míjk khh-
3HMH HK 1HH flHHBOJia. ,,I BBÍíÍHIOB CaTaHa b Ceplje fleHKHM JIIOflHM, i BOHH nOHajIH rOBOpHTH /JaBHflOBÍ IropeBÍHeBÍ TaKIIMH CJIOBaMH ..."
B (popMi fliHJiory onoBiflacTbcn npo MipnyBaHHH, mp npHBejín JX&bh-fla Ta, nicjiH neBHHX cyMHÍBiB, i CBHTonojiKa flo pinieHHH ycyHyra BacHJibKa HK HeöesneHHoro cynepHHKa 3 nojiiTHHHoro jkhtth. 3ho-By, 3fle6ijibuioro y (popMi po3MOB, onoBiflaGTbCH npo Te, hk Cbhto-nojiK 3aKJiHKaB flo ceöe Ha iMeHHHH BacHJibKa, mo HKpa3 npníxaB
*) JíexTo BBfUKas aBTopa 3a „flpyjKHHHHKa", ajie ^jih qtoro HeMae híhkhx niACTaB.
87
n.0 BHflyßeDjbKoro MaHacTHpa, hk BacHjibKo bírmobhbch Ta Cbhto-nojiK TOfli 3anpocHB fioro ao ceöe b rocTimy: „Hic He oaacacni ne-KaTH Mo'ix ÍMeHHH, to npHxoa& cboroaHÍ, npHBiTaeui Mene i nocnaHMo Bei pa30M 3 ^aBHaoM". BacHjiLKo, He 3BajKaK>HH Ha Te, m,o noro nepecTepirajiH, noixaB y rocTHHy, MÍpnyiOMH: „Hk ujě xo^yiB Mene saxoiiHTH? Mh hc Toai inJiyBajiH xpecT Í3 caoBaMn: xto noBCTaHe npoTH iHHioro, npoTH Toro ôyae i xpecT". Ilia ^ae tocthhh Cbhto-nojiK BHxoaHTt 3 noKOK), a BacHjibKo roBopHTb ao TiaBHaa. Ajie TtaBHa „He MOBHTb i He cjiyxae, Maioan acax Ta 3paay b cepni". Ha-peiHTi BHXoaHTb 3 noKOK) i JX&bkr. BacHjibKa 3aapeniT0ByiOTi> i 3a-KOByroTB b KafiaaHH. Po3MÍpHO KopoTKO HepeKa3yG aBTop nepeöir Ha-paa CBHTonojiKa 3 öoapaMH, BaraHHa CBHTonojiKa, aicoro /JaBHaoßi see ac Baajioca bmobhth. Bhohí BHBe3eHo BacHJiLKa ao 3bhho-ropoaKH. ^CaxjiHBa cn,eHa ocainaeiiHa BacHjibKa onncaHa ay^e fle-TajiLHO. BacHjibKo noöaMHB, mp rocTpaTb híjk i 3po3yMÍB, mp xonyTb noro ocjiinHTH. jj,o noKOio, ae 6yB yß's3HeHHH BacHjibKo, ysiíiiiijio aBa HOJ10BÍKH, po3ÍcjiajiH KHjiHM, ajie BacHjibKo 6opoBca 3 hhmh, TaK mo bohh He MorjiH KHHyTH noro Ha KHjiHM; Toai bbíhhijih iup íhihí, noöopojiH noro, noKJiajiH Ha Hboro aoniKy; ajie HaBÍTb hk Ha aoiHKy cijiH hbog, h® MorjiH fioro BTpHMaTH, Toai 3hhjih 3 ne^i apyry aoniKy, aKOK) npHTHCHyjiH äoro TaK chjibho, inp rpyan noro Tpima-jiH. Toai niaiHHiOB Cbíitohojikíb BÍBHap 3 HoaceM, ajie He nonaB Ba-CHJibKOBi ao OKa i nepepi3aB fioMy jranp; „ no tím yaapHB noro b oko
í bhhhhb oko, nOTÍM -        B aPY^e í bhhhhb HPyre". BaCHJIbKO ji6)KaB,
„hk MepTBHŽ". „I b3ajih noro, noKJiajiH Ha khjihm, hk MepTBoro, i no-Be3JiH ho BojioaHMHpa... i nepeixaBinn 3aBHaceHCbKHH míct, CTajra 3 hhm Ha ToproBHmi, i 3hjijih 3 Hboro copoHKy i aajiH BHnpaTH nona-ní; nonaaa, BHnpaBHiH copoHKy, Baarayaa iľ Ha Hboro (BacHJibKa) b Ton ^ac hk oôiaajiH, i noMajia njiaKaTH nonaaa, 60 bíh 6yB, hk MepTBHÖ. I noMyB bíh njian i mobhb: J\e a? BoHa ac BÍanoBijia: B míctí 3aBHaceHi, i bíh nonpoxaB bohh, i HannBca, i oTaMHBca, i npn-raaaB yce, i noManaB copoMKy i mobhb: HoMy bh 3HajiH n 3 MeHe? Hexaä 6h a b tíh KpHBaBÍH copoain cMepTb npniraHB i CTaB nepea BoroM! . ." — nicjia onoBÍaaHHa npo oöypeHHa íhhihx KHa3ÍB Ta npo nonaTOK íx noxoay npoTH CsaTonoaKa Ta .ZJaBnaa, onoBÍaaHHa, mp Moace BCTaBaeHe ck>hh Bace JiiTomicn;eM, npoaoBacyc cbog onoBiaan-HH aBTop noBÍcTH npo BacHjibKa: „I aK a Tyr 6yB, y BoaoaHMHpi, oaHÍG'i hohí npHcaaB no MeHe KHa3b /JaBna. I a npHHinoB ao Hboro, i apy^KHHa cnaiaa Koao Hboro, i bíh nocaaHB MeHe Ta mobhb ao MeHe: H My b, mp BacnabKO... CKa3aB: ... Hexafi 6h JXaBup, Mene nocay-xaB, to a HaaicaaB 6n Korocb 3 cboíx aioaeä no (KHa3a) Boaoan-MHpa (MoHOMaxa), n\o6 bíh noBepHyBca (ceÖTo BÍaMOBHBca BÍa bh-
88
npaBH npoTH CßiiTonojiKa Ta JJaBHfla). OTace, — nocHJiaio Teôe, Ba-CHJiK), no BacHJi&Ka... i CKaJKH äoMy: Kojih th xonem nocjiaTH CBoro MyjKa Ta BoaonHMHp noBepHeTtca, to n,aM to6í aice xoneiu míc-to: BceBoaoac a6o Hlenoat a6o IlepeMHab! .." 3 nocoatCTBa no Bo-jioHHMHpa mnoro He bhhihjio, aae aBTop nepenaG cboio po3MOBy 3 BacnatKOM, ne BacHji&ko bhcjiobiib nyMKy, mo äoaiy Tpannjioca n,e HemacTH nepe3 noro ropnicTb, 60 bíh Maß 3aHanro BejraKi njiaHH, mpnpaBna, He npoTH íhihhx KHa3ÍB, aae npoTH aaxiß xa noaoBn,iß: ,,A6o Haöyny coöi caaBH, a6o roaoBy nonaany 3a PycbKy 3eMaio". /Jaabrne onoBinaHHH npo BUmy BoaoflHMHpa 3 /JaBHnpM, npo 3bíjib-HeHHa BacnatKa i npo ocTaioHHy nepeMory Hap; CsaxonoaKOM, mo noKaHKaß Ha npnoMory yrpiß, 3naGTbca, BeneT&ca saíe aiTonneneM, a He BacHjieM, — aBTopoM onoBinaHHH npo BacnabKa.
OnoBinaHHH npo BacnabKa, mo, hk 6anHM0, He aHnraaoca b cbo-ifi nepBicHÍH (popMi, a bbíhhľiio no aiTonncy, noKa3yG HaM, aicHH ai-TepaTypHHH xhct mh MoaceMo 3ycTpiHyTH b 11 Bin,i. y HaBeneHHX ypHBKax mh öanHMo npôpy TexHÍKy BHKaany po3MOB, bmíhhh KopoT-Ko xapaKTepH3yBaTH ncHxiaHHH cTaH n,ižoBHx ociô, ix MipnyBaHHa, nepeaíHBaHHa, BaraHHa Tomo. íle onoBinaHHH cboghd aiiepaTypHoio TexHÍKOK) noKa3yc 3piaicTb aBTopa i naa TBopiß öiabiuoro 3HaH6HHa.
6. JXo noBicTapcBKoro MaTepiaay HaaeacaTb i TBopn Toro raTyH-Ky, hkhh 6yB yaioßaemiH Ha yKpami i nÍ3HÍnie, aac no 17-18 ct. (nÍ3HÍHii TBopn Hboro THny HaaeacaTt, Hanp., IleTpoBi Mornai, I. Ta-aaTOBCBKOMy Ta cb. /Jmhtpobí TymrajioBi — „PocTOBCbKOMy"); n,e — onoBinaHHa npo nyneca cbhthx. MacMo 36ipKy xaKHX onoBinaHb npo nyneca Bopnca Ta TaiÖa, am nacTo nonaßaanca no ,,CKa3aHHa" npo npo ix 3aÔHTTa, aae nocTaan aK caMocTÍHHi 3anncH npo nynecHi 03-flopoBaeHHH, npo 3BÍatHeHHa 3 s'aSHHni Tomo, cnoaynem 3 icTopnn-hhmh 3anncaMH npo nepeßeseHHa Momm cbhthx np KnGBa, npo 6y-noBy nepKOB ix ímchh.
IIi3HÍme nocTaaa 36ipKa onoBÍn,aHb npo nyneca cb. MnKoan MipaiKÍHCBKoro. B niň 36ipni cnoayaem nepeKaann Ta noxnpH, 3na-GTbca, opHťmaaLHi 3anncH npo nyneca 3 nacy bíh. noaoBHHH 11 ct. 30 nonaTKy 12 ct. b Haproponi (2) Ta b Khgbí (2).
Ha nbOMy He oÖMeacyGTbca noBicTapcbKHH MaTepiaa 3 airepa-Typn CTapnx naciß. MaGMo h íhhií pemTKH CTapnx onoBinaHb. Hanp., icTopmmo BaacaHBa TaK 3b. „KopcyHCbKa jiereHna", mo onoBinac npo oxpnmeHHa BoaonHMHpa b Kopcym (MaôyTt, Bcynepea nmcHoc-tí, 60 g bcí nincTaBH nyMaTH, mo BoaonHMHp oxphcthbch b Khgbí a6o BacHatKOBi, me nepen, BHnpaBoio). Aae ne „rpeKOípiaBCBKe" TeHneHU,ÍHHe onoBinaHHa ammao flo Hac Teac y cKaafli aiTonncy
89
b ayace 3MmeH0My BHrjian,i, 3 npaaTKaMH 3 aKorocb eninHoro ono-BinaHHH, TaK mp nÍ3HaTH noro cTapy KOMno3Hn,iio Bace Baaato.
IIpan,io Hafl BHnijieHHHM 3 jíiTonncy peniTOK CTapoi jíiTepaTypn BapTo npoflOBJKyBaTH.
7. Mh 6aHHJiH b cTapiň noBicTHpcbKiň jíiTepaTypi HiKaBi npHKJia-AH pÍ3HHx raTymtiB. IIoBicTapcTBo CTaporo KneBa a6o híjikom g a6o HaMaraeTbCH 6yTH íctophhhhm, onoBinaTH npo híhchí nonii. Ajie nepeKa3H noBicTapÍB — He JiHine cyxi, kopotkí 3anncH. Abtoph no-
BÍCTeíl BMilOTb 3po6HTH CBOl OIIOBinaHHH UÍKaBHMH Ta p03BHBaTH CBOG
onoBiflaHHH 3 flpaMaTHHHHM HanpyjKeHHHM. HaíiBHmpro CTyneHa bmí-jiocth npcarHyB aHOHÍMHHH aBTop „CKa3aHHa" npo Bopnca Ta TaiSa, 3 noro naTeTHHHoio pHTMÍ30BaHoio npo30K> Ta CKJiaflHHMH jíiTepa-TypHHMH 3aco6aMH, y3aTHMn naCTKOBO 3 6orocJiyaí6oBHx ťaTyHKÍB, 3 BHKopncTaHHaM TeKCTÍB cb. IlHCbMa Tomo. Aae h íhuií noBÍcrapi BnaBaaiOTb 30KpeMa bmíhhh jíiTepaTypHoro 3o6paaceHHa, BKJian.a-iohh flyMKH Ta nonyBaHHa b npópe 3ÓynpBaHÍ MOHoaorn ajnoBHx oci6. BnKaaa 3ne6iabnioro npCHTb npocTHH, MHCTenbKi npHKpacn cny-ni; HafíSijitniy yBary 3BepTaGTbca Ha nepeSir nonifi. Aae cbíh bhk-jiaa — i b HBOMy Ix HaňÓiatnie bmíhha — bohh nonaiOTb mnpoKO, 3BepTaioHH yBary HHTana Ha OKpeMi BaacjiHBi momchth, bmíiotb no-chjihth HanpyaceHHH onoBinaHHa, „3aTpHMyK>W onoBinaHHa, aK Hanp., y noBicri npo BacnabKa (cn,eHa ocjiinjieHHa!). OnoBinaHHa, mp mh ix 3HaGM0, bcí TeHneHH,ÍHHÍ, aae TeHneHnifirncTb He nepeuiKo-nnaa aBTopaM y BHKOHaHHi cyTO jirrepaTypHHx 3aBnaHb. OnoBinaH-na 11 BÍKy HaaeacaTb np HaiiKpaiHHx TBopiB CTapoi KHiBCbKoi* jíiTe-paTypn.
r. 3K h t i a
1. ,,}KHTÍHHa" aiTepaTypa BHpa3Ho BÍn,pÍ3HaeTbca bíh, jíiTepaTy-pn flyxoBHoi noBÍCTH. ,,5Khtíg" MoaíHa 6yao nncaTH jinine npo c b a-roro, ceÓTo npo npaBen,Hy jnonHHy, aaa BH3HaHHa cBaTocTH akoí Bace icHyBajiH neBHi oSrpyHTOBaHi nam. OxpHineHHa Pycn 3aaBaao-ea cynacHHKaM 3anÍ3HeHHM, xpHCTHAHÍ3anÍGio ,,b ocTaHHio", ,,on,H-HaarjaTy ronHHy". HncaeHHa acnriňHa aiiepaTypa, aica npHHinjia 3pa3y b SojirapcbKHX nepeKJianax, hh 6yaa nepeicaaneHa Bace b Kh-gbí, Moraa hůikom 3anpBoabHHTH noTpeSy ^HTana, thm 6iJibine, inp čepen, HaňcTapininx nepeKJianHHX acHTiň 6yjio ^HMaao TBopiB, niíca-bhx He JiHine acHTÍHHHM 3MÍCT0M, aae ň MHCTenbKoio cpopMoio a6o SorocaoBCbKHMH MipKyBaHHaMH (nanp., atHTia, mo nopyuiyiOTb nn-TaHHa npo Kmenb CBhy — Anapia K)pon.HBoro fi íh.). IIonpHXonH-jih flo Hac i acHTia hobhx caoB*aHCbKHX CBarax: Knpnaa Ta MeTO-p;ia( B'anecaaBa HecbKoro, cb. JIionMHjiH. Ma6yTb, aKpa3 ni aíHTia
90
cnoHyKajiH onncaTH i jkhtth BjiacHHX cbhthx; He flypHo b o6ox jkh-tíhx, nHCäHHx HecTopoM (Eopnca i Tjiiöa Ta <J>eoflocÍH nenepcBKO-ro) MaeMo BiflryKH jkhtíh cb. B'nHecjiaBa.
ÜHCaTH   JKHTÍH   BJiaCHHX   cbhthx   6yjIO   HHMaJIOK) CMÍJIHBÍCTK),
3HaHHjio nocTaBHTH CBOix npaBeflHHKÍB nopyn: CTapnx BejiHKHX cbhthx ia MyMeHHKÍB. CxiflHBOcjioB'HHCBKa JKHTÍHHa jiÍTepaTypa me flOBro Majia xapaKTep Han,3Bir-iaHHoi „ckpomhocth" : Majio ono-BiflaHL npo nyfleca, HeMae HaflMÍpHoro BHXBajiHHHH cbhthx, BejiHKa 3ajieíKHÍcTij Bifl nepeKJiaflHHx a6o cjiob'hhcbkhx 3pa3KÍB. H,io 3a-jie>KHÍcTb He Tpeôa po3yMÍTH TaK, mp aBTopH npocTo cnHcyBajin jkhtíh nyjKHx cbhthx. HaBnaKH, cTapi jkhtíh HaMaraiOTbCH nofla-BaTH floßpe nepeßipeHi Ta neBHi bíaomoctí. Ajie aBTopn Ix, Ha JKajiB, í3 CBoro MaTepiHJiy BHOHpaioTB Tam pncn, mp 3acBÍflHem i b jkh-tíhx cTapiiHHx cbhthx. Hp e hí6h rapaHTÍGK) Toro, mp TaKÍ pncn -—■ cnpaBJKHÍ 03HaKH cbhtocth. Kojih MaiepiHJiy npo cbhthx He icHy-Bajio, to i jkhtíh He nHcajiocH. MaöyTb, jiHine uhm Tpeöa noHCHHTH toô fpaKT, mp HeMac CTapnx jkhtíh OjiBrn, BojioflHMHpa Ta HaBÍTB Ahtohíh nenepcBKoro. lípo uhx cbhthx MaGMo JiHine TBopn, cno-
píflHeHÍ   3   jkhtíhmh,   ajie   ÍHUIOrO   cthjho,   TBOpH,   11(0   He BHMäraJIH
(paKTHHHHx flaHHX. Kjihchhhí TBopH jkhtíhhoi jiÍTepaTypH flaB HecTÍp.
2. Ha JKHTÍi Bopnca Ta Fjiioa, TaK 3b. „Htchhi" HecTopa mo-JKeMo Haöjiinme noöaHHTH, ihm bíapí3hhgtbch jkhtíg Bifl onoßiflaH-HH, npHKJiafl HKoro mh ÖaHHjiH b ,,CKa3aHHi".
HecTÍp noHHHac 3 mojihtbh, fle npocHTB, He 3BaJKaio*iH Ha „rpy-6icTB Ta Hepo3yM*h cepinť' fioro, flonoMorn Bojkoi b nm npani. Bíh, mobjihb, nepeKa3yc jinnie Te, mo nyB Bifl fleHKHX „xpHCTOjnoonÍB", npoxac BHÔaKeHHH HHTanÍB, „6paTÍ'í", 3a cboio  „rpyöicTB". 2Khtíg
nOHHHaGTBCH flOBľHM BCTynOM, mo nOflaG ÍCTOpilO JIIOflCTBa BÍfl CTBO-
peHHH cBÍTy flo noiunpeHHH xpHCTHHHCTBa. MHJiocepflHHH Bor no6a-jKaB xoH b „ocTaHHÍ nm" npHGflHaTH i PycB flo xpHCTHHHCTBa. Hec-Tip Haraflyc GBaHrejiBCBKe onoBÍflaHHH npo BHHorpaflHHK, flo HKoro rocnoflap myKaB po6íthhkíb. — nepma nacTHHa jkhtíh onoßiflac npo khh3h BojioflHMHpa, noro oxpnineHHH, 30bcím He 3raflyK>*ra npn t0-My npo pojno rpeKÍB npn oxpmnpHHÍ PycH. 3raflaBuiH chhíb BojioflHMHpa, HecTÍp 3ynHHHGTBCH Ha BopncoBÍ, onoBÍflaioMH npo öoro
MOJIOfliCTB,   npo   JIIO60B   flO   KHHr,   MOJIHTBH,   ÖaJKaHHH   hth CJlíflaMH
yroflHHKÍB Bojkhx. npo Tjiiöa, ,,flHTHHy tíjiom, ajie flopocjioro po-3yMOM", HecTÍp onoßiflaG hk npo BejiHKoro npnHTejiH BopncoBoro, npo noro „mhjiocthhio", flonoMory ,,JKe6paKaM, baobhi^hm i cnpo-TaM". XapaKTepncTHKa Bopnca Ta Tjiiöa 3amHHyGTBCH nopÍBHHHHHM
ix í3 cbhthmh, 3a HKHMH bohh flíCTaJIH XpHCTHHHCBKÍ ÍMeHa (BopHC
— PoMaH, Tjiiö — JlaBHfl). 3raflaBuiH npo Te, mo Eopnc ynce flicTaB
91
KHH3ÍBCTB0, a Tjii6 (y npoTHJiejKHÍCTi> onoßiflaHHio jiiTonncy Ta „Cna-3aHHH") 3ajiHiuHBCH b 6aTi>Ka, Hecrip 3rajj;yG, mo BojioflHMHp no-cjiaB Bopnca npora BoporiB. Jiňme TyT noHHHacTLca BjiacHe icropia CMepTH CBHTHX, hkío bhkjho^ho npHcBH^em onoBiflaHHH JiiTonncy Ta ,,CKa3aHHfl". Xifl noflin moflo Bopnca, BHKJiafleHO TaK caMo, aií y ,,CKa3aHH'i", JiHiiie Hecrip yKJiaflac b ycTa CBaToro He „miani", a „mojihtbh" Ta He 3ynHHaGTLCH fleTajibHO Ha BHHHKax CBHTonojiKa. y cjioBax, MOJíHTBax Ta BKHHKax Bopnca, me Sijihine, híjk y ,,CKa-3aHH'i" niflKpecjieno öoro SaJKaHHH He nopyníHTH cbogí noKopn Ta
CJiyXHÍIHOCTH CTapiHOMy 6paTOBÍ. -        ICTOpiH TjliÖa BÍflpÍ3HaGTBCa BÍfl
„CKa3aHHa" thm, in,o Tjiío, 3a HecTopoM, He i'xaB flo KncBa, a btí-KaB 3 KHGBa Ta b6hbiií HacTHrjiH noro Ha TJmnpi. „Iljiany" Tjiioa TyT He 3HaxoflHMo, ajie HecTip Taicoac yKJiaflac fioMy b ycra npoxaH-
HH flO BOporÍB, nOfliÔHÍ flO THX, IHO í'x 3HaXOflHMO b „CKa3aHHÍ", BH-
nycKaioqH, inpnpaBfla, noeTHHHÍ nopÍBHaHHa 3 „kojiocom" Ta „jio-30K>". 3aMÍCTb onncy eMonÍHHHx nepejKHBaHt cynyimnäB Tjiioa npn Hanami böhbub, MaGMO npocTe: „Bohh chaíjih noKJiaBuiH Becjia". — ^ojieio CBHTonojiKa Ta KniBCbKoro npecTOJiy jkhtíg He nÍKaBHTbca: CßHTonojiK „yTÍK He jiHHie 3 MicTa, a i 3 cbogí Kpa'ÍHH Ha nyjKHHy Ta TaM i 3aKÍHHHB CBOG jkhtth", i jiHHie HK ^yTity nepeflacTbca npo ňoro ,,jiiOTy cMepTb", aKoii, MOBJ1HB, i xpeôa ôyjio cnoflÍBaTnca fljia „rpiin-HHKa". IIo cMepTi „OKaaHHoro" „npnÖHaB BJiafly OJiaateHHoro (Bopnca, HKoro HecTip noMHJiKOBO BBaaíaG 3a 3aKOHHoro cnaflKOGMna BojioflHMHpa) 6paT öoro HMeHHHM HpocjiaB". — IJe Bce, m,o Hecrip yBaacac 3a noipiOHe CKa3aTH npo nojiiTHHHÍ HacjiiflKn TparÍHHHX noflin. 3aTe bíh floflac flo jkhtth Tpeiio ^lacTHHy, mo i'i npncBanyG Tpa-flnniÖHHM y híhtíhx onoßiflaHHaM npo „nyfleca" cBaTnx, npo ícto-piw nepeHeceHHa ix MomÍB, npo ôyflOBH npncBaqeHnx ím nepKOB to-mo. BcTynHa nacTHHa oöinMac b HaöcTapiuiOMy pyKonnci noHafl niicTb cTopiHOK, onoBiflaHHa npo cwrepTb cbhthx kojio bocbmh, a n,H ocTaHHa ^acTHHa — aac 13: TyT 3HaxoflHMo 10 OKpeMHX onoBiflanb, a 6yjio, MOBjíHB, nie ôaraTO mninx nyflec. HanpnidHni flOflaHO Mip-KyBaHHa npo 3HaneHHa noKopn, a flajii noxBajin cBaraM. Abtop 3ra-flyc i npo ce6e, „HecTopa rpiniHoro", an 36npana MaTepiajiy Ta aBTopa acHTia.
3. Cthjiícthhho ,,}Khtíg" flajieico npocTinie, híhc ,,CKa3aHH6". BiflMOBHBca Hecrip i bíh 3BopymjiHBHx „njiatiÍB"-rojiocÍHb, i Bifl rapHoi phtmíkh, i Bifl ôaraTLox nopiBHaHt. Ajie TBip öoro He hcbmí-JIHÖ. BÍH 3 BeJIHKHM xhctom po3BHBac jiíhíio CBoro onoBiflaHHa, Bfla-jro noflijiHBníH Ta 3rpynyBaBiiiH MaTepiaji. Jlnnie TOMy, mo aBTop
CTaBHTb   c06í  ÍHUie   SaBflaHHH,   BÍH   HaflaG   CBOGMy  BHKJiaflOBÍ 30BCÍM
ÍHmoro xapaKTepy: bíh BHnycKaG Bce nojiÍTHHHe, 3aMÍHaG MOJíHTBa-mh ,,njiaMÍ" a6o jiipHHHi MOHOJiorn; fioro repoí — cBaTi i Becb nac
92
ctohtb nepefl jinijeM Bora. HafixapaKTepHCTHHrninoio pncoio g Te, mp bíh 3aTHpaG Bee KoHKpeTHe. iMeHa bôhbijíb, mo ix nepejiineHO b „CKa3aHHi", TyT He 3raAyi°TbCH, u,e npocTo — „HecTpHMam mými";
He Ha3HBaC BÍH í ÍMeH ÍHHIHX CHHiB BoJIOAHMHpa,  HaBÍTB HpocjiaB
3'HBjiaGTbCfl jiHHie flecb HanpHKÍHn,i b nooÍHHOMy peneHHÍ; Heciip He 3raayc aHÍ „bojiocth" Bopnca, aHÍ nenemriB, npoTH hkhx öoro no-cjiaB BojioflHMHp; bíh Ha3HBac Ix npocTo „bíhcbkobí" („paTHbie") a6o „noraHÍ". HaBÍTb Micxa, BninropoA Ta Khib, 3raAyK)TbCH JiHine no oflHOMy pa3y, a noTÍM ■— n,e BHíe 6e3ÍMeHHÍ ,,BHine3raAaHÍ MÍcTa", a6o „cjiaBHÍ MÍcTa" („Hapo^HTbifi rpafl^"). Ha3B íhuihx míct He 3ra-AycTbCH. y HecTopa 3ycTpňiaGMo JiÍTepaTypHÍ 3aco6H, 3ano3H^eHÍ 3 nponoBÍfleo, Hanp., 3BepHeHHH ao ^HTanÍB. MncJieHm mojihtbh öoro TBopy — jiÍTepaTypHo bhkíhhchí, onoBÍAaHHH npo *iyfleca — Aoöpe CHHTe30BaHÍ 3 pÍ3HOMaHÍTHoro   MaTepiflJiy.   G   rapHÍ nopiBHHHHH:
„IIpopOK XtaBHfl BHH1H0B npOTH HyJKHHIIÍB Ta noryÖHB IX . . . CBHTHH
,H,aBHA (Tjii6) BHHuiOB npoTH Bopora-flHflBOJia i noryÖHB fioro" i t. n. JIk>6hti> HecTÍp npoTHCTäBjíeHHH, aHXHTe3H: , ,BjiaJKeHHHH (Bopnc) inioB ao cBoro 6paTa, He flyMaw^h hí npo mp 3Jie b cepm' cboím, ajie OKaaHHHH ne jiňme 3aMHuijiaB Ha Hboro 3Jie, ajie BíKe i nocjiaB 3jie, mp6 noryÖHTH noro. EjiaHceHHHH paAyßaBCH Ha CBociny injiHxy, mo CTapniHH 6pax HacTynHTb 6aTbKÍB TpoH, a OKaaHHHfi cMyTHBCH, no-qyBinn, mp 6paT ifle flo Hboro". Heciip HepiAKO 3raflye cbhthx, hkhx fioMy HaraflyHDTb Eopnc, TjiiS Ta BojioflHMHp; Ta k mh flOBÍflycMoca npo ikoro flJKepejia: BojioflHMHpa bíh nopÍBHiOG 3 GßCTacpicM UJiaKÍ-
Aoio Ta Kocthhthhom BejiHKHM j BopHca Ta Tjiiöa -       3 POMaHOM
Ta TíaBHflOM, a6o 3 IocHCpoM Ta BeHÍHMHHOM j CBHTonojiKa — 3 Ka-íHOM. 3raflaH0 inp K>Ay, 3axapia, .ZjMHTpa CojiyHCbKoro, ajie hh He HaH^HCJieHHÍniHMH g BÍflryKH jkhtíh B'HHecjiaBa HecbKoro. BÍ3aHTÍa ne Majta jkhtíh cbhthx khh3Íb (Moace jinine cb. Gbaokhm). Ajie jkh-tíh B'H^ecjiaBa — 30KpeMa bcjikkhh, i b JiaTHHCbKOMy opHrmajii i
B CJIOB'HHCbKOMy nepeKJiafli CTHJIÍCTHHHO   HaA3BHHaílH0 BHTOHHeHHH
TBÍp TyMnojiLAa — MorjiH no^aTH aochtb 3pa3KÍB Tóro, hk Tpeôa oc-
BÍTJIIOBaTH jkhtth KHH3ÍB. I HeCTÍp, 30BCÍM HÍHOro He n03HHHBlHH 3
icTopii caMoi' CMepra „MynemniTBa" B'HHecnaBa, sanepmiyB 3bíath KÍJIbKa OKpeMHX o6pa3ÍB.
Tpeöa AyMaTH, hk mh Bace roBopnjiH, inp> HaBOflHHH npo cbhthx
KHH3ÍB BÍAOMOCTÍ, HKÍ BÍH yBamaB 3a ČpaKTH (HHTaHHH KHHr, nma-BÍCTb AO JKHTÍS MyMeHHKÍB, MHJIOCTHHH, OAPyJKeHHH BopHCa JIHHie HE
npoxaHHH 6onp Ta Ha öamaHHH SaTbKa, HeA°BÍp'H ao nyTOK npo 3Jii 3aAyMH CßHTonojiKa i t. a-), HecTip yBajKaB 3a KpHTepiíi CBoro bh-6opy caMe Te, m,o bíh 3HaxoAHB noAÍ6m onoBÍAaHHH i npo cb. B'h-
93
MecjiaBa, npo CTapinoro, „nonecHoro" cbíitoto loro caMoro rany („KHH3B — CTpacTOTepneub"), mo i Bopnc xa TjiiÖ.
HoMy Hecxip, xaK 6n mobhxh, „cxeMaxH3yBaB" Ta ,,3Heoco6nB" CBOG onoBiflaHHH? Taflaio, inp nmnopajxKOByiOHHca 3aK0H0Bi jkhtíh-Horo „rariorpacpmHoro" cthjiio. A ceHc TaKoro ,,3Heoco6jieHHa" b xoMy, in;o acHxia He Mae 6yxn TBopoM MÍcn,eBoro xapaKxepy, boho npH3HaHaexfcca He jiHine fljia MÍcn,eBnx HnxaniB. }Khtíg 3BepxaGXBca n.o BCfcoro xpncxnaHCbKoro CBixy, xone 6yxn iBopoM cbíxoboí xpnc-xhhhcbko'í jiiTepaxypH. OnoBinaHHa npo Bopnca i Tjiióa Majio mojk-jihbícxb cxaxH TaKHM'. yace 1095 p. m CBaxi 6yjiH cepep; xnx, mo Ha ix inaHy BHCBaneHo BÍBxapi b Ca3aBCbKOMy MaHacxnpi b Hexii, (npo ne 3rajjaHo b xpomni ca3aBCBKoro neHua, mo nonaB flonoBHeHHa no
XpOHÍKH K03BMH IIpa3fcK0r0, nifl p.  1095). - ZteXTO 3 nOCJimHHKÍB
3aKHflaB HecTopoBi Majinö iHxepec no híhchocxh, mini m,n;o3pÍBajiH öoro y BHraayBaHHi pi3HHx nonpoÖHiiB. JIen.Be hh cnpaBni noooamnH nncBMeHHHK, anno 3acBÍn.HyG, mo bíh BHKJianaG jinme xe, mo nyB Bin. „xpHcxojnoSn.iB", BnaBaBca i no cpajiBinyBaHHa (paKxiB. JXo naciß Hecxopa öaraxo 6yjio 3a6yxoro, npo nemo po3noBÍnajin no-pÍ3HOMy. HoMy Hecxip BHÖpaB xoö, a He xoö BapiaHx, xenep CKa3axH He mo-aceMo. IHpn,o 3aKHnÍB y ,,6e36apBHocxi" a6o ,,3He6apBjieHHÍ" aoixia, xo, an mh 6aHHjiH BHme, ne HajieacHXB np cxhjiícxhhhhx BjiacxHBocxen JKHxia, mo 3yMOBjiioioxBca öoro npH3HaneHHaM xa BHMaraioxbca Tpannnjcio.
HmaBa i ineojioria awxia Bopnca xa Tjiiöa. „TeHneHnja" UBoro XBopy BHCJioBjíeHa me acHiine, amac y ,,CKa3aHHi". Bopnc i Tjiio g ranoM KHa3ÍB-6opn;ÍB 3a BHyxpimHG 3aMHpeHHa „pycBKoi 3eMjii", 3a MHp, mo noro MoacHa npcarayxH Jinnie, aionp cxocyHKH míjk KHa-3aMH cxoaxHMyxB Ha neBHHX MopajiBHHX xa npaBHHX 3acanax. HecTip BHMarac n.Jia nnx B3a6MHH 3acan, xpncTnaHCBKOi Mopajii. 3 UBoro norjiany jkhtíg Bopnca xa TjiiSa — ninaBa nojiixnHHo-ineojiori^Ha naM'axKa.
4. HecxopoBi HajieaíHXB i npyre jkhxíg — cb. <í>eonpcia ne^ep-CBKoro. Boho KOMno3ni;ÍHHo noöynoBaHe cjiaöine, híhí hchiíg Bopnca xa Tjiiöa. Mohcjihbo xoMy, mo Hecxip y nBOMy BHnanKy He Maß HiaKoro nonepeHHHKa i MycHB He JiHine oôpoojiaxn, ajie i 36npaxn bcí MaxepiajiH. He öyjio He xaK BaacKO, 6o <E>eonpcin BMep 1073 p., a Hecxip HanncaB ne híhxíg necB kojio 1100 p. Maxepiaji nonaHO nonac-xn ^eHi;aMH ne^epcBKoro MaHacTnpa, aKi me ocoöncxo 3Hajin «re-onpcia (HecTip caM npnöniOB n,o MaHacrapa nicjia öoro CMepxn), a n.jia BHCBixjieHHH öoro nnxsranx pokíb Hecxip nicxaB BÍn,oMOCxi BÍH. Maxepi «reonocia (3a nepenasaMH onHoro 3 HeHirÍB), mo 6yjia nep-HHu;eio b oflHOMy 3 KHiBCBKHx MaHacxnpiB.
H
I up jkhtíg HecTip noHHHae MojiHTBOio-nosaKoio 3a Te, mo öoMy iHOBejiocH Syra jKHTTcnHcijeM CBHTHx, 3ra3yiOHH TyT i HanHcaHe hhm jkhtíg BopHca Ta Tjiioa, Ta npoxaHaM BHÖaneHHa y HHTaniB 3a cbok) HeocBÍneHicTb Ta „rpyöicTt". CaMo jkhtíg po3na3acTbca Ha 3B1 nac-thhh: KopoTHia — onoßiflaHHH npo jkhtth «reosocia 30 MaHacrapa, flOBina — npo JKHTTa b MaHacrapi (b HaHCTapinioMy pyKonnci ni nac-
thhh OÖiÖMaiOTfc npHÖJIH3HO 7 Ta 33 CTOpiHKH), nOTlM   ljjß KOpOTKe
onoBi^aHHa npo nyneca (yctoro Tpn nyaa), mp oôiHMac Tpn ciopiHKH
Ta KOpOTKe 3aKÍHneHHH.
BHKJian po3HijieHHH Ha oKpeMi po33Íjra-enÍ303H. B nepniiö nac-thhí (14 enÍ3onÍB) rapHO 3o6pajKeHHH po3bhtok <E>eoaocia B13 noro flHTannx poKÍB aJK 30 BCTyny 30 MaHacTHpa. BHKjia^ no^iii 3 njia-CTHHHOK) ncHxojioriHHOK) xapaKTepHCTHKOK) cBaToro Ta roto MaTepi cnojiyneHo 3 nocTÍHHHM ni^KpecjieHHaM, m,o caM Bor npoBaRHB <i>eo-30cia TaKHMH niJiaxaMH, aKi npHBejin fioro 30 MaHacrapa Ta 3poÖH-jiH „nacTHpeM" nepHenoro ,,3yxoBHoro cTan,a". 4>eo3ocÍH Hapo^HBca BÍ3 xpHCTHaHCBKHx noöojKHHx ôaTtKÍB, öaTbKO noro 6yB, 33aGTbCa, khhjkhm ypa^oBiiieM, poaHHa noTÍM nepei'xajia 30 HHMajioro MicTa — KypcbKa. TyT öaxtKo noMep, 3ajiHuiHBuiH <I>eo3ocia Ha pyKax MaTepi-B30BH. B KypcbKy 4>eo30ciH ynHBca. lH3HBÍ3yajibHÍ pncH B3ani cbh-Toro — JI1060B 30 HayKH Ta n,epKBH, noôojKHicTt, aKa BnaBHJiaca Ha-BÍTb y BTeni 3 6aTtKÍBCLKoro 30My, m,o6 BÍ3BÍ3aTH CßaTy 3eMjiio. B TOMy, mp lOHaKa noBepHyjiH 3O30My, Hecrip TaKOJK öanHTb pyKy Bo-acy, 60 TOMy <í>eo30cÍH 3MÍr nÍ3HÍme npHH-ra 30 KncBa; 3ajii Hecrip onoBisac npo cnpoÖH «S>eo30cia „HacjiisyBaTH XpncTa" b noKopi Ta npHHHJKenHi: <£>eo30cÍH hochtl 6Í3He BÖpaHHa, npainoc Ha nojii, ni3-Hiine nene npocKypH (rno HeBißnoBiflHy cBOGMy cycnijibHOMy CTanoBi npo(peciio <E>e030CÍH oôpaB, inp6 6yTH „cniBnpanÍBHHKOM Ha3 njiOTiio XpHCTOBoio") napeniTi HaßiTB hochtb „Beprarn", jiamnorH Ha tíjií. Bce n,e BHKjíHKajio nocTiímy 6opoTt6y <řeo3ocia 3 íioro eHepriHHOK) Ma-Tip'io. K)HanbKÍ poKH <3>eo3ocia 3aKÍHHyK)Tbca BTeneio 30 KncBa, 30 ôoro, nicjia HeB3an no íhuihx MaHacTHpax, npHÔMae 30 ce6e Ahtohíh nenepcbKHH. MaTepi B3ajioca 3HafiTH cHHa, ajie He B3ajioca noBep-HyTH noro 3030My, i BOHa ni3 íkoro BnjiHBOM caMa BCTynac 30 03Horo 3 Khíbcbkhx jkíhohhx MaHacTHpiB. TyT nonHHacTbca 3pyra nacTHHa JKHTTH «í>eo3ocia Ta 3pyrHÖ P033ÍJI TBopy HecTopa. Iíefi niHpniHH po3-3ÍJ1 öoMy He B3ajioca TaK 3o6pe CKOMnoHyBaTH, hk nepniHÖ. MacMo TyT BejíHKy kíjií>kíctb (noHa3 40) oKpeMHx enÍ303ÍB, mp Ö3yTi> 03HH 3a 03HHM 6e3 neBHoro npHHijHny Bnopa3KOBaHHa. Ui P033ÍJIH noBHi icTopHHHoro Ta noôyToBoro MaTepiajiy, HaKpecjnoiOTb hochtb acKpa-bhh oôpa3 CBaToro, ajie He 3aioTb TaKoí cyuijibHoi KapTHHH, hk nep-nia nacTHHa. Bei enÍ303H po3na3aiOTbca Ha Tpn rpynn — (1) xapaK-TepncTHKa <í>eo30cÍH( hk acKeTa, CBampHHKa Ta iryMena MaHacTHpa;
95
(2) ôoro CTaBjieHHH ao „CBixy"; (3) oKpeMÍ npoaBH mhjiocth Bojkoí 30 MaHacTHpa — ny^eca Ta nyn,ecHi 3'aBHin,a. Hecrip aoôpe 3Í6paB MaTepiíiji, mo xapaKTepH3yG híhtth <í>eoflocia b MaHacrapi Ta, tojiob-He, Horo acKeTHHHy i^eojioriio: ^eoflociň — He npe#CTaBHHK Kpaô-Hboit acKe3H, Bxeni bír „cßixy" 30 „nycxejii" (ernnexcbKe nepnenTBo),
bíh CTOITb ÔJIHJKHe 30 XÍG1 MaHaCXHpCbKOl TpanHUÍl  (naJieCTHHCbKOl),
HKa cnojiynaG nopÍBHHHO noMipKOBaHy acKe3y 3 npo^yKXHBHOio npa-neio Ta 3 /jiajibmcxio Ha Kopncxb ,,CBÍTy". Mh He nycMO npo „BÖHBan-hh rnioTÍ", jiHuie onoBiaaHHH npo Te, hk <j>eoaocÍH o^hh pa3 BißnaB CBoe Tijio npn npanj Ta MOJíHTBax Ha noTajiy 3jihm nenepcbKHM KOMa-paM, Haraaye onoBi^aHHa npo GrnneTCbKHx neHnÍB (Manapia); b ne-nepy bíh BiřmajiíOGXbca jinme Ha kopotkhh nac mopony. HaBÍxb Ma-HacTnp y n,ijioMy bíh bhhíc Ha noBepxHio 3eMjii. 3axe nycMo öaraxo npo (pÍ3HHHy npaino «reoflocia: pyöaHHa apoB, npa^iHHa bobhh, ho-nieuHa borh, ^onoMora npn onpaßi khhhíok; me Öijitme nycMO npo npan,io BCboro MaHacxnpa. BaraTo onoßiflac Hecxip i npo ayxoBHi BnpaBH í>eoaocia, rojroBHe npo MOJiHXBy Ta 6opoxb6y 3 ßeMOHOM. 4>e-iHoeiö Majio cnnxb, HocHTb npocTe BÖpaHHa, mo He pa3 npHBO^Hjio n.o KyMeffHHx Henopo3yMÍHb. HaHxapaKxepHcxHHHiina pnca <3>eojj;ocÍH — ňoro M'aKicTb y CTaBjíeHHi 30 HeHnÍB Ta 30 cßixy. Bíh He poönxb bhh-hhm neHiíjaM 3aKH3ÍB, nenaiOHH Ha Ix Bjiacne KaaTTa. Bíh jiHine „mia-ne" 3a thmh, xTo KHnac MaHacTHp Ta panp npHHMac ix Ha3aa, HaBÍTb i KÍjibKa pa3ÍB. HaBÍTb 3jioni'íb, mo npoöyßajiH norpaöyßaxH MaHa-CTHp, bíh BÍjnnycKae Ha bojiio. MaHacxnp He 3annHaeTbca Biß cBixy: KOJio MaHäCTHpa ôyayGTbca fljia „aceôpaKÍB, cjiinnx, kphbhx, XBopnx" Öy^HHOK. HecTÍp He MajiiOG KapxHHH MaHacxnpcbKoro öaraxcxBa — HaBnaKH, «reonociö He pa3 onnHaeTbca b CKpyxHOMy cTaHÍ, He MawiH Ha ÔJiHacnníi ReHb xjiiöa ^jia neHiiÍB, ojiľi n,Jia JiaMnaa a6o BHHa n,Jia jiixypríi. He 3BaacaiOHH Ha ne, 3>eonpcÍH HaBÍTb postač ocTaHHG. Aae Ha aonoMory npnxoftHXb saBJKflH b HancKpyxHiniHH MOMeHx mhjiocxh-hh Korocb 3 npnaxejiÍB Ta npHxnjibHHKÍB MaHacrapa. Hm HecnoflÍBa-Hy xa HeBHnpoxaHy ^onoMory Hecxip Manioc hk „nymeca", ajie bcí bohh g, BjiacHe, ijuikom npnponHi npoaBn iígi noniaHH, any 3,n,o6yB co6i nenepcbKHÍi MaHacxnp y „cbíxí". Jlnnie onHe onoBÍflaHHa bhxo-HHXb no3a paMKH npuponHHx noflin — „cbíxjihh K)HäK" npnHOCHXb e MOMeHx Hanöijibnioi cKpyxn <ŕeonpcÍ6Bi xpn 30jioxí rpnBHH. <E>eonp-eifi ôopexbca 3 xhmh 3 6paxÍB, xxo HaÖyBac co6i aKycb 3aÖBy Bjiac-Hicxb, BÔpaHHH a6o cxpaBH, He n,03B0JiaG HarpoMaaacyBaxH 3anacÍB; 3aÔBe bíh HaKa3yG cnajíHTH aôb KHHyTH b ^HÍnpo. i xyx bíh He Kapae bhhhhx, a jfflme BejiHXb 3HHui;yB9.th MaTepiajibHÍ 6jiara, atí „Bpa-jkhh y^iji". Mh öaHHMo ^eoAocia cyBopnM Ta TBep^HM jinme b cnpa-Bax nojiÍTHHHoro xapaKrepy. MaHacrap HaöyB nHMajioro BnjiHBy Ha BHini KOJia KHÍBCbKoro cycnijibCTBa, b tom y hhcjií i Ha KHa3a l3'aejia-
96
Ba. 4>eoflocÍH BHCTynae nepen. hhm hk oôopoHenb noKpHBnaceHHx: „EaraTbox 3acrynaB nepen. cyn.naMH Ta khhshmh". Kojih CßHTocjiaB Ta BceBOJiofl BHrHaan cTapmoro 6paTa l3'acjiaBa 3 KneBa, <í>eonpcÍH BinMOBjíHGTfcCfl BinBinaTH nepeMoacnis: ,,He niny Ha öeciny Bejib3eBy-
JIOBy i He BÍ3BMy ynaCTH B rOCTHHi, nOBHÍH KpOBH   i   BÔHBCTBa". J\o
CßHTOcjiaBa bíh nnme „enicTOjiii", b ohhíh 3 akhx bíh nopiB-hk)6 ííoro 3 KaiHOM. B ManacTHpi no-CTapoMy noMHHaiOTfc BHraaHoro KHH3H. HyTKH, m,o <í>eonpcia xonyTb ycyHyTH 3 MaHacTHpa, npHBonaTb
JIHHie HO hobhx HOrO BHCTynÍB npOTH CBHTOCJiaBa. <řeOAOCÍH HaBÍTL
Henae Haronn nocTpaacnaTH 3a npaBny („acanaine BejiBMH, eate noTO-neHy 6bith"). Ajie HaBiTt khh3í, no hkhx <3>eonpcÍH nocTaBHBca TaK cyBopo, yrpHMyioTBCíi Bin, cepáo3HHX HananiB Ha Manacrap. „Cbít" Mae ^HMajio CBÍnpn,TB npo cbhtíctb 3>eonpcÍH Ta MaHacrapa, — Hec-Tip po3noBÍnae npo KijibKa aynec, — pÍ3HÍ aionii ôanaTb Han, MaHacTH-peM cbítjio, cflÖBo; po3noBÍnae TaKoac npo chh inaHyBajibHHKÍB <í>eo-npcia.
HecTip 3Í6paB y cBocMy acHTii BeaHKHÖ inaTepiaa.i, xon bíh He saBacnn 3yMÍB npöpe 3rpynyBaTH noro, ajie ochobhí nyMKH xchtíh Bee aí acKpaBo BHcxynaiOTb nepen, HHTaneM: MOJionicTb <í>eonpcia g ninroTOBa np MaHacrapcbKoro acHTTa; noKa3aHo noniömcTb fioro äht-Ta no BCTyny b MaHacTHp Ta b MaHacrapi. JlarinmcTb, cyMHpHicTb i noKopa, He BHKjHonaiOTb TBepnocra cynpora cBľiy (MaTepi, khh3íb) , mp ôoro <3>eonpcÍH i nepeMarac; nonaHo ochobhí nyMKH «reonpcia npo nepnene acHTTa (HecTip HaBonHTb i HeBeaHKi ypHBKH 3 noBnaHb 4>eo-npcia neHi^aM). Hj pncH TBopy cnpH^HHHaHca no Toro, mo acHTia <Pe-oflocia 3np6yjio *iHMajiy nonyaapHicTb Ta BnaHHyjio Ha BejiHKV Kiab-KiCTb iBopiB cxiflHbocaoB'aHCbKOi acHTÍHHoi aiTeparypn.
5. CTHaicTHHHo acHTÍG <E>eonpcia flocHTb cKaanHe. MoBa iloro npocTa, njiHHHa, peneHHa KopoTKi, arrepaTypHHx npHKpac ueöaraTc. Ajie acHTic BHHBaac HHCaeHHi jiiTepaTypm BnjiHBH. HecTip caM nHTyc nopyn hhcjichhhx tckctíb cb. IlHCbMa, acHTie AiiToma Ta IlaTe-Phkh; BnaHHyao Ha Hboro i 30KpeMa acHTÍG CaBH „OcBameHHoro" (IlaaecTHHCbKoro), a nonacTH cb. B'anecaaBa HecbKoro. 3 nepmoro bíh nepeOMac HKcaemri 3BopoTH Ta cpopMyan, 3ne6iabinoro 6e3 koh-KpeTHoro 3MicTy; 3naeTbca, jmme b MipKyBaHHi npo 3HaneHHa ímchh CBHToro, npo ôoro öafinyaäcTb no ahth^hx saßaB Ta b onoBinaHHi npo üoro npHxifl np Ahtohíh MacMO nepeHeceHHa (paKTHHHoro iwaTepiajiy 3 íhhihx acHTiö. EnÍ3on, Í3 neneHHaM npocKyp Haran.yG on,-He BaacaHBe Miene 3 mchtth B'anecaaBa; aae aen.Be Hecrip npocTo no3HMHB np 3 acHTia B'anecjiaBa, — acHTÍG B'anecjiaBa Morao aHnie cnpHHHHHTHca flo Toro, m;o HecTip 3BepHyB yBary Ha nro pncy b acHT-tí «reoflocia, 30 aKOÍ HeiMac, 3naGTbca, napaaeab y rpei^bKHx acHTiax. 3ycTpinaGMo fleaKi nofliÔHOCTi acHTia <í>eonocia no rpei(bKHX acHTiii,
97
ajie Tpeöa 3yMara, m,o TyT „noBTopioBaaocH jkhtth, a He híhtíg". Ha-HHTaHicTb y híhtíhhíh jíiTepaTypi najia HecTopoBi HHMajio rapHHX (popMyji njiH öoro onoßiflaHHH, — Hanp., TaKy D-eHTpaabHy xapaKTe-pHCTHKy <E>eo3ocia, hk ,,3eMHHii aHroa Ta neöecna jiionHHa". 3ycTpi-HeMo neBHi BißryKH bíhcbkoboi noBicra: acKera — „chjibhí öararapi" („xpaöpn chjilhh"), xpecT e ,,36poa", „HioaoM cnaciHHa" toih;o (Kiab-Ka caoBecHHx cxoaiocTen g Í3 „Cjiobom o noany Iropeßi"). Hecrip yacHBac h íhhihx nopiBHHHb — bíh hihpoko p03BHBaG nopiBHHHHa <É>eoflocia 3 „nacTHpeM 3yxoBHoro CTaaa"; chh öoapHHa, mp bÍ3xc-3htb 30 MaHacTHpa, — BHpBaBca 3 floMy CBoro, hk nTHu;a a6o capHa 3 TeHeT; b BaacjiHBHx mícijhx — Bpa3aHBÍ npoTHCTaBaeHHa, Hanp.: «reoHocia inaHyBaan He 3a nonecHy ofliaí, CBÍTae BÖpaHHa a6o Bean-khh MacTOK, aae 3a HHCTe acHTTH, CBÍTay 3yniy Ta mespi noBaaHHH, a6o — „hkiiío <í>eonocÍH t i a o m i po3ayaHBca 3 HaMH, aae 3 y x o m bíh 3aBa<n,H 3 HaMH" ... i t. 3. I TyT HecTip 30TpHMycTbca ,,6e3oco-öoBoro" acHTiÖHoro CTHaio, He Ha3HBac HaBÍTb MicTa, fle HapoflHBca OeofloeiH, He 3ran,ye ÍMeH oci6, ino 3ycTpinaiOTbca b onoBinaHHi i t. 3.
6. Mh Bace 3ra3yBaaH, mo He 3aaHuiHaoca cTapnx hchtíh 3eKO-ro 3 HaHBHSHaHHÍHiHx 3a ix poaeio b 3yxoBHÍĚ icTopii cxiflHboro cao-B'aHCTBa CBaTHx. TaK HeMac acHTiö kh. Oatrn Ta BoaoflHMnpa Bean-Koro. MoaíaHBO, mp icHyßaan onoBinaHHH npo ix oxphihphhh. Aae npo oxpHmeHHH BoaoflHMHpa — onoßiflaHHH 6yan po36iaiHÍ, — nopyq yace 3raaaHoi „KopcyHCbKoi aeťeHflH" (I. B. 6), íhhií, 3raaaHÍ b ai~ Tonnci.
lipo icHyßaHHa híhtíh Oabrn Ta BoaoaHMHpa hí6h cBiflanTb 03HH cTapHH TBip „ľloxBaaa BoaoflHMHpoBi" HKorocb „aeHna HnoBa". Upá BaacaHBHÖ, hk icTopHHHe flacepeao TBip CKaafleHHÖ, 3naGTi>ca, 3 Tpbox oKpeMHX TBopiB — IIoxBaaH BoaoflHMHpoBi Ta híhtíh Oabrn Ta BoaoaHMHpa; acHTÍG BoaoaHMHpa sycTpinacTbca i b OKpeMHX Binnncax, aae 3yace nÍ3HÍx naciß — 3 16 ct. B „ľloxBaai" g BinryKH cTapoBHHH, aae npmÍTH 30 hkhxocb neBHHX bhchobkíb npo nacn noxopaceHHa hk „IIoxBaan", TaK i 11 OKpeMHX CKaaflOBHx nacTHH 30caÍ3HHKaM no-khihp He Bflaaoca.
3aTe g niflCTaBH ra3aTH, mp icHyBaan 3Ba 3aabuii h<htíh. Up, nonepme, KopoTKe híhtíg cb. MyaeHHKÍB, 6aTbKa h CHHa — BapariB, 3aÖHTHx, 3a aiTonneoM, khibcbkok» noraHCbKOK) iop6oio híôh 3a Te, mo bohh cnpoTHBHaHCb, iupÔ CHHa npHHeceno b acepTBy noraHCbKHM 6oraM; ím'h öaTbKa, MaöyTb, Bapa3bKe — Typn a6o Typ. Aae 6y-ao n;e acHTie, peniTKH aKoro 36eperanca b aiTonnci, nncaHe no-cao-b'aHCbKH — HeßiflOMO, MoacaHBo, mo BOHo 6yao rpenbKe. — JKhtíg Ahtohíh üenepcbKoro TaKoac He fliôuiao 30 Hac, aae fioro 3ra3yG KHGBo-IIenepcbKHH IlaTepHK. B0H0 no3aBaao, hk 33a6Tbca, 6araTo BÍ30MOCTefi He aniue npo Ahtohíh caMoro, a ň npo íhiuhx aeHuJB,
98
öoro cynacHHKiB. ,T(exTo BBaacac, mo boho nimjio b 3a6yTTa TOMy, mo Mtajio 3aHaflTo „rpeKocpiabCbKHfi" xapaKTep. Uja BaacaHBa naM'araa BTpaneHa, i niSmaH 30 Hac JiHine neaKi (paKTHam BinpMocri 3 Hei, mp 3ÓeperjiHCH b „üaTepHKy".
KijibKa nyace kopotkhx cTapnx híhtííi (Bopnca ra Taiöa, Oabra, BojioflHMHpa) yBiôniJiH 30 CKJiany „IIpojioriB". Hi Mima-nopm TBopH jiiTepaiypHo He MaiOTL BejiHKoi Barn.
F. „I360PHHK" 1076 pony
1. CßoepinHoio naia'aTKOK) e Ta k 3BaHHÖ „I36ophhk" 3 1076 poKy.
Ile 3ÖipKa HHCJieHHHX HeBejIHKHX TBOpÍB. MaGMO TyT TpH ,,nOBHaHHfl"
6aTbKÍB híthm („Cjiobo onHoro öaTBKa np cBoro CHHa" Ta noBMamia
flÍTHM KceHOipOHTa Ta „CBHTOl 4>eOflOpH") J t. 3b. „ATaHaciGBi ßinno-Bifli", mo nOHCHKMOTb Ba»ÍKÍ MÍCU.H CB. ÜHCbMa, BHÓpaHÍ ypHBKH 3
„HeKaHOHiaHHx" KHHr CB. ÜHCbMa („KHHra TIpeMynpocTH", Cnpax); onoBiflaHHH npo „MnaoCTHBoro Co30MeHa" Ta Moace HaÖTHnoBinri pa „l36opHHKa" — pi3Hi ceHTeHuii, peaeHHa, npncaiB'a, 3rpynoBam 3a TeMäMH. yßecL TBip npH3HaaeHHH, 6e3yMOBHo, naa aioneä cbítcbkhx; TeMa, mo in npHaiaeno naiiôiabine Micna, g MHaocepna np 6inHHx. BaraTo nopan, MaiOTb xapaKTep „cbítcbkhh", Hanp., npo CTaßaeHHH np „cnabHHx nboro CBrry" („He CBapnca cb aaoBiKtMb cnabHbiMb") Tomo. JXeaKi 3 TBOpiß, mo bbíhhljih np ,,l36opHHKa", MajiH ä ni3HÍme (np 18 ct.) niHpoKe posnoßdonaceHHa.
,,l36opHHK" CKaaneno 3a neBHHM naaHOM: noHHHacTbca bíh „CaoBOM" npo *nrraHHH KHHr: „apöpe g, öpaTTa, HHTaHHa KHHacHe", noTÍM iflyTb noBaaHHa óaTbKÍB nJTaM Ta 3ÖipKH ceHTeHuifi, b Toiay HHcai „IIopanH naa 3aMoachhx'' Ta „CTOcaoBenb"; naai nonaHo bh6-paHi Micna 3 nponoßineii, a Ha kíhijí onoßinaHHa npo Co30MeHa, — npo Te, ak Bor Binn,ac „cTopnneio" MHaocTHHK), naHy 6Í3HHM.
2. B npoTHaeacHÍCTb np 3ÖipKH 1073 p., npo aKy BinpMO, mo 11 nepenncaHo 3 ôoarapcbKoro opHťmaay, Ta HKa cKaanaeTbca BHKaiOH-Ho 3 nepeKaaneHHX cTaTTeö, — noxonaceHHa 36ipKH 1076 p. no^acra He 3'acoBaHe. Aae HeivraG cyMHißy, mo nacTHHa MaTepiaay caoß'aH-cbKoro, a neBHa nacTHHa ö KHiBCbKoro noxonaceHHa, cynaan 3 TaKHX (popM caiß: Bepen, Hopoß, aöo 3 caiß, mo xapaKTepncTHam bh-KaiOHHo Aaa cxinHbocaoß'aHCbKHx mob, aK „aapb" (no3HMeHe 3 CKaHfliHaBCbKoro)*. JXo caoß'aHCbKOi aiTepaTypn HaaeacHTb „CaoBO
* ) BaJKJlHBOK) 03HaKOK3 CXiflHbOCJIOB'HHCbKHX, 30KpeMa yKpaiHCbKHX TÔKCTÍB
c 3aKiH^eHHH opyflHoro Bi^MÍHKa oahbhh ioji. Ta cep. pofly -f>Mb a6o -í>mb
3aMÍCTb UepKOBHOCJIOB. Ta niB^eHHOCJIOB. -OMb, -eMb. Cxi^HbOCJlOB'HHCbKi (popMH
B ,,l36opHHKy" 1076 p. HaöiacTiuii.
99
npo HHTamiH KHHr" (60 3ranaHo xyx   „KHpHJia-cpÍJioco(pa'\ ceĎTO
CJIOB'flHCLKOrO MÍCÍOHepa), KHIBCbKOro nOXOflJKeHHH    MOJKyTb 6yra
,,Cjiobo onHoro 6aTtKa 30 CBoro CHHa" xa „nopann njia 3aMo>KHHx". HaBixb i „CxocjioBenb", mo npHnncaHHH naxpiapxoBi ijaproponcbKO-My reHHafliGBi, aKoro, onHane, HeMae čepen, žoro TBopÍB, MaSyxb, míc-ijeBoro noxonaceHHH, xaK cano, hk i HeBejiHKHH TBip — „Jiná Mae 6yxH jnonima", m,o noro npnnHcaHo „cb. BacHJiieBi". Ajie HaBixb, hk-mo BBajKaxH ni xBopn 3a nepeKJianem, bohh BÍn,pÍ3HHioxbCH neBHHMH pncaMH, id;o 3Myinyioxb Hac po3rjiHn,axH ix čepen, xBopiB opHrmajib-hoi KHiBCbKoi jiixepaxypH.
3. Bijibinicxb Maxepiíuiy, mo bbíhiuob 30 36ipKH, cxHJiÍ30BaHa hk ceHTeHu;ii, npHCJiÍB'a, — KopoxKi peneHHa 36yn,OBam 3BHHaHHo hk npoTHcxaBjíeHHH a6o napajiejii 3B0X pÍ3HHx 3yMOK, MOBa ix noMixHO pnxMÍ30BaHa, a OKpeMi nacxHHH peneHb nacxo 3B*H3aHÍ phmoio. MacTo noBxopK)K)TbCH OKpeMi cjiOBa, a b OKpeMHx BHnanKax MaeMo xi ajii-Tepaiíii, mo ix mh 6aHHjiH, Hanp., y cxapoMy jiixonHci.
Ocb npHKJiafln pHMOBaHHx ceHTeHniá 3 ajiixepaHÍHMH:
nace bt> Kpoxocxn noaínma h-b
h b 3o6pocaoBT>H ycTa cboh ynHHHnia . .. H-B-y-y
kbihmtj nyxbMb nnonia k-h
h Koeio cxbe3K) xeKouia . . . h-k
cxapfeHniaaro neHbMH nonbCTHXH He jtehhch, c-n
h noKOHXH cxapocxb ero noxbíHHCH. n-c-n
Ha cxb3K) nonBHra cbcxynaeuiH, c-c
nyniio ace ort pacjiaSjíeHHa cBoSoacnaeniH... c
Háce cjia6o aínseTb, c
to.TOrO He npHBOHH Ha CbB&x^b t-t-h-h-C
np^flt cxapbira m-bjíHaHHe, n-M
nptnT. MynpbiMH nocjiyniaHHe .. . n-m-n
h He HaBHniHHe hjiobt.komtj xbophth, h-h-h-x
wb rbKMO oxtj 6ora XBajibi h mhjiocxh npocnxH . . . h-x-h
npn mojihxbí:
He cMinian caoBecb cbohxt. ct> npocxbíMH cjioBecbi, c-c-c-c-c B^nbi, hko 6ory cbSlicenbHHKb ecn. e
a6o 3 HexoMHoio phmoio:
Eryja ace btdSbphhih Homtro Ha He6o h Ha 3bt>3n,bHyK)
[KpaCOTy, b-h-h-h-h
mojihch BJianbiirk 6ory, npdpyyMy xbixpbHy. b-n,
100
3ayTpa ace ocB^niTaeMt npnnaan Kb TBoptmo cBoeiay, n-t-c HaBtniyyMy th cb n,eHb Ha npnaoaceHHe acHBoiy. n.-t-c-n-H
A6o 6e3 aařrepanii:
flHect 60 pacTeMi), a yTpo rHHeMt...
Haacflb MOKHyniTiOMy cyxoTy, 3HMHony TenaoTy.
xpaHHca OT nHTHa,
OCKBtpHaeTB 60 MOaHTBBI TBOa.
OicpeMi peaeHHH nojvriTHo pHTMÍ30BaHi 3a apnoMoroio napaaeab-Hoi noöynoBH ix MacTHH, Hanp., (hhb. ppsmi npHKaanii yropi):
aaatHaaro HaKT>pMH... acaabHaaro HanoH, CTpaHbHa bt>BeaH, ÔoabHa npHCÉTH,
k'b TbMbHÍI^H nOHflH, BHHCflb 6*ay hxt. H b"b37rbXHH.
iHonj noBTopioioTbca oKpeMi caoBa, Teac pHTMÍ3yioHH MOBy:
He nocTae Kopaôeab 6e3 UBaxiB,
a npaBeflHHK 6e3 HHraHHa khhhcok;
h.k ayx noaoHeHoro g y 6aTbKÍB fioro,
TaK (nyx) npaBeflHHKa y HHTaHHi khhhcok;
Kpaca Boana — 3Ôpoa, a Kopaôaa — BiTpnaa,
TaK (Kpaca) npaBenHHKa — MHTaHHa khhhcok.
HacTO aaiTepan,ia 3b'a3aHa 3 noMaTKaivra peaeHb (TaK 3BaHa „aHa-(popa"), Hanp.:
GAHHa g aynia,
GflHHHH Mac HCHTTH, GflHHa CMepTb ...
a6o: aariflHe CTynaHHa, aariflHe cnaiHHa, aariflHHH 3ip, aariflHe caoBo...
3ycTpinaGMO napaaeai3M i 6e3 aaiTepaiiin mh phm:
BcTaHb, aKo MHTap, npHÖiacH, aKo noBia,
101
po3MyjiLCíi, HKo AxaB, njian, HKo IleTpo,
30BH, HKO XaHaHeHHHKa . . . i T. fl.
a6o: Tyíkh npo rpixH,
B3flHxafl npo cnoKycH, nenajibCíi npo nafliHHH ...
4. TapHi i o6pa3H b ceHTeHu;iflx „l36opHHKa". BaraTO rapnnx no-piBHHHb: „BinBepTaäcji Bifl jiacKaBHx yjiecjiHBnx cjiíb, hk bía KpyKÍB,
qO BHKOJIIOIOTb TOČÍ OHÍ flyXOBHÍ" J   „HKmO MeniKaHUji,  mp ÍKHByTb
BHine (no pmnj) He HanoBHroiOTb cboíx nocyfl, a6o He HanyBaioxb CBOGi xyfloÖH Ta mobjiíitb: 3ajiHniÍM fljiH flOJiiniHix MeniKaHn,ÍB, a card 6epÍM Majio, — to ne He t&k: xaíí nepnaiOTb flocxo^y, a npo flo-jiíihhíx He niKJiyiOTbCH 60 i noB3 hhx Tene Ta caMa pinna. Tan caMo i 3 MaeTKOM: He niKJiyoca npo Ham,aflKÍB ■ • •"; a6o: ,,3aKpHBae Teivi-Ha xMapa coHaniHy Kpacy Ta cbítjio, ryÖHTb mojihtbh Kpacy flyMKa rmBHa"; ,,He neKafi y HaMyjii rpixoBHOMy, noKH narjio 3arpys-Hem....." U.ÍKaBÍ aHTHTe3H; „Eyflb npHHHaceHHH rojioBoio, bhcokhh flyxoM"; „HoraMH cTynaS thxo, a flyxoM 6ďkh xyTKo flo BopiT Heöec-hhx"; „paflicTb nboro CBÍTy njianeM KÍHHaeTbCH, hk MOJKHa 6a*raTH b cbítí nbOMy Ha hbox cyciflax: y uhx BiflnpaBjíaiOTb BecijiJia, y thx 3a Mepn,eM njianyTb"; „bojiio Horo (Bora) TBopn b flpiÖHOMy, to Bíh
tbok)   (TBOpHTHMe) BÍ*iho".
BaraTo HCKpaBHx KapTHH: „člKinp th Becejio CTynacni no cxo-
flax, BÍfl KHH3JI HflyMH, 3pOÔH, IU,o6 Í b TBOGMy flOMÍ He XOflHJIH CyMHO,
a TaK caMo paflicHo"; „Hacn^yioHHCH cjioakhm hhtbom, 3raflan Tóro, XTo n*G Tenjiy Bony, cOHueM Harprry"; „skiuo jieacnni y floöpe no-KpHTOMy noKoi, cjryxaGin yniHMa flom, pacHHH, nonyMafi npo 6iflaKÍB, hk hhhí jiemaTb Ta aoihobí KpanjiHHH, hí6h CTpijra, ix yflapaiOTb"; „HKmo CHflHui 3HM0K) b TenjiOMy noKoi. . . 3iflXHH, noflyMaBuiH npo ÔiflaKÍB, mo cxHjiem Hafl MajiHM BorHHKOM — BejiHKy 6ifly ix om Ma-k)Tb Bifl flHMy, pyKH tíjibkh 3orpÍBaK)Tb, a njieni i Bce tíjio Bifl Mopo-3y noMep3Jio". rapHHÖ onnc paScbKoro KpacBHfly b onoBiflaHHi npo Co30MeHa: „I ôa^hb íhuií caflHÓH, mo nopocjin Bifl ropn flo HH3y njio-
flaMH apOMaTHHMH Ta rapHHMH, i rijIKH IX nOCXHJIIOBajIHCH flO 3eMjii,
OflHa jiinma Bifl oflHoi. A nTaxn pi3Hi cHflijiH Bropi Ha hhx, cnißaiOHH niceHb coJioflKHX, HaxHjiínoHHCs oflHH flo oflHoro Ta He 3aM0BKaio-
... I CaflH XHTaJIHCH,  ctohhh B Kpaci BeJIHKÍH.  X^epejia TeKJIH,
Ta BecejiKa b Kpaci (cboíh) cTOHJia ..." (nop. me uht. 3raflKy npo Kpacy 3opHHoro He6a). Ocb hk 3o6paaceHo n'flHHU,io b ypHBKy, hkhh 6e3 niflCTaBH npnnHcaHO npopoKOBi HoiJießi — bhho „cMijiHBoro po-ÖHTb 6oary30M, HHCToro po3nycHHKOM, npaBflH He 3Hae, po3yM Bifl-HÍMac, i hk BOfla BoroHb, TaK 6e3MÍpHe (nHTTH) Mefly   posyM 3ra-
102
Hiye. . . 3flaeTbCH üoMy, mo 3eMjia ipycHTbca, a ropn 6i»caTb ko-jiom . . . TojioBa He 3ajiHinaGTbca npaMO, xhjiíihhch ckd^h Ta TyflH Ha njie^i. Chobh^h thjkkí xa 3Jii. .. /JpiMaiOTb, no3ixaiOTb . .. Tyiian ßa^HXb ne pep; oiHMä",
5. Xo*i nacxHHa iniTOBaHHx ypHBKÍB i HajieiKHTb 30 nepeKJiafle-HHx nacTHH „l3ÖopHHKa", ajie BaHíJiHBe BJKe xe, qo nepeKJia^a^ CTa-bhbch flo cyxo MHcxenbKHx npoôJieM nepeKJiafly 3 yßaroio xa 3yMÍB nepe^aTH rapHi Micn,a 3 npHcxocyBaHHHM TeKCxy flo MHCTenbKHX mojk-jiHBOCTefi cjioB'HHCbKoi MOBH. C-THce, (popMajibHo hrbítb nepeKJiaflem nacTHHH e njiifl opHťiHajibHoi npan,i.
Be3 cyMHÍBy, i nepeKJia^eHi ^acxHHH „l36opHHKa" nepe^ajiH Ha-
pOflHÍH CJIOBeCHOCXi HHMajIO peHeHb-npHCJlÍB'lB. B KOJKHOMy pa3i, xyT
3ycxpinaeM0, nonepme, Táni npHCJiiB'a, hk nanp.: ,(MaxH 3Jioro e jii-Homi"; „oBoneBe flepeBO nÍ3HaexbCH 3 njiofly"; ,,He 3ajiHniaíi CTaporo npnaTejia, HOBHH He e fioMy píbhhh"; aôo h nÍ3HÍnie KJiacHHHe no-
piBHHHHH CBÍTy 3 „KOJIOM, mO KOTKÁCH'' J aÖO CeHTeHIlla ,,He XOH 6a-
raTHH, xxo öaraxo Mae, a toh, xxo 6araTO He noTpeôye. . . He toö oiflHHH, xto He 6araTo Mae, a tok, xto ôaraTO (Mara) öamae" (me b CKOBopoflH). JXeuxo 3ycTpinaeMo i b íhhihx TBopax CTapo'í jiiTepaTypn (Hanp., y MoHOMaxa, b „MojieHHi" ^taHHijia toiho). BaraTO n,ÍKäBHx
OKpeMHX cjiíb Ta BHpa3ÍB.
Hepe3 cxojKÍCTb cthjik) ,,l36opHHKa" 3 nponoBiflflio IjiapioHa bh-cjioBjíeHo ayMKy, mo IjiapioH oöpoÖHB i ijefi 3ÖipHHK. Bhchobok He nepeKOHjiHBHH. Mo»eMo roBopHTH jiHHie npo neBHy „niKOJiy" nncb-MeHHHiĺbKy a6o HanpaM y Meacax jiÍTepaTypn 11 BÍny, flo anoro Ha-jiejKaTb i nponoBiflb IjiapioHa i 36ipHHK 1076 pony, xom: 3ÔipHHK Mae cnijibHi pněn (jiioöoB flo a<popn3MÍB) 3 6araTbMa íhiuhmh TBOpaMH 11 BÍKy (jiiTonncH).
J\. Bojio^HMHp MoHowax
1. GflHHHM CTapHM nHCbMeHHHKOM, BÍfl anoro HaM 3ajiHuiHjiaca 36ipKa TBopÍB, e BojioflHMHp MoHOMax (1053-1125). TBopn öoro BCTaBjíeHO b JiÍTonnc nifl 1096 p. MaöyTb, pyKonnc ym.e to^í 6yB y He jxyme floöpoMy CTaHi: fleinp 3ÍncyTe Ha no^aTKy, b cepeflHHi 6paKye, 3flaGTbca, CTopiHKH. Tßopiß MoHOMaxa Tpn: „noyneHHc" flŕraM, jihct flo kh. Ojiera Ta MOJíHTBa (a6o mojihtbh).
HaBÍTt neBHa naHeripn^Ha TeHHeHHiiiHicTb 3o6pa>KeHHa HíHTxa Ta nojiiTHHHoi fliajibHOCTH BojioflHMHpa MoHOMaxa b jiiTonnci He no-BHHHa 3aKpHBaTH Bifl Hac Toro (paKTy, mo MoHOMax, 6e3yMOBHo, 6yB BHflaTHHM Ta nonyjiapHHM nojiiTHKOM, no3HTHBHHM nojiiTHHHHM me-ajioM aKoro 6yjio MHpHe cniBJKHTTa OKpeMHX KHa3ÍBCTB xa cnijibHa <5opoTb6a npoTH cnijibHoro Bopora — nojiOBnjB. JJ,eň ifleaji ôoMy,
103
xo^a 6 jiHine ^acTKOBo, b/jajioca 3,híhchhth. He tíjibkh jiiTonnc i;n;ea-Jii3ye BojionnMHpa. MacMO jihct MHTponojiHTa HnioKpopa n,o khh3h, mp noMHHaeTBCH noxBajioio KHa3eBÍ, noxBajioio, mo, HaneBHe, jimne nonacTH BHKJiHKaHa BiiMoraMH bbíhjihbocth. nnuiy^H nin. *iac Bejin-Koro nocTy, MHTponojinT He BBaacac 3a noTpiÔHe 3'acoByBaTH Moho-MaxoBi 3HaHeHHji nocTy Ta He Moace 3aKHHyTH HOMy rpixiß, 60 KHa3b BHXOBaHHÖ noöoamo, a noMipKOBaHÍCTL íioro JKHTTa bcí öanaTb: bíh cnHTb Ha BorKiá 3eMjii, He noTpeöyc romíbkh, He HOCHTb „CBÍTjioro BÔpaHHa", b^HraGTbca, xon,a*ra JiicaMH, aK cnpoTa, i Jinnie b míctí —
aK KHa3b.   MHTponOJIHT  BHXBaJiae  rOCTHHHÍCTb,   MHJIOCTHHIO KHa3a
i npoxac y Hboro Jiňme npoöa^eHHa flJia thx, Koro noicapaB KHa3b. U,eů o6pa3, xo% 6e3yM0BH0, ineajiÍ30BaHHn, b KoacHOMy BHnan,Ky, bí^-noBi^ae inpajiaM caMoro KHa3a.
„noyneHHe" nncaHo, neBHe, n,ecb nepen, 1125 p., MoacjiHBo, mo me nepen, 1118, 60 boho hí6h Bace noTpamijio no CnjibBecTpiBCbKoro cnHCKy JíiTorracy, xom ÖMOßipHime, mp äoro BCTaBjíeHO jiňme b nÍ3HÍnii Bianncn. B „noy^ieHHÍ" BojionHMHpa 3ran,yGTbca, mo bíh yace roTy-GTbca np CMepTH — bíh nnrue noB^aHHH, „cnnann Ha caHax", — Ta nařtyc BoroBÍ 3a Té, nro „hobíb Soro np nnx ^híb". Ha caHax hochjih aöo B03HJIH b cTapiS Pyci MepnJB npn noxopom b3hmí i bjiítí (3BHHafí, mp yrpHMaBca Ha YKpami np 19 ct., a b ripcbKHx nacTHHax ii no-nacTH aac no 20 ct.).
„noyneHHG" 36yflOBaHe 3a neBHHM njiaHOM. noHHHacTbca boho KopoTeHbKHM BCTynoM. nepnia nacTHHa ■— pejiiriimo-MopajibHoro xa-paKTepy, 3 pacHHM yacHTKOM tckctíb cb. nncbina Ta pejiiriäHHx hh-TaT. JXpyra, ^acTHHa nonac cbítcbkí nopann, nepeBaacHo mpnp nojii-THHH01 Mopaai. TyT cnonaTicy MOBa iine npo o6oß'a3KH KHa3ÍBCbKÍ (noMa, nin. nac nonppoaíen-BincbKOBHx BHnpaB, o6'i*3n,y 3eMejib), Ta 3arajibH0-jnoncbKÍ. Hapenm, TpeTa nacTHHa noacHiOG nonepeniri nopann KHa3a Ha npHKJiani noro BjiacHoro acHTTa. Hk öa^HMo, njiaH y irijiOMy npöpe noöynpBaHim. y BCTyni KHH3b roBopirrb npo cbíh bík Ta npocHTb niTefi Ta imnnx wrará („XTOCb imunn, xto no^iyG nro rpa-mothuio") nocTaBHTHca 3 yßaroio no noB^aHHa, a kojih boho He cno-npoaGTbca, to BHÖannTH aBTopoßi, 3Baacaio*iH Ha noro cTapnn bík, — MOBjíaB, „CKa3aB HÍceHÍTHnn.io Ha najieKOMy nijiaxy, cnnann Ha caHax". nepnia *iacTHHa noHHHaGTbca TeKCTainn 3 ncajirapa, BHÖpannx 3 thx Micnb, mo HHTaioTbca b nepninn Tnaí^eHb BejiHKoro nocTy. npHKpa 3BÍcTKa npo HOBy ycoÖHino najia BojionHMnpoBi npnßin. po3-ropHyTH ncajiTHp*, ne Bnajin noMy b om cjiOBa: „HoMy ne^ajiycui-
*) HoMycb aeHKi aocjiíahhkh BBaacaioTi ije „bopojkíhhhm 3 ricajiTapn" — (Tjhb. EKCKypc i, b. a.). MaeMo TyT b flificHOCTi 3obcím He bopojkíhhh, a cnpo6y 3HaŮTH ayxoBe nocHJieuHH b yjiH)6jieHiö khh3Í.
lOJf
ca, nyine Moa? ^OMy HenoKOini MeHe?" (IIcaaTHp 41,12). Tonj. bíh BHÖpaB 3 ricajiTupa peneHHa, mo fioMy cnon,o6ajinca, roJioBHa Ix Te-Ma — 3arHÖejiB rpiuiHHx Ta cnaceřma npaBenHux (líc. 36,1, 9-17, 21-27; 55, 11-12; 58, 1-4; 62, 4-5; 63, 33; 32,2). BnnHcaBinH me mo-pajiBHi nopann lOHanaM 3 ,,iIoy^eHHa" Bacnjiia BejiHKoro (Moace 3 „l36opHHKa" 1076 p., n,HB. BHme), BoaonnMHp n,onae me KijibKa no-pan,. TojiOBHi KaacyTB npo myxoBHy nncnnnjiiHy: „onaHyBaHHa onen, yTpHMaHHa a3HKa, CMHpeHHÍCTb yMa, noHeBOJiemiH Tijia, 3HHin,eHHa rHÍBy, HHCTOTa nyMKH, nöaHHa 3a npöpi bmhhkh". „ÍIk Te6e norocb no36aBjiaiOTb — He MCTHca, srn Te6e HeHaBHn,aTb a6o aceHyTb — Tep-nn, aK Te6e raHaTb — npoxaS (BHÖa^eHHa) . .."; no o6oB'a3KÍB cy-npoTH ÖJiHacHix HajieacaTB TaKi nopain: ,,3bíjibhh noKpnBnaceHoro, cyan (cnpaBenjiHBo) cnpoTy, onpaBnaií BnoBnino". IIoxBajioK) Toc-noneBi MoHOMax 3aKÍH*íyG nepniy ^acTHHy noBnamia, rojioBHe 3a Te, m,o Bor TaK HeöaraTO BHMarae bíh jiiohhhh. He Tpeßa 3obcím ,,ca-MOTHocTH, nepnenTBa, nocTy", hochtb „Tpbox Maanx nin" — ,,KaaT-Ta, CJIÍ3, MHaocTHHi". noxBajia 3BepTaeTbca n,o MynpocTH Boacoí b cTBopeHHi Ta noaaroflaíeHHi CBÍTy. BojionHMHp 3aKÍH^yG npoxaH-
HflM HO HHTaHÍB BHKOHyBaTH KOJIH He BCe, TO XO*I OH nOJIOBHHy HHX
nyxoBHHx BHMor, a 30KpeMa He 3a6yBaTH mojihtbh i b noxonax no-BTopiOBaTH „rocnonn, noMHayö", „nocTÍHHo, TaGMHo" — na nopana Haranyc nÍ3HÍmy „nocTiifriy MOjiHTBy" re3HxacTÍB.
„Cbítcbkí nopanH" BHTpHMaHi b nyci xphcthhhcbkoi ryMaHHOc-
TH. nOHaBHIH 3 nonOMOrn SiflHHM, CHpOTaM Ta BflOBHI^HM, BoJIOflHMHp
nepexonHTb 30 npaBocyn,na B3arajii, bhmaraionh m'hkocth cyay (bíh npoTH cMepTHoí icapn), 30 bíphocth oöinaHKaM, bíh pan,HTb naBara ,,xpecHe irijiyBaHHa" jiňme Toni, kojih jnoniiHa neBHa, m,o 3Moace bh-KOHaTH cBoI oßinaHKH. noTpiÖHa noHiana np nyxoBeHCTBa Ta no CTap-hihx, niKJiyBaHHa npo xBopnx, BincyTHÍCTb ropnpcTH, naivfaTL npo CMepTb i BinnoBÍnHo no n&oro CTaBjíeHHa 30 MaTepiajibHHX uíhhoc-•ren: „Y 3eMJii He 3axoByÖTe, n,e HaM BejiHKHÍi rpix" — nopana Tpo-xh flHBHa njia thx HecnoKÍHHHX naciB. Yace h,íjikom CBÍTCbKoro xa-paKTepy nopann 6yra oóepeacHHM, niKJiyBaTHca Bciiwa khh3Íbclkhmh Ta noMammMH cnpaBaMn, 6yTH tocthhhhm, npHBÍTHHM, oöepiraTH Ha-cejieHHa bíh CBaBijijia. iHCÍHKy Tpe6a jik)6hth, ajie He n,aBaTH IS Han C060K) BjianH; rpeöa nocTÜmo npainoBaTH, 30KpeMa BHHTHca (6aTt-Ko BoaoflHMHpa — BceBOJion, 3HaB n'aTb mob, bíh 6yB oapyaceHHH
3 BÍ3aHTÍHCBKOK) npHHUpCOK)) . ,,JIÍHHBCTBO G, MOBJíaB, MaTH BCBOro"
(3Jioro). nopann CB01 BojionHMHp MOTHByc nonacTH peairiÖHo — „CTpaxoM BoacHM", no^acTH cthhho — bcí jiiohh onHaKOBi, cMeprai; nonacTH npaKTH^Ho — noKpHBflateHi 6yayTb npoKJiHHaTH, Heofíepeat-híctb Ha bíhhí Moace npHBecTH no 3arn6ejii; rocTHHHicTB, 3HaHHa mob touío — naiOTb KHa3eBÍ aoöpy cjiaBy. . . Cbítcbkí noBnaHHa 3aKÍH-
105
nyG BojioftHMHp nporpaMOH) KHH3ÍBCbKoro ahh: BCTaBaTH no cxifl cohijjt, Haänepme hth 30 nepKBH, iiotím paflHTHCH („flyMaTH") 3 flpy-JKHHOK), cyflHTH jnoflefi, íxaTH Ha JiOBH, b nojiyAHe cnaTH i t. a.
OcTaHHíi nacTHHa — cnoraflH BojioAHMHpa npo ^HCJieHHí (srn bíh KaíKe 83) bíhcbkobí BHnpaBH, m,o saBOflHjiH fioro a>K a° rjiboťa-bh b HiMeHHHHi — b pyKonHci BHnpaB noAaHO Jinnie 70, MaöyTb, oahh jihctok pyKonncy 3aTpaneHHH; 30KpeMa Bojioahmhp nepejii^ye nojio-HeHHx a6o 3aÔHTHX nojioBenbKHX khhsíb; HapeniTÍ, 3raAyc npo cbo'í mhcjihbcbkí „npani" Ta 3 hhmh 3B'íi3aHÍ He6e3neKH: „ABa Typn kh-AajiH MeHe 3 KoneM poraMH, ojieHt ßo^aB, ^Ba jiocí — oahh TonTaB HoraMH, a Apyrnň öoflaB, Benep oflipBaB Me^ia 3 CTerna, BeAMÍflb yny-chb nanpaK kojio Kojiina, ahkhö 3ßip ckotob Mem Ha crertia i nepe-KHHyB MeHe 3 KOHeM". 3raflKa npo jiobh — n;e He noxBajia KHH3ÍBCb-KOK) npHMXOK), — i peajibHo i chmbojiíhho mhcjihbctbo 6yjio 3a CTa-pnx *iacÍB KyjibTHByBaHHHM, ocboghhhm seMjii (nop. pOJIK) 6opoTb-6h 3 3BÍpaMH b MÍTax npo repKyjieea a6o cxiflHbocjiOB'íiHCbKi „fly-xobhí nicm" npo cb. lOpia). Jlnme KopoTKO noTBepaJKye BojioflHMHp fleHKÍ nopa^h BJiacHHM npHKJiaflOM: ,,He nnjibHyBaB h jkhtth CBoro, He JKajiyBaB cbogí tojiobh. Ujo Tpeôa ßyjio poöhth cjiy3Í, Te poÔHB a caM. . .; He noKJiaflaioMHCH Ha nocaflHHKÍB Ta ôhphhíb, poÖHB caM, mp 6yjro Tpeöa; Becb po3nopjiflOK y CBoeMy aomí h caM poôhb; Tar KOJK i oiflHoro cMepAa i yôoroi baobhijí He AasaB CHJibHHM noicpHB-Ahth; i n;epKOBHoro po3nopínn<y Ta cjiyjKÖH ji caM AorjiaaaB..." Bojioahmhp niflKpecjiiOG, m,o He ce6e bíh x one BHXBajíHTH d;hmh cnora-AaMH, „ajie xBajiio Bora i npocjiaBjmio mhjiíctb Horo, mp MeHe, rpini-Horo i xyfloro, ctíjibkh pa3ÍB 3Ôepir bía cMepraoro nacy i mp MeHe, xyfloro, ctbophb He jiíhhbhm 30 bcíx noTpiÖHHX jnoflCbKHX cnpaß". — KopoTKe 3aKÍHHeHHji Haraflye, mo Tpeôa nnjibHyBaTH bcíx Aoôpnx b^hhkíb, „cjiaBjífl^h Bora Ta cbhthx Horo".
3. KpÍM „noyneHHa" Ma gm o jihct BojioflHMHpa flo kh. Ojiera CBHTocjiaBH^ia, nncaHHH nicjín 6htbh, ^e 3aÔHTo CHHa BojiOAHMHpo-Boro l3'HCjiaBa. ITonaTOK Ta KÍHenb jiHCTa Tpoxn 3incyri. Bojioahmhp i TyT no^HHaG, nofliOHO 30 noB^aHHH, Í3 3raAKH npo BJiacHy AyxoBHy 6opoTb6y: Aynia nepeMorjia ôoro cepne, HaraflaBura, mp bcí jiioah CMeprai (ue nncaB Bojioahmhp 1096 p., kojih iíoMy ôyjio jinnie 43 p.) i Ha CTpaniHOMy cyAÍ HOMy Ta ôoro po^n^aM aobcactbch CTaTH hk jiioahm, iq,0 He 3yMÍjIH BTpHMaTH AOÖpHX bíahochh míjk C060K). Bo-jioAHMHp HaBOflHTb TeKCTH npo J11060B mí>k ôpäTaMH Ta Hara/r/G Ojie-roBÍ, jiK bíh, BojioflHMHp, Ta CHH ôoro l3'HCJiaB poÖHjiH cnpoÖH 3a-kíhhhth cynepeHKH MHpoM. HaBÍTt 3apa3, no cMepri 13'acJiaBa, Bo>-
JIOAHMHp 3rOH>KyGTbCH MHpHO  SaKÍH^HTH HBapy.  KoHKpeTHHH 3MÍCT
jiHCTa — npoxaHHH BÍflnycTHTH 3 nojioHy JKÍHKy 3aÖHToro l3'acjiaBa. Biflnnc iíboro JiHCTa BojioflHMHp, neBHO, 3ajiHHiHB y ce6e, 60 b HbOMy
106
bíh po3BHHyB nporpaMy cbogí mhphoi iiojiíthkh, rojioBHe, BHMaraio^h
BÍflMOBH Bifl nOMCTH.
B kíhijí pyKonucy TBopiß MoHOMaxa nepenncana MOJiHTBa (a6o KÍJitKa flpiÖHHx, OKpeMHx mojihtob) ao XpHCTa, EoropoflHni Ta Ah-flpia KpHTCtKoro. H,e — KOMnijian,ia, m,o 11 6ÍJibine BHTpHMaHo b n,ep-KOBHOMy cthjií, híjk oÖHflBa íhuií TBopH. MojiHTBa cnojiy^aG b co6i npoxaHHH ocoohctí Ta npoxaHHH 3a AeptfcaBy („rpa/rt").
4. He Tpeöa BBatfcaTH TBopH BojioflHMHpa 3a TBopn npHHariflHÍ, H.íjikom HejíiTepaTypHi. „IIoyHeHHG" 3raflyc HaBÍTb npo mojkjihbhx ^HTa^iB, thx, xto „cjiyxaTHMe" n,e nncaHHH, Kpiin fliTeň BojioflHMHpa. „noyneHHG" — yjiioÖjreHa jiiiepaTypna cpopMa BÍ3aHTÍHCBK0Í jíiTe-paTypn. BojioflHMHp caM, MaßyTb, HHTas noB^aHna, m,o bbíhhijih flo cKJiafly t. 3B. ,,l36opHHKa" 1076 p. (I. I~.), bíh iniTye nponoBiflb Ba-CHJIH BejIHKOrO, iuo TeJK BXOflHJia b toh „l36opHHK.'\ Bíh Miř 3HaTH KopoTKe noBiaHHH HpocjiaBa Myflporo, 3anncaHe b JiÍTonnc (nifl p. 1054), TaKOJK anoKpHcpiHHÍ „3anoBÍTH naTpiapxiB". He bcí hob-qaHHH MajiH toh bhcoko-6thhhhh Ta pejiiriHHHH xapaKTep, mp noB-MaHHH BojioflHMHpa MoHOMaxa. BÍ3aHTÍHCbKa JíiTepaTypa Majia noB-HaHHH b ayci BÍ3aHTÍňcbKoro nojíiTHHHoro „MaKÍHBejiÍ3My". Miř Boji oahmhp npHHaÖMHi Myra i npo 3axip;hí TBopn nboro raTyHKy: HCÍHřta BojioaHMHpa TiTa — aHrjiiÖKa (3b'h3kh 3 AHrjiicio Khib Maß ine 3a ^aciß ÍIpocjiaBa, kojih b Hboro 3HaHinjiH npnTyjiOK chhh Kopojia EflMyHfla) Syjia aohkoio Kopojia rapajibfla, Ta 3 poahhoio Kopojia BTeKJia ^epe3 EncTep Ta IpjiaHfliio ho JXsmn, fle kojio 1074-5 p. i bhh-uijia 3aMÍjK 3a BojioflHMHpa. AHrjiincbKa JíiTepaTypa Majia „noB*iaH-hh", mp npH3Ha^eHe fljia poflHHH Kopojia rapajibfla i noxoAHTb ca-Me 3 EKCTepy, nncaHe cnncKonoM JleoíppiKOM, mp oniKyBaBCH fliTb-mh rapajibfla.
I jiHCT flo Ojiera, hk HHCJieHHa cTapa enicTOJiapHa JíiTepaTypa, Mac neBHe JiirepaTypHe 3a6apßjieHHa Ta nncaHHH, neBHe, He Jinine fljia aapecaTa, a g cBoro pofly hojiíthhhhm naMcpjieTOM.
CKJiaa TBopiß BojioflHMHpa noflac HaM BKa3ÍBKH Ha xe, hk bíh npainoBaB. JIiOflHHa „KHHJKHa", bíh, MaSyTb, BHnncyBaB 3 khhjkok i^HTaTH, qo öoMy nofloöajiHca. B „IIoyHeHHi" 3HaöfleHo cjiiflH fioro 3HaHHH cb. ÜHCbMa (MOiKe 3 ,,IIapHMÍHHHKa"), hk 3raflaH0, ,,l36op-HHKa" 1076 p., „IIIecTOAHeBa" Bacnjiia BejiHKoro, „*í»Í3Íojiora" Ta AeaKHx íhhihx TBopiß, Hanp., anoKpncpiB. 3 cbogí 3ÖipKH HiiTaT bíh i HaBOflHTt BHÖip, npHCTOcoBaHHH flo MeTH noBHaHHa, HeMa cyMHÍBy, mo i íhhií mích,h b „noyMeHHÍ" nonacTH MaiOTb jiirepaTypm AHíepejia, an Hanp., HaBe^eHi BHin,e (popMyjin. Ilopyn 36ipKH iíHTaT Bojio;hhmhp
ICOpHCTaBca, MaÖyTb, i BJiaCHHM IHPfleHHHKOM, AO HKOro bíh 3aH0CHB
iHOHaííMeHiue KopoTeHbKÍ a^th npo cboí HHCJieHHi noxoAH. „IToyne-
107
hhg" noßynpBaHe 3a neBHHM iijiíihom, xon fioro i He uijikom bhtph-
MaHO.
Ajie HaHCHJiLHiuia pnca TBopiB BojionHMnpa Ix ncnxojiorÍHHa Bpa3jiHBÍcTb Ta noeTHHHÍCTb y nopiBHHHHHx Ta o6pa3ax. I „Iloyne-hhg" i „JIhct" BojioAHMHp noHHHaG oflHaKOBo — Í3 3raflKH npo cboi ncHXÍHHi nepejKHBaHHH. ľlepefl thm, hk nonaTH BJiacHi MipKyBaHHn, bíh HaBOflHTb 36ipKH HHTaT, Hanp., „BoJKe niKJiyßaHHa Jiiniue Bin jiioflCBKoro" i t. fl. Ajie BjiacHoro o<popMjieHHH nanac Bojiohhmhp nyMKaM npo Kpacy Ta rapMOHiio BcecBÍTy: „Tboím npoMHCJioM, Toc-nonn, npHKpameHi pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ 3BÍpi, i nTinji, i pnön! 3 Hboro nyna
ňHByGMOCÄ, HK JIlOflHHa yTBOpeHa 3 3eMJlÍ i HKÍ pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ BHrJIHflH MaiOTB JHOHCbKÍ OÔJIHHHH, TaK IH.0 HK Í BeCb CBÍT 3Í6paTH, He BCi Ofl-
Horo BHrjiHfly, ajie kojkhhh 3a Bohíokd MynpicTio Mac BJiacHHŽ bh-
TJIHfl OÖJIHHHH* ... I H.bOMy nOflHByGMOCH, HK nTHI^i HeÔeCHÍ HflyTb Í3
Biipiio ... i He 3ynHHHK)TbCH b onrnö Kpami, ajie... HRyTb no bcíx Kpa'ÍHax, 3a Eojkhm HaKa30M, inpô jiích i nojiH HanoBHHjiHCH ... i thx nranb HeôecHHx Th HaB^hb, rocnonn, hk Th HaKaJKem, — 3acnÍBa-H>Tb... hk Th HaKajKeni, — MaiOHH rojioc, OHÍMiiOTb". JJÍjih Haä-npocTiniHx ÄyMOK Bojiohhmhp 3Haxon.HTb MajibOBHHai o6pa3H: BCTa-BaTH Tpeôa pano, „mo6 coHue Bac He 3acTajio b nocTejii"; npo noxin, no cnajieHoro BepecTH Kaace bíh — íxara „Ha rojiOBHÍ"; npo nojiOB-híb, iho npH njiaBaHHÍ BojionnMHpa JJ^HÍnpoM raöopaMH ctohjih no öeperax, nnuie: „I o6jiH3yBajiHCH Ha Hac, hk bobkh ... Bin, nepeBo-3Íb Ta 3 rip"; yHBjíHWHH co6i, hk Ojier noôanHB 3aÓHToro l3'HCJiaBa BojioflHMHp Kaace: „I th noôa^HB KpoB noro i tíjio 3ÍB'HJie, hí6h mo-jiony KBÍTKy..., hí6h nrnn 3aKOJieHe"; yMOBjínronn khh3íb TpHMa-
THCH BJiaCHHX KHH3ÍBCTB, BoJIOnHMHp í h,k) flyMKy BEHraG B o6pa3 -
„XJIÍ6 IflHHH ninÍB"; npoxaiOHH Ojiera BÍnnycTHTH npyjKHHy l3'HCJia-Ba 3 noJiOHy, bíh mnne „6yjio nocjiaTH CHOxy mok) no MeHe..inp6
H, íl OÖHHBHIH, OnjiaKaB 3 HeK> íl MOJIOBÍKa Ta U BeCÍJIJIH, 3aMÍCTb ni-
ceHb (BecijibHHx), 6o h He ôa^HB 3a rpixn mo'í am iľ panpcTH**, — am II BÍHHaHHH; .. .a kíhhhbihh 3 Heio cjibo3h, BjiauiTyio II Ha mícijí i cnne, hk ropjiHHH Ha cyxoMy nepeBÍ, jKajiiionHCb". Tyr mrgmo, 6e3-yMOBHO, BÍflOHTKH jiÍTepaTypHHX Ta HapOflHHX noeTHHHHX o6pa3ÍB,
ajie pa30M 3 thm — cbíroutbo npo noeTHHHy Bnany caMoro Bojio-ÄHMnpa MoHOMaxa.
HÍKaBa i MOBa. 3a bhííhhtkom mojihtbh, TBopn BojionHMHpa no-pyn qepKOBHo-cjioB'HHCbKHX ejieMeHTÍB MaiOTb ÔaraTO cjiíb Ha-ponHoí MOBH, nemu 36eperjiHCH b yKpaiHCbKiž mobí noci: n,e — i „bh-
*) IJe Micije  Hara^ye  ofpiH  ypHBOK  i3  TBopy  BÍ3aHTiäcbKoro bobboah KeKaBMeHa.
**) Moste „paflicTh" — qe „BeciJiJin", b nporacTaBJíeHHi 30 qepKOBHoro
„BÍHiaHHH".
108
piö", i „naponui" (napyÓKH), i „jiaron.HTH", i „BapHTH" (BapyBaTH), i „ropjiHnji" i t. n..
Tßopn BojiojiHMHpa MoHOMaxa flaiOTt HaM acKpaBHH o6pa3 oc-
BÍHeHOl CBÍTCbKOl JIK)3HHH CTOpol PyCH, 30KpeMa íl KHHaíHOrO HHTaH-
HH, MOBHoro Ta JiiTepaTypHoro bmíhhh, a pa30M 3 thm i xpHCTHaHCt-KOl nOÔOJKHOCTH „b CBÍTÍ", Ta XpHCTHHHCBKOrO 3a6apBJieHHH nojiiTHn-HOi ineojiorii Toro nacy.
E. ^amiJio najioMHHK
1. JlHíue Ha OKpa'i KpacHoro nncbMeHCTBa e o^hh 3 Haoyjiioô-jiemiHHx TBopiB dapoi jiÍTepaiypn (3ajiHHiHJioca kojio 100 bí,nnHCÍB 15-19 ct.), MaHflpiBKa „/JaHHjia IlajiOMHHKa" y CßHTy 3eMJiK>. íle jryace HeTajibHHÖ oiehc IlajiecTHHH 3 i"i cßaToin,aMH, Ajie onnc, pyace u,íhhhh rjih Tonorpa(pii Cbhtoi 3eMjii, noflaHo b paMiji pejiiriÖHo-no-nyTTGBiž. U,e — cnorann, a ne reorpa(pmHHH Tßip. 2Lk nooanHMO, /laHHjio noflae ôaraTO MaTepiajiy, n;ÍHHoro TaKoac i hjih icxopii jiľre-paTypH.
IIoaopo>K /laHHJia g, oflHa 3 inepery, Maöyrb, hhcjichhhx ľiojsjo poJKÍB ll-ro-12-ro ctojiítta. MaHn.pÍBKH n.o cbhthx 3eMejib 6yjm HHMCb 3BHnaHHHM. Ha A(poH nonppoacyßaB Ahtohíh nenepcbKHä; lOHaK «reoaociö, saxonjiemm onoBÍn,aHHaMH nponaH npo CßHTy 3eM-jiK), HaBÍTb TÍKac 3 flOMy. 1062 p. xoh.hb n,o Cbhtoi 3eMJii BapjiaaM 3 nenepcbKoro MaHacrapa; Ramuio caM 3ycrpÍB ni^ nac BejiHKOS-Hboi cayacÖH kojio Tpoóy TocnonHboro 3eMjiaKÍB-KHaH Ta hobto-ponfliB. nHTaHHa, hh Tpeôa noflopoacyBaTH /jo CßaToi 3eMjii, 3ycTpi-HeMo b ,,nHTaHHax KnpHKa" (hhb. II. I. 6) Ta y „CTapimax" jiereH-aapHHx „KajiÍK". /laHHjio — iryMeH aKorocb MaHacrapa — opram-3yBaB cbok) noflopoat ninpoKo; bíh MaHnjpye 3 nijioio „n,pyaumoio"t flicTae npoBÍn.hhkíb, 3aM0BjiaG cjiyacÖH Boaci, HaBÍTb Kopojib xpecTO-hochíb BaJiayi'h y3aß noro 3 coöoio mo orhígi ncflopoaci, a niß nac BejíHKOňHboi cjiyacÖH nocTaBHB noro kojio ceöe; nycKajiH /JaHHjia
bck>n,H.
,21aHHJio poflOM, MaôyTb, 3 HepHHriBimiHH, — bíh nopÍBHioG Hop-aaH 3 pinKOio Chob'io (monpaBfla, TaKa Ha3Ba g i Ha BopoHiacnnm) Ta, MOJianHCb 3a KHa3ÍB, 3raayG jiHine nÍBfleHHHx. MeTa noro nonppo-aci — noooHíHa, hk i íhhihx nponaH. Bíh xone noSyBara laM, n,e „XpncToc, Bor Ham, noxoflHB cbo'ímh HoraMH". m,e nepen. noßopoac-SKio bíh Ma b nocTaBHTH co6i 3aBaaHHa — nani jiÍTepaTypHHH TBip npo CßaTy 3eMjiio. Bíh, aK Kaaíe b nepen.MOBÍ, He xotíb ynonjÔHHTH-ca „pa6y jiÍHHBOMy" i xone onncaTH cboio non,oposK ^Jia bíphhx, m.06 HHTani 3aTya<HjiH 3a cßaTHMH Mici^aMH. Bíh npocHTb BHÖaneHHa 3a
109
„rpyÔicTb", ajie bíh — nHjibHHH JirrepaTypHHH npan,ÍBHHK. Hip, nac noflopoaci, bíh, HaneBHe, bíb mpneHHHK 3 tohhhmh 3anncaMH po3MÍ-piB, BiflflajiiB, iineH Tomp. Ha^HTaHicTB noro y Eiöjiii Ta anoKpn(pi*i-híh jiiTepaTypi nytfce npnflajiaca HOMy npn o6po6n,i 3anHC0K. ByB bíh y Cbhtíh 3eMjii y 1106-08 pOKax.
2. 3míct „iloflopoHci", TBopy hochtb BejíHKoro po3MÍpy, neMOJK-jiHBO nepeKa3aTH KopoTKO. U,e — onnc ycici Kpa'íhh, 6o ^IaHHJio no-6yBaB He jrame b GpycajiHMi, a MaHflpyBaB no bcíh ľlajiecTHHi. To-
jiobhhh HOrO ÍHTepeC - „CBHTHHÍ", HK CTapO- TaK    i H0B03aBÍTHÍ,
nepKBH, MaHacTHpi. íx onHcn äBTop mofli cynpoBOHHTfc 3raflKaMH npo Kpa'ÍHH, pocjiHHH, TBapHHH, ÍHOfli npo rocnoflapcTBO, Haôpifline npo oKpeMHX oci6, — cBoro npoBiflHHKa 3 MaHacrapíi cb. CaBn b Gpyca-jihmí, npo CBOK) „spyjKHHy", npo Kopojín Bajiayma, ,,capan,HHÍB" (apaöiß), „(ppariB" (3axiflHBO-eBponeHn,ÍB B3arajii) Tomp. 3raflKH, inpnpaBfla, hochtb npoTOKOJitHoro xapaKTepy. Oct, Hanp., KpaGBnn,: „Hopp;aH-pÍKa Tene xymo, ôepern Mae no toh 6ík flyace Kpyri, no npä 6ík — piBHi. Bona >k ňoro KajiaMyraa i jtyxie cojionKa no nHTXH, i He oôpHflHe nnTH Ty CBírry Bony, i He xBopiwTb Bifl Hei, i He uikohhtb BOHa. LIíjikom nofliÔHHH HopflaH pi^i Chobí, i 3aBninpniKH, i 3as-rjiHÖniKH, Ta Tene nyace HepißHo Ta xyrKO. JlyKH Mac TaKi, kk i pin-Ka Chob . . ." ,,3aBuiHpniKH HopnaH TaKHÔ hk piHKa Chob Ha ycTÍ. T no nen 6ík Kynejii g Majinn jiícok i ôaraTo flynce bhcokhx nepeB no ôepery HopflaHOBOMy, i g jio3h, He hk Hauia jio3a . . . ÔaraTo komhihíb. i ôaraTo TyT acHBe 3bíphhh; g TyT hhkí cbhhí, 6e3 HHCJia ix ôaraTo, i jieonapfliß 6araTO. a jieBH g no toh 6ík HopnaHy b KaM'HHHX ropax, i 6araTo jicbíb TyT poflHTBCH..." A6o Kpama kojio BnípjieGMy: „I g Ta 3eMjiji Ha ropax kojio BncpjieGMy nyjKe KpacHa, a Ha y3rip'ax cto-ítb ôaraTo ňepeB OBOieBHX, rapm ojihbkobí pepeßa, i cmokobhhh, i pÍ3HÍ, i ôaraTo BHHorpanHHKÍB, a no öajiKax hhbh — Bce kojio Bntp-jieGMy". .ZLaHHJio onncyc i nycTejii Ta ähkí ripctKi KpaGBHflH, Hanp., mjiHX bíh GpnxoHy ho HopflaHy: „Beet nac pißHo, Bce nicoK, uijihx nyjKe THJKKHH, ôaraTo jnofleíl He MoacyTb nnxaTH bíh cneKH Ta bmh-paiOTB bíh cnparn. Bo HeflajieKO bíh n,Boro mjiHxy g Cohomcbkc (MepTBe) Mope, Ta neKyne noBÍTpH Ta CMopin bhxohhtb 3 Toro mo-pn, hk 3 najnoHoi není i onajiioc 3eMJiK> u,ígio cMopofljiHBOK) cne-kok)". Be36apBHÍmi onnen 6yflOB: ocb n,epKBa BocKpeceHHH Xpne-TOBoro b GpycajiHMi: „^hbho i nyJKe bmíjio 36ynoBaHa, i Kpaca 11 HeBHMOBHa, g Kpyrjia BHrjiHfloM, CTpanmo hhbhthch (!), i Ha30BHÍ npHKpameHa M03aÍKOK> hhbho, hcbhmobho, i ctíhh iľ oßKJianem Map-MypoBHMH njíHTaMH 3 Hopororo MapMypy, ny>Ke rapHo..."; KpiM 6e3ÔapBHHX cjiíb „hhbho, KpacHO, HeBHMOBHO, CTpaniHo" /IaHHjio ne-He-fle nonac me neTajibHimi cyxi BHHHCJieHHH po3MÍpÍB, kíjibkocth CTOBniB Tomp. Kpamp íioMy BHaGTbCH po3noBÍCTH npo rocnoflapcbKe
110
JKHTTfl. TaK bíh onncyc 3np6yBaHHa jianaHy (THM'aHy) a6o cijibCbKe rocnonapcTBo XeBpoHy: „I hhhí cnpaBni 3eMjia n,a ÔJiarocJioBeHHa Bifl Bora Ha bcí ôjiara: Ha nnieHHirio, i Ha bhho, i Ha ojiíio, i Ha BCHKy cnpoBHHy nyace SaraTa, i xyapön, i oBenb ayJKe 6araT0, i apô-pa cKOTHHa HaponacycTbca n.Ba pa3H Ha pne, i ônmiji TyT öaraTo Ha TOMy KaMÍHHi, no thx KpacHHX ropax; i ôaraxo rapHnx BHHorpa;n,-hhkíb Ha y3rip'ax, i OBO^ieBHX nepeB ctoitb 6araTo 6e3 nncjia: ojihbh, piíKKH, CMOKBH, aßjiym Ta HepeniHi. I BHHorpa^ ponnTbCH i iHuia ca-noBHHa, Jiinnia Bia, ycHKo'i canoBiiHH Ha 3eMjii, i BHHorpaay TaKoro Hine HeMae, i canoBHHa noniÖHa no HeöecHoi canoBHHn".
lipo jnon.en /Jamijio Jiniue 3ran.yc. Bíh He BBaaíac 3a noTpiÔHe ôaraTO symrnaraca HaBÍTt Ha Kopojii Baji^ymi; jinnie CBOGMy npo-bí^hhkobí bíh npncBHHye KijibKa cjiíb, hk „*iojiobíkobí CBHTOMy, cTa-poMy 3hhmh Ta nyace KHnacHOMy.. ." 06'gkthbhhö onncoBHÖ cTHjib moni nepepHBaiOTb bhhbh nonyTTa, aôo onncn 3araJibHoro ninHeceH-hh; JJaHHJio „3 jiio6ob'k>" noBro xonnTb öeperaMH HopnaHy; bíh i öoro npyjKHHa nijiyiOTb ,,3 jik>6ob'io Ta cjib03aMH" „CBaTe Micn,e", ne npeo6pa3HBCH XpncToc, nepniHÖ norjian. Ha GpycajinM BUKJinKaG y MaHn,piBHHKÍB panicTb — „híxto He Moaíe He npocjib03HTnca, no-6aHHBuiH 3 Tyroio cnoniBaHy 3eMjno i cbhtí inicna, ne XpncTOc n.Jia Hainoro cnaciHHa xonnB". KiHenb onncy MaHnpiBKH — nicjia OKpe-Moro po3nijiy npo cxonaceHHa CBaToro Boraio Ha rpiô roenonmö — ' TaK caMo panicHnň: ,,3 nyace BejíHKOio panicTK), 36araTHBuiHca Ha Eoacy ôjiaronaTb, necynn b pyni mo'ío nonapyHKn Ta 3HäK CBHToro rpoöy, npocBÍHyiOHH uhm yci Micna, huijih mh paniiOHH, hí6h 3Han-nijín aKHHCb CKapô ôaraTHO". JXělhujio He 3a6yBac 3rana.th i npo HacTpoí íhhihx. iií3 ^ac BejíHKonHboi BinnpaBH ,,KHH3b Eajiny'ÍH CToi'Tb í3 cTpaxoM Ta cMHpeHHaM BejiHKHM, i cjib03H, híôh 3 nacepejia, TenyTb 3 öoro o^eö", Becb Hapon. nan. rpoôoM rocnonmiví panie. ,,I xto He öa^HB hígí panpcTn b nen neHb, too He BipnTHMe onoßina-neBi..."
Cepep; nonyBaHb Xiaii^ijia BapTO 3ranaTn i noro naTpioTH3M, öoro MoaHTBy 3a KHa3ÍB, aKHx bíh 3anncyG n,o noMHHajibHHKa Ta PycbKy 3eMaK>. Ha rpoöi rocnonHbOMy bíh CTaBHTb Ha BejiHKneHb jiaMnany Bin. „ycici PycbKoí 3eMJii", po3yMÍK>MH nin. Heio YKpaiHy (n.HB. BHine 1).
3. Ajie onncn KpaGBHniB, oci6, bhhbh BjiacHoro no^ryTTa — ne jiHnie jiiTepaTypHi npnKpacH TBopy TJaHHjia. TojioBHa MeTa Ta 3míct noro TB op y — onnc cBaTHx naM'aTOK. HncjieHHi nonľí CTaporo Ta HoBoro 3aBÍTy öyjin npnB'a3aHÍ b najiecTHHi no neBHHX Micn,eBoc-Teö. He — 3bh^aÖHe nocTaHHa TaK 3BaHnx „MicneBHX car", Micne-BHx nepeKa3ÍB. JXo íctophhhhx nepeKa3ÍB npnGnHajiHca 3 nacoM He
111
Mému qncjieHHi jieťeHflapm, nonacTH — bhtbíp noôoacHoi <paHTa3Íi, nonacTH — BHCJiifl ,,flijiOBoro" öamaHHa ycionn MaTH moct říjme yBara MaHnpÍBHHKÍB. Jlamuio öaniiB öaraTo TaKHx míchb Ta 3raaye KopoTKO npo 3b'a3aHi 3 hhmh 6i6jiÍHHÍ Ta anoKpHGpiHHi icTopii. Ba-1hmo, hk öaraTo 3 anoKpHĺpÍHHo'i jiÍTepaTypn Bace öyjio BÍflOMo b toh "qac Ha Pyci. ,ZJaHHjio 3ranye, onncyiOHH TojiroTy, mp nin mícucm "Cb. XpecTa jiemHTB „rojioBa ... AflaMOBa", 3eMjia Han Heio npn cMep-tí Xphctobíh „po3cÍJiaca... i nepe3 Ty mijiHHy cieKJia KpoB i Bona 3 peôep rocnoflHix Ha roJioBy AflaMOBy i 3MHJia rpixH JiioncBKoro pony". B;a 3raflKa 3acH0BaHa Ha anoKpncpi „lipo nepeBo xpecHe" (EKCKypc I. B. 6). ZlaHHJio óaHHB nenepy, ne bojixbh noKJioHHjiHca XpncTOBi, KpHHHiíK), Kojio hkoi aHroji ynepiHe 3'aBHBca Mapii npH 6jiaroBÍm,eHHÍ (oönnBa onoBinaHHa 3 TaK 3b. „CBaHrejiii HnoBa"); ÔaHHB bíh i Miene cnoKycH XpncTa flHHBojioM, Berny, ne üaBHfl načas ncaJiMH, ropy, ne 3axoBajiaca GjracaBeTa 3 IoaHOM IIpenTeneio, 'íb pnôy s THBepiancBKoro 03epa, any 30KpeMa jiioShb XpncToc, i t. n* BecB nefi MaTepiaJi Han3BHqafiHo n,ÍKaBHH fljín nocjiinaceHHa ocoôjih-bo anoKpHĺpiHHoi jiÍTepaiypn Ta MÍcn,eBHx nepeKa3ÍB.
y cTapopycbKÍH JiiTepaTypi TBip .üaHHjia Mae cbog nonecHe míc-u.e. Xoq bíh, hk CKa3aH0 Brne, i Ha OKpai BJiacHe KpacHoro nncB-MeHCTBa, ajie bíh e Tanoac TBÍp jíiTepaTypHHÍi — He cyTO (b ceHci 11 BÍKy) ,,HayKOBHH", reorpa<pi*iHHH. MoBa /laHHJia nocHTB npocTa. Bíh HOflaG flo qepKOBHoro cjioBHHKa ^ncjiemu HaponHÍ cjioBa. 3ok-peMa Bnaflae b om pacHe BJKHBaHHa 3apoflKOBoro cTapoyKpaiHctKo-ro „apTHKJia" (rpant Majrc. ctohtb . . . bb ropax t -b xt> ... nocpenB-ace rpana toto n,epKOBB BejíHKa... BjrB3yqH-jKB bb n,epKOBB Ty. . ., ecTB nenepa . . cjtbctii no cTyneHeM-B b nenepy Ty..." i t. n-*)- Ha HcajiB, noôojKHi nepenncyBa^i nÍ3HÍmHx ctojiítb (a no Hac niHinjIH jiHine nÍ3Hi cnncKH — 3 15 ct.) He nyJKe n^ajiH 3a 36e-peateHHa BJiacTHBocTeö mobh ntoro TBopy. 3 KhIbcbkok» Tpannnjeio 3b'a3ye MaHnpißKy /JaHHjia öoro innpoKHÖ cthjib, neBHa ^yTjiHBÍcTB,
MaJIBOBHHHÍCTb OnHCÍB. .ZJOCHTB nopÍBHaTH 3 TBOpOM ,Z],aHHJia nÍ3HÍlHÍ
nÍBHÍHHÍ, HOBroponcBKÍ MaHnpÍBKH (Hanp., AHTOHÍa-,Zlo6pHHi HoBro-poncBKoro no Uapropony KOJio 1200 p.), inpö noöaHHTH, hk cyxnö, npoTOKOjiBHHH cthjib uhx panuie „KaTajioriß", híjk onncÍB, BÍnpÍ3-
HaGTBCa BÍn JKHBOrO cthjik) 11 BÍKy, HaBÍTB, y TaKHX leMSTHIBO
cyxHx TBopax, hk onncH MaHflpiBOK.
*) nop. y IUeBHeHKa „KpoBaßii tíí jiixa", „xpnmeHoi toí mobh". HayKOBO ueft „3apoflKOBHö apTHKjib" 3BeTbca „HOMiHajibHow AeTepMiHauieio". B cxapiö JiiTepaTypi ^ocHTb pnem no^iDHi KOHCTpyKuťi me b jkhtíhx, HanncaHHx HecTopoM.
112
€- JIítoiihc
1. 3n,aBajiocb on, mo nopi*mi 3anncn noflin MoacyTb öyin n.ÍKaBÍ jiimie 3 icTopH^Horo norjiafly. B híhchoctí Hanii jíiTonncn HajieacaTb flo HaonmaBiinHx JíiTepaTypHHx TBOpiB. üopinm 3anHcn jih-nie ix 30bhíiiihh (popMa, aica, flo Toro, jimne 3piflKa BHTpHMaHa. B
CKJiafl jiítoiihcíb BXOflaTb pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ naM'htkh. B IjijIOMy jiítoiihch G  HKHMHCb  eHIÍHKJIOnefliflMH,  3ÔÍpKaMH HaHpÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍmorO JliTe-
paxypHoro MaTepiajry, íikhh He fliihnoB 6h flo Hac, hk6h JíiToroicni He 3aHecjiH öoro flo cboix tbopíb. JíiTonncn, mo oöiifoiaiOTb KijibKa
CTOJlÍTb, He MOJKyTb 6yTH TBOpaMH OflHÍGÍ JHOflHHH: aBTOpH JlÍTOnHCÍB 3MÍHK)BaJIHCH,   3míhk)BaBC3  BÍflnOBÍflHO   HO   nbOITO   CTHJIb,   a  MOaCe Í
3MÍCT 3anncÍB. OTH-ce, nHTaHHH npo aBTopcTBo jiítohhcíb flyace Baac-jiHBe. Ajie CTHJib jíiTonncy He 3ajieacaB jiHine Bifl aBTopa, 6yjia neBHa
JlÍTOnHCHa CTHJliCTHHHa TpanHUlH.
3míct HaficTapiiHoi nacTHHH jiiTonncy, ana floxoflHTb flo flpyro-ro flecaTHjiÍTTfl 12 ctojiítth, oxonjiBJG noflii, nepeBaaíHO Ha Khibhhi-hí, Bifl HaHCTapiniHx naciß (nojiOBHHH 9 ct.). Íík 3raflaHO, „jiítohhc" jiHuie nacTKOBo flac nopi^Hi 3anHCH. 3fle6ijibHia MaeMo cyijijibHe onoBiflaHHH, mo JiHHie iHOfli „po3pÍ3aHo" Ta po3noflijieHO míjk po-
KaMH.
Haní HaäcTapiniHH jiítoiihc fliôuioB flo Hac y TpoxH bíamíhhhx peflabmiax: b Tan 3b. „JlaBpeHTiiBCbKOMy" jíiTonnci (pi3Hi BianHcii 3 14-15 ct.), fle bíh floxoflHTb flo p. 1110 Ta 3aKÍH*iyGTbca 3anncoM iryMeHa BnflyóenbKoro ManacTnpa nifl Khgbom, CnJibBecTpa, mo nepenncaB pyKonHC 1116 p., Ta b „InaTCbKOMy" JíiTonncy (5 BiflnnciB 3 15 Ta nÍ3HÍniHX ct.), fle onoBiflaHHH HaiicTapiiuoro JíiTonncy flo-BefleHe flo pony 1117.
BHKJiafl noHHHacTbCH orjiaflOM po3cejieHHH HapofliB nicjia Bce-CBÍTHboro noTony, onpeiwy yBary npHCBanyGTbca cjiOB'HHaM. B Haů-flaBHiniy icTopiio cjiob'hh BCTaBJíeHe onoBiflaHHa npo noflopoac anoc-TOJia AHflpia .HHinpoM. y jiítoiihcí xpoHoaoria BeneTbca „Bifl yTBo-peHHH CBiTy", ceÖTO 3 5508 p. flo P. X. JImne 3 862 p. no^HHaeTbca icTopia PycH 3 noKJiHKaHHa BapariB flo HoBropofly. .ZIochtb ninpo-Ko, ajie 3 BejiHKHMH nponycKaMH pafly poKis (Hanp., 867-878, 888-897 Tomo) po3noBÍflaeTbca npo icTopiio PycH, roaoBHe Khibcbkoi, flo BojioflHMHpa. 3oKpeMa nifl p. 898 noflaHO bíaomoctí npo Knpnaa Ta MeTOflia Ta BHHaxifl cjiob'hhcbkoi aöeiKH. y BHKJiafl, mo CKJia-flaGTbca 3 oKpeMHx jieťeHfl, BCTaBJieHo floroBopn PycH 3 rpeKaMH. ninpoKHH po3flia npncBa^ieHO oxpinneHHio BojioflHMHpa, npn ^oiny 3'GflHaHo pÍ3HÍ onoBiflaHHa — npo rpeuLKoro (piaococpa-MicioHepa, npo „npoôy Bip" nocjiaMH BojioflHMHpa, npo oxpnineHHa Bojioahmh-
113
pa no noxofli ôoro Ha KopcyHb. IIícjih onoBinaHHH npo oxpHineHHa
3HOBy no^HHaGTBCH XpOHOJIOriHHHH BHKJiafl, h^O G TOJIOBHe ÍCTOpÍGK)
KHiBCLKHX KHÍI3ÍB. I TyT MaGMo nporajiHHH (míjk pp. 998-1013 3a-rracaHo jinuie 3bíctkh npo cMepTb qaemB khh3íbcbkoi poníma). Ilin. 1015 p. nonaHO onoBinaHHH npo 3aÖHTTa cb. Bopnca Ta Tjiioa. Ilin. p. 1037 3aHeceHO noxBajiy HpocjiaBy MynpoMy, nicjia noro KiJiBKa
POKÍB Ma GM O JIHUie KOpOTeHBKi 3aMÍTKH, a 3 1043 p. 3H0By niHpniHH
BHKjiafl, b ÄKOMy nin, p. 1051 3anncaHO onoBinaHHH npo 3acHyBaHHH üenepcLKoro MaHacTHpa, nip; p. 1071 — HaM yace BinoMe onoBinaHHH npo bojixbíb, nip; p. 1074 -— onoBinaHHH npo CMepTB cb. <E>eon,ocia Ta npo Icama, nip; p. 1091 — npo nepeHeceHHH moihíb cb. <E>eonpcia, nin, p. 1096 (b JIaBpeHTiiBCBKOMy pyKonnci) „3Í6paHÍ TBopn" Bo-jioflHMHpa MoHOMaxa, nip; p. 1097 —onoBinaHHH npo kh. BacHJitKa.
2. 3míct jiiTonncy, hk hcho 3 nboro oraany Ta 3'acoBaHo b no-nepenmx po3n,iaax, „3Í6paHmí" nonacTH 3 íhhihx naM'aTOK, nncamix hh ycHHX Ta, MoacaHBO, BHKopncTaHO i hkícb íhluí aÍTonncHÍ n.acepe-aa, 30KpeMa HOBroponcbKi, Moace h nepmriBCbKi 3anncH, 3anncH a6o ycHi nepeKa3H 3 TMyTopoKam (Han, 03íbcbkhm MopeM), onoBinaHHH 3 icTopii XlenepctKoro MaHacTHpa, pÍ3HÍ noKyivieHTH (noroBopn 3 rpeicaMH, noMHHaabHHK kh'íbcbkhx KHa3ÍB, 3anoBÍT kh. JIpocjiaBa Mynporo i t. n,.). KpiM Toro, BHKopncTaHO ^yJKy aiiepaTypy: mo-paBCBKy (onoBinaHHH npo CKaanaHHH aôeTKH Ta hkhhcb icTopHH-hhh TBip), ôoarapcbKy (Hanp., npo oxpmneHHH napa Bopnca), nepe-Kaann 3 BÍ3aHTÍHCbKo'i aiTepaTypn (AMapToaa, Majiaan Ta íh.), noB-^aabHi TBopn (npo „Kapn Boaci" 3 „3aaTocTpya" Toinp), anoKpii-(pH (TBip MeTonia IlaTapcBKoro, „JKhtíg BacHjia Honoro"). Orate, jiiTonHcni BHKOHajiH BejíHKy npanro, 3Í6paBniH MaTepiaa. Baaí^e 3'acyBaTH, m,o b aiTonnci noxon.HTb 3 ycHHX nepeKa3ÍB, Moace 3 enm-HHx niceHb, aae neam 3ano3H*ieHHa MoaceMo i TyT ycTaHOBHTH (flHB. I. M).
3. Po3yMÍGTbca, TaKHH pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHH CKaan. nosHa^aGTbca Ha CTHai onoBipaHHa. 3ycTpinaGMo TyT pÍ3HÍ cthjií, 6o óiabmicTb 3ano-3H^ieHb He nepepoöaeHO, a npocTo cnncaHo. BapTo po3rjiHHyTH cthjib thx nacTHH, mo HaaeacaTb no BJiacHoro onoBinaHHH JÚTonHcniB. TyT sycTpmeMo neam cniabHi pncn npoTaroM ycboro aiTonncy. Po3rjian, hhx pne nepeKOHac Hac, inp npana jiÍTonHcn,íb bhhbjihg mzuajmň jii-TepaTypHHH xhct.
Mh b ace po3ryianaaH onoBinaHHH, mo Moace no3H^em 3 ycHHX ne-peKa3ÍB (cKaHfliHaBCbKoro noxon,aceHHH?), Bin.3HaHHnH b hhx 30Kpe-Ma Haxna 30 pHTMÍ30BaHoi MOBH Ta aaÍTepan;ÍH. y nÍ3HiniHx -qacTimax aiTonncy 3ycTpiHeM0 pHTMÍ3an,iio mobh me flocHTb qacTo; ripocia CHHTaKca aiTonncHoro onoBinaHHH ^niMaao cnpHHHHaGTbca no píT-
MÍ3anj'í. Ocb hk onHcyeTBCH, srn nojioBeubKHH KHH3b Bohhk, coio3HHK kh. .ZJaBHna BoJioňHMHp-BojiHHCbKoro, Hanepenonm 6íítbh ripoTH ManapiB, cok>3hhkíb kh. CBHTonojiKa, 1097 p. 3anHTyBaB hojiio:
h hko 6hctb nojiyHomH, H-ó-n
H BCTaBTj BOHHKt h-3-6
OTbTíXa OT BOH, B
H no^a BMTH BOJTHbCKbl, H-H-B-B
h bojiktj oTbBbica eMy, h-b
h Haiama bojihh bbith mho3h; h-b-b
BoHHK'b       npHfexaBt n
noBifla /taBbinpBH, n
hko noófcna Hbi ecTb Ha Yrpbi ... n
TaKHX MÍCHb, 3aBHtflH KOpOTKHX, 3HaHfleM0 HHMajIO.
yjIK»6jieHHM CTHJliCTHHHHM 3aCo6oM JlÍTOnHCHÍB G KOpOTKÍ aÓpO-
Phcthhhí peneHHA, BnpoKH híhobhx oci6 — „ceHTeHH.ii". HoBropoflui
KaJKyTb CBHTOnOJIKOBi, IHO 30Hpa6TbCH nOCJiaTH CBOrO CHHa KHH3eM
np HoBropony: „Kojih tbíh chh Mac hbí tojiobh, to nocHJiafi fioro" (1102). Ilepen, 6htboio khh3í MOBJíHTb: „Syneivio a6o jkhbí, a6o MepT-bí". ,Ho6pHHfl panHTb BojionHMHpoBi BeJiHKOMy nicjiH nepeMorn Hafl BOJi3bKHMH CojirapaMH: „ni yci b ho6othx, bohh He naBaTHMyTb HaM naHHHH; nineMO inyKaTH TaKHX, mo b nocTOJiax" („jianoTHHKÍB"). IJe — CTHjib icTopHHHHx aHeKnpT ycix ^acÍB, i ni peneHHH, MačyTb, nepeňHATÍ jiÍTonHcn.fíMH 3 yCHHX onoBinaHb. Onncn hojiíthhhhx no-nm jiÍTonncn,i oxo^íe no^HHaiOTb 3 TaKHX bhcjiobíb a6o 3 KopoTKnx po3MOB flBox hh fjijibine oció"; TaK caMO nontóHHMH peneHHfiMH nin-6HBaiOTb nincyMKH nofliaM. 3 npHBony enineMii b IIojionbKy „jnonn mobhjih: ne Mepni („HaBbe") S'iotb IIoJioMaH"; Ha coíímí b JIio6eTii khji3Í „MOBjíflTb j^o ce6e: HOMy ryČHMO PycbKy 3eMJiK>, Boporyio^n míjk co6ok)?"; Ha nopani Ha ,3pjio6cbKOMy o3epi Bojiohhmhp Moho-Max BHrojioHiyc „npoMOBy": „nHByiocb .. . mp KOHež acajiicTe .. .; ajie HOMy He 3ranaGTe, ino cejiHHHH no^me opaxn, Ta npmne nojio-Benb i BnapHTb noro cípijioio i kohh noro 3aóepe Ta, npníxaBinn 30 cejia, 3a6epe noro ?KÍHKy Ta n,ÍTH Ta Becb noro MaGTOK; oTHce, kohh JKajiiGTe, a caMoro (eejiHHHHa) He majiiGTe?" — i ne, po3yMÍGTbca, noíHHpeHHH acpopH3M yjiioójieHoro jTÍTonncn,HMH THny. Bijibru a6o MeHin ^OTenHHX a(popH3MÍB, inp ÍHO^i noiHHpem np rtijiHx npoMOB —
b JUTOnHCi neCHTKH. TaKÍ a(p0pH3MH flÍHOBHX OCÍ6, P03MOBH, npOMOBH,
nyMKH (,,BHyTpiniHÍH MOHOJior" — „mobhtb no ceóe"), — ,,n,paMa-TH3yK»HH" BHKJian, ojKHBJífliOTb noro, a 3 npyroro 6oKy, ,,3aTpniwy-iotb" onoBinaHHH, nomnpioiOTb noro i thm po6jiHTb noro inKaBiuvr.
iHina pnca jíiTonncHoro onoBÍp,aHHa, mp HaSjíHacyc  íioio ho enocy bcíx HaciB Ta Hapo^iB, — u;e jiioóob 3,0 CTajiHX (popMyji npn
115
3MajiK>BaHHÍ neBHHx CHTyanjö. TaK noaaTOK öhtbh sasHa^a&Tbca CJioBaMH „nocTaBHTH dar" Ta „3Jiomhth cnnc", BificbKa a6o boh-thx Ha bíhhí 6yBae „6e3 HHcaa", ÔHTBa („ópaHb" aôo „cŤ>Ha") 6y-Bac „JiiOTa", „HKoi* m,e He oysaao"; khh3Í sônpaiOTb „bohkíb 6ara-Tbox Ta cmíjihbhx" („boh MHorH h xpaöpbi"), noBepTawTBOí 3 rio-xofly „3 nepeMoroio", a6o „3 cjiaBoio Ta nepeMororo bcjihkok)", eno-MHBaiOHH no noxoai „BTHpaioTb noTa", a6o cyMyioMH 3a BTpaTaMH,
„BTHpaiOTb CJIÍ3"; nOCiflTH BOpOJKHeMy -        „BKHHyTH HÍH£" MeíKH bo-
poriB. HaBiTb BHpa3H, m,o 3ycTprqaiOTbCH b jíiTonnci jinme ohhh pa3, MaioTb xapaKTep cpopMyji, hk Hanp., 3ran,Ka npo xapaKTep rpeKÍB:
„60 rpôKH G OHiyKaHIH („JIbCTHBH")  i no nboro flHH."
yjIIOÔJieHi MaJIbOBHHMÍ nopiBHHHHfl:   BÍHCbKO  CTOlTb  „flK JIÍCH"
(„aKH 6opoBe"), coHue nifl aac 3aTeMHeHHa 6yBae „hk Micanb", CTpi-jiH aeTHTb „HK floin,", KHH3b CBHTocjiaB „xohhb aerrco, hk napnyc" (6apc), BoHaK, 3 Tpbox 6okíb HananaiOHH Ha yropuJB „36hb ľx híôh b m'hm, hk coKia 3ÖHBae raaKH". Piflini eniTeTH, 3fle6iabina — ne npÍ3BHma KHa3ÍB a6o íhihhx oci6.
IHiKaBÍ oKpeMi MaabOBHHMi cnemi. Bohh He MacTÍ i Moace no3H-Mem 3 aKHxocb noeraramix tbopíb, HaM He bíhomhx, Hanp., 3 enocy. TaK onoBiflaGTbca, Hanp., npo ÖHTBy 1024 p. MeacH ÍIpocaaBOM Ta McTHcaaBOM TMyTopoKaHCbKHM: „Yhohí 6yaa TbMa, oancKaBKa, rpiM i nom.. I Öyaa ÖHTBa cnabHa, i, aK CBÍTHaa OancKaBKa, öanina-aa 36poa, i 6yaa BeaHKa Sypa Ta ÔHTBa cnabHa ô CTpanina. ..", a6o onnc „pyÍHH" 1093 p.: „Hk 3po6naH, TaK i TeproiMo; MiCTa bcí 3a-nycTian; nepeöneMO noaa, j\e nacanea Taöymi KOHeä, bíbu,í i Boan, Bce ôaHHMo hhhí nopoaíHG, noaa, nopocai öyp'aHaMH, CTaan acHT-aoM 3BÍpÍB", noaoBin 3axonnaH noaoHeHHX Ta 3arHaan i'x no cboíx HaMexiB — „Tepnaaan, cyMHÍ, KaTOBam, 3any6iai Bin xoaoay, b ro-aofli Ta cnpa3Í Ta b ôifli, cxynai 3 oöaHHaa, noHopmBniH TiaoM, b He-3HaíioMÍH Kpa'ÍHi, 3 cnaaeHHM (cnparoio) a3HKOM, xonaan roai ň 60-ci, Hora noKoaoTi TepHaMH, 3 cabo3aMH BinnoßinaiOTb ohhh onHOMy, MOBaaMH „a 6yB 3 toto MicTa", a íhihí „a a 3 Hboro ceaa". TaK im-Taan ohhí ohhhx, onoBinaiOHH npo cboio poflHHy ia CTorayaH, omí niaBonaaH 30 He6a no Bnuraboro, mp 3HaG HeBinoMe". Iii Micn,a Ha-ranyiOTb onoßinaHHa „Ko3anbKHX aiTonHcnÍB" Ta nj™ npo pyÍHy 17-ro BÍKy. TaKHX rapHHX Micnb y jiiTonnci aHMaao.
4. IliKaBHH aiTonnc i mobho; nepKOBHo-caoB'aHCbKa MOBa 6iab-mocTH CTapnx naM'aTOK noM'aKineHa TyT no HenÍ3HaHHa HaponHOK) MOBOK): BeaHKa KiabKicTb KyabTypHo-iÚKaBHX CTapnx caiB Bnanac b bvíí: rpHBHa, rpHnHHna, ckot (b ceHci „cKapö"), Menyma (bhh-hhh abox), naßoaoKH (uiobkh), komohí (kohí), KOTopn (HBapn KHa-3Íb), TyTeH (ryK) Tonj;o. Jlnme MacTHHy u;hx caiB 3ycTpÍHeMO b íh-niHX naM'aTKax cTaporo Macy. Ľ[ÍKaBa BeaHKa KiabKicTb caiB, wp
116
3ajiHiuHJiaca floci b yKpaÍHCbKifi mobí aöo ii OKpeMHX flinjieKTax: caMOBHflenb, TpicKa, piHb, öojiohb, CBHTa, JKeHyTb, CTpixa, oflpHHa, jKepejio. A6o TaKi cpopMH, hk MaHÖyTHiö nac 3 „hm^th" (hhhí, Hanp., nncaTHMy i t, fl.), Ta cpopMH, mo Tenep yjKHBaKiTbca JiHine b Saxonia YKpaiHi: „cecb" aöo MaSöyTHiä ^ac: ,,6yfly yroflHJľb", „6yfly npHHJľb"* Tomp.
5. Hk mh BJKe 3raflyBajiH, jiiTonnc ne MOHce 6yra TBopoM OflHo-ro aBTopa. IIpHflHBHBnracH öjiHHCHe, MOMCHa noMÍTHTH, mo caMe no-
XOflHTb Blfl pÍ3HHX aBTOpÍB.
Grapa KHÍBCbKa TpaflHH,ÍH (13 ct.) npmiHcyBajia aBTopcTBo jii-TonHcy *íeHneBÍ KneBO-IIeHepCbKoro MaHacmpn HecTopoßi. HeMac niflCTaB cyMHÍBaxHCH b ubOMy CBifl-qeHHi. HecTip, MaôyTb, oÖpoÖHB
TOH  TeKCT   (flO  1113  p.),  mo  HOľO nepeiIHCaB  CHJIbBeCTp. IIpHflHB-
jihiohhch flo TeKCTy, noMÍTHMo b HbOMy neBHi mokí, mo BKa3yK)Tb Ha npan.io pi3HHX aBTOpÍB. 1044 p. jiiTonnc po3noBÍflae npo nepene-ceHHH „KOCTefi" KHH3ÍB .HponojiKa Ta Ojiera CBHTOcjiaBHHÍB flo Kh-GBa, nifl p. 977 ^iHTaeMO npo Ojiera, mo ,,i floci" Mornjia äoro e ko-jio OBpyna. OTJKe, aBTop, mo onncyBaB 977 p., nncaß HaneßHe flo 1044 p. Ilifl p. 1044 3raflaHo kh. BceBOJioaa, mo hchbhh „i floci", a p. 1101 "íHTaGMO npo äoro CMepTb; OTHce, toh aBTop, mo nncaB npo noflii 1044 p., 3aKÍHHHB cbok> npaino HaneBHe flo 1101 p. MojKHa 3HaÖTH me KiJibKa nofliÖHHx ,,po3pÍ3ÍB" b TeKCTi. y3HBUiH Bce n,e Ha yBary, MOiKeMO BCTaHOBHTH KijibKa MacTHH CTaporo Jirronncy, mo e npaneio pÍ3HHx aBTopiß: 1) flo 1044 p., 2) bía 1044 p. 30 80-hx po-kíb, 3) Bifl 80-hx pokíb flo 1101 p., 4) Bifl 1101 flo 1113 p. — Po3y-MÍ6Tbca, i aBTop, mo nncaß flo 1044 p. He Mir 6yTH „caMOBHflneM" ycix onHcaHHx TaM nofliá, ajie flo 1044 p. Balene BCTaHOBHTH hkícb MejKi míjk OKpeMHMH ^acTHHaMH. CnpaBa ycKJiaflHiOGTBCH me h thm, mo nÍ3HÍiHHH jiiTonncenb He jiHHie npoflOBHcyBaB jiiTonnc, ajie, hk 3flaeTbCH, TaKOHí floflaßaB flo cTapininx ^acTHH hobhíí MaTepiHJi, aôo nemo cKpecjiiOBaB. I npo TaKi nepepoÔKH mojkcmo nonacra cyflHTH.
PoSÖHpaiO^IHCH B TeKCTaX JlÍTOnHCnÍB, flOCJliflHHKH, 30KpeMa A.
IIIaxMaTOB, noMÍTHJiH pÍ3HÍ 3MÍHH b cthjií á xapaKTepi JiiTonncy Ta
3M0rJIH BCTaHOBHTH Me2KÍ MĎK OKpeMHMH HaCTHHaMH ÍÍOrO. PÍK 1044 nOHHHaG HOBHH BÍflTHHOK TeKCTy. Ilepefl HHM MaGMO HIHpUIHH BHKJiafl
flo 1037 p., fle po3noBÍflaGTbCH npo 3ÔyflyBaHHH b Khgbí HpocjiaBOM MyflpHM HOBoro 3aMKy Ta hobhx nepKOB, rojioBHe Cocpi'ÍBCbKoí, Ta BMiineHo noxBajiy ÍIpocjiaBOBi. MoHce 3 npHBOfly iiígi BHSHa^Hoi* no-
*) 3 nboro npHKjiaay ea^HMo, hkoh) iiomhjikoh) g BBasKara bcí <J)opMH,
CnijlbHÍ yKpa'ÍHCbKHM  fliHJieKTaM  3  IIOJIbCbKOJO  mobok),   3a   ,,nOJIbOHÍ3MH",   hk u.e
poÔHJiH cTapi, rojioBHO pociöcBKi AocjiifljHHKH, HasÍTb Bycjiaes. pe^i, u;h) (fjopMy 3ycTpÍHeMo b cTapHx poeiôcbKHX TeKCTax, He Kantýnu Bace npo íhihí cjiob'hhcbkí mobh.
117
nil, BißKpHTTii KHÍBCbKoi MHTponojiii, cKJianeHo HH HaHOBO oôpoôjie-HO ň caMHH JiironHC. Bin 1038-43 pp. MacMO jiraue KopoTKi, aonaT-
KOBÍ 3anHCH.
3 1044 p. noHHHaGTbCH 3H0By innpuiHÖ BHKJian; Bin pony 1061 BaJKJiHBi nonii TOHHo naTOBano, ajie 3anncH ypHBaiOTbca Ha nonax-Ky 1073 p., i He 3anncaHo HaBiTt npo CMepxb cb. Ahtohíh b rienep-cbKOMy MaHacTHpi, xoH aBTop jiiTonncy noBinoMJiae npo íhuií nonii b ManacTnpi. B pOKax 1086-7 3anncn poßjieHo híôh Bate ne b Khgbí, a b naJieKin TMyTopoKaHi, Han 03íbci>khm MopeM. He ao3BOJiae bh-cjiobhth ranný mpno aBTopa oôpoÔKH 1044-73 pp. Uhm aBTopoM Mir 6yTH iryMeH ManacTHpa Hhkoh, aKOMy 1061 p. noßejioca btckth Bin rmBy KHa3a l3'acjiaBa 3 KneBa no TMyTopoKaHi, Binnijia bíh no-BepHyBca no KneBa 1058 p. 1073 p. nenepcbKHÖ MaHacTnp CTaB b
On03HU.ÍK) ňO KHH3a CßaTOCJiaBa uk  BHHHOrO  b  36pOHHÍÍÍ ôopoTbôi
KHH3ÍB Miac co6oK> i, MaôyTb, Hhkohobí 3H0By noßejioca Kynncb tí-KaiH. Hhkoh (a Moace i XTocb 3 neHniB, m,o cynpoBonHjiH öoro npn Bxenax) Miř 6yxn aBxopoM nacxHHH jiixonncy Miac pp. 1044-1073 Ta noBCxaBJíaxH TMyTopoKaHCbKi bíctkh i no CTapiuinx nacTHH jíiTonncy.
Xtajibuia oöpoÖKa carae, 3naeTbca, no 1093 p. B onnoMy pyKO-nnci 30eperjiaca nepenMOBa, aKy MoacHa naTyBara ii;hm poKOM. 3ho-By oßpoÖKa noxonHTb 3 nenepcbKoro MaHacrapa, ajie npo aBTopa BaaíKO CKa3äTH inpcb neBHe.
HoBa oßpoÖKa, mo carajia no 1113 p. — Mannte HaneBHe TBip HecTopa. MaßyTb, i CnjibBecTep He oÖMeacHBca jiinne Ha nepenncy-BaHHi, a nemo no3MÍHiOBaB Ta nononoBHiOBaB. ni3HÍmi jiÍTonHcn,i, nepenHcyionn npaijio CnjibBecTpa, Tpoxn i"i 3MÍHioK)Tb, noHHHaiOHH najibiny jiiTonncHy npaijio.
Ha inacTa, 36eperjiHca ne^Ki peniTKH CTapiuinx peaaKijiH jiíto-nncy. B HoBroponcbKOMy I. jiiTonnci BHKJian Ha nonaTKy npocTiniHH xa KopoTinHH, Hiac y CnjibsecTpißCbKOMy; MaeMo TyT i TaKi 3míhh, aKHX He MoacHa 3'acyBaTH cKoponeHHaM ninpmoro BHKJiany. Ihuií
ypHBKH aKHXOCb  CTapiniHX JliTOnHCHHX BHKJian Í B  MOaCHa  3HaHTH B
pi3HHx CTapHX naM'aTKax (Hanp., „naM'HTb Ta noxBajia" — I, I\ 6, a6o b „nenepcbKOMy naTepHKy" — II. F.). nojibCbKHH icTopHK ^Jiy-rom (15 ct.) KopHcxaBca bkhmhcb HaniHMH, BxpaneHHMH xenep Jii-xonHcaMH. nopiBHaHHa Bcix n,HX TeKCTÍB nae 3Mory yTBopHTH neBHy yHBy npo JiiTonncH, inp He 36eperjinca.
6. MoaceMO nem,o CKasaTH npo OKpeMHX aBTopiß JiiTonncy Ha nincTaBi ix npaijb. Abtop nacTHHH jiixonncy, nncaHOi 1037 p., inp cKJianaB öoro, Maöyxb, rjisi MHxponoaHW Kaxeapn, MyciB nonaxH, roaoBHe, MaöyTb, BHKJian icTopií xpHCXHaHÍ3ai^ií PycH. KopncTaBca bíh nepeKa3aMH Ta enocoM cTapiuinx naciß Ta, MaöyTb, BHKopKCTaB TaKoac i aKicb CTapiuii pyKonncui icTopHHHi naM'aTKH, a, roJiOBHe,
118
jiřrepaTypy ijepKOBHy, Hanp., „aorria" BaparÍB, 3a6HTHX y Khgbí no-raHaMH, hkhhcb TBip npo oxprnueHHa Oabrn, uepKOBHi 3anncH. IIo-aiTHMHi nonri bíh onncyG KopoTKO, 3aTe ninpnie po3noBÍB npo oxpn-meHHa Oabrn, a rojioBHe — BoaoHHMHpa, He HexTyionn i Hapon-HHX nepeKa3ÍB. TaK BoaonHMHp hí6h He npiniHHB MaroMeTaHCTBa, 60 boho 3a6opoHHao nHTH bhho: „PycH ecTB BeceaHG nHTH, He mo-aceM 6e3 Toro 6hth" (oaeBHHHo, HapoaHa npímoBinKa). YcTaiviH mí-cioHepa nonaHO ihhpokhh BHKaan, xphcthhhcbkoí HayKH, i amne nicaa nboro aBTop nepexoflHTb 30 ařronHCHoro BHKaaay Ha mncTaßi CBÍacoi naM'aTi, a 3aKÍmiyc cbííí bhkj]&3 3ran,KaMH npo uepKOBHi 6y-flOBH b Khgbí ia noxBaaoio KHa3eBÍ HpocaaBOBi MynpoMy, mo 6a-raTo 3poÖHB aaa KyabTypn Ta xpncTHaHCbKoi qepKBH. Abtop ocbít-aioG nonii aacTO 3 rpeu,t.Koro noraaay Ta iriaKOM 3aMOBayc icTopiio khíbcbkoí i^epKBH np BCTaHOBaeHHa rpeijbKoi icpapxii. y mrrana Maao CTBopHTHca BpaaceHHa, mp xpncTHaHCTBO Ha Pyci — n,iaKOM rpeqbKoro noxoaaíeHHa.
3obcím íhihí Han;ioHaabHo-d;epKOBHÍ noraann aBTopa, mo apBÍB aÍTonnc 3,0 1073 p. Bíh kphthhho CTaBHTbca ap rpeubKoi icpapxii, po3noBinac npo 3acHyBaHHa ueaepcbKoro MaHacTHpa Ta npo 6opoTb-6y npoTH noraHCTBa (onoBÍnaHHa npo BoaxBiB) 6e3 6ynb-HKo'i npno-MorH rpeKiß. MaöyTb bíh npnoBHHB CTapiuiy nacTHHy aiTonncy bího-MocTaMH npo cTapi nepenora Oaera xa CßHTOcaaßa Hafl rpeKaMH. Abtop Mae Tßepfli noraann Ha BHyTpiniHi cnpaBH. Bíh 6aaíac Mnp-Horo cnÍBacHTTH KHa3ÍB Miac C060K), nepe3 ne bíh HaBÍTb HananacTb-ca Ha KHa3a CßaTocaaBa HpocaaBH^a, aKHÖ CHMnaTH3yBaB rienep-cbKOMy MaHacTHpeßi Ta apnoMaraB SoMy niaOM. Abtop 3ne6iabiua CTac Ha 6ík mícbkoí aionHOCTH („khhh"), niKpecaioiOHH HecnpaBea-aHBicTb KHa3ÍBCbKHx Kap Torno. UrnaBe 36araaeHHa icTopHHHoro MaTepiaay npo TMyTopoKaHb, — aBTop naG mcpopMaun, Moacanso öepyHH ix nonacTH Í3 TiwyTopoKaHCbKoro niceHHoro enocy.
y nepeaMoBi 30 oÖpoÖKH 1093 p. BHcaoBaeHo nyMKH, mo Hara-syioTb ineoaoriio aBTopa oopoÓKH 1073 p. 3 HaijioHajibHoio ineoao-riGio cnoayneHo coniaabHÍ mothbh. KHH3aM bíh 3aKHnaG „HecHTCTBo", aKe pyÔHyG HaceaeHHa Ta ÔawTb b ycnixax noaOBum „Kapy Boacy" 3a ue. Poaio aHHacTÜ upö aBTop oujíhiog, 3aaeTbca, me BHiqe, Hiac noro nonepeflHHKH, BÖaMaroan b KHH3ax 3aK0HHHx Boaoa,apÍB ycici PycH, He aHHie KHGBa, a h HoBropony, Ta npoBÍn,hhkíb y 6opoTb6i PycH npoTH cTenoBHKiB-HOMaflÍB. Bíh, MaöyTb, ne b noMy npnoBHHB BHKaan, npo CTapi nacn. lípo ni npnoBHeHHH MoacaHBi noaacTH npöpe o6ťpyHTOBaHÍ npHnympHHH.
OcTaHHiö npaBjÍBHHK Han aiTonHcoM — npenofloÔHHH HecTip, bí-30MHH 3 noro íhhihx npaub (acHTÍH <řeonpcia Ta Bopnca h Taiöa) aK
OHHH 3 HaÔTaaaHOBHTÍHIHX CTapOKHÍBCbKHX   nHCbMeHHHKÍB. HecTÍp,
119
6e3yMOBHo, 3HaHHo nepepoÖHB Maxepiaji, mp aicTaBca öoMy ao pyn, Ta flOBÍB jiiTonHC a° 1113 p. Bíh BHKopHCTaB tiHMajio naM'aTOK, nopyn xpoHiKH AiwapTOJia — MopaBCBKi flJKepejia, nepeKa3H, hkícb nn-ceMHi MaTepiHJiH Ta, MaôyTb, enoc. Ictoph^hhh BHKJiaa bíh nonra-piOG, CBÍ30M0 nepexoflHHH Bia icTopii nepKOBHoi ao cbítcbkoí. Bíh,
3aaeTI>CH, H,ÍKaBHTbCa 3araJIbHHMH nHTaHHHMH iCTOpHHHOrO P03BHT-
Ky PycH, Kyan ßijibine, híjk noro nonepeaHHKH. HoMy moíkomo npn-nncaTH BHBeaeHHa khh3Íbci>koi aHHacTii Bia ,,BapariB", ay^KH npo noxoaJKeHHa PycH, BHeceHHa b TeKCT a°rOBopÍB 3 rpenaMH. Ha nifl-ctubí ijhx aoroBopiB bíh BHnpaBjiae CTapnö tôkct jiiTonncy, aoßiaaB-HiHca, mp Ojier 6yB KHa3eM, a He JiHine bogboaoio Iropa, hk ne cto-íTb y CTapiň HOBropoacbKÍH peaaKn.il. y BCTyni ao JiiTonncy bíh onn-cyc po3cejieHHa njieMeH nicjia noTony. HoMy HajiejKHTb, MaôyTt, i CTHJiicTH^iHa oöpoöna CTapíUIHX HaCTHH jiÍTonncy.
OcTaHHK) oÖpoÖKy aicTaB jiÍTonnc BÍa nepenHcyBana, BHayöeub-Koro iryMeHa CnjibBecTpa. TliTonnc noTpanHB ao BnayoeubKoro Ma-HacTHpa, 60 KHa3ÍBCTBo HacTynHB BojioaHMHp MoHOMax, a Bnay-6eHBKHH MaHacTHp, 36yaoBaHHÔ íioro 6äTbKOM BeeBOJioaoM, 6yB
IHlJIbHO 3b'a3aHHÔ 3 MoHOMaXOBOK) poaHHOK). 3p03yMÍJIO, mp Chjiij-
BecTp BHKHHyB 3 npani HecTopa MaTepiaji, mp cnpHaTjiHBO ocbít-jiiOBaB aiíiJiBHicTb BoporÍB BojioaHMHpa, 30KpeMa KH. CBaTOnOJIKa. MaôyTb, CnjibBecTp BCTaBHB y BHKJiaa i icTopiio KHH3a BacHJibKa, 3a aKoro BCTynnBca MoHOMax. Maôyrb, CnjibBecTp ycTäBHB i ono-BÍaaHHa npo noflopoiK anocTOJia AHapia Ha Pycb, 60 HecTÍp y cbo-ejay ,,3Khtíí" Bopnca Ta Tjiiöa BiaKHflae ay^ny, iqo Ha Pycb npn-xoaHB aKHÖcb anocTOJi, Toai hk MoHOMax niaHyBaB anocTOJia AHapia Ta ÔyaysaB ňoMy npHCBanem nepKBH. Mo^ce CnjibBecTpoßi 3aBaany-GMo h Te, mp 30 JiiTonncy noTpannjiH ,,3i6paHÍ TBopn" BojioaHMHpa MoHOMaxa.
KpiM CnjibBecTpoBoro cnncKa, Maeiao ine ä íhuihh (InaTÍBCbKHH 3 aonoBHeHHaM ao poKy 1110-1118). IIa oöpoÖKa — b ayci npna3HÍ ao MoHOMaxoBoi poaHHH, floa^no KÍJibKa 3anHCÍB npo 6aTbKa Bojio-aHMHpoBoro BceBOJioaa Ta Soro poaHHy, npo aiHJIbHiCTIj CHHa Bojio-aHMHpoBoro CB. McTHCJiaBa b HoBropoai, KijibKa apiÔHHX nonpaBOK, a KpiM Toro KijibKa 3anncÍB, mp noxoa^Tb mohíjihbo HaBÍTb 3-nia ne-pa caMoro McTHCJiaBa aôo 3anHcam 3 noro cjiíb. IIa oöpoÖKa i ifle-ojioriHHo 6jiH3bKa ao MHpojiioÖHHX oöpoöoK 1073 Ta 1093 pp. Iii iaeajiH BÍanoBÍaajiH CBiTorjiaaoBi caMoro KHa3a BojioaHMHpa.
7. BattoiHBi Ta ijiKaBi npoôjieMH jiiTepaTypHHX aJKepeji JiiTonn-cy. Ha aeHKi 3 hhx BKa3aH0 BHine. 3oKpeMa BajKJiHBi b JiiTonnci peniTKH BTpaneHHx cTapoyKpamcbKHx TBopiB, Hanp., *iepHÍrÍBCbKHX Ta 3axiaHbo-yKpaÍHCbKHx jiÍTonHcÍB a6o íhhihx TBopiB. He MOHCHa 3 neBHicTK) cKa3aTH, hh onoßiaaHHa Ta cafH npo a°xPHCTHaHCi>KÍ *ia-
120
ch Ta TMyTopoKaHb 3ano3HHem 3 nncamix *ih ycHHx flJKepeji (ans. „/JoicTopHHHa floöa", B. 1-5). JliTonHcnj moivih KopncTaTHCH enin-hhmh nepeKa3aMH aßo nicHHMH (aajii I. 2K.).
Ajie me n,ÍKaBÍine mrraHHH npo tí Micnn, inp ix OMHHyjiH ni3-híhií jíiTonncqi. B aeHKHx BímaflKax mojkcmo homíthth cjiiflH TaKHX nponycKÍB. TaK hí6h CKpecjieHÍ pi3Hi noapooimi, inp 3acBÍflHyBaJiH icHyBaHHH nopyn: jHHHacTii PiopHKa-Iropa íhhihx BapH3bKHx a6o ö cjiob'hhcbkhx AHHacTiH, Hanp., y aepeBJíHH, y nojionbKy toiho.
.ZJeHKÍ BKa3ÍBKH Ha ÍCHyBaHHH KHH3ÍB He-„PlOpHKOBHHÍB" 3aJIHHIH-jihch B CTapOMy HOBropoflCbKOMy Ta fleHKHX ÍHHIHX nÍ3HÍHIHX jiíto-
nncax. .ZJpyroio TeMoio, mp Ti, 3flaeTbca, cbíaomo OMHHaJiH nÍ3HÍiri jiÍTonHcn,i, ycyBaioHH 3raaKH npo He'í, g xphcthhhctbo Ha Pyci ao BojioaHMHpa Ta xphcthhhctbo, ne 3B'H3aHe 3 rpen,ÍGio. Jlnnie 3 3a-xiamx aJKepeji HaM bíromo npo 3hochhh kh. Ojitrn 3 Phmom (ao nei HaBÍTb BHixaB KaTOJiHu;i>KHH cnHCKon), npo nocojibCTBO nann ao BojioaHMHpa, npo KaToJiHUbKoro cnncKona b CßHTonojiKa „OicaHH-Horo". G niacTaBH raaara, mp ßpara BojioaHMHpa BejiHKoro, inp khhjkhjih nepea hhm, Ojier Ta HponojiK, öyjiH xpncTHHHaMH aßo tia-jih CHMnaTÜ ao xpHCTHHHCTBa. Ha ÍCHyBaHHH xpHCTHHH y Khgbí a° BojioflHMHpa HaTHKac i jiiTonHC. Hanp., khhhh „hhijih oxo^e" xpn-
cththch, HK „BOHH paHÍHie ÔyjIH HaBHeHÍ" T0IUO. HÍCJIH OXpHinpHHH
988 p. b Khgbí He öyjio rpen,bKOÍ icpapxil a?K ao naciß flpocjiaßa. Ajie icpapxÍH icHyBajia i Ha Pycb npHHinjia cjioß'HHCbKa nepKOBHa jiÍTepaTypa, HaneBHe, He Bia rpeKÍB. G a^HKÍ niacTaBH npimycKaTH, mo qepKOBHa icpapxin míhc 988-1037 pp. Öyjia ÔojirapcbKa. Ajie jii-TonHc oMHHae i np nHTaHHH!
HaneBHe, BimyineHo í aeHKHÔ íhhihh MaTepÍHJi, mo He BÍanoBÍ-aaB norjiHaaivr Ta TeHfleHuiHM nÍ3HÍniHX jiÍTonHcn,ÍB. Mojkjihbí npn-nym,eHHH npo me aeHKi CKpecjiemiH b CTapinioRiy tckctí.
8. Mh BHCe 03HaÖOMHJIHCH   3   BHCOKHMH JlÍTepaTypHHMH
HKOCTHMH CTaporo JiiTonncy. IHpao Soro 3MÍCTy, to TyT He Micnp onmioBaTH HaasBmaÖHe ôaraTCTBo (paKTHHHHX BiaoMOCTefi, mo bíh noaac; icTopHKH MOíKyTb HacTO tíjibkh uiKoayBara, mo noaaHO íx CKyno. Ajie Haa3BH*iaHHo HÍKaBUH iaeojioriHHHH 3míct jiíto-nncy. Abtoph JiiTonncy noaaiOTb nepuiy, xo^i 6h i npHMiTHBHy koh-npnii,iio icTopHHHoro po3BHTKy Pycn. H,h KOHii;enn,íh, He 3BaHcaio^H Ha neBHi yxnjiH a° rpeKO(pijibCTBa Ta oaHoôiqHO-flnHacTHHHoro no-rjinay, g KOHn;enu;ÍH, HKa BHXoanTb 3 nepeKOHaHHH, mo Pycb 3aaT-Ha ao caMocTÍHHoro nojiiTHHHoro Ta icTopHHHoro ÍCHyBaHHH. ^ochtb
nOpÍBHHTH uk) KOHnpniI,ÍK> 3 OCBÍTJieHHHM BÍ3aHTÍÍlCbK01 ÍCTOpiorpa-Gpiľ, mO BBaíKaG BCi íhhií HapoaH HeCaMOCTÍHHHMH HaCTHHaMH BÍ3aH-
TiScbKoro CBÍTy, — JXo Toro öijibniicTb aBTopiß JiiTonncy 3yMÍjiH
niaHeCTHCH a° TaKHX npOBÍaHHX ayMOK, m° aÍHCHO ÔyjIH n03HTHB-
121
hum ineojioriHHHM HanöaHHHM cTapopycbKoi iiojiíthmhoi CBÍn.0M0C-th, — ne in,ea MnpoaioÖHoro cniBHCHTTH HHcaeHHHx khh3Íb Ta inea coinaabHo'i cnpaBeaaHßocTH cynpoTH MicbKoro Ta noaacTH i ciascB-Koro HaceaeHHa, aKe TBopnao ocHOBy MaTepiaabHoro apöpoöyTy KpaiHH. monpaßfla, ni nyMKH BHcaoBaem noaacTH npcHTb Hepiuiyne Ta nopyn hhx e TaKoaí MHMaao icTopHHHO oÖMeaceHHX Ta noai-THHHO By3bKHx noraaniß. Bce ac MaeMo bcí nincTaBH bhcoko ob;íhhth aÍTonnc He anuie hk naM'aTKy aiiepaTypHy, aae i hk naM'aTKy no-aiTHMHoľ iaeoaorií CTapnx MaciB Ha yjcpami.
3K. E noc
1. Ha acaab, Beanica nacTHHa CTapoI aiTepaTypn BTpaneHa naa Hac njjiKOM. Xlo BTpax HaaeacHTb CTapnä enoc Bce ac MoacaHBO, xom i anuie jiyace 3araabHo, yaBHTH co6i, hkí caMe TBopn BxonnaH b CKaan Hboro 3aHHKaoro raryHicy CTapoí aiTeparypn. HesHi bhc-hobkh MoaceMo 3poÔHTH rn,onp 3MÍcTy — cioaceTÍB Ta TeM cTaporo enocy. Bace naaeico Baacae cKasara inpcb neBHe npo öoro CTnab, MOBy, MHCTeiiibKe oöpoöaeHHa, aBTopiB.
/JacepeaoM naa BCTaHOBaeHHa TeMaTHKH CTaporo enocy g, 3 on,-Horo ôoicy, aiTonncH. B hhx 3aHeceH0 MHMaao nepeKa3ÍB, mo 3b'h-3aHÍ 3 CTapHM enocoM. JXo Toro nonacTH h;íhhí 3anncH noaaioTb nÍ3HÍ nÍBHÍHHo-cxin,hí, pocificbKi aÍTonHCH (16 ct.), Hanp., t. 3B. ,,HÍKOHOBCbKHH". Ta HaHBaacaHBÍniHM nacepeaoM g pociácbKi TaK 3B. ,,6HaHHH" (Ha3Ba, BHranaHa b 19 ct., Hapon, 3Be íx — „CTapHHH"). íle eni^hí nicHi, hkí 6yan BinKpHTi HayKoio Bnepuie b 19 ct. Ha pociHCbKiů niBHOMi, aae hkí apacHan ň 30 Hainnx nmB, Maöace Ha bcíh TepHTOpii, 3aOHaTÍH pociaHaMH. „CTapHHH" — ne nicHi npo „6araTHpÍB", BeaHKoio Mipoio 3B'a3aHÍ roaoBHe 3 Khgbom Ta KHa3eM „BoaoflHMHpoM KpacHHM CoHeaKOM". Ule 3 17-18 ct. aifiniao Kiab-Ka 3anHcÍB „CTapHH", aae b npo30BHX nepepoÖKax. JXem,o 3 cxiaHbo-caoß'aHCbKoro enocy nepeňinao HaBÍTb no enocy 3axinHbo-eBpo-neöcbKoro.
2. nocTac nHTaHHa, BÍn,KÍaa 30 CTapHH noTpannan 3ranKH npo CTapy yKpaiHy. Tenep CTapHH HeMae Ha yicpami, am b Biaopyci. Aae MacMo n,0Ka3H, mo TeMH Ix cTapi Ta mo b Kpaím cßoro nocTaH-Ha, Ha yicpalm, bohh BHMepan anuie b 16-17 ct., BHXHCHem hobhm THnoM enocy, ,,n,yMaura".
JlaBHicTb enocy npBoaHTb 30epeaceHHa b HbOMy cnan CTapoBHH-HHx nonpoÖHnb: iMeH, reorpacpiamix Ha3B, abOKaabHHx (cTenoBHÔ neÔ3aac) xa noôyTOBHx n,pi6HHUb. OTace, Tpeöa npmiycTHTH, mo H,i nonpoÖHiii, hk ne cnocTepiracMO b pi3HHx Haponm, 3Ôeperaa Hapon,-
122
Ha na&ťHTfc, i MycHMO uiyKaTH icTopn^Horo ninKJiany nofliö, mp ix onHcyiOTfc cTapHHH. Haööijibuia 3acjiyra b bíhkphttí Hboro icTopnn-Horo ninKJiany HaJiejKHTB BceBOJionoBi MijiJiepoBi Ta öoro hikojií, a yKpaÍHCBKHH MaTepiHJi HaorpyHTOBHinie oopoÔHB M. rpynieBCbKHH.
BCTaHOBHBUIH iCTOpHMHHÖ niflKJiafl CynaCHHX CTapHH,  MOJKeMO ÍHOHÍ
xon 6h npHÖJiH3Ho flaxyBaTH ix nocTaHHfi, 60 nacTo fine MOBa npo nonn a6o TaKi nonpoOHiji onoBinaHHH, mp He Morjin noBro yTpn-MaTHCH b HapoflHiö naM'jrri. Ajie cpopMa enocy, 3BH*iaHHo, 3aTepTa
nÍ3HÍHIHMH 3MÍHaMH.
noTBepflacyiOTb icHyBaHHíi CTaporo enocy Ha YKpami CTapi sraflKH npo „cniBniB". Ix HHMajio, xoa ypHBnacTi i He 3aBJKn,H nepe-kohjihbí. „Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi" 3ran,ye „rrECHOTBopuH" Eoíraa, noflaiOHH HaBÍTb iateHa khh3Íb, mo bíh ix ocnißyBaB. raJiHHbKO-Bo-jiHHCbKHÖ JiiTonac 3ran,yG „cjioByTHOro cnÍBH,íi" MHTycy. TaM caMO 3ranaHo, mp npn noBopoTi nepeMOiKHoi BtmpaBH npoTH HTBiiriB kh. JJ|aHHjia Ta BacHJibKa „nfccHb cjiaBHy noaxy Hiwa" (cnißajiH 060M cjiaBHjibHy nicHio). lipo Tam nicHi Ha YKpami 3ran,ye i TJjiyťom. JJo Toro icHyBaB enoc i b cycinm Ta Hapoam, KyjibTypHO 3b'H3aHHX 3 Khgbom: y BÍ3aHTÍHH,ÍB (TeMa oaHoro 3 TaKHX enmmix TBopiß — npnronH .ZJiťeHica, n,HB. EKCKypc I. 6.), y CKaHamaBÍB (flBa íxhí cniB-H,i, „CKajibflH", noöyBajiH npn aßopi HpocjiaBa). B eniaHHx nepeKa-3ax 3ycTpiaaGMo 3raa,KH npo Khíb Ta Cxinino Eßpony B3arajii ■— y noJioBHÍB, mo npo ix enoc g 3ran,KH b raJiHHbKO-BojiHHCbKOMy jii-Tonnci (cnÍBeu,b Op, onoBiaaHHa npo „GBuiaH-3Íaaa"), y peniTKÍB ťoTÍB y KpHMy (3raaa.HÍ h,í nicHi b „Cjiobí o nojiny IropeBi"). G cai-hh ícHyBaHHH enocy i b cTapifi n,yxoBHÍfi JiiiepaTypi.
3raa,KH b nepeKaaaHHx TBopax, po3yMÍGTbca, HenepeKOHjiHBi, ajie KnpHJio TypiBCbKHfi (12 ct.) npoTHCTaBJíHG MaÍTonHCH,íb" „nic-HOTBopn,fnvi" (noeTaM, cniBuaM), inp „npncayxaioTbca 30 bogh Ta 6htb n;apÍB míjk coóok>, inp6 cjioBaMH npHKpacHTH Te, mo noayiOTb, Ta npocjiaBHTH thx, xto cmíjihbo cJiyJKHB (xpaôpoBaBinaa) CBOGMy uapeßi. . ., Ta ix BHCaaBaaioHH, BmaaiOTb noxBajiaMH". flKmo ne Ha-bítb HacjiiflyBaHHfl rpenbKoro B3ÍpH,a, to Tpe6a naM'aTaTH, iup Kh-pHjio BHnycfcaB 3 cboíx B3Ípn,íb peni, nyad fioro cayxaaaRi! Caaii cjioBa „xpaöpoBaTH", „xpaöpi^" BacHBaanca BjiacHe npo „öaraTHpiß" — eniHHHx repoi'B (TaK y HecTopa b hchtíí «reonpcia).
JXjih Hac HaHBajKJiHBime, mp nepeKa3H npo „oaraTHpiß" npaai-jih Ha YKpaiHi ap 16-18 ct. „HeTba" 1489 p. 3i cbogio HaniBHapon,-hok) mobok) («hb. III) 3ranyG ,,6araTHpÍBM (xpaßpiß). Ha noaaTKy 15 ct. öijiopyc CKopHHa 3ße oiojiiiraoro CaMCOHa „öararapeM". nojib-CbKHH nHCbMeHHHK CapmnbKHH 3ranyG b „Onnci nojibmi" (1585) noxoßaHHX y khíbcbkhx nenepax öararapiß (bohatiros), öoro 3eMjiaKr xpoHicT Mapnm BcabCbKnö noBTopiOG Ty caMy 3BÍCTKy. ni3HÍnie mi-
123
nie npo np noaaK HoraH repömiö, mp b CBoeMy jiaTHHCbKOMy ormei „niH3eMHoro KneBa" (1675) 3ranye, mp bíh HHTaB npo np b khh3í „Flos Polonicus" (HiopHÖepr, 1666). TaKi 3bíctkh xoflujín i y pociaH (16 ct.). rojioBHe — 3ranyiOTh i iMeHa „öararapiB" — tí cawri, inp ix 3ycTpmaGMO b cynacHHX CTapnHax! IIojilcbkhh nncBMeHHHK M. Peň 3ranyG KHÍBCbKoro „ôaaaMyTa Hypnjiy" („Zwierzyniec" 1562), Toro caMoro ^ypnay 3ran.yG i Kjilohobhh („Worek Judaszów" II, 1600). 1574 p. khhhhh KMiTa Hophoôhjibcbkhh b jihctí no öijiopyca BojioBHMa, MipKywMH npo acaaiorinHHH cTäH Ilojibmi, nnme: „Ilpnä-np nac, KOJiH 6yne Tpeöa Ijiü MypaBjieHmia i Coaoßia BynnivnipoBH-^a". 1594 p. BiflBiflaB Khí'b aBCTpižcbKHH nocoji Epix Jlacoia, b cb. Cotpii i bíh 6aHHB MorHJiy „Ijiü MypaBjíHHa", aKoro 3ByTb ,,6ara-THpeM (bogater) Ta npo HKoro po3noBÍnaKyrB SaraTO Ka30K, Tyr noxo-BaHO i „noro TOBapmna". B neMepcBKiH jiaBpi JlacoTa 6aHHB moihí „BejieTHH Ta ßaraTHpa" HoÖOTKa (Czobotko). KaabHodpiHCbKHH (1638) 3ranyG, mp Hoöotkom 3ByTb cb. Ijijiio, noxoBaHoro b ne^epax, npo HKoro onoBinaioTb hk npo BeaeTHH. Moini Ijijií ôaHHB i mockob-cbkhh CBHineHHK JlyiťaHOB 1701 p. IcHyBajiH i o6pa3KH Ijijií (uith-xh, BHroTOBJíeHÍ 3JIH BHaaHHH IlaTepHKa 1650 p.). G h íhuií 3raa,kh.
3naGTbCH, TpaflHiíii CTaporo enocy 3arHHyaH Jiňme b 17 bíijí, bh-THCHem hobhm enocoM, t. 3B. „nyMaMH" (hhb. IV).
3. HeHCHO, HH 6yB CTapím enoc cnoHaTKy enocoM npHHBopHHM
KHH3ÍBCBKHM (,,CnÍBn,í", npo hkhx MaGMO 3ran,KH, bcí ÖyjIH CniBUHMH
KHH3ÍB) HH HaponHHM. AHajioríi 3axin,hí, a no^acTH ik cxinm npo-
MOBjíHiOTb 3a Te, inp enoc Maß nocTara hk noe3Ía BHinpi BepcTBH i jiňme 3 nacoM „ni^ynacTH", cnycTHTHca no JierKOBaacHoi noe3Ü „cko-
MopoxiB", a naai & np HaponHHX kíji, ne noro 3ycTpmeMO Bace b 16-17 ct. Tenep 3Haxon,HMo peniTKH enocy amtie čepen. ceaaHCTBa. 3ne-
öijiBina Hocii CTapHH — pnôaaKH, ciatcBKi peMicmncH, HaBÍTb aceô-
paKH Tomp.
3a 3MÍCTOM peniTKH enocy MoaceMo noßiaHTH Ha hhkjih. Po3-raaHBMo ix 3a nopanKOM.
4. PeuiTKH noxpHCTHHHCbKoro enocy Henncaem Ta He ajaKOM acHi. Čepen repoÍB 3ycTpmacM0 Boabry a6o Boaxa BcecjiaBmia. OrapHHH po3noBÍnaK)Tb npo 1) áoro nynecHe noponaceHHa 6e3 6a tb-Ka, 2) npo noro Hayny Mapon.ifiHHn.TBa — nepeKHnaTHCH pÍ3HHMH TBapHHaMH, 3) npo fioro MHCJiHBCbKe bmíhhh, 4) npo napiBHe 3aBo-K)BaHHa HHM 3 fioro npyacHHoio iHnificbKoro i^apcTBa, 5) npo 3ycTpin fioro 3 ceaaHHHOM-6araTHpeM Mnicyaoio. Cane ím'h BoaBra Haranyc hbox repoÍB CTapoi khíbcbkoí icTopii — Oaera Ta Oabry. Oaer, 3a JiÍTOnncoM „Biiinn*", OTace napiBHHK, Miř nara oCHOBy naa TeM 2, 4, Moace naa 1-oi (npHranacMO, inp Oaer híôh B3aB IJapropon., nocTaBHB-
nm CBoI Kopaojii Ha KOJieca). TeMa 3 CKopiiue 3b'a3aHa 3 Ojitroio, npo mhcjihbctbo jTKOi g jiÍTonHCHÍ 3ran,kh (11 ct.). TeMa 5, HaneBHe,
nÍ3HH, XOn G B HÍH CTapi pHCH (KHH3L CaM 13n,HTb 3ÔHpaTH nOflaTKH-
n3aHb"), Kpama b híh 3o6pa»ceHa niBHÍHHa. — Hobíthí cnpoÖH 6a-hhth b Bojit3Í BcecjiaBHneßi kh. noJiou;í>Koro BcecjiaBa, naKJiyHa i BOBKyjiaKy, Mene He nepeKOHyiOTb.
5. BoJIOflHMHp, KHlBCbKHH khíi3b, ujo HOrO 3yCTpÍHaGMO b 6ÍJIb-IHOCTÍ CTapHH,   g   B   fteíIKHX BHnaffKaX BoJIOflHMHp  BeJIHKHH. UfiŘ
KHH3B b CTapHHax ocoôa nacHBHa: y hlcto JiHiue „mrpyíOTb" 6ara-THpi. Ta npo rocTHHH Bojion.HMHpa 3ran,yG i JiiTonnc HecTopa, i Lna-pioH, i nÍ3HÍ jiiTonHCH, i HaBÍTb HiMei^bKHH jiiTonncenb TiTMap Mep-3e6yp3bKHn:.
B CTapnHax 3ycTpinacMO ň ím'a ponnna BoJion,HMHpa, JJoöpHHi, BÍn,OMe 3 JiÍTonHCÍB. B CTapHHax bíh: 1) noônBae 3míh, 2) 3bíjiijHhg Bifl 3míh Heöory BojionHMHpa 3a6aBy nyTHTHHHy. KpiM Toro, 3ra-nycTLCH, mp .HpôpHHH: 3) KynacibCH b pinqi nonanm, 4) 3306y-
BaG     JKÍHKy     BojIOflHMHpOBÍ,     5)   3fl06yBaG     BoJIOflHMHpOBÍ BOfly.
TeMH 1, 3 Ta 5, 6e3yMOBHO, 3b'a3aHÍ 3 thm, mo ,ZIo6pHHH 6paB aK-THBHy ynacTb b oxpiimeHHi HOBropon,n,ÍB pa30M 3 nyTHToio (TeMa 2). KynaHHH — chmboji oxpHineHHH, tok n,o6yBaHHH borh; 3míh — chm-boji noraHCTBa (nop. ,,cbhthx-3MÍg6opd;íb"). B pinni noHaťÍHi (TeMa 3) oxpHineHO khhh. TeMa 4 Mae napajiejii b Ka3Kax Ta nÍ3HÍx jiiTonHcax. /loöpHHH-cBaT HajiOKHTb hí6h flo iHnoeBponeücbKoi Tpa-n,Hnii nepeKa3ÍB (HioejiHDHrn).
On,hh nepeKa3 BoJiořraMHpoBoro n,HKJiy 30epircíi b jiiTonnci Ta b cynacHHX Ka3Kax: ne — Ka3Ka npo „KoacyM'HKy", mp noôopoB bo-poHíoro BejieTHH, nepeKa3 aHajioriHHHH 30 po3noBcion,JKeHHx y pi3-HHx Hapofliß (Hanp., ^aBHn, Ta rojiiíKp). JIítohhchhh nepeKa3, mojk-
JIHBO,  MÍinaHCbKHH'.   KHflJKa flpyJKHHa  HÍHOrO  He  MOrJia BfliíITH Be-
jieTHeBÜ B jiiTonHCHOMy onoBÍn,aHHÍ ÖaraTO aJiÍTepan,ÍH.
6. B íhuihx BraiaflKax Bojioähmhp CTapHH — paline MoHOMax, mp JiHiue b nÍ3HÍíí TpamHni'i 3Jihbch 3 „Bojiohhmhpom KpacHHM Co-HenKOM". rionyjijiphhh cioaceT nboro nHKJiy: 6opoTb6a Ajibonii (OjieKcaHflpa) nonoBHna 3 TyrapHHOM 3MÍGBHneM, 1) mcoro Ajibo-ina nepeMir, 2) TyrapHH, cnpnaTejiKiBaBniHca 3 jkíhkoio Bojio^hmh-pa OnpaKciGK), npoBOflHB nac Ha KHaacoMy n,Bopi. TyrapHH — n,e, 6e3yMOBHO, nojioBen,i>khh xaH — Tyrop-XaH, 3 noHbKoio HKoro 03-pyjKHBCH KH. CBflTonojiK Khíbcbkhh. Tyrop-XaH nonaB 1096 p. BiÜHy npoTH pycbKHX KHH3ÍB, ajie BojioflHMHp MoHOMax po3ÖHB Soro BÍH-CbKO. Tyrop-XaH HaKjiaB tojioboio ia noxoBajín ňoro b Khgbí. G ni3-Himi 3BÍCTKH (3n,aGTbCfi, jieťeHflapm) npo pa3aHCbKoro „öaraTHpa" BjKe 13 ct., Ajiboniy IIonoBHna. OTHce, b u,íh cTapHHi 3jihto KijibKa icTopHHHHX no?i;ÍH Ta oci6.
125
,ZIo6pe 36epe>KeHHH ciojKeT y piflKifi CTapimi npo Tjiiöa Bojione-bh^a, inp 3BÍJibHioe nifl KopcyHeM Kopaßjii, 3aTpnMam KHHrHHeio MapHHKOK» KaôflajiiBHOK). lie — Binryic nepeMora Hafl KopcyHHHaMH
Uje MOJIOflOrO BojIOflHMHpa pa30M 3 HOBrOpOflCBKHM KHH3eM TjliÖOM
1077 p. „MapHHKa" n,e MapHHa MHiineK, JKiHKa napn /JiviHTpa „Ca-M03BaHii;H", inp yBinniJia b CTapimy, MaöyTb, y 17 ct.
IcTopHHHHÔ ciojKeT Mac ô CTapHHa npo CTaBpa roflHHOBH^ia, 3a-apeniTOBaHoro kh. BojioflHMHpoM Ta 3BijitHeH0ro BjiacHOio jkíhkoio, mo npnixajia no KneBa b HOJioBiqoRiy BÖpaHHi. lipo apeuiT hobto-poflCBKoro nocjia CTaBpa MoHOMaxoM onoBiflac jiiTonnc 1118 p., no nici noflii i npnennaBCH Ka3K0BHH ciOHceT.
Ihuií ciOHceTH, 3B'ji3aHÍ 3 MoHOMaxoM, HeBHflaTHi: ne — CTapn-Ha npo Ko3apHHa (ím'h icTopHHHe, 1106 p.), mo 3bíjibhhb nojioHHHKy Ta npo Te, hk kíhb lepmriBCBKoro Kynnn IßaHa nepemaB Hafijiin-nioro KOHH BojioflHMnpa (npo cjiaBeTHHX kohch MoHOMaxa me b 16-17 ct. po3noBÍflajin MaHflpiBHHKOßi rieTpeeBi b Mockbí. CaM BoJionn-Mnp y cnoraflax xapaKTepH3yc ceöe, hk jnoßnTejiH KOHefi). B o6ox CTapHHax cTaBjíeHHH flo BojioflHMHpa TpoxH ipoHÍHHe: mojkjihbo, mo BOHH He KHÍBCBKoro noxoflJKeHHH (nepnia MOJKe HosroponcbKa, npy-ra — ^epHiriBCbKa).
7. 3naeThCH, mo CTapHHH npo HaSnonyjinpHimoro repoH, „Ijijiio MypoMqH" ^epHiriBCbKoro noxoflHceHHH. Ijijiio 3raflyG HaBÍTB 3axifl-HboeBponeňcBKHH enoc (mMentKa noeMa „OpTHin," Ta HopBe3bKa ca-ťa npo TiflpeKa). JIen.Be hh bíh 3 „MypoMy", npoBÍHn,iiÍHoro niBHÍM-ho-cxiflHtoro MicTa. B CTapnx 3raflKax, 30KpeMa HyjKHHeubKHx, bíh — MypoBjíHH, MypoBent, MypaBnnt, y Kmíth (ahb. BHine 2) — MypaBjíe-HHH. íle pafluie, hk i íhuií reorpacpinm Ha3BH b CTapHHax npo Ijijiio, Ha-B'H3yeTbCH flo HepHiriBmHHH — MÍCTa „MopaBCbKa" a6o „MopoBiS-
CBKa"   (MeHin  ÍMOBÍpHHH    SENSOR    3    3anOJIHpHHM MypMaHCBKOM).
IlepniHH hhh Ijijií: 1) 3BÍJiBHeHHH HepmroBa Bifl TaTap, mo b CTapn-Hax 3aMÍHHJiH íhihhx cTenoBHKÍB, 2) bíh nepeMarae Cojiob'h-Po3-ôinHHKa, mo CHflHTb Ha 12 flyôax, 3) npHB03HTb ôoro flo KneBa, fle 3aÓHBaG a6o 3a CTapimnMH nepeKa3aMH nycKac Ha bojiio, 4) bh3bo-jihg Kh'íb Bifl „LnpjiHina riaraHoro". Mothbh 1 Ta 2 3ß'H3aHi 3 Hep-HÍrÍBmHHoio (g TaM i cejio „/Jpb'htb J_Iy6ÍB"). 3-iô mothb Haranyc jiÍTonHCHi onoBiflaHHH npo po36iÖHHKa MoryTy 3a naciß BojioflHMH-pa BejíHKoro. 4-hh BaHCKO 3B'H3aTH 3 neBHOK) icTopOTHOio noflicio. ni3HÍme flo Ijijií npnB'H3ajiocH KÍJitKa Ka3KOBHX mothbíb, m. íh. npa-CTapHH npo flBoóÍH 3 chhom (hhb. „J-IoicTopn^ma flo6a" t. 3).
ni3HÍuie HapoflHa BejíHKopocificbKa TpannijiH 3po6njia Ijijiio
CTapHM CeJIHHHHOM, K03aKOM TOmO.
8. 3 íhuihx repoiB CTaporo enocy nÍKaBHH me CojiOBen ByflH-MHpoBHH — cniBenb 3-3a Mopn, mo npHi3flHTb flo KncBa, oynyc TyT
126
najian,, mo 3anÍKaBHB naeMÍHHHino Boaon,HMnpa, 3a6aBy (ähb. BHine 5), ana npnxoAHTB n,o HLoro. Kmeni, y pÍ3HHX Bapianrax pÍ3HHÔ: LJojioBeö onpyacyeTBca 3 3a6aBOK>, mon,i nicjia n,oßroi ßincyTHocra, noBepTaiOHHca 30 KHGBa b toö momcht, kojih 11 Bace BiflaaiOTB 3a ko-rocB ÍHinoro. B niá CTapnm, mp Mae ayace rapHi 3anncaHÍ BapiaH-TH, xotíjih SanHTH BÍn,ryKH cBaTaHHa 30 aoHBKH ÍIpoejiaBa Myapo-ro, GaacaBeTH, rapajii>n,a CMijiHBoro, aKOMy eßponeiicBKa jiereHfla npmiHcye rapumi Bipni (CojiOBeö Teac „cniBenh") npo noro HeBn.ajie CBaTaHHa. 3 GancaBeToio bíh Bce ac oapyacHBCa. Oiace, cioaceT CTa-pHHH BÍnrioBÍn,ae n,o neBHol Mipn ríhchoctí. neBHi pncn CTapnH uúca-bí; onnc Kopaôaa CojioB'a Haranye CKaHnmaßCBKi KopaÖJii; Cojio-Beä — KyneuB — n,e pefpjieKC BecijiBHOi chmbojiíkh. OKpeMi reorpa-ťpinHi iMeHa — 6ajiTÍHCbKÍ Tomp. Ajie yTOToaceHHa CojioB'a 3 Ta-pajibfloM Bce ac rinoTeranHe.
JXenKi cioaceTH oKpeMHx MicneBHx cať 3Öepir jíiTonnc aöo cy-nacHi HäM nepeKa3H. 3 jiiTonncHnx nmaBe onoBinaHHa npo n,Bo6iií TMyropoKaHCBKoro KHa3a McTHcaaBa 1022 p. 3 KaBKa3BKHM BeaeT-HeM Pen,en,eio (MaHn,piBHirä cioaceT). JIítohhchhh TeKCT uiKaBHO hhc-jieHHHMH ajiiTepaniaMH. iHuie onoBia,aHHa jirronncy, mo Teac Mae CTapoBHHHHÖ xapaKTep i nepe3 ne n,03BOJiae npnnycKaTH, mo boho 3anHcane Ha nincTaßi eninnnx TBopiß (nicent?), n,e onoBia,aHHa npo BÍŕÍHy HpocaaBa 3 CßaTonojiKOM (1016-1019 pp.). npHKJian,h aaiTe-panjň i TyT — nncjieHHi. BocBoaa Hpocaaßa rjiy3ye 3 BojiecjiaBa
rioabCBKoro, coK)3HHKa CßaTonoaKa:
to n;e to6í npoö'eMO TpicKoio t-t-t
npeBO TBOG TOBCTe .. . T-T
BiScBKa -— niinan npoTH ce6e i noKpmra noJie n-n-n-n
CBaTonojiK btík:
i aK bíh 6ir, Hanas Ha HBoro 6ic. . . 6-6
rHaHHH BoacHiM thíbom, r-r
npnóir y nycTejiio n-n
Eninm eaeMeHTH 3ycTpmeMo aac 30 KiHija 11 BÍKy (I. G. 3.) b ono-BiflaHHax jiiTonncy (Hanp., npo BiiiHy Hpocaaßa 3 McTHCJiaBOM, 1024, BiÖHy 1097 p. ramp).
9. CneuiajiBHHH inrepec Mae 3ran.Ka b „Cjiobí 0 nojiKy Iropeßi" npo cnißi^a naciß ilpocaaßa, Boana. AßTop „Caoßa" 3ran,ye HaßiTB TeMH áoro TßopiB. nonacTH BOHH HaM BiaoMi: BoaH cnißaB npo n,Bo-6m McTHcaaßa 3 Pen.ea.eio, npo Hpocaaßa (ahb. BHine 8), npo „Kpac-Horo PoMaHa CBaTocjiaBnna", npo aKoro b jiiTonnci Jimne KopoTKa 3ran,Ka. AßTop „CnoBa", xapaKTepn3yionH HaRXHeHHH BoaHa, nopiB-hk)g ikoro 3 coaoBenKOM, 3 opjiOM, 3 bobkom, roBopHTB npo Te, inp
127
HOrO CTpyHH 6pHHÍjIH CaMI  CO6OKJ,  HaBOHHTb  BoHHOBy npnnoBinKy
„BaaiKo To6i, rojioBO, 6e3 njiin; 3Jie to6í, tíjio, 6e3 tojiobh" — npo CTaporo Cb HTO c ji a b a, mp 3ajiHniaB YKpaiHy n,jia naaeKHx BimpaB. B jitionnci TOMy npo Htoro: „*iyacoi 3eMJii niyKaB, a cbogio HexTy-BaB". HapeniTi pe^eHHa b cthjií Bohhobhx cnißiB:
He ôypa cokojiíb 3aHecjia ^epe3 nojia ninpoKi, CTana rajioK öiaiaTt n,o JJpHy BejinKoro ...
Kohí pacyTb 3a Cyjioio,
a3BeHHTB cjiaBa b Khgbí,
cypMH cypMjiHTb y Hoßroponji ■ • •
B nnx peneHHHx öannivro neaKi pncn noeTHKH BoaHa: bíh yacn-BaB napajieaÍ3My, np Toro HeraTHBHoro („He ôypa ... 3aHecjia..."), yacHBaB MeTacpop (yKpanmi — cokojih, rajmn — cTenoBHKn), eni-TeTÍB („nojia ninpoKi"), ajiiTepan.ii (,,Tpy6n TpyÔJiaTb"), pnT-MÍ3yBaB MOBy, KopncTyioHHca CHHTaKTHHHHM napajieaÍ3M0M penem, (Hpyrmi ypnBOK). MoacHa 6yao 6 me ôijibine CKa3aTH npo cthjib BoaHa, HKÖH MaTH neBHicTL, inp inp ohhh ypnBOK „CjiOBa" npo kh. BcecaaBa, cynacHHKa BoaHOBoro, nnTyc cjioBa BoaHa a6o HacjiinyG fioro.
10. B Eßponi npaKy ynacTb y cKJian,aHHÍ enhHHx TBopiß Bifli-rpajio nyxoBeHCTBo. IHpnp cTapoyKpamcbKoro enocy, to TyT ne bh-KJiiOHeHa MoacanBicTb, mo, Hanp., eni^m TBopn npo JJpöpnHio (hhb. BHine 5) MajiH aaBHinie öijibin peairinHe 3a6apBJieHHa. TaK 3Bam „ayxoBHi Bipnii" cynacHoro cpojiKJibopy MaiOTb y co6i pncn pnTMi-KH Ta cthjiio 17 ct. npoTe, Hanp., „Bipnia" npo cb. Teopria (KDpia), mo cnojiynaG 3 TpanimiHHHM MaTepiaaoM (3míg6opctbo) me onnc Toro, aK cb. lOpifi BHHHmye Ha YKpami hhkhx 3BÍpÍB, oHHmye mjiax no /iHJnpy, BH3BOJiaG 3 nojioHy cboix cecTep, mo „oßpocjra KaTOjranb-KOK) KopoK)", — MoacaHBo, 6yjia CKJiafleHa Ha nomaHy kh. flpocjia-Ba, 3a xpecHHM ím'hm K)pia. Bíh KyjibTHByBaB Kpamy, Bin,KpnB rujiax bíh KnGBa np HoBropopy, oo'cnHaBinn nip; cboim npaBJiiHHaM o6ho,-Ba KHa3ÍBCTBa, BH3B0J1HB 3 nojibCbKoro nojioHy cboix cecTep.
PeniTKH peairiÖHoro 3a6apBjieHHa noMÍTHMO i b fleaKHX CTapnHax (ôopoTLÔa npOTH noraHCTBa Tomo). Ha ni pncH 3BepHyB yßary, ro-jiobhhm hhhom, M. rpynieBCLKHH.
11. /Jyace HeöaraTo MoaceMo CKa3aTH npo (popMy CTaporo enocy. HeneBHe HaBÍTb, hh 6yB bíh BipniOBaHHEt, xo^i nexTO (H. Tpy-ßenKon) 3HaxoHHTb y i'x phtmíití cjiinn: noxoRaceHHa 3 12-13 ct. „Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi" — gp;hhhh Tßip, mo pjiSnioB 30 Hac 3 12 ct. i b nncaHOMy Bnrjian,i He Mac BipnioBaHoí cpopMH. B KoacHOMy pa3i eniHHi TBopn „cniBajín", aK noKa3yiOTi> cTapoyKpamcbKi 3ranKH Ta
128
ÍHAoeBponeHChKÍ napajiejii. Hkhh 6h He 6yB vpň „cniß", bíh BHMaraB ne-hkoI pHTMÍ3au;ii MOBH. MoBa öyjia, HaneBHe, óJiHJKMa no ToniniHBoi noTOHHol MOBH, amac MOBa nHcaHHx TBopiB. MoBa enocy MacTO 6yBae apxaiMHa. Tana h MOBa cynacHiix cTapHH, ne 3ycTpÍMaeMo cjioBa, m,o no3a THM 3aHHKJiH, 30KpeMa b mobí pociHH, mp ni CTapHHH cni-BaiOTb: „rpHnHH" a6o „rpHnHima" (noMemicaHHH npy^khhh, CKaHfli-HaBCbKe cjiobo), ,,icKonHTB" (cjiin KonHT), „nojieHHH,íi" (mÍHKa-6ara-THp), ,,ctojibhhh rpan" (cToanna), „HanojiH" (Haniß), „nopor pnöiä 3y6" (MopjKOßa kíctb, TaKoac b InaTCBKOMy aiToimci 1160 p.). Ba-raTo CTapHX nonpoÖHUB noöyTy: cpeBnaaBHe HaniJieHHH 3eMJiHMH Ta cejiaMH, 36ip nonaTKÍB caMHM khh3cm („nojnonan"), CTapa 3ôpoa (jiyK, CTpijiH, cnnc TOIH.O), JiaHnniacpT — cTenoBHH (MornjiH, TpaBa „KOBHjia", hkoI HeMae Ha nÍBHO*ri) i t. n-
MoaceMo nyMaTH, mo neam cthjiícthmhí pněn cynacHHX CTapHH tíyjiH BJKe b CTapoMy enoci; ni caMi pněn 3ycTpřqaeMo i b enoci pi3-HHx ÍHAoeBponeHCBKHx njieMeH, i b „Cjiobí o nojiny IropeBi", i b enin-HHx MacTHHax jíiTonHcy. U,e — pacHHÖ yacHTOK enřreTiB, noBTopeH-hh peneHB Ta OKpeMHx cjiíb (y cTapHHax — panKÍB BipniiB, iHoni 10 hh h ôijiBHie pa3ÍB), aaÍTepan,ia (b CTapHHax He MacTa), HHCJiemii nopiBHaHHa, napajrejiÍ3M o6pa3ÍB (Micant-MoaonHK Ha He6i ■— Hapo-nJKeHHH Bojibrn; xMapn — Bopoace bíôcbko), inoni HeraTHBHhh na-pajiejiÍ3M (me He xMapa — n.e bíôcbko), yjnoöjiem nepeÔiabineHHH (rinepöojiH), MHCjieHHi nocriiiHi cpopMyjiH (npnponHi b ycmii cjioBec-hoctí, nojieruiyTOTB TpHMara BejiHHe3Hi TBopH b naM'aTi), Hanp., ro-nyßaHHH kohh, cinJiaHHa kohh, cTpijiBÖa 3 jiyKa, nojiiOBaHHa, npH-BiTaHHH, 6ir kohh TOHjo. IIpoTe, b CTapHHax He 3ycTpiMaeMo neaKHx cpopMyji, BinoMHx 3 „bíhcbkobhx onoßinaHB" jíiTonncy (Hanp., yjiK>6-jieHe: „CTpijiH — hk nom", nonaroK 6htbh — „í3jiomhth Könne" Toinp), 3a HeßaraTBOMa BHHHTKaMH, — Hanp., SopiOMHca, öararapi CTapiiH ,,6bk)t o 3eMjno" — KHnaiOTB Ha 3eMjiK> Bopora, hk Mcthc-jiaB PenenK). IleBHa kíjibkíctb (popMyji HaneBHe no3HneHa 3 Ka30K („paHOK MynpiniHH 3a Benip" Tomp). 3pinKa 3ycTpinaeMo ninpoKy cHMBOJiiKy: npn Hapon»ceHHi BojiBrn, BejiHKoro MHcaHBn,a, yci raa-pHHH xoBaiOTBca HKHaönajii; BojiBra Bace b kojihci^í OTOHemrii 3ôpoeio (nonioHe b ,,Cjiobí o nojiKy IropeBi" npo „KypaH"). HafiacKpaBinie CBin^aTB npo niBfleHHe noxonmeHHH enocy B3arajii (popMyjiH, mo onncyiOTB nißneHHi jiicocTenoBi aßo CTenoßi KpaGBHnn: uinpo-KHH CTen, HHCTe nojie, MornjiH, onncn MHCJiHBCTBa, THnoBo jiicocxe-noBoro, cTenoBa nnHHHa, ajie ÖpaKye niBHi^Horo BenMena. Ajie TaKi HaneBHe CTapoBHHHi peuiTKH — HenHCJieHHi. Yci mnii cthjiícthmhí HaBeneni BHin,e pncn 3HaöneMo TaK caMO b íhuihx ťaTyHKax cy^ac-HOi HaponHOi noe3Íi, yKpa'ÍHCBKoi* i pocificBKOi, Ta h b íhihhx íhho-
129
eBponeficbKHx iuieMeH, Othcô, bhchobkh, ih,o ix mojkômo 3Po6hth npo ocoöJiHBocTi CTapoyKpamcBKoro enocy, nyjKe cKyni.
ni3HÍuii 3MÍHH Öaraxo n.eMoro 3aTepjiH b cTapoMy enoci, i hjih nocjiiflHceHHH noro Tpeöa me 3poÖHTH 6araTO, 30KpeMa npocxeacHTH yBaacHO cjiinn He jranie eniMHHx ciOHceTiB, ajie TaKOJK eniMHoro cth-jiio b jiiTonHcax Ta íhuihx TBopax CTapoi jiixepaTypn.
3. JliiepaTypa npaKTHHHoro npii3HaMeHiifl
1. B ni3HÍHii MacH Hac He nmaBHTHMe jirrepaTypa, hkoi npn3Ha-neHHH cyro npaKTHMHe. Ajie fljra nonarKOBoi noon jiiTepaTypHoro
p03BHTKy HaC u,ÍKaBHTB KOJKHHH pHHOK Ta KOJKHe CJIOBO. Y HHX, y
KOiKHOMy pa3i, yTpHMaHO neBHi pemrKH CTHjiicTHMHoro bmíhhh Ha-uiHx npeflKiB. Jlo Toro Mead míjk KpacHoio JiiTepaTypoio Ta JiiTepaTypoio npaKTHMHOK) ÔyjiH b CTapoBHHy 30bcím íhihí, aHÍJK Tenep, i He MOüCHa 6yTH Hanepen. nesHHM, mp nncaHe n,jra npaKTHMHoro BHCHTKy He MaTHMe pne cthjiícthmhoí bhtohmchocth. Hanp., ajiiTepan.ii 3y-cTpinaeMo b cTapoBHHHHx ocBKo-yMôpcbKHx HanHcax aôo b cTapo-cppi3BKHx 3aK0Hax. Mh jiHine KopoTKO neperjiíraeMo tojiobhí naM'jrr-KH, mo ix MOH<Ha 3ajiyHHTH no uígi rpynH.
2. Be3yM0BH0, HajiewcaTt cion,h pejiiriom tckcth: mojihtbh, nijii öorocjiyjKÖH Tomo. JlixypriMHi, ßorocjiyjKÖOBi TBopn MajiH bcí o3Ha-kh KpacHoi JiiTepaTjrpH; n,e 6yjia BHTOHMeHa pejiiriOHa noe3ÍH. Opn-ťÍHajn>HÍ TBopH, ih;o nocTajiH Ha KniBCbKOMy rpynri e, m,onpaBn.a, HacjiiflyBaHHHM rpen,E>KHx 3pa3KÍB (b nepeKJianax), ajie HacjiinyßaH-häm noMacTH Han,3BHMaiÍHo BnajiHM. CionH HajieacaTb, nonepme, mojihtbh. MojiHTBy cb. KHH3H BojionnMHpa BCiaBJieHo b „noxBajiy" öo-My. 3ajiHuiiuiocfl me nm mojihtbh, mo ix npHnHcyeTbCH cb. <ř»eonp-cígbí, jien.Be mh 3 noBHHM npaBOM, ajie HajiejKmcTt ix 30 CTapoi Jii-TepaTypn 6e3cyMHÍBHa. On,Ha MojiHTBa (mh mojihtbh) g b 36ipni tbo-piB BoJiojTHMHpa MoHOMaxa. Kiji&Ka mojihtob g b nponoßinax. B ne-MepcbKOMy ManacTHpi jkhb MepHenL PpHropifi, aBTop „KaHOHiß" cbä-thm. Ha HtajiB, He híjikom neBHo, mh öoMy HajieacaTt tí KaHOHH, mo mh ix MOHceMo BBaHcaTH 3a HaHflaBHÍuii: KaHOHH Ta ôorocjiyacÔH CB.
KH. BojIOnHMHpOBi, CB. 3>eonOCÍGBÍ HeMepCBKOMy,  KaHOHH Ta CJiyJK-
6h Ha nepeHeceHHH moih,íb Bopnca Ta Tnißa, cb. Mhkojih. MnTpo-nojiHTOBi IoaHOBi I (öojirapHH aöo rpeK — noMaTOK 11 ct.) npHnn-cyBaHo cjiyacöy EopncoBi Ta TjiiooBi. B neMepctKOMy naTepHKy g noxBajia cb. <E>eonpcÍ6BÍ, nncaHa cKopo no p. 1096 (3ranaHo Hanan. nojiOBiriB), na „noxBajia" noMacTH b cthjií nponoBinj, noMaCTH — mojihtbh. ,,noxBajiH" MaGMo i b JÚTonHCHOMy onoßinaHHi npo 3a-ÖHTTS cb. BopHca Ta Tjiiôa Ta b „Cka3aHHi" npo hhx.
130
üocKijibKH d;í TBopH BHflaHO (a HoejiiflJKeHO Ix 3 JiiTepaTypHoro norjiHfly 3fle6ijibuia aochtb noBepxoBo), mohíômo cyRHTH npo Ix jii-TepaTypHi BJiacTHBocTi: aBxopn ix, monpaBfla, MaÖHte bhrjuo^iho ko-pHCTyioTbCfl imxaxaMH 3 CTapo'i ßorocjiyjKÖoBo'i xa jkhtíhhoi jiixepa-Typn; MOBa xpimaexbca aynce 6jih3i>ko n.epKOBHocjioB'HHCbKHX HopM, BOHa ayjKe pHTMÍ30BaHa, HacjiiflyiOHH aKacpicxH, íhojú HaBÍTb Í3 cniB-3By^HHMH: BopHC xa Tjiiö —
flaexa HirfejieHbe:
XpOMblMT. XOflHTH,
CJXBnbiMt nposp^Hbe, ôoJiam.hm'b itbjiöbi, OKOBaHHbiMTj paspfcineHbe, TeMHHijaMT, oxBep3eHbe, nenajibHbíMx yrkxy, HanacxHbiivľb H36aBjieHbe...
í>eoflocÍH:
anocxojTb h nponoBŤjflHHKii, cbiH HaMT. nacxbipb h ynaxejib, CblH HaMTj BOJKflb h iipaBHxejib, cbiö HaMT> cxiHa h orpaiKfleme, noxBajia Hama BejíHKaa h HpT>3HOBeHÍe ...
HncjieHHi rapHi o6pa3H, 3flaeibCH, bcí 3ano3HMeHÍ — Bor, Xpncxoc — coHue; ÖJiaroaaxb — coHjmiHe cbíxjio a6o pina; cbhtí — 3opi, cxpyM-KH, nacxHpi ayxoBHoro CTafla, poôíthhkh y BHHorpaflHHKy BoacoMy toiho. He 3BaücaiOHH Ha neô ,,,nHTaTHHH'' xapaKTep mojihtob, 6a-mhmo b HHX HHMaJie KOMn03HD;ÍHHe Ta MOBHe bmíhhh Ix aBxopiB.
3. MeHiiie jiixepaxypHe 3Ha*ieHHfl Maioxb „nocjiamifl" rpeiibKHX iepapxiß: MHxponojinxa Jleona (30 1004 p., xBip cyMHiBHHÍí), Teop-ria (BMep 1072 p.), IoaHa II (kojio 1089 p.), MHxp. HHKHCpopa (1104-1120) npoxH „JiaTHHH". íle MaÔHíe caMi cyxi „KaTajiorn" po3xoflHceHb múk npaBocjiaBHOio Ta KaxojiHUbKoio n,epKBaMH, ro xoro po3xo-HJKeHb 3fle6ijibma myJKe apiÖHHx xa HeBajKJiHBHx. Po3yMÍGXbca, ni TBopn, nncaHi, Ma6yTB, no-rpeu.bKH Ta nepeKJia^em Ha H,epKOBHo-CJioB'flHCbKy MOBy, híhk He cBiřTiaTb npo „cpopMajibHHii" xapaKTep KHiBCbKoro xpHCTHÄHCTBa, a pa?nne npo ninynaa rpeubKoi öorocjiOB-cbKo'í HayKH!
4. /JajieKo u;ÍKaBÍmHH jihct MHTp. HnKHCpopa khh3íi Bojio-3HMHpa MoHOMaxa. KpiM KopoTKoi noxBajiH KHH3eBÍ, jihct noflac npo3opmí BHKJiafl TOflimHbo'i ncHXOJiori^Hoi HayKH (aHTHHHoro no-xofljKeHHH). JXyma Mae Tpn tojiobhí chjih — po3yM, npncTpacTi Ta
131
BOJiK). Hk KHa3b, cn^a^H Ha npecTojii, npaBHTb Kpamoio nepe3 cjiyr CBoi'x, TaK i ayma npaBHTb tíjiom *iepe3 n'aTb 3mhcjiíb — 3ip, cjiyx, CMaK, hk>x, flOTHK. EesnocepeflHG npaKTHHHe 3aBflaHHH jincTa 6yjio, MaÖyTb, BHnpaBflaTH icpapxiio a6o oci6, mp ix MHTponojiHT npoTeťy-BaB, Bifl íiKHxocb HananiB, 60 jihct flajii 30KpeMa 3ynHHHGTbca Ha HeneBHOcri cjiyxy hk nncepejia nÍ3HaHHH Ta KajKe, mp *iepe3 cjiyx KHH3H „BxcflHTb y Hboro CTpijia" „Ha niKoay flynii", Ta npoxae npo-ôaneHHH noKapaHHM. B KOJKHOMy pa3i, HCHicTb BHKJiafly Ta floôpi o6pa3H aôcTpaKTHHx ayMOK CBiflHaTb npo jiiTepaTypHe bmíhhh i aB-Topa i nepeKjiaflana*.
5. JXo opHťiHajibHoi jiiTepaTypH HajiencaTb i nepnii cnpoôn ícto-Phhhhx TBopiB npo CBÍTOBy icTopiio. XpoHÍKH nepeKJiaflem He 3aflo-BOJibHHjiH. BiKe b 11 ct. cKJiafleHo HKHHCb „xpoHorpadp", ceÖTo Ha-
PHC BCeCBÍTHbOÍ ÍCTOpľí, rOJIOBHe 3a AMapTOJIOM (flHB. EKCKypc I. T. a) 3 flonoBHeHHHMH 3 íhuihx ^acepeji, b TOMy ^íhcjií npo pycbKy ícto-piio (t. 3b. ,,XpoHorpa(p 3a bcjihkhm BHKJiaflOin"). Bíh He 36epirca, ajie peniTKH noro bbíhihjih b nÍ3HÍnii naM'aTKH. JIÍTonHcenb yacHB (nifl p. 1114) HKorocb xpoHorpadpa, ^e xpoHÍKa AMapTOJia ôyjia cno-jiy^eHa 3 xpoHÍKoio MajiajiH. U,m KOMnijiaTHBHy icTopn^Hy npanro npoBaRHjiH flajii i b HacTynm bíkh.
He MaiOTb cyTO jiiTepaTypHoro 3HaHeHHa naM'aTKH 3aK0H0flaB-Hp — „PycbKa npaBfla", 36ipKa 3aK0HÍB HpocjiaBa i öoro Ha-CTynHHKÍB, Ta uepKOBHi „ycraBH" BojioflHMHpa Ta HpocjiaBa (nep-ihhíí He ijíjikom, apyrníí 30bcím He neBHHÍí). H,ÍKaBa fljia icTopHKa JiiTepaTypH ,,PycbKa npaBfla" rojiOBHe cbogio moboio, Mafiace hhc-
TOK> CXÍflHbOCJIOB'aHCbKOIO, 6e3 ejieMeHTÍB UepKOBHOl mobh, HaA3BH-
HaíÍHo npocTa Ta npo3opa ôy^oBa peneHb, a TaKoat CBOGpiflmm cjiob-hhk — ôaraTo cjiíb, neBHe 3Ha^eHHa hkhx yace 3a6yTe, Ta npo 3MÍCT aKHx BeayTbca HayKOBi HHCKycii. „PycbKa npaBfla" HajieaíHTb flo naM'aTOK, mp ix mobohd MoacHa bhmíphth HaöJinaceHHa íhhihx naM'aTOK mo HapoflHo'i mobh. KyjibTypHO-icTopHHHe 3Ha^ieHHa lopn-AH^HHx naM'aTOK, po3yMÍGTbca, BejíHKe.
*) Ilpaqi iepapxiB mojkjihbo ň nHcam a6o moHaňMenrae nepeKJiaflem Ta
CTHJIÍ30BaHÍ  3a  BÍ3aHTÍHCí>KOK)  TpaflHUiGK)  1XHÍMH  CeKpeTapHMH,   HKÍ  b KOWHOMy
pa3i 6yjiH cJioB'HHaMH. ToMy jieABe hh MäCMO npaBO BBaMcaTH ni TBopH híjikom *iyHCHMH Haniiô JiiTepaTypi. Jlame ix aBTopn qacTO He tí rpeuhKi iepapxn, iiaeHa-mu HKHx bohh niÄnHcam, a HKicb aHOHÍMHi MicneBi „khhjkhhkh".
132
II. JXOBA OPHAMEHTAJIBHOrO CTHJIIO
A. XapaKTepucTHKa
1. J-Iooa jiixepaTypHoro po3BHTKy, mo noHHHacTbca b nepuii ne-chthjiítth 12-ro b., M3.G KyflH BHpa3Hiine oôjih^ihh, mac nepinnä BÍK KHiBCbKOi jiiTepaxypH. Khí'b yce ine ctoitb Ha hojií JiiTepaTypHoro pyxy, ajie nopyn: Hboro Ta CTaporo HoBropona 3'aBjiaiOTbCH íhhií hojiíthhhí, a ni3Hime & KyjifcTypHi npHTpn. He 3BaataiOHH Ha 3aHe-naa Ta pyiny KneBa Ta Ha 3aHHKHeHHa caMoi ayMKH npo BejíHKy KniBCLKy nepacaBy, jiiTepaTypa me aoBro ^lepnac 3 aacepeji khí'b-cbKo'i Tpannirii. nepecyHeHHH npHTpy nojiřrnHHoro TaaciHHa 3 oa-Horo 6oKy Ha híbhíhhhh cxin, y Cy3aajib, a 3 npyroro Ha 3axia y TajiH^ He e, o-nHane, niacTaBOio noHHHaTH 3 nboro HOBy aoôy jiiTepa-TypHoro po3BHTKy. /JajieKo BaauiHBinia g 3MÍHa jirrepaTypHoro cthjiio Ta BHCJioBjíeHHx y aiTepaTypi iaeojiorifi.
2. Cthjib 12-ro ct. BTpainB 6araTO ochobhhx pne cthjiio 11-ro ct., inp MoacHa 6yjio 5 cxapaKTeproyBaTH h ,,HeťaTHBHo'' nepe3 yT-paTy pne cthjiio 11 Biny. Ajie ao ôaraTbox pne cthjiio 11- ro BiKy MoaceMo BKa3aTH b jiiTepaTypi 12 ct. i h o b i pnen. OaHOCTaOHá
MOHyMeHTaJIbHÍCTB  TBOpÍB  11-rO  CT.    3aMÍHK)GTBCa pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍCTK>
opHaMeHTajiBHHx npHKpac KoacHoro TBOpy, npHKpac, mp inoai 30bcím 3aKpHBaK)TB npoBiaHy ayMKy, TeHaeHuiio, 3MÍHK)K)Tb xapaKTep TBopy. Ta iHoai TBip HaBÍTb He Mac TaKoro TeinaTH^Horo ocepeany. Bo h ca-
mhh 3MÍCT He g BHíe TaKHM OaHOCTaHHHM, flKHM bíh 3ae6ijIbUIOrO 6yB
y TBopax HaHCTapinioi aoôn: aBTopn oxone 36HpaK»Tb cTapnä MaTe-piaji Ta BHKopHCTOByiOTb noro an npHKpacH HOBoro TBopy (36ipKa npHCJiiß'iB b „MojieHHi" JJannjia, pÍ3HÍ 3raaKH npo CTapnx KHa3ÍB Ta HacaiayBaHHa BoaHa b „Cjiobí o nojiicy IropeBi"). A60 npoßiaHa ayMKa He npocTO po3BHBaeTbca b TBopi, aae npoxoanTb nepe3 *ihc-aeHHi oKpeMi mothbh (nop. 30KpeMa „nenepcbKHH naTepHK" a6o „Cjiobo o nojiKy IropeBi"). nncbMeHHHK HaBÍTb iHOfli bck> ôyaoBy TBopy poÔHTb „M03aiHHOK)M, Becb *iac npainoG 3 MaTepiajioM 30bcím pÍ3HHX niapiB, HK aBTop „CaoBa o nojrcy IropeBi", b HKoro cynacHa HOMy jiiňcmcTh nepryGTbca to 3 cnoraaaMH npo JiirepaTypHy cTa-poBHHy (BoaH), to 3 cnoraaaMH npo CTapoBHHy icTopHHHy, aôo aBTop KniBCbKoro Ta rajiHnbKO-BOJiHHCbKoro JiiTonnciB,   b hkhx
133
3a BHKjianoM nonifi noMyBacTbca Tpoxn He Ha KoacHOMy Kpon,i jiiTe-paTypHa Tpannnia. IJiKaBO, m° 3míhh tcmh, BinxnaeHHa Bifl tojiob-Ho'i TeMH TyT yace He poöaaTb BpaaceHHa 6e3nopa£HocTH, hk y nncb-MeHHHKÍB 11-ro BÍKy: MHTaM nonyBae, mo h,h 3anjiyTamcTb, cKaan-
HÍCTB ÖyflOBH 3 30OMehhhmh Ta yXHJiaMH, HajieJKHTB AO eCTBa CTHJIK), AO TÍG1 CKJiaHHOl TKaHHHH, noniÖHOl no MHOrOÖapBHOrO KHJIHMy, HKOK)
g Tenep cTpyKTypa JiiTepaTypHoro TBopy.
3. 3míhk>g npocTOTy 6ynoBH TBopiB Ta oôcTaBHHa, mo ix cbíto-rjiHn Mac ocHOBHy pncy BCHKoro „cepeflHbOBiMHa" (b TOMy hhcjií bí-3aHTÍHCbKoro): norjian na cbít e nocainoBHo „CHMBoaiMHHtí", yca-Ka nificHicTí. g pa30M 3HaK0M Morocb ÍHHioro, BHinpro, 6e3nocepen-HBO b niiicHOCTi ne naHoro aöo Haivr HenpncTynHoro. HaaeacaMH no GCTBa BaacHe Bcaicoro, HaBÍTt „HaHpeaaicTHMHinioro" MHCTenrBa, CHMBoaÍKa nicTae b neBHi momchth po3BHTKy Han3BHHaHHe 3HaMeH-HH (TaKoac y ôapoKKy i b poMaHTHiji), a caMe b 3B'a3Ky 3 CBÍToraa-flOM Macy, mo He xoMe oÖMeacyBaraca annie Ha nÍ3HaHHÍ 6e3noce-penHto naHor°í a uiynac 3a hhm a6o ,,nin hhm" mmoro, ranônioro, Minmiuoro „niHCHoro 6yTTa". CnMBOaiMHHH CBÍToraan g 6e3yMOBHO 3araaBH0K> nincTaBoio aÍTepaTypn 12-13 b. íle Beao n° po3BHTKy
„CHMBOaÍHHOrO CTHaiO".
IIpOCTÍ  nopiBHHHHa   3aMÍHK>k)ti>Cfl   Tenep   p03BHHeHHMH CHMBO-
jiímhhmh KapTHHaMH: ÔHTBá — n,e nnp aôo Beciajia, BecHa — chm-boji BOCKpecÍHHa. HaBÍTt IaapioH, y CTHai aKoro CHMBoaÍKa Bace rpac neaKy pojiio, 3naGTbca, aochtl npHMÍTHBHHM, Koan nopiBHHGMo ňo-ro HHcaeHHi, ajie b ochobí npocTi nopiBHHHHa 3 cHMBoaiMHHMH 06-pa3aMH, Hanp., KnpHJia TypiBCbKoro. .ZJiňcmcTb Macro Bace He 3Ma-abOByGTbca, a Ha He'i jiHuie „HaTHKaioTb" pÍ3Hi íhihí o6pa3H. CHMBoaÍKa He annie 3aci6, a no neBHoi Mipn caMonjLab.
4. TaK caMo caMonjaaio 3poôHJiaca i bch CTHaicTHKa B3araai, BOHa He jiňme cayacHTb 3míctobí, a Mac caMocTÍHHy BapTicTb: nocHTb
nopÍBHHTH TBOpH IaapiOHa, 3 BHHHTKOBO MHCaeHHHMH n-TH 11-ro cto-
jiítth npHKpacaMH, Ta Knpnaa TypiBCbKoro, y hkofo iHoni npHKpacn po3pocTaK>TbCH b BeaHMe3Hy 6ynoBy, mo 3a Heio npHHaÖMHi Ha neB-HHH Mac, 3a6yBaGTbca 6e3nocepenHÍíí 3míct TBopy; nocHTb npnrana-th icTopHMHy „opHaMeHTanilo" „CaoBa o noaKy IropeBi", 3a hkok> 3a6yBaGTbca MeTa Toro „3oaoToro caoBa" CßaTocaaBOBoro, 3 hkhm u,i icTopHMHi npHKpacn cnoayMem; „MoaeHHG" /JaHHjia B3araai g He mo ÍHHie, hk rpa CTHaicTHMHHMH npHKpacaMH 6e3 hkoicb ,,niaoBoi" MeTH mpcb KOHKpeTHe po3noBÍCTH (6e3 „KOMyHiKaniHHOi" (pymcnii).
IHo cTHab g caMomab, n,e Haäöiabiue bkhho 3 neBHoro „3npi6-híhhh" TeMaTHKH TBopiB 12-13 ct. Bca CTHjiicTHMHa po3KÍni „Cao-Ba o noaKy IropeBi" Mae Ha Meri npocaaBaeHHa 30bcím npyropanHOÍ
Ta HeBflajioi BHirpaBii apioHHX khh3Íb; jíiTonncH cpijiiťpaHHO p03po6-
JIIOIOTb OnHCH flpíOHHX Ta mpfleHHHX nOflÍH i T. fl. IliflCTaBa flJIH H,bO-
ro — He jiňme „3flpi6HÍHHa" caMoií nojiÍTHKH, caMnx noniií, a Ta-kojk — nepeBara opHäMeHTy Hap; ifleGio Ta 3míctom TBopy.
He jiHine HanynneHHa npHKpac xapaKTepncTHHHe fljia cthjik) 12-13 ct. Tane HaKynneHHa npHKpac, mo 6yjiH bíromí h paHime, g, Hanp., po3BHTOK ajiÍTepan;ii b „Cjiobí o nojiKy Iropeßi", HaicymieHHa nopiBHHHt y Knpnjia TypiBCbKoro aöo nmpoKi MajiiOHKH CBÍTy n,e-mohíb b „naTepHKy", Toni an „jkhtíg" <Peoflocia Jiňme KopoTKO 3ra-flyßaao npo „cnoKycn" <E>eoflocia. MacMO xapaKTepncTHHHi hobí npn-KpacH — HeBMipKOBaHi nepeôijibineHHH, rinepöoan. Cepefl eniTeTÍB MoacHa Ha3BaTH neBHi KaTeropil, m,o CTaiOTt yjiioÖJieHHMH. Hkujo npo nocTÍHHi eniTeTH, mo HaraflyiOTb HapoflHy noe3ho, MoacHa 3 neß-híctkd roBopHTH jiňme b „Cjiobí o nojiKy Iropeßi", to 3HaxoflHMO b pÍ3HHx íhuihx TBopax Tóro nacy öaraTo yaioöjieHHx eniTeTÍB, mo čepen, hhx HaHTHnoBiniHM fljia flyxy nacy g cjiobo ,,30jiothh". Chh-TaKCHHHa öyfloßa, CKJiaflHa Ta ÍHoni 3anayraHa, Teac HaaeacHTb flo HOBHx cthjiícthhhhx npHKpac. 3flaGTbca, nonajiH bhcoko itíhhth i opnriHajibHicTt Tßopiß, cthjiícthhho HOBe Ta He3BHnaHHe b hhx.
5. BnanaiOTí. y Bim h pHCH ifleojiorÍHHoro po3BHTKy. nonepme, HHMaaa 3MÍHa xpHcraaHCbKoro iaeaay. Tenep 3ycTpinaeMo ifleojio-riio, aKy MoacHa Ha3BaTH nocjiiflOBHo „aciceTHHHoio". Ajie acKeranna ifleojioria Hfle nopyn noMÍTHoro npncHjieHHa CBfay, 3i 36ÍJibineH-HHM noro npHHap;. B „nenepcbKOMy naiepnicy" öaHHMo, hk xbhjií CBÍTy 3aaHBaK)Ti> HaBÍTb nenepcbKHÖ MaHacTnp. AcneTHKa nepeTBo-pioGTbca 3 ßopoTBÖH THxoi, 3axoBaHo'í b rjiHÔHHi nenep, y nocjiiflOB-Hy BiHHy BCbOMy oToneHHK), HaBÍTb ôanacnoMy OToneHHio neHijiB y MaHacTHpi. JXjih Hac BaauiHBa He JiHine 3MÍHa oô'GKTHBHoro cTaHy penen, a 3MÍHa Toro JiiTepaTypHoro ocBÍTjieHHa, aKoro Haflaexbca nocTÍHHHM eaeMeHTaM nepHenoro acHTTa. npo acKeTHHHÍ hhhh b jií-TepaTypi 11-ro ct. noBinyBaaHca rojioBHHM hhhom 3 noBÍCTH npo IcaKÍH, aae b híh acKeTHHHi hhhh 3MajibOBaHo 3 MeToio nepecTeperTH Bifl HaflMipHoi acKe3H. Tenep ace acKe3y 3MajibOByiOTb ak HaHBHin,HH ifleaji. 3aMÍCTb xpHCTHaHCbKoro onTHMÍ3My nepninx naciß xpncTH-aHÍ3an,ii 3ycTpinaeM0 necHMÍCTH*mi cyflH npo acHTTa, aac flo acaxjra-Boro yaBaeHHa CepanioHa npo 3eMjno, aKa xone CTpycHTH 3 ce6e Bect 3anaaMaeHHH rpixoM pifl jiiOflCbKHH.
Xtyace ijmaBO, m,o neBHHÍi MaTepiaatHHH 3aHenafl 3obcím He 3aBaflHB „cbítobí" 3aaHniHTHca caMOCBiflOMHM Ta HaBÍTb 3apo3yMi-jiHM. BaacaHBa pnca ifleojiorii nboro nacy — caMOCBiflOMicTb CBÍTy. JliTepaTypHa flificmcTb 30bcím He 3aBacn,h Biflnoßiaae oö'gk-THBHOMy CTaHOBi peneS. 3aMÍCTb KnÍBCbKoí flepacaBH eBponencbKoro
135
3HaneHHa meigmo b 12-My Biiri KÍJibKa npiOHnx xa HaBÍxi> MimaTiop-HHX KHH3ÍBCTB, ani noHHHaioxij yxpanaxn 3HaHCHHH Haßixb y Meacax
CxiflHbOÍ   EBpOriH    (KpÍM   rajIHn,bKO-B0JIHHCbKOro   KHH3ÍBCTBa, HKe,
onHane, He Morjio Main Bace kh'íbcbkhx npexeHciö Ha naHyBaHHa Han. nÍBHFi*no xa híbhíhhhm cxohom), b cnpaBH hkhx no^nHaioxt jry-ace aKXHBHO BipynaTnca HaBiTb HOMann-nojioBni. Ajie jiixepaxypa onncyc najieKo ôiatine po3Komi, ÔJiHCKy, „30Jioxa", amac jiixepaxy-pa nonepenHfcoro cxojiixxa. „Cbíx" He 3po6nBca MoryTHiiuHM Haßixb y nopÍBHaHHi 3 rjepKBOio. B neBHHx Meacax bíh noivrixHo xpncxnaHi-3yBaBca (npaBo). Ajie bíh caM ce6e nonyBac BeanKoio Mipoio ca-mocxíhhíihhm xa bhiuhm, a nepKBa nonyBac noro He6e3neHHiniHM xa 3arpo3jiHBÍHiHM, mat nasmuie. HaöcKopme MoacHa ino 3MÍHy ineojio-tíhhhx HacxpoiB 3xapaKTepH3yBaxH, aK nopyuieHHa xie'i rapMOHií Miac „cbítom" xa n,epKBOK>, ana b 11-My b. He ctíjií.kh icHyBajia, ckíjibkh 3naBajiaca nocxyjiaxoM, Ha 3nÍHCHeHHa aKoro g 6araxo Ha-ajíi. H,e nopyuieHHa rapMomí ninBHinHJio caMOBneBHeHHicTb o6ox cxo-piH, Ha 6oni „nyxoBHOMy" 3pic Binnip npoxn CBixy, Ha 6oni CBÍTy — ôannyadcxb 30 iaeajiiB xpncxnaHcxBa.
6. MoacHa BBaacaxn, 111,0 n,eii JiixepaxypHnn (a nonacxn h ineo-jiori^HHn) po3BHxoK g 36iJiLuieHHaMt npncHjieHHaM xnx BnjiHBÍB Bi-3aHxii, ani njajín me b 11-My Bini. ,Ho neBHo'í Mipn ne xan: b 11-My Bin.i jiixepaTypHHÖ BnjiHB BÍ3aHTÍI oÖMeacyBaBca jinnie Ha neBHi ejieMeHxn, npoxaroM 11-ro b. bíh 3pic, a b 12-oMy xa 13-My bb. npHÖ-niJín hobí BÍ3aHxiíici>KÍ jiixepaxypHi xa Kyjn>xypHÍ BnjinBH. Jlixepa-xypa 12-ro b. 3pocxaaa Ha ochobí xoro caMoro BÍ3aHxiäcbKoro Ma-Tepiajiy, m,o ö Jiixepaxypa 11-ro b., ajie onaHyBajia íioro jiinnie, HacjiinyBajia BMijiime. Ajie BaacjiHBO g xe, mo BÍ3aHxÍHCLKHH BnjiHB niaxpHMysaB xenep xi c y x x g b i 3míhh cxhjijo, a nonacxH S ineojio-rií, npo ani mh roBopnjiH BHine.
B. IIpOlIOBÍ3HHH,tbo
1. Ha aíajifc, nopiBHioiOMH 3 nepeiuianHHMH nponoßinaMH, Bejin-KHMH kíjibkícxk) xa oöcaroM, opHriHajiBHi 12-13 bb. xBopaxb jiHine He3Ha*my rpyny. H,e 3n,e6ijn>nia nponoBini nnuiHoro cxhjiio. KüibKa aHOHÍMHHx nponoBinefi 3 neBHOio hmobíphícxio MoaceMo BinHecxH no 12 cx. Ajie MacMo Tanoac nponoBini aBxopiB, BinoMnx hem Ha ÍMeHa Ta cxapaKxepH30BaHHX cboimh XBopaMH hk jiixepaxypHi ÍHnnBÍn.ya.ní>-
HOCXH.
2. HanTajiaHOBHxiniHM nponoßinHHKOM, a Moace ň HafiÖijibinHM nncbMeHHHKOM cxapoi jitiepaTypn MoacHa Ha3Bam KnpHJia TypiBCb-Koro, mo 6yB GnncKonoM m. TypoBa b npyrin nojiOBHHi 12 ct. Bíh
136
nOXOflHB 3 3aM0JKH01 pOflHHH CTOJIHU.Í HCBeJIHKOrO TypÍBCBKOrO KHH-
3ÍBCTBa, m. TypoBa. HapoflHBca, MaöyTB, flecB 1130-40 pp.* Horo „}Khtíg" niflKpecjiioG öoro öorocjioBCBKy ocBľry (HeflaBHo flOBefleHo, mo bíh KopHCTaBca rpeiiBKHMH TBopaMH b opnriHajiax) Ta fioro ac-KeTH3M. BcTynHBiiiH b MOJioflHX poKax flO MaHacTHpa, KnpHjio b Hie TOfli ycjiaBHBca im nncBMeHHHK. Ha öaHcaHHH KHH33 Ta „jnoflen" TypiBCBKHx KnpHjia BHCBíraeHo Ha cnHCKona. Ro HBoro nacy Hajie-jKaTB neflKi noro TBopn, m. íh. yTpanem jihcth flo khh3h Anflpm Boro jiioöcBKoro, nponoBifli, mojihtbh Ta 6orocjiy>K6oBÍ TBopn. KnpHjio-bí nponoBÍfli 3ycTpinaGM0 b 36ipHHKax nopyn nponoBifleä: bcjikkhx nponoBiflHHKÍB rpentbKOi uepKBH.
3. Bícím nponoBifleň, mo HaneBHe HajiejKaTB KnpHjioBi, npncBfl-
HeHÍ  HeflijIBHHM CBHTaM bocbmh thjkhíb kojio BejIHKOflHfl, nOHHHa-
K»HH 3 „BepÖHOi Heflijii". OnncyiOHH bpohhcthh ßxifl XpncTa b Gpy-cajiHM, KnpHjio 3aKjiHKae cjiyxaniB npnroTyBaTHca flo flyxoBHoi 3y-cTpini XpncTa. Bxifl rocnoflmö flo GpycajiHMy chmbojipiho BHTJiy-Ma^eHo HK fliyxoBHe npnOHHTTH XpncTa flo ,,cbítjihiíí flyuii". — npo-noßiflB Ha „aHTH-nacxy" (Xomhh3, Heflijia) cnojiynae mnpoKe nopiß-HflHHa BeCHH b npHpOfli Ta BejIHKOflHH 3 P03M0B0K) anocTOJia Xomh
3 XpHCTOM. XiajiBHia nponoBiflB noHHHaeTBca 3 3BopyuijiHBoro „njia-ny" BoropoflHm kojio xpecTa. Ha flonoMory ih npnxoflHTb Hocnn
ApHMaTeHCbKHH, HKOMy BflaGTbCfl BHnpOCHTH B nijiaTa tíjio XpHCTOBe
i noxoBaTH äoro tok 3 „njianeM" Hafl tíjiom XpncTa. J\a.m onoBifla-
GTbCfl  npO MHpOHOCHIJb,   flO  HKHX  3BepTaGTbCH  3  npOMOBOK) HHrOJI.
3aKÍHHyc „Cjiobo" noxBajia-aKacpHCT HocnnoBi. JlajiBuie ,,Cjiobo" ono-BiflaG npo 3mjieHHH ,,po3CJia6jieHoro" b Kynejii CHJioaMCbKiö. Ono-BiflaHHa BefleTBCH b cpopMi fliiuiorinHio — XpncToc po3mobjihg 3 HeMWHHM, a too 3 „KHHJKHHKaMH". — Ihhií nponoBÍfli, TaKOJK cnn-paio^HCH Ha GBaHrejiBCBKi onoBiflaHHH, noflaiOTB Ix CHMBOJiinne bh-TOBManeHHH, cKynnyioHH yßary tojiobho Ha nepKOBmíí Hayiri npo XpHCTa, na „xpHCTOJiorii". OcTaHHG „Cjiobo" Knpnjia npHCBH^eHe npoTHapiHHCBKOMy coCopoBi, ceÖTo tok xpHCTOJiorii. Oth,íb co6opy nopißHHHo 3 BOHKaMH. 3aKÍHHye nponoBiflb flOBra noxßajia-aKacpHCT otijhm coöopy.
Btfce flaBHo 3BepHeHo yßary Ha Te, mo 3arajiBHi flyMKH npono-ßifleö KnpHjia HaraflyiOTb flyMKH fleHKHX kjihchhhhx 3pa3KÍB rpeob-KOi nponoBÍfli. HeflaBHo flOBefleHo, mo nponoßifli Knpnjia CKJiafleHi 3a rpei^bkhmh 3pa3KaMH. JXjih. KOJKHoi 3 cBoix nepuiHx 7-MH nponoBifleü
*) IToxoAH^h 3 TypoBa, mo JieacHTb Ha yKpaiHCbKo-6iJiopyc£kíh MeJKi, bh-
XOBaHHHM Ta CTHJieM CBOIX TBOpiß KHpHJIO, Ö63yMOBHO( HajieJKHTb KtlGBy. OflHaHe,
6ijiopycH MaiOTb niACTaBH BBaHcaTH ftoro 3a cBoro cTaporo nncbMeHHHKa. JJe BHrojionieHO öoro nponoßi^i, HeBiflOMo.
137
KnpHJio BHÔpaB 3fle6ijii>nioro no flBÍ-Tpn rpentřd nponoBÍfli (nepeKJia-flem), 3 hkhx bíh 6epe npoBiflHÍ jjyMKH, ÍHOfli íí rojioBHi o6pa3H.
JXJISI OCT&HHbOl nponOBifli (COÖOP CBHTHX OTUÍb) BÍH KOpHCTaBCfl b   OpHťÍHajli  HKHMCb rpeUiKHM  iCTOpHHHHM   TBOpOM.   Ajie KnpHjio
He oÔMejKHBca Ha pojii npocToro KOMnijíHTopa, cbog 3aBflaHHa bíh, OHeBHflHO, 6aHHB b JiÍTepaTypmií oôpo6n.i MaTepÍHJiy. Bíh nomnpioG aôo CKoponyc cboí B3Ípn,i, cnojiynyG ix b opramray i^íjiíctb Ta npn-Kpaniyc flyMKH rpeiítKOí nponoBÍfli TaKHMH peTopHHHHMH npHKpaca-MH, mo jiinnie npoMOBjíaioTB flo po3yMy Ta cepu;a ů o r o cjiyxaniB. Hkiuo BCTaHOBJíeHHH HeopnriHajibHOCTH nponoBifleH Knpnjia 3MeH-uiyc Ham iHTepec mo Htoro hk öorocjioBa, to boho me 3Öijii>niyG ííoro i^ÍKaBÍCTi> fljiH Hac hk nHCBMeHHHKa Ta opaTOpa, 60 bíh BCTynae b MHCTei^bKe 3MaraHHH 3 cboimh BejíHKHMH nonepeflHHKaMH, Ta, —
TpeÔa BH3HaTH, -        BHXOflHTB Í3 CBOrO BaJKKOrO 3aBflaHHH nepeMOJK-
n.eM. He mypHo ňoro nponoBijii 3HaxoflHJiH b 36ipHHKax (TaKHX, hk „TopHíecTBeHHHK") Micu;e npoTHroM ctojiítb nopy^i HaHjiinniHx 3pa3KÍB cBHTooTenjBKoro opaTopcbKoro MHCTeuTBa. Tpeöa ÖJiHJKHe npHflHBHTHCH flo jiiTepaxypHoro cthjik) Knpnjia.
4. Mh Bace 3BepTajiH yßary Ha „chmbojiííhhh" xapaKTep nponoBiflefi KnpHJia. Ix noöyflOBaHo Ha BHTOBMa^eHHi CHMBOJiiHHoro 3HaneHHH pejiiriHHHx o6pa3ÍB. Hanp., BejíHK^em,, BocKpeceHHH, g fljiH Hboro Becna:
Hhhí Heöeca ocbíthjihch, cKHHyjin tcmhí xMapn, hk noKpnBajio, Ta cbítjihm noBÍTpHM cjiaBy PocnoflHio B03BÍin,aiOTí>, —
MOBjíK) He npo nj. bh^hmí Heöeca, ajie npo myxoBHi, npo anocTO-jiíb, mp ... nÍ3HajiH Tocno^a Ta bcio Tyry 3a6yjiH,... Cbhthm flyxoM obíhhí, BocKpeceHHH XpncTOBe HCHo nponoBiflyioTb.
Hhhí coHije, KpacyiOHHCH, Ha bhcohíhb niflHiMaGTbCH Ta, pajiyiOHHCb, 3eMJiK) orpiBac,
60 coHne npaBflH, XpHCTOC, 3 xpyHH 3Íhihjio i pHTyc ycix, xto b Hboro Bipyc ...
Hhhí BecHa KpacycTbCH, ojkhbjihiohh npnpofly 3eMHy, i 6yHHÍ BÍTpn,
thxo BÍIOHH, njIOflH yMHOHíyiOTb, i 36MJIH, HaCÍHHH JKHBJIH^ih, 3eJieHy
TpaBy nopoflJKyG, —
BecHa H,e KpacHa Bipa XpncTOBa, hke nepe3 xphihphhh ohob-jikx: jiioflCbKy npnpony; Öyfim Birpn — rpixoTBopm noMHCJiH, mp nepe3 noKaHHHH nepeMÍHHjiHCH Ha floôpoHHHH Ta jkhbjihtb
138
nymeKopHCHi naoaii; a 3eMJia Hainoro ecTBa, mp npnOHaaa cao-bo Eoate, hk ciin'a, .. . noponacye n.yx cnaciHHa.
Hhhí HOBOHapoflHceHi arHaTa Ta TeaaTa, xyxKO öiraionn, cKaayTb Ta, CKopo np MaTepiB noBepHyBniHCH, BeceaaTbca, TaKoac i aaôami, Ha conijTKax rpaiOMH, 3 pan,icTio XpncTa caaBaaTb:
arHíiTaMH 3By aariaHHx aioaefi čepen. noraH, a TeaaTaMH — inpaoacepniB HeBÍpHHx Kpam,... mp, no cbhtoi nppKBH oöepHyB-nracb, MOJioKO HayKH ccyTb, a BHHTeai XpncTOBoro CTafla... XpncTa Bora caaBaaTb.
Hhhí nepeBa napocTKH BHnycicaiOTb, i kbíth 3anauiHÍ npoHBÍTaiOTb, i ocb yace canH coaon,kí 3anaxn BHnaioTb, i xaiöopoÖH, 3 Hanieio npa-
IHOIOHH,  nJIOflOflaBBiH XpHCTa npH3HBaiOTb, -
60 pamine mh 6yjiH, aK jiíchí nppeBa, mp ne MaiOTb naon,íb, a hhhí npHmenHaacH XpHCTOBa BÍpa 30 Hauioro HeBÍp'a, Ta... paöcbKoro HOBoro GyTTa.. . aenaGMo, Tanoac i apxHGpei Ta iry-MeHH, npainoiOHH naa nppKBH, Haroponn Bia, XpncTa neKaiOTb.
A60:
Hhhí TpynpaioÔHBa 6na;oaa, noajÖHa np aemjÍB, noKa3ye cboio MynpicTb i flHBye bcíx; 60 aK tí neHiji, acHByan b nycTHHax, ca-mí ce6e nporoflOByiOTb Ta nHByiOTb aHroaÍB i aioneá, TaK i bohh (önacoan), Ha kbíth BHaÍTaioan, roTyiOTb MenpBÍI miabHHKH Ta nocTanaiOTb aionaM coaonKe, a nppKBÍ noTpiöHe.
Hhhí bcí KpacHoroaocHÍ nram' nepKOBHHX xopÍB, rHÍ3aa 6yny-iomh, Beceaaxbca, ceÔTO nppKOBHi hhhh: cnncKonn Ta iryiweHH, nonn Ta nnaKOHH i naKH, koh<hhh cboio nicHio cnÍBaioan, caaB-aaTb rocnona.
KnpHao nopÍBHioe CBameHHKiB, apxHcpeiB, ,,ycix nppKOBHHx BMHTe-aÍBM 3 apxÍTeKTaMH; neipa Ta IoaHa 6iaa rpoóy XpncTOBoro — Í3 CTapHM xa Hobhm 3aBÍTOM j XpncTa nicaa BOCKpeceHHa — 3 naöa-HOM, aKHÖ nicaa cHy 6a*iHTb, w,o Soro oTapa po3ÍHuiaaca b pÍ3HÍ 6okh, Ta 3ÖHpaG u, aöo 3 öaTbKOM, hkhô npHHHiOB npnoMy 3 n,aae-koí nonppoati Ta aKoro 3 panicTio 3ycTpÍMac acÍHKa Ta niTH. nopyn nrapoKO po3BHHeHHX nopÍBHaHb 3ycTpÍMaGMo KopoTKÍ, Manace HaTaKH.
5, yaioöaeHHH KOMno3HnÍHHHÍi 3aci6 Knpnaa g „n. p a m a t h-3 a ií i a" BHKaany; bíh 3MymyG ynacHHKiB nonifi GBaHreabCbKoi ic-Topii BHroaomyBaTH npoMOBH, böcth po3mobh ohhh 3 oahhm. BnMa-raiOMH MHMaaoro opaTopcbKoro BMÍHHa bíh nponoBinHHKa, TaKi npo-noBÍfli, po3yMÍGTbca, 6yan acHBÍmi Ta eMoumHO Bpa3aHBÍini.
139
JJ,o HaŮJiinninx 3pa3KÍB „flpaMaTH3airii" b nponoBiflax Knpnaa HajieHcaTt 3BopynijiHBi „naam" BoroMaTepi kojio xpecxa a6o Ho-cnna ApHMaTeiícBKoro Hafl rpo6oM Xphctobhm:
„Bce cxBopeHHH cniB^yBaG Mem, CHHy, 6anaHH, hk Te6e saSHTO HecnpaBefljiHBo! Topě Mem, ahthho moh, cBixe i TBopae cTBopeH-hs! HJo Mem 3apa3 onjiaKyBaTH: hh ocmíhhhh Tbog? hh noana-hhkh? an BflapH no naeaax? hh oónatOByBaHHfl Tboto CBaroro Jínila? — m,o Th Ix npHŽHHB Bifl 6e33aKOHHHx 3a (Tbog) flo6-po. — Topě Mem! Te6e HenoBHHHoro, 3HeaemeHo, Ta Th Ha xpecň npHHHHB CMepTb! . . He6o BacaxHyaoca, i 3eMjia 3flpnr-Hyaaca . . . Baay Te6e, MHjia ahthho, Ha xpecTi 3aBHcaoro, 6e3-flyniHoro, 6e3 3opy... I ripno nopaHeHa Moa flyma: xoTiaa 6 3 Točoio pa30M yMepTH. .. Hhhí 6aay Te6e hk 3aoflia, Miac flBo-Ma po36mHHKaMH, Mepija 3 npoSHTHMH enucoM peSpaMH. . . He xoay acHTH, aae xoTiaa 6 BHnepeflHTH Te6e b nenai... Cayxaž-Te, Hefíeca i Mope 3 3eMaeio, noayiiTe naan eai3 moix! Bo Bace Bam TBopent Bifl CBam.eHHHKÍB cMepTb npHHMac, gahhhh npaBefl-hhk 3a rpimHHKÍB Ta 6e33aKOHHHKÍB yMHpac! . . Topě Mem! Ko-ro noKanny flo cniatHoro naany, i 3 khm BHaaio cai3 moix no-tokh ? Yci Te6e 3ajiHniiuiH, poflnai Ta npnaTeai.. . J\e hhhí 36ip ceMHflecaTH yamB? ne HaHBHmi anocToan? .. Topě Mem Icy-ce! . . Hk Moate CToara 3eMaa, Sa^Hra Te6e, Bncanoro Ha xpecTi? . . ITpHxoflbTe, noflHBÍTeca Ha TaGMHHino Boacoro npoBH-fliHHa: hk Toro, xto Bce oacHBaaG, caMoro 3a6nTO npoKaaToio CMepTio!"
IIofliÓHe íi roaociHHa Hocnna ApHMaTeíicbKoro Hafl TiaoM Xpncra npn noxopom:
„CoHH,e He3axiflHe, XpHCTe, TBopae Bctoro i IlaHe ctbopíhhh! .Hk flOTopKHyca flo HaííHHCTimoro Tiaa TBoro, aKoro He TopKaiOTBca h HeóecHi cnan, ih,o cayacaxb To6i 3 cTpaxoM? Hkhm cepnaHKOM o r o p h y Teóe, m;o oropiasm TyMaHa-mh 3eMaio Ta noKpHBaein He6o xMapaMH? Aóo hkí n a x o hi i BHaaio Ha Tbog cBHTe Tiao, aKOMy flapn 3 naxoniaMH npHHOCHan nepcBKi napi? . . Hkhx HaflrpoSHHx niceHb 3acnÍBaio 3 HaroflH Tbogi CMepTH, To6i, aKOMy yropi HeBnHHHo cepaípHMH cniBaiOTt?" Kocnn 3BepTaGTtCH 3 npoMOBOio flo IliaaTa, BHnpomyioaH b Htoro Tiao XpncTOBe; XpncToc po3MOBaac 3 HeBipHHM Xomoio; HHroa 3Bep-TaGTBCa flO MHpOHOCHHb. 3»OpMy P03M0BH Mac nponoBÍflL npo po3-caa6aeHoro. XpncToc nHTac noro, hk i b GBaHreaii, hh xone bíh 6yTH 3flopoBHM, toh onoBÍflac npo cbíh cTaH:
„BoroBi MOJiioca, Ta Bíh He cjiyxae MeHe, 60 6e33aKOHHa moi ne-peBnmyiOTb mok) rojiOBy;
JIiKapHM BiflflaB yBect MaGTOK, ajie flonoMorn He flicTaB; HeMae 3ÍJijia, mo Morjio 6 3míhhth Eoacy Kapy; 3HaöoMi moi HexTyioTb mhoio, 60 cMopifl míh no3ÔaBHB MeHe ycn-Kol paflocTH;
I ojihjkhí moi copoMJiHTbca MeHe;
HyjKHÍi CTaB h *iepe3 cbog cTpajKflaHHH 6paTaM moim;
Yci jiioflH jiaioTb MeHe, i Toro, xto btíhihb 6h MeHe, He 3Ha-
xoflHcy"
fffljú Hfle 3o6paaceHHH CTaHy xBoporo:
,,Hh Ha3By ce6e MepTBHM, — ajie míh uiJiyHOK ôaHtae mci, a h3hk coxHe Bifl cnpara.
noflyMaio, m,o a jkhbhh, — ajie He jinme 3 JiiiKKa He MOHcy BCTaTH, ajie ň nocynyTHca He Money: Horn moi He xoflaTb, a pyKaMH He jiHUie npainoBaTH, ajie h oÖManaTH ce6e He Moacy.
H HenoxoBaHHH Mpeut, aK a raffaio: jiíhíko ce Moa Tpyna,
H MepTBHÖ míhc 3KHBHMH, Ta jkhbhh míjk MepTBHMH,
čo a JKHBJIHDCa, hk jkhbhh, a HK MepTBHH, He npaiHOK) . . .
Tojiofl öijibHie, Hiac xBopoôa, raiTHTb MeHe:
60 aKHj,o i CTpaBy flicTaHy, He MOHcy noKJiacTH Ti b ycTa,
ycix môjho, aÖH Mene xto Haro^yBaB,
Ta míh öiflHHH OKpyx noflijiaio 3 thmh, ra,o MeHe roflyiOTb.
CTOrHy 3 CJIB03aMH, 3aKaTOBäHHH 60JIHMH HeMOHÍ MOGl, i híxto
He npHxoflHTb BiflBiflaTH MeHe. Hkuío peuiTKH CTpaB 6oro6oa3HHx jiio^ež 30 MeHe npHHocHTb, to xyTKO npHXOjUHTB cjiyjKHHKH Obchoi Kynejii,  Ta He TaK ncH o6jiH3yBajiH CTpyn JIa3apÍB, hk oh,í moio mhjiocth-hk> nOJKHpaiOTb.
He Maio am MacTKa, hk>6 3anjiaTHTH jiioahhí, ujo niKJiyBajiaca 6
MHOK3 . .
He Maio jhoahhh, mp ne HexTyiOHH mhoio, cjiyjKHjia 6 Mem,...
He Maio JiioflHHH, inp noKjiajia 6 MeHe b Kynijit!"
Ha ino npoMOBy XpHCToc BiflnoBiflac TaKOJK npoMOBOK), — bch cbä-meHHa icTopia g, mobjisb, cjiyjKÖa Boaca jho^hhi: i ctbopíhhh cBÍTy i b^ojiOBi^eHHH BojKe:
„HoMy MOBHHi: He Maro aioninra?
■S naa Te6e cteb jho^hkoio, a meapnii Ta mhjiocthbhh, i He no-pyniHB o6ÍTy Moro BaoaoBiaeHHH ...
JJjjia Te6e 6epao BHiijoro H,apcTBa 3ajiHuiHB, Ta MaHnpyio b hhjk-HbOMy, cayataan:
h npHHiHOB He naa Toro, mo6 MeHi cayacnan, aae mo6 ca-MOMy cjiyacHTH.
JXjih. Te6e a, 6e3TiaecHHÖ oynyaH, bbíhhiob y Tiao, mo6 ycix Bia,
ayineBHoi Ta TiaecHoi Heayrn BHaiKyBaTH. Kjih. Te6e a, HeBHnHHH HHroabCbKHM cnaaM, 3'hbhbch bcím aio-
nHM ...
... SI CTaB aiOflHHOK), mo6 3Po6hth aioflHHy BoroM ...
Xto íhhihh BipHiuie cayacHTb to6í?
Ha npaino naa Te6e a ctbc-phb Bce CTBopeHHa.
He6o Ta 3eMaa to6í cayacaTt: Te BoricicTTO, a n,a naon.aMH.
74aa Te6e coHne cBÍTaoM Ta TenaoM cayacHTb, a Mican.b 3 3opa-
MH híh OCBÍTaK>e.
JJ,aa Te6e xMapn npmeM 3eMaK> HanoioioTb.
I 3eMaa Bcane 3iaaa 3 HaciHHHM Ta aepeBa 3 naoaaMH Ha cayac-
6y to6í BHpomye. JJaa Teôe piKH pn6y HOcaTb, a nycTHHi 3BÍpÍB roayiOTb.
A TH MOBHHi: He MaK> aiOflHHH!
Xto at e npaBaHBinioio aionHHoio, Hiaí H, 60 He nopyniHB H. o6ÍTy Moro B^oaoBiqeHHa!"
npo 3HÍaeHHH po3caa6aeHoro po3MOBaaiOTb Miac C06010 KunacHH-KH ... B íhhiíh nponoßini o3nppoBaeHHH cainoHapon,aceHHH BHxBa-aaG XpHCTa, b flaatiniä nponoßini aHroan, npopoKH, cbhtí po3MOB-aaiOTb y He6i npo B03HeceHHa XpncTOBe,
OTace, iíiaHH pan, nponoBiaefi „n,paMaTH30BaHo". Aae hkhmh 6
peTOpHHHHMH He  6yaH BCi Iii npOMOBH  Ta  P03M0BH,  BOHH BHOCaTb
y nponoßini aioncbKi, Tenai, 6aH3bKÍ cayxaneBi hoth.
6. YaioôaeHHM cTHaicTHaHHM 3aco6oM Knpnaa e TaKoat po3-BHHeHi äHiHi63E — npoTHCTaBaeHHa. H.H pHca MOB h npnoMa-rac cayxanaM Kpame TpHMaTH 3míct nponoBinen y naM'sri. 3ne-ßiabinoro ne npoTHCTaBaeHHa aioncbKOi Ta öoacecbKoi npHponn b XpncTi; Tane npoTHCTaBaeHHa mh Bace 3ycTpiaaan b MHTponoan-Ta Iaapiona. Ocb aK po3BHBae Te caMe npoTHCTaBaeHHa Knpnao:
llß
„IlaH Haní Icyc XpncToc po3n'fl-   ajie sm Bor coHn,e 3aTBMapHB i mí-
thh HK JHOflHHa, -
Sk JHOflHHa BÍH KpHKHyB Ta BÍfl-
HaB flyx, —
£ík 3eMHoro napa cTeperjia noro CTopojKa Ta jiemaB bíh 3ane-^aTaHHH y MorHjii, —
chhb 3p0ÓHB KpHBaBHM,    i 6yjIO
TeMHo no bcíh 3eMjii.
ajie hk Bor cxpycHB 3eMjno, i Ka-míhhh po3najioca.
ajie íik Bor 3 írarojiBCBKHMH boi-HaMH b TBepflHHi neKJia óícobcb-khm CHjiaM HaKa3yBaB..."
A60 b npoMOBi HHrojia flo mhpohochh.b:
„ToMy bíh 3 Heóec 3íhhiob i btí-   mp6 TpyxjiaBe ohobhth i Ha HeÓe-
JIHBCH i CTaB JIIOflHHOIO, - Ca BHBeCTH.
HenoBHHHHÍi 6yB, Ta Soro BHfla-
ho (Ha CMepTB), -
Ha TpocTHHi b ry6n,i bíh CKyniTy-BaB onTy 3 jkobhio, —
CnncoM npoSnTo HOMy pe6pa, —
KpOB CBOK) BHTOHHB 3 pefíep, -
m.o5 3anpoaaHHx rpixoBÍ bíh He-
BOJIÍ flHHBOJIOBOl BH3B0JIHTH. H^Oť) 3aTepTH   3anHCH JIIOflCbKHX
rpixÍB.
uio6  bíh  BÍflBepHyB nojiyM'flHy
3ÓpOK),    mo    3a6opOHflG JIIOflHHÍ
BCTyn 30 paio.
Ta thm OHHCTHB TÍJieCHÍ nJIHMH ň
flymy jnoflCBKy ocbhthb.
3B*íi3aHO noro i TepHaMH yBÍHHa-
HO, -
COHH,e 3aTBMapHB i CTpyCHB 3eM-
jik) i Bce CTBopeHHH njiaKaTH npHMycHB, —
B rpoói noKJiaaeHO Soro, s.k MepT-Boro, —
KaMÍHHjiM 3 nenaTKOio Soro 3a-nepTO, —
JXjih bcíx bhhho CTeperjia noro
CTOpOJKa, —
mp6 Bifl KafiaaHÍB ahhbojibcbkhx
JIIOfleH 3BÍJIBHHTH Ta TepHH OMSHH 6ÍCOBCBK01 BHKOpeHHTH.
mp6 neKeji&hí komoph 3pyiniyBa-th (...Ta flynii, mp TaM nepe6y-BaJiH, Ha cbítjio BHBecTH i njia*!
GBH Ha pafliCTB 3aMÍHHTH).
UJOS bíh BÍfl bíkíb nOMepjIHM jkht-
th flapyBaB.
in,o6 bíh neKejiBHÍ BopoTa Ta Bepei flomeHxy po36hb.
ajie HeBHflHo bíh 3ÍHmoB flo neKJia Ta 3B'H3aB caTaHy..."
US
nonjÖHo 36ynpBaHä Ha npOTHCTaBjieHHHx noxBajia HocnnoBi Apn-MaTeiicbKOMy, noxBajia BocKpeceHHio XpHCTOBOMy toib;o. B HaBene-HHX BHiH.e nJiav".x, npoMOBax, Teac 3HaHneMo *mMajio npoTHCTaBjieHb.
I njiani, i npoMOBH, i aHTHTe3H, hk mh öaHHjra, po3nanaioTbCH Ha neBHi  p h t m i h h i  ohhhhhí, Ta, yBaacHO HHTaiOHH nponoBÍni
KnpHJia, mh MOJKeMO HaBÍTb BlflHyTH toh OpaTOpCBKHH p HTM, tí pH-
TopHHHi ynapH, Ha akhx noöyaoBaHa fioro KpacHa MOBa. Uíe HCKpa-Binie BHCTynae hja phtmí^híctb mobh b thx mícithx, ne HaKynneHo napajiejii, ne 3 ycT npoMOBH,H BHXon,jiTb noniÖHi onHe flo onHoro 6y-flOBOK) Ta 3MÍCT0M pe^eHHa. HaBeneMo npHKJian, b opHiiHajibHOMy TeKCTi, 60 nepeKJian 3hhhi;hb 6h phtm. BejíHKneHb g —
„ynHBjíeHHe Ha Heöecn,
h ycTpameHHe npeHcnonHHM-b,
H OÖHOBJieHHe TBapH,
h H3öaBJieHHe MHpy, pa3pyuieHHe an,oBo, h nonpaHHe CMepTH,
BT>CKpeeeHHe MepTBbIM"b,
h noryöJieHHe npejiecTHbia BJiacTH fliaBOJra, cnaceHHe ace ^e.noBT,HecKOMy pony
XpHCTOBBIMT» BOCKpeceHHeMTj,
oÖHHHiaHHe BeTxoMy 3aK0Hy, i nopa6oineHHe cy6oTT», oöorameHHe XpncTOBbia nepKBH, BOBjapeHHe Hen^jin..."
A60 onoßinaHHfl npo MHjiocepna XpncTOBe, akhh Hac
„6jih3Tj Kt ce&fe npHBene,
h Bcero HejioB^Ka 3flpaBa cbtbophbtj,
pa3CJia6jieHaro BtcTaBH,
XpOMblfl y6bICTpH,
npoKajKeHHbia ohhcth, CJiyKbiH HcnpaBH,
rjiyxia h HT»Mbia npôpfe cjibimama h rjiarojiHBM cbTBopn,
cyxopyKbia yKpinn,
ůkchi on, HejiOBiKij nporaa,
cjTBnbia npocB^th..."
IIoniÔHa pHTMÍKa 3ycTpmaGTbca Taicoac y „noxBajiax", 30KpeMa, ko-jih ix BHTpHMaHo b cthjií aKacpHCTÍB, Ta HaBÍTb b Hanan,ax Ha ,,epe-THKa" Apia:
„cjiBiuiH, Apie, HeHHCTHBa flyme,
6e3rJiaBHbIH 3B*BpK>, OKaHHHBIH aeJIOB'BHe, HOBblS KaHHe, BTOpblH IlOfla, nJIOTHHBIH ffBMOHe ..."
(i t. fl. —■ yctoro 16 peaeHb). PHTMÍ30BaHÍ paflKH mofli ö pHMyioTb-ca, MaöyTb, anme BHnapKOBO (oöxoacy :: nocayacy i t. n.). Aarre-pan,iň He&iae.
IIIyKaan b fleamix pncax nponoBineü Knpnaa 3b'h3kíb 3 na-ponHOK) TBopaicTK) ((poaKatopoM), aae, 3flacTbca, 6e3iiincTaBHo. TaK noaaxoK noBÍCTH npo po3caa6aeHoro:
„HeH3RTBpHa HeôecHaa BbicoTa,
He HcnbiTaHHa npencnoflHaa rayÔHHa,
HHJKe CBT>fl0M0 BoHíia CMOTpeHÍa TaHHCTBO",
xoa i Haraflyc fleam (popMyjiH HapoflHol noe3Ü, a caMe noaaTOK fle-HKHx BapiaHTiB cTapHHH npo CoaoB'a ByflHMHpoBH^a, aae g anme
TeKCTOM   3   CB. IlHCBMa.
B nponoBifli npo „coóop cb. otijíb" Knpaao 3raflyc „nicHOTBop-nJB", mo cnißaioTb npo bíhcbkobí noflBHrn, nopiBHiOG othíb ijepKBH 3 „BOGBOflaMH", a 6opoTb6y npoTH Apia 3 öhtboio, aae aeflBe an ne HacaiflyBaHHa BiöcbKOBoro enocy. Paflme MoateMO npnnycKaTH BiiJiHBH H,epKOBHoro KpacHOMOBCTBa Ha nÍ3HÍmy HapoflHy noe3ÍK>, Hiac HaBnaKH.
MoBa KnpHjia npocTa Ta xoa He BiflxoflHTb 3Haano Bifl ijepKOB-Ho-caoB'aHCbKiix HopM, aae KopHcxyGXbca caoBaMH, ih,o e i b Hapofl-híh mobí. ITpoxe Bca peTopnaHa ÖyflOBa fioro nponoBifleä BHXOflnxt 3 xpaflHuii „BHcoKoro cxHaio" rpenbKOi nponoBifli. MoacHa 6yao 6 flyMaxH npo „naaai", hk BiflryK roaociHb HapoflHHx, aae bohh no-xoflaceHHa aixepaxypHoro, nifl BnaHBOM anoKpncpiaHoi „GBaHreaiiĽ IaKOBa". 3ycxpiaaGMo caiflH i íhiuhx anoKpncpiB, — „Hhkoahmoboi GBaHreai'i"; b 3rafln,i npo „pyKonncaHHa AflaMOBe" npo „naaa Gbh", BHraaHOľ 3 paio, MoaceMo öannxH 3B'a30K 3 anoKpntpaMH „}Khtth 1 AflaMOBe" xa „Ilaaa Gbh" xom.o. PnTMÍKa nponoBiflefi Knpnaa 6aH3b-
Ka flO PHXMÍKH I^epKOBHHX CniBÍB  Ta MOaHTOB.
Aae KnpHao Haßanacyc o6pa3H, HaBiam noro B3Ípn,aMH, flo pifl-Hol npnpoflH, flo piflHoro acHTTa. TaK b nopÍBHaHHi BeaHKOflHa 3 Bec-HOK), iflea aKoro nosn^eHa 3 nponoBifli rpnropia EorocaoBa, Rnpnao nomnpioG, po3po6aiOG o6pa3H xaöopoöcbKi, aae 3obcím BHKHflac 06-pa3H MopenaaBCTBa, nyaci öiabmocii fioro cayxaaiB.
U5
7. Hkiho 3ranyeMo nponoßini, HaaeacmcTB hkhx Khphjiobí cyM-niBHa, to jiHiiie TOMy, inp nponoBin,hhh,BKHH cthjiij KnpHjia, mojk-jihbo, He 6yB noB'ii3aHHH bhkjiiohho 3 TpaRHuieio „bhcokoi" npono-ßinj. Čepen, cyMHiBHHx Tßopiß, npHiiHcyBaHHx Khphjiobí, e npocTÍ nponoBÍn4, hk Hanp., Ha 3ejieHi CBHTa, mo b híh KopoTKo Ta hcho onoBÍflaiSTtca npo öaacaHHa Eoate BpaTyBaTH nponoßinjno rpiniHHKÍB aôo npo BaacjiHBicTb ijepKOBHoi HayKH 3 TaKHM flOTenHHM 3aKÍH-neHHHM:
„KojiH 6 a ih.OHHH po3n,aBaB 30JIOTO a6o cpi6ao a6o Men, hh bhho, hh He npHxoflHaH 6 bh caMi HenoKJíHKam Ta pannjin 6 íhhihm npHxoRHTH? A hhhí po3n.aio caoBa Boaci, mo He3MÍpHo Jiinmi 3a 30J10TO Ta KaMÚma soporoi^HHe i cojionuii 3a Men, Ta ini-nt-
HHKH . . ."
MoauiHBO, mo Knpnao 6yB aBTopoM hhx nponoBiflen, 60 He Tpeöa flyMaTH, mo Bei nponoßini Toro caMoro aBTopa MycaTB 6yTH onHaKOßi
CTHJliCTHHHO.
Xoh i He opHrmajiBHi nyMKaMH, nponoßini Knpnaa laajiH HHMa-jiHH ycnix y cjiob'hhcbkhx jiiTepaTypax, nonepexonnjiH bohh i Ha
EaJIKaHH Ta BBÍHIHJIH B CKJian, 3ÔÍpOK BHCOKOaBTOpHTeTHHX CBaTO-OTH.ÍBCBKHX TBOpÍB. BoHH nOBXOflHJIH Í RO nÍ3HÍHIHX flpyKOBaHHX 36Í-
pOK nponoBiaeö (17-18 ct.), npH3HaneHHX roaoBHe Raa HHTaHHa. rieTpo Mornaa 3ranye Knpnaa an onHoro 3 BH3HanHHx nponoßin.-hhkíb cTapoi PycH, a KnpHjio TpaHKBijiioH CTaBpoBeiibKHH HaßiTB Hacaiflye fioro b cboíh „yHHTeabHiii GBaHreaii'". 3ycTpinaeMO b 17 b. HacainyBaHHa noro i b pocíhcbkíh JiiTepaTypi.
8. BHflaTHiuiHM MHCJíHTejieM, Hiac BeaHKHH noeT-KpacHOMOBeu;b Knpnao, 6yB CTapuiHH noro cynacHHK KaHMeHT (Kjihm) CMoaaTHH — nepHeuB y 3apy6i KHÍBCBKOMy*, aKoro 1146 p. BHCBaneHo Ha KHÍBCBKoro MHTponoaHTa, 6e3 cyMHißy, 3aßnaKH ííoro caaßi aK npo-noBÍRHHKa Ta „tpijiocotpa", piBHoro aKOMy 3a aiTonncoM „He öyßaao Ha Pyci". BHCBaneHHa MHTponoaHTa 6e3 „ÔJiarocjioBeHHa" Uapro-poRctKoro naTpiapxa BHKaHKaao Bean kí ycKJianHeHHa, i TOMy aac ap 1164 p. KaHMeHT 6yB to MHTponoaHTOM, to JiHiue npeTeHnpHTOM Ha MHTponoanny KaTenpy. 3HaeM0, mo KaHMeHT caaBHBca ôorocaoB-cbkok) ocbítoio Ta 6yB npHxnaBHHKOM cHMBoainHoi ÍHTepnpeTau,ii CBHToro rincBMa (ni. 3). Ajie, Ha acaaB, nponoBinpíi, mo 3 neBHÍCTio MoaceMo npnnHcaTH KaHMOBÍ, He MaeMo.
36eperjiaca rrponoBinB-noxBajia cb. otuhm, nonjÖHe np aKa-(pHCTy npocjiaBjíeHHa OKpeMHx cbhthx. 3a HaaeacHÍcTB HBoro „cjio-
*) ITpHnymeHHH, mo Kjihm 6iJiopyc, 3 CMOJiencbKa — 6e3iriflCTaBHe: „Cmo-jiHTHq" He BH3Haiae noxoflHceHHH 3 CMOJieHCtKa, a paline npi3Bnme sa npo-4>eciK) (Cmojihp) a6o 3a ím'hm 6aTbKa (CMOJia).
U6
Ba" Kjihmobí npoMOBjíae 3raflKa b híh npo 3aÔHToro 1147 p. b Khgbí KHH3H-HeHi^H Iropa. 3arajitHa xapaKTepncTHKa cbhthx, ^epHe^oro JKHTTH Ta „CMixy riflHoro" jkhtth „y cbítí" 36yflOBaHÍ 3 phtmíhhhx peneHb. Resmi Micn,a HaraflyioTb nponoBiflb npo nepHene jkhtth, npn-nncyBaHy LnapioHOBi (II. B. 6). Abtopctbo KnnMa HeneBHe. .ZJpyra nponoBiflb, „npo jiioöob", — KopoTina Ta npocTima, 36yflOBaHa Ha TeKCTax, rojioBHe 3 Ioana, niflKpecjiiOG 3Ha^:eHHa xphcthhhcbkoi jik> 60BH napaflOKcajibHHM: „6e3 jik>6obh am xpHirjeHHa HaM He flono-Moace, am nonaaHHa", 60 jik>6ob, MOBjíaB:
IIOKpOB Bifl cneKH rpixoBHoi', Beaca Ta CTÍHa npoTH BoporiB,
JlÍKyBaHHa XBOpHM,
KJiiOH iíapcTBa... HBepi HeSecHi,
mo BeflyTb y acHTjia BmHi... I nponoBiflHHK 3aKJiHKaG cJiyxaMÍB:
Ty BtSJIIOOHMTí,
tok) npH6jiH3HMca kt> Bory, tok> cepflija CBoa cbnjieTeivrc^
TOK) flyniy CBOK) CbTBOpHM,
Ta 60 Bpaacfly BcaKy pa30paeTb, Ta npHBOflHT Hfci kt> Bory. ..
JlKmo nponoBifli ni i He HajieacaTb Kjihmobí (flpyra Haraflye íioro
nOCJiaHHH -        flHB. III. 3 -        fleaKHMH 3BOpOTaMH), TO BOHH, B KOHC-
HOMy pa3i HajiejKaTb flo flOTaTapcbKoi floÖH Ta flOBOflaTb, mp fleaKÍ pněn nponoBÍflefi Knpnjia TypiBCbKoro, aK phtmíhhíctb, CHHTaKCHM-hhh napajiejiÍ3M y öyflOBi peneHb, xapaKTepncTHHHÍ fljia cthjihd Toro Hacy.
9. JJ,o nacÍB KnpHjia TypiBCbKoro HajieacHTb i aHOHÍMHa npono-Biflb, ru,o BÍflOMa nifl Ha3BOK> „Cjiobo npo KHH3ÍB", Ta CTocyGTbca flo CBaTa nepeHeeeHHH moih;íb Bopnca Ta Fjiiöa i 3aKJiHKac khh3íb 3a-jihuihth cboí „KOTopn", ycoÔHiji. „Cjiobo" nocTajio, MaôyTb, Ha Hep-HÍrÍBH],HHÍ, HMoBÍpHo 3 npHBOfly noflÍH 1175 p. Bopnc Ta ľjiiô 6 fljia nponoBÍflHHKa B3Ípn.eM noKopn Ta mhpojiioöhocth. Ilopyn noxBajin
ÍM, 3HaX0flHM0 nOJlÍTHHHO-3arOCTpeHÍ flyMKH Ta 3aKJIHKH:
„CjiyxaHTe khh3í, mo bh npoTHBHTeca crapniiH 6paTii, BiííHy 3HHHHGTe Ta noraHHx HaBOflHTe Ha 6paTTK> cbokd! Hh He ocy-flHTb Toro Bor Ha CTpainmM cyflnini? IH.0 CBari Bopnc Ta Tjiío nepeTepnijiH Bifl 6paTa CBoro? He TijibKH no36aBJienHa BjiaflH, a ň no3öaBJieHHa acHTTa! Bh jk cjioBa ôpaTOBi He MoaceTe CTep-
iiíth, 3a Majiy oônpy nip;ÍHMaGxe BopoacHeny CMepTOHocHy i no-míh ôepexe y noraHHx Ha cboio öpaxxio!"
XtyMKH cbo'í nponoBiflHHK noTBepflHcye npHKJiap,aMH 3 Cßaxoro ÜHCbMa, a xaKoac 3 acnxxa khh3íb BojioaHMHpa, BopHCa Ta Tjiiöa Ta ,,3 cBOGi 3eMjii" (HepniriBinnHa) KHH3H /JaBHfla CBíiTocjiaBH^a (no-Mep 1123 p.). IIponoBiflHHK po3noBÍp;aG npo nyneca, mo cxajinca no CMepxi KHfl3íi .ZJasnpia — po3CÍBca Bepx noro TepeMna (hk yßi chí CBHTOcjiaBa b „Cjiobí o nojiKy Iropeßi"), 30 cbíxjihiií BjiexiB oíjihh rojiyö i cíb KHH3eßi Ha rpynax. Ilip; nac noxopoHy 3'aBHjiaca 3opa, a coHn;e 3aneKajio, noKH khh3h noxoBaioxB, 60 bíh ,,hí 3 khm He Maß BopoacHeni. Kojih xto Ha HBoro nininMaßca bíhhoio, bíh Ty BiíÍHy no-Kopoio CBOGK) nepeTepniB, . .. hk xxocb 3 6paTÍB 3po6nxB fioMy, 6y-Bajio, KpnBfly, bíh yce 3hochb. KoMy xpecT n;ijiyBaB, to 3a Bce acHTTa CBOG He nepecTynaB, kojih noMy xto He apnepacyBaB n,ijiyBaHHa, bíh oflHaKOBO Hop;epacyBaB. Híkojih He ckphbhhb, aHÍ 3Jia ne y^iHHHB. . ." ^aBHn, 6yB ÖJiaaceHHOK) jnonnHoio i cTaB bíh TaKHM, He nocxpnraiOHH-ca b Hernii, MaBuin aciHKy Ta nixen (m. íh. nenepcBKHH cbhxhh Mh-Kojia Cßaxoina 6yß noro chh. /Jhb. III. V. 4). AßTop npBonHXB uhm npHKJiaflOM, inp i b cbítí MoacHa cnacTHca — „copoMTeca Bace bh, nio BoporyGTe Ha öpaxxio Baniy i Ha on.HOBÍpn,íb cboix! 3KaxHÍxBca i njianxe nepen. BoroM, inaKine BrpaTHTe cjiaßy (Heôecny) 3a op,He xíjibkh cbog 3jionaM'aTCTBO."
lía hochxb npocTa KOMno3Hii;ÍHHO Ta cthjiícthhho, ajie naxeTHHHa nponoBÍp;i>, iiiKaBa n,Jia Hac i cbogk) mhphoio iaeojioricio, iik> ne b ho My Haranyc ip,eojioriio aBTopa „CjioBa o noJiKy IropeBi".
10. OnHe „IIoyHeHHG", nanncaHe, MaöyTB, ne nÍ3HÍnie nojiOBHHn 13 ct., 3ajraniHJiocH bíh lOpia 3apy6cBKoro, neHna roro caMoro Ma-
HaCTHpa, 3BÍflKH bhhiuob i Kjihm CMOJiaTHM. üponoßinB aCKeTHHHa,
äßTop HaßiTB pannTB He HiyKaTH MyApnx BHHTeaiß, 60 i aBxop, He SBaacaiOHH na „rpyöicTB" (npoCTOTy), Moace CKa3axn, w,o xpeöa, mp6 cnacxnca. „IIoy^eHHG" He jinnie HaB^iaG xpHcxnaHCBKHx MecHox, ajie pannxB yHHKaxH cbíxcbkoí' KyjiBxypn: „cKopoMoxa, . . . rynna xa CBHpn,a", hkhx jnonn cjiyxaioxB „p;jia rjiyMa" (po3Barn); „uß Kpaca xa panicxB rnaaennx lOHaKÍB", a xpncxnaHCBKa MysHKa, xpncxnaHCB-kí „rycjia" n,e — „KpacHa, KpacHorojioca ncajixnp, aKoio Tpe6a ce6e 3Becejiaxn nepen, IlaHOM XpncTOM BoroM HaniHM". I anojioria „npo-cxoxn" i nparHeHHa 3anpoBannxn acKexH3M y „cbíi" — xapaKie-pncTHHHi njia nocjiinoBHoro acKeTH3My, mo nÍ3HÍnie 3HanniOB b yK-pa'ÍHCBKin jiiiepaTypi TaKoro BH3HanHoro npencTaBHHKa, hk IßaH BnnieHCBKHH.
11. B jiiTonnci nip; p. 1199 3amicaHa npoMOBa-nponoßinB iry-MeHa Bnny6en.BKoro MaHacxnpa Moncea. U,e nonaKa KHa3eßi Pk>-
lJf8
puKOBi PocTHCJiaBirqeBi, mo BHÔynyBaB kojio MaHacrapa CTmy, ana Maaa oxopoHHTii öyaoBH MaHacrapa Bin, cnoB3aHHa 3eMai no /Jmnpa. Up ypoancTa nnuiHa npHBiTaabHa nponoßinb. TyT 3ycTpiHeMO Becb aiana30H 3aco6ÍB ypoMHCToro KpacHOMOBCTBa:  roaoc caMonpHHH-aceHHa (He anine npo cboio „rpyöicTb", aae TaKoaí npo „hhiupto-yMHG" roBopHTB npoMOBenb), i po3KÍuiHe nopiBHaHHa „aecHHx caiß, 6oroaio6HBHx bhhhkíb Ta nepaíaBH caMOBaaaHoľ" PiopHKa, inp, mob-aaB, BÍ30MÍ He annie ,,b PycbKHx Kimjax", aae i naaeKO 3a MopeM, 3 „CBiTaoM coHauiHHM, 3pocTaHHaM Mican,a, Kpacoio 3ip Ta aacoM, mp He3MÍHHo 3aK0HH Tßopn,a yTpHMye". Up nopiBHaHHa HaBÍTi» <pi-aocoípiHHo ooťpyHTOBaHe: meflpoTy PiopHKa Moama nopiBHaTH Í3 BcecBÍTOM, 60, MOBaaB, „nyma öoroMynporo — Maae Heöo", ceÖTo „míkpokocm". nienjpicTb PiopHKa Mac cTaTH npHKaaflOM naa íhihhx, BHBOňaHH ix 3 ,,HeBÍatHHu/TBa HeMHaocepncTBa Ta 3 niTLMH cKynoc-th", Abtop He CKynHTbca na 6í6jiíhhí nopiBHaHHa: „He Ha 6epe3i cxaBinH, a Ha ctíhí, inp th ctbophb, cniBaio to6í nicHio noßiniiy, ano MapiaM Koancb" (3 Qraporo 3aBÍTy). Abtop 3ranyG i Haponm nepe-Ka3ii npo Te, HOMy ManacTHpcbKa nppKBa Ha KpyTOMy 6epe3i ^Hinpa noci He 3aBaanaaca *iepe3 cnoB3aHHa 3eMai: ohhí KaacyTb, ii^o BOHa caMa BiflcyBaGTBca Bifl oepera, íhihí, mp Ti yTpHMyG 3oaoTa BoaocHH-Ka, cnyinpHa 3 He6a (hk cb. Cocpiio b IJapropoai). Becb npo apceHaa CHMBoaiKH, peTopHKH Ta bmchocth bhíhto 3 npHBony nonii MicneBoro Ta apcHTb ppiÖHoro 3HaneHHa!
MacMO mp 3pa30K nponoBini-noxBaan He cbítcbkoí nboro caiwe rany. Up nponoBinb-noxBaaa cb. KamvieHTOBi, Momi aKoro aeataaH b cTapin /íecaTHHHÍH nepKBi, cnoay^eHa 3 noxBaaoio KHa3eßi (mohí-aHBo ToMy caMOMy PiopHKOßi), HKHH „bíhhobhb" uepKBy. IIoxBaaa BHKopHCTOByc CTapy noxBaay (11 ct. ?); Ha acaab, ne MaiOHH li" noB-Horo TeKCTy, ne MoacHa nopiBHaTH o6ox TBopiß cTHaicTHHHo. CTHab HOB01 nponoBini peTopHMHO-pnTMiaHHH. Haran,yiOMH npo n,iaa Ta ny-neca cb. KaHMeHTa, aßiop roBopHTb npo 3HaMeHHa moiitíb KaHMeHTa naa KiiGBa b MHHyaoMy Ta npocHTb noro oniKH b MaööyTHbOMy. „Hk HHTHHy b Mopi" (b ninBonmH nppKBi — aynp KaHMeHTa, onoßinaH-Ha npo aKe icnyBaao b KHiBCbKiň aiTepaTypi 11 ct.) KaHMeHT oxo-poHHB bíh. „6e3COHaniHHx 3Bipiß", Ta k i thx, 111,0 noro aioöaaTb, xaö
BÍH OXOpOHaG Bifl „HeBHHHMHX 3BÍpÍB" . . . i T. fl. 3aKÍHaeHHH 30ynO-
BaHe Ha nyMiji npo „CTapniHHCTBo" roni Bace noaiTHMHo Ta eKOHOMin-HO ninynaaoro KncBa. Abtop rpac caOBOM „CTapfcöineHCTBOBaTH", mo BH3HaMaG i ciapicTb bíkom i roaoByBaHHa, npoBin.:
„XpHCToaroÔHOMy Ta sipHOMy KHa3eBÍ HanioMy BHnpocn (KaHMeHTe) KopncHe, inp6, KpiM TenepiniHboro npöporo npoôy-BaHHa, bíh i BÍMHoro Saara cnonpóHBca, 60 bíh nepeimaB np6po-
U9
njäcTBO npa6aTBKÍBCi>Ke, bÍ3hobjihrd^h d;epKBy tbok> ... Tenep Hexan bíh TimnTbca cTapinyionn Miac khh3hmh ...
Xaň panic i toh (MHiponojiHT), inp> crapniyioiH Miac apxnepeHMH, macjiHBHÍi thm, m,o tbogí cbhthhí npTopityGTbca Ta ocBjreyG sipHHx jnofleň!
Hexan BecejiaTbca ropoacaHH Hažciapinoro míhc míc-TaMH MÍCTa Hauioro, macjiHBi tboim 3acTynjieHHHM i 3aBacnn nepeöyßaiOHH 3 toöoio!
Hexan cbítjio CBATKyc macjiHBím tbíh KJinp, h a h c t a p-iiiHH 3 ycboro KJinpy (pycbKoro) ...
Hexan KpacHo CBHTKyiOTb yci, mo niaHyioTb tboio naM'aTb BipoK) Ta jik>6ob'io".
12. ,ZIo 3obcím imnoi aTMoccpepn nepeHocHTb Hac n'aTb npono-Biflež CepanioHa, craicKona BojionnMnpcbicoro (Cy3najibCbKoro). Bohh anxaioTb nyxoM MopajibHoí cyBopocTH. He ahbo: CepanioH Ta noro cjiyxani nepeacmiH TaTapctny HaBajiy, pymy KncBa Ta Cy3-flajibCbKoro Kpaio, noBHHH rocnoflapcbKHjí Ta nojíiTHHHHH niflynafl, niflÖHTTH xpncTHaHCbKHX KHH3ÍBCTB nin BJiany „noraH". GflHHa Te-Ma, inp npoxoHHTb jihíítmothbom nepe3 nponoBifli CepanioHa, — TeMa „Kapn Boacoi".
npo CepanioHa 3HaGMo HeÖaraTo: p. 1274 noro BHCBaneHo 3 apxHMaHflpHTÍB KHGBO-ne^iepcbKoro MaHacrapa Ha cnncKona Bojio-nHMHpcbKoro, aae Bace 1275 p. bíh noMep. LUp fioro nponoBinnnnb-Ka niajibHÍCTb He oÖMeacyBajiaca jiňme Ha thx nponoßiflax, inp flifi-nijiH no Hac, npo n,e CBinnHTb caM CepanioH, mp roßopnTb npo cboi nponoBifli: „BaraTo pa3ÍB Ka3aB a BaM", ,,3aBacnn ciio b HHBy cep-Henb BauiHX ciM'a 6oacecTBeHHe", „a, rpiniHHH, 3aBacnn sny Bac" i t. n- 3a 3ran.KaMH npo neBHi „Kapn Boaci": 3eMJieTpyc, Heöecm 3HaKH, nomecTb (1230), TaTapcbica HaBajia (1237), HapeniTi noBÍHb y .Zlypaimp (1273) MoaceMO naTyBaTH nponoBini. OflHy MoacHa 3 neBHÍCTK) BiflHecTH ine no KHiBCbKHX *iacÍB CepanioHa. IHe onny MoacHa TaKoac BinnecTH no thx nacÍB Ha niflCTaßi noro 3BepTaHHa no cayxa^iß cjiobom ,,6paTHG", Tpn íhuií HajieacaTb yace no ocTaH-híx pokíb acHTTa CepanioHa, kojih bíh 6yB yace crraciconoM, cynann 3 3MÍCTy Ta 3BepTaHHa no cjiyxaniB caoBaMH „niTH" (nana). Ajie bcí nponoBifli HajieacaTb, po3yMÍGTbca, no „khibcbkoi uikojih" npo-noBinHHi^TBa.
nepnia KHÍBCbKa nponoBinb CepanioHa npHCBa^eHa 3jiobíchhm 3HaKaM — 3aTeMHeHHHM Ta HemacTaM — 3eMJieTpycoBÍ, nomecTi, bíííhí. .ZIpyra KHÍBCbKa i oflHa 3 noro Bace GrmcKoncbKHx nponoßi-nefi npncBHHeHi TaTapcbKiň HaBajii. H,i HenjacTH, Ha nyMKy CepanioHa, ,,Kapn Boaci" 3a rpixn jnoncbKi, Han uhmh rpixaMH bíh 3y-
150
HHHHGTLCfl. ,ZJbí emicKoncbKi nponoßifli CepanioHa CKepoBam npoTH 3a6o6oHÍB, — npoTH nepecjiiflyßaHHa BiflbOM Ta HaKJiyHÍB-BOJiXBÍB Ta BHKonyBaHHH tíji noMepjiHx HenpnpoflHOio CMepTio, noTonejibHH-kíb Ta yflaBjíeHHKÍB. 3a ni 3a6o6oHH Bor i Kapae jnoflefi. yci nponoßifli CepanioHa 3o6pajKyiOTb cynacmcTb hk HaöJiHHceHHji kíhuíi <jBÍTy. Biflcijia ix MopajibHa cyBopicTb Ta noBajKHHH toh.
Ha cyBopicTb He BHiunoHae flôaiijiHBOi JiiTepaTypHoi oöpoÖKH. Horo nponoßifli bhtohhchí He MeHHie, amjK KnpHjia TypiBCbKoro,
JIHHie 3MÍCT IX He CHMBOJIÍHHHH, a peaJIbHHH. OcHOBHHM MHCTeiJbKHM
3aco6oM CepanioHa e pHTMÍ3au,ia mobh, mo pa30M 3 HaKynneHHaM o6pa3ÍB „Kap Eojkhx" Ta „rpixiB jiioflCbKHx" thm CHJibHiuie Moace BnjiHHyTH Ha cßiflOMicTb cjiyxaniB. AKTyajiÍ3aH,ia flyMKH nepe3 noB-TopeHHH npH3HaHeHa b CepanioHa He fljia ^emjiB Ta He fljia bhihhx kíji cycnijibCTBa, a 6e3yMOBHo, fljia „npocToro" Hapofly. Ocb ak bíh noBTopeHHííMH npHCHjnoe cbog cjiobo:
Mh He cJiyxaJiH GßaHrejiii,
He cjiyxajiH anocTOJia,
He cjiyxajiH npopoKÍB,
He cjiyxajiH cbíthji bgjihkhx . . .
A6o:
BaraTo pa3ÍB Ka3aB a flo Bac, oaacaiOHH BiflBecTH Bifl Bac 3Jii 3BH-^ai, ajie 6a^y, inp bh hísek He 3MÍHK>6Tecfl:
XtO  6yB  P03ÔÍHHHK0M,   p03Ô0IO   He 3aJIHinHB, XTO Kpafle, KpafliíKKH He 30CTaBHB,
XTO HeHaBHfliB npHATejiiB, BopojKHeni He npiniHHHB,
XTO THiTHTb Ta rpaÖyC iHniHX, He HaCHTHBCH,
XTO 6paB BiflcoTKH, BÍflcoTKÍB 6para He nepecTaB,
XTO  p03nyCHHK,   p03nyCTH  He KHHyB,
XTO  JiaHBCfl  Ta nHHHHB,   3BHHOK  CBOIX  He nOKHHyB.
iHfle:
He 6yjio Kapn, mo Hac 6h oMHHyjia i hhhí 6e3nepecTaHHO KapaG Hac (Bor), ajie
He 3BepHyjiHCíi mh flo Tocnofla,
He noKaHJiHCH b Haninx 6e33aKOHCTBax,
He BiflCTyiIHJIH Bifl 3JIHX 3BHHa'íb HaHIHX,
He OHHCTHJiHca Bifl 6pyfly rpixoBHoro,
... ToMy He 3yriHHflGTbca jihxo, mo Hac MyHHTt...
151
A6o:
npaBny sajinuijura, jhoöobh He MaeTe,
3aBHCTB Ta oßiiaH HcnpyiOTL cepen, Bac,
i 3apo3yMiBCH n,yx Baui.
MaGTe noraHCbKi 3bhmkh:
b MaKJiymB BipHTe,
najiHTe BorHeM HenoBHHHHX JiraaeH.
TaK caaio CepanioH nepejiiMye Kapn Eohü — 3HaKH Heßecm, nouiecTi Ta XBopoÖH, HaBajiy noraHCbKy Ta Bei HeirjacTH, 3 Hero 3b'a3aHi:
Mh öaMHJiH, hk coHije 3arHHyjio,
hk MiCHm, 3aTBMapHBCfl, flK 3ipKH 3MiHAJIHCH,
a HHHi 3eMJieTpye cboümh OMHMa ßaMHJin ...
npHHIHOB flO HaC Hapifl JKOpCTOKHH, MiCTaMH HaHIHMH 3aB0JI0niB,
nepKBH cbhtü" 3pyflHyBaB,
OTH,iß i ÖpaiiB HaiHHX 3aÖHB,
MaTepiB Ta cecTep Hauinx 3HeMecTHB . . .
CrpauiHo GCTb jiionHHi ninnacTH raißy EcoKOMy.
Horo mh He öaHHjiH, m,o Ha Hac npHÖnuio b u\m MCHrri?
Horo mh He HaKJiHKajiH Ha eeße?
hkhx Kap Bin, Bora He npHHHHjiH?
Hh He 3anojioHeHo 3eMJiio Hauiy?
mh He 3axonjieHO MicT Hauinx?
mh He nonanajiH ßarbKH Ta ßpara Hauii TpynoM Ha 3eMJiH>?
mh He 3aßejiH huhok Hauinx Ta niTeÄ y nojioH?
mh ocTaHHix He oöepHyjiH y ripKy HeBOjno MyjKHHiji?
Ocb yace copoK poKiß ßyne Tyrn Ta MyKH,
i nonaTKH BaJKKi Ha Hac He npHnHHHWTbca,
roJion,, nouiecTi b HauioMy jkhttI,
i 3 Hacojionpio xjiißa Hanioro icth He mojkcmo,
i cToriH Haui i neMajib cymaTb koctI Hanii.
Xto jk Hac n,o Hboro npsiB?
Hanie 6e33äK0HHa, Hami rpixH, Hama HenocjiyniHicTb, Hanie HenoKaaHHa...
152
Bor —
hělbíb Ha Hac Hapoa, jkopctokhh, Hapofl aiOTHH,
Hapofl, mo He in.an.HTb k)hoi KpacH,
XBOpOÖH CTapHX, MOJIOflOCTH fliTeÖ . . .
3pyÖHOBaHo ooatecTBeHHi nepKBH, 3aHeaHinem nocynn cbíití, noTonTaHi cbhtÍ Micn,a, enHCKonÍB noacep Mea,
KpoB othíb Ta Öpariß HaniHx, aKo Bona, pacHO Hanoiaa 3eMJiK),
KHa3ÍB HaiHHX, BOGBOn. MÍUb 3aHHKaa,
öaraTHpi nami noBHi acaxy BTenan,
ôiabHiicTB 6paTÍB Ta hitch Haninx 3aBeneHO b iiojioh,
ceaa Hami öyp'aHOM nopocan,
i Beána Hama ynoKopnaaca,
Kpaca Hama 3arHHyaa,
öaraTCTBo Haine niniao im Ha 3np6Ha,
npaiuo Haiuy 3a6paan norám,
3eMaa Hama CTaaa MaÔHOM ayaíHHn,íb,
b raHbóy mh 6yan cycinaM 3eMai Hamoí,
b nocMix 6yan BoporaM 3eMai Hainoi . .
pHTMiaHicTb, mp b nepeKaani BeabMH 3aTepTa, me nocnaioe noBTo-peHHa rax caMHX caiB b OKpeMHx peaeHHax („Hame", „Ham" i t. n.., „BHflixoM-b" = ÖaanaH, „aqe" = anino, Toinp). AaÍTepau.íh Maöace HeMa. Ihohj 3aKÍHaeHHa cycinmx peaeHb pHMyeTbca:
3eMaio Hama nycTy CTBopnma, h rpaflH HauiH nafeHHnia, h i^epKBH CBaTHa po3opnma, OTija h 6paTHK» Hama H36nma. ..
PeTopnam 3aco6n, hkhx yacHBac CepanioH, HeancaeHHi, aae THno-bí: n;e nocTiimi 3anHTaHHa 30 cayxaaiB, hí6h nponoBiaHHK He anme BHMaraG Bin. hhx BHKOHaHHa npHnnciB Eoauix, a xoae nicTaTH Ha n,e ix BaacHOi 3ron,h, Píhkí bhkjihkh („O, 6e3yMHG 3aoG!", „O, Maao-ßipHG!" a6o „Hh n,e Bame noKaaHHa?"). — HafiaacTiine toh npo-noBifli — hí6h po3MOBa 3 cayxaaaMH. 3aÖHBaioTb bí^bom: „Ohhh n,e poÔHTb Í3 BopoacHeai, íhuihh, ßaacaioan ripKoi tígí kophcth, a íhihhíí, He noBHHH po3yMy, jiHine b6hth, norpaöyßaTH, aae aoMy Ta
Koro b6hth, He 3HaG..." AHTHTe3H 3ycTpiaaioTbca piflKO.
15S
3 a b jk n h ciio b HHBy cepnent Baninx cím'h ôojKecTBeHHe, h i k o ji n He 6aHHB, inpö boho npopocjio Ta majio njiin.
BejíHKHMH Focno3b Hac cotbophb,
a MH Hepe3 HecjiyxHHHicTs m a ji h m h 3po6hjihch ...
HK MH CTajIH M a ji i,
poÔHMo ce6e bcjihkhmh...
3aTe jiioÖHTb CepanioH rapHi nopiBHHHHH i
„He TaK TyíKHTB MaTH, Ôanann fliTeä cboíx x b o p h m h, hk si, rpiuiHHH OTent Bani, Galann Bac xbophmh Ha 6e33aKOH-hí bhhhkh" ; „saBJKfliH c i 10 b HHBy cepaeuB Bauinx cím'h 60-
HíeCTBeHHe"; ,,HK 3BÍp XOMe HaCHTHTHCH tíjiom, TaK i mh Hca-
naGMO i He nepecTaeMo, mp6 ycix 3aryÖHTH. 3 b i p, ibhih, Ha-CHiyGTBCfl, a M H HaCHTHTHCH He MoaceMo"; „He ÔyntTe híôh komhui, inp noro xHTae BÍTep", „He Moace naôaH yTinin-
THCH, HK ÔaHHTB, mo BÍBU,Í 3aX0njIK)6   B O B K,   HK   H BTÍUiyCfl,
kojih ôa^y, mo KOMycb 3 Bac inpcb 3anonie 3jihh bobk- fl h h-b o ji?" toiho.
06pa3H CepanioHa 3poCTaiOTb 30 CTpauiHHx o6pa3ÍB ocTaHHboro cy-ny, ocTaHHÍx rkíb 3eMJii h jnoncTBa, npnxifl hkhx bíh nepennyBac Ta npo hkí roBopHTb; „Kapn Eohíí" inoni 3o6paaíyG bíh hk Kapn ocTarnii:
„3eMJiH, bía noaaTKy TBepnp nocTaBjíeHa Ta HepyxoMa, 3a HaKa30M BoacHM hhhí pyxaeTbCH, rpixaMH HaniHMH CTpynieHa, 6e33aKOHHH Hanioro hochth He MOJKe"; „Hhhí (Bor) 3eMJieK> TpycHTb Ta xHTas: 6e33aK0HHÍ rpixH HHCJieHHi CTpycHTH 3 3eM-
Jli XOHe, HK JIHCTfl 3 nePGBa". . .
Ajie CepanioH He TijibKH nponosinHHK npo KÍHenb cBiry, bíh xoqe BcejíHTH b cepn,a cboíx cjiyxaniB i HaflÍK) —
„norjiHHbTe cepne^hhmh oMHMa Ha bhhhkh Banii, 3HeHa-BHflbTe Ta BÍAKHHbTe ix, npHÍlniTb po KaHTTH. Thíb Eohchíi yiuyx-He, MHjiocTb TocnonHH Í3ÍJiJiGTbCH Ha Hac, Ta MH b paflocri nOHÍH-BeMo b 3eMjii Haniiä; „3aBHcnn b jikdôobí Eojkíh 3ajimnHBinHCH,
MHpHO n0)KHBeM0" . . .
,ZJbí najibuii nponoBini, mpnp hkhx aBTopcTBo CepanioHa HeneB-He, ny^e noniÖHi no po3rjiHHeHHX yace. Mojkjihbo, mo ne g Hacjii-nyBaHHH nponoBineö CepanioHa hkhmcb íhuihm aBTopoM.
13. He 3ynHHHGM0CH Ha íhuihx nponoßinax, mo i'x HajieacmcTb no nÍ3Hboí KHH3ÍBČbK0i enoxH ÖMOBipHa aôo h neBHa. Bace tí TBopnr mo MH i'x po3rjiHHyjiH, CBin^iaTb npo BHCOKHÖ po3BHTOK nici rajiy3i Hanioi cTapoi jiÍTepaTypn.
151f
Tpeöa 3BepHyTH yBary Ha pi3H0MamxHicTb cxapoyKpaiHCbKHX nponoBineö, Haßixb čepen thx, po3MipHo HeHHCJieHHHX, mp 3ÖeperjiH-ca np Hamoro nacy. CiapoxpncxHaHCbKa nponoßinb He onHoxHnoBa, TOMy iýKaBO ninKpecjiHXH, mp cxapi yKpaiHCbKi nponoBinHHKH He HacjiinyBajiH aKorocb onHoro xnny, a oneBHnHO, HacjiinyiOHH pi3HÍ THnH, öaacajiH 3anpB0jibHHXH nyxoBHi noxpeÔH p i 3 h h x kíji cjiy-xanÍB. Hboro He 3po3yMÍjia cxapa coHiajibHO-nojiixHHHa niKOjia icxo-pi'i jiixepaTypH. 3HaneHHa cTapoi nponoBinn He 6yjio njia Hei 6e3cyM-híbhhm. Ha BHXOHHeHHH CTHjib KnpHjia TypiBCbKoro hhbhjihch, hk Ha HenoxpiÔHy rpy, „pexopHHHi BnpaBH". B nyci panioHajiicTHHHHX Ta no3HTHBÍCTHHHHx norjianiB CBoro nacy (kíhhh 19 b.) BH3HaBajiH
HKeCb 3HaHeHHH JIHUie 3a M0paJIÍ3aT0pCbKHMH nponoßinaMH, HKHX
äk MH öa^HJiH, Teac He 6paKyBajio b cxapiö yKpai'HCbKÍH jiixepaxypi. Ha oriiHKa, po3yMÍGXbca, HeicTopn^Ha. nopyn MopajibHHx noB-naHb  no  3aBna.Hb  nponoBini   HaaeacHTb   TaKoac  BHKjian. ochob-
HHX nHTaHb XpHCTHaHCbKOÍ BipoHayKH. Hlo BHKJian, BÍpOHayKH MO-
ace hĺxh pÍ3HHMH mjiaxaMH, xeac acHO. KnpHjio TypiBCbKHÖ nimoB ruaaxoM BHKJiany BipoHayKH b o6pa3ax, MeTarpopax xa CHMBOJiax. HJp Heö hijihx hájikom BHnpaBnaHHÔ icxopicio, HeMae cyMHÍBy, 60 3 6iroM nacy np Hboro noBepxaioxbca npenpxaBHHKH pÍ3HOMaHixHHX icxopHHHHx enox. A mp BHKJian. (pijioco(pr-iHO-6orocjioBCbKHx nyMOK xpHcxnaHCXBa, 3 KyjibxypHo-icxopHHHoro norjiany ne Me Hin BaaoiH-BHH, amac 6opoxb6a npoxn nHanxBa, BH3HCKy Ta íhhihx MopajibHHx Ban,, b HbOMy jien.Be hh MoatHa cyMHÍBaxHca. JlixepaxypHO o(ppMjie-Ha Ta BHXOHHeHa nponoßinb Knpnjia TypiBCbKoro xa fioro „hikojih" (ceÔxo xoro caMoro HanpaMKy) Mae 3Ha*ieHHa He jinine b icxopií yK-paiHCbKOi jiixepaxypH aK o/ma 3 ií ÔJiHCKyMHX cxopiHOK, ajie xaKoac i b yKpai'HCbKÍH nyxoBHiS icxopií.
B. OnoBÍ^ainia
1. B npoxHaeatHicxb ycÍM íhhihm raxyHKaM jiixepaTypH KÍJib-KÍCTb opHťiHajibHHx onoßinaHb y 12-13 b. He 36ijibiuHjiaca, HaBnaKH Ix nanncaHo MeHtue, mac y nepnioMy nepioni Hainol jiixe-paxypn. He BHKJiKmeHe, mo neam oKpeMÍ onoBinaHHa, mp 36eper-jiHca b CKjiani „npojiora", o5po6jieHÍ a6o fi CKJianem b Khgbí, ajie 3 neBHÍcxK) npo n,e xenep HÍnoro CKa3axn He Moacna.
2. /Jbog chmbojiíhhhx onoBÍnaHt niôiiiJiH no Hac bí^ KnpHjia TypiBCbKoro. 3mícx Ix He opHťiHajibHHH: 3mícx nepuioro 3ycTpÍHeMO i Ha Cxoni i Ha 3axoni. 3míct npyroro b ochobí no3HneHo 3 „Bapaa-aMa ií Hoaca(pa".
155
Ilepnie onoBi^ae npo flOTenHoro rocnoflapa, m,o flopyHHB cbíh BHHorpaflHHK CTeperTH KyjiBraBOMy Ta cjiinoMy, mp6 bohh Bee 6a-*ihjih Ta nyjiH, a 3 spyroro Sony KoaceH 3 hhx caM He Mir onpacTH BHHorpaflHHK. Ajie KyjiBraBHH cíb Ha njie^i cjiinoMy i too 3amc noro n,o BHHorpaflHHKa. TyT ninpoKo BHKJian,eHo chmbojiíhhhh ceHC onoBiflaHHa: rocno^ap — Bor, KyjiBraBHH — tíjio, cjihihh — nynia*.
Xípyre onoBiaaHHa, njo 3míct öoro b3hthh 3 „BapjiaaMa Ta Ho-acacpa", po3noBÍflae npo Hepo3yMHoro n,apa, mo ,,He 6ohbch aHi Bora, aHi jnofleä". Horo BHrHaHo 3 MicTa. BjiynaiOHH, 3HaHinoB bíh nene-py, fle 6yjio noBHO bíhcbkoboI 36poi, a  TaM  ch^íb Ta BecejiHBca
aKHHCB hojiobík. BHKJiafl -        HIHpiHHH 3a CaMe OnOBÍflaHHa. 06pa3H
noHCHKnoTtca Tan: mícto — jno,n;cBKe tíjio, n.ap — ayx, nenepa — MaHacTHp 3 noro ayxoBHOK) 36poGK) i t. fl. OnoBiflaHHH 3aKÍHHy6 no-XBajia nepHenoMy jkhtth). BnKJiafl He HaciijiBKH nprncpameHHO, aK y nponoBiflHx Knpnjia, ajie t6>k pacHO BacHBae cthjiícth^ihhx npn-Kpac. MoBa nacTo pHTMÍ30BaHa a6o CKJia^aGTBca 3 kopotkhx peneHt, m,o yTBopioiOTb neBHHH mobhhh phtm.
ChMBOJIÍHHHH   BHKJiafl   Hafl3BHHaÖH0   HIHpOKHH   Ta   JJjeTaJIBHHH:
TaK, nopiBHaBniH mícto 3 tíjiom, KnpHJio 3ynHHaGTBca Ha 3HaHeHHi
BCix OKpeMHX 3MHCJIÍB JIIOflHHH aK flHCepejI CnOKyCH, Uß, MOBJiaB, —
MeniKaHn.i MicTa; noacHHBnin 3Ôpoio, hk 36poio flyxoBHoi 6opoTb6n, bíh roBopHTTb oKpeMO npo pÍ3HÍ II BHflH toih,o. KnpHjio flyace noiriH-piOG CBOi natepejia, npflaiOHH pÍ3Hi mothbh (Hanp., b onoBÍnanm ,,Bap-jiaaM Ta Hoacadp" 36poi HeMac), rojiOBHe, chmbojií^hhh BHKJiafl.
3. /Jajii oKpeMi onoBi^aHHa 3HaS,neMo b jiiTonncax. LJe 3HOBy, an i b onoBÍflaHHÍ npo 3aÖHTTH Bopnca Ta Tjiißa, g hí6h niflroTOBHÍ npaiii flo nÍ3HÍniHX „hchtíh". Ajie n,epKBa He 3HaHniJia 3a noTpiÖHe *ra MoaíJiHBe nporojiouiyBaTH cbhthmh bcíx repoÍB nnx onoBi^aHB.
OnoBiflaHHa npo 3a6nTTa KHa3a Iropa, BCTaBJíeHe b InaTÍiBCBKHH jiÍTonnc nifl p. 1147. Boho, Ha acajiB, 3JiHTe 3 onoBÍflaHHaM npo tí caMi nofli'i b paMKax icTopii kh. l3'acjiaBa. Bh^üihth onoBÍaaHHa npo 3aÖHTTH Iropa Moaoia jiHine 3aBflaKH öoro acHTÍiiHOMy crajieBÍ, He-
npHXHJIbHOMy  CTaBJíeHHK)  aBTOpa  flO  khhh  Ta   OpaKOBÍ 3BHHaHHHX
fljia jiÍTonncy Toro nacy pHc — po3MOB, na am 3BHHaÖHO po3KJia-3eHÍ jiÍTonHCHÍ onoBÍflaHHH.
nifl ^iaC BÍÍIHH KHÍBCBKOrO kh. l3'aCJiaBa 3 HepHÍrÍBCBKHMH KHa-3HMH Irop OjierOBHH onHHHBCa B nOJIOHÍ b khh3h l3'acjiaBa, fle i
CTaB HeHiíeM. Ajie KHaHH, npHranyiOHH, hkí npHKpi npnroflH bh-
*) BKa3yBajiH Ha nofli6mcTb qboro onoBÍAaHHH o^Horo míchh 3 TajiMyay. Ajie 6yB i BiflnoBiAHHft rpeubKHO tôkct (anoKpH$iHHa KHHra CseKiijiH); rpeu.b-KHÖ TeKCT y HijioMy He 36epircH, ajie 3ajiHuiHJiHCH uHTaTH 3 Hboro b othíb nepKBH. Khphjio Mir BHKopHCTaTH rpeubKHň TeKCT, a mojkjihbo, m;o 6yB i cjio-b'HHCbKHH nepeKJiafl ríboro anoKpH<|)y.
156
HHKJiH KOJiHCb Kojio nojioHeHoro KHH3A BcecjiaBa, BHpiuiHJlH 3aÖH-TH Iropa. Abtop onoBinaHHa BKJianac b nyMKn Iropa pÍ3HÍ noöoacm MipKyBaHHH, oKpeMi BHpa3H HaranyiOTb icTopiw 3a6HTxa Bopnca Ta Tjiiöa. 3aKÍHHyeTbCH onoBinaHHa b cthjií jKHTÍHHOMy i „B pyni Eoaci nepenaB n.yx cbíh i cKHHyB BÔapaHHa tjiíhhoí jikjhhhh, BaarayB He-TJiiHHe Ta MHorocTpaaajibHe BÖpaHHa XpncTOße, bíjo; HKoro i yBÍH*iaHo Soro MyneHHi^bKHM BÍHn,eM".
4. Jlinine 36eperjioca onoBinaHHa npo 3a6nTTa AHnpia Eoro-jiK)6cbKoro (1175 p.). H.en BejiHKHÖ Bopor nißneHHoi" PycH, 6e3yMOB-Ho cmíjihbhh BOHK Ta 3hí6hhh nojimiK, nepemc CBOK) ctojihiho HO BojionHMHpa CysnajibCbKoro; 3a 3pa3KOM KniBCbrcnx khh3Íb, inp Ma-JiH noöiH ctojihijí me pe3HneHn,iio — Bnniropon,, bíh híhb He b Bojio-nrarapi, a b „cijibni" EorojnoöoBi. 3aÔHjiH noro BJiacm ôoapn, nepe-JiHKaHi íioro caMOBJía^Hoio nojíiTHKOio Ta cyBopHM nepecjrinyBaHHaM
60HpCbKO*í  On03HHÍĹ  XTOCb  3  6jIH3bKHX  flO  HbOrO  JHOneil, KHHHHH,
a6o MOJKJiHBO h nepeacjiaBenb, cKJiaB onoBinaHHa npo 3aÖHTTa khh3H (cnonißaro^iHca, mojkjihbo, m,o khh3h nÍ3HÍme orojiocaTb cbhthm) . OnoBinaHHH ne bbíhuijio b KHÍBCbKHH jíiTonnc HaBÍTb nip; oKpeMoio
Ha3B0K>.
OnoBinaHHH noHHHaGTbca mnpoKHM onHCOM uepKOBHHx 6ynoB KHH3H. Hi onHCH nyace xapaKTepncTHHHi HJia CBoro nacy oapBHcric-
tk> BHKJiany. KHa3b
npHKpaCHB 11  ÍKOHaMH MHOroniHHHMH, 30JI0T0M i KaMÍHHHM flOpOrHM,
i nepjiaMH bcjikkhmh 6e3n,ÍHHHMH,
Í npHKpaCHB u pÍ3HHMH TaÖJIHUaMH,
Í aCniflHHMH TaÔJIHĽ(hmh npHKpaCHB,
Í yCHKHMH npHKpaCaMH HyflOBO BÖpaB íl,
i 3a cbítjiíctk) He Moama 6yjio nHBHTHCb, 6o yca n.epKBa 6yjia 30JioTa. . .
IÍHTaTaMn 3 cb. ÜHCbMa onncaHe cTaBjíeHHa khh3h AHapia no n,ep-KBH Ta noro ^ecHoiy:
... npôpoHHHy b HboMy SaraTo 6yjio, i yCHKÍ OÔHHal ao6po3BHHaiiHÍ MaB...
bo3jik>6hb HeTjiiHHe noHan. TJiiHHe, i HeôecHe noHan, nacoBe,
i napcTBo CBaTe . . . 6ijibin bíh HBoro 3aHHKJinBoro napcTBa.
IloxBaaa 3aKÍHHyGTbca nopiBHaHHaM KHa3a 3 EopncoM Ta TaiÖOM. He MoacyHH 3ß'a3aTH 3am6ejii KHa3a 3 fioro MopajibHHMH nonBHraMH,
157
aBTop yce ac nnnie: „ceä ÖoroaioOHBHH KHa3b He 3a flpyra, ajie 3a caMoro TBopija ... flyniy cbok) noaoacHB", Ta 3BepTa6Tbca flo khh-3H HaBÍTt, srn flo „CTpacTOTepnn,a" i npoxae öoro MoanxoB. Peajiic-THHHe onoBinaHHH nepeennaHe TeKCTaMH cb. ÜHCbMa Ta (poparyaaMH 3 3KHTÍHH01 aiiepaTypn. Khh3h nopiBHMGTbca 3 MyneHHKaMH, b ycTa áoro BKaa^eHO KiabKa MoanxoB ra noöoacHHx MipKyBaHb. 3aKÍH*ry-GTbca onoßinaHHH onncoM noxopoHy KHa3a Ta ni3Hiuioro nepeHe-ceHHa äro TpyHH flo BoaoflHMHpa.
5. CTaporo BapiaHTy onoBinaHHH npo 3a6Hrra TaTapaMH b Opfli cb. KH. Mnxaoaa HepHirißCbKoro He MacMO. B aiTonnci nifl p. 1245 3ranaHO npo n-e KopoTKO. Illnpuii onoßiflaHHa — nÍ3HÍmi nißm^m (paabCHtpiKaTH, npHnncaHi CBaineHHKOBi KHa3a.
OnoBinaHHH npo cyBopo noKapaHoro Cy3naabCbKoro enncKona <I>eflopa („<i>eflopu,H") 6e3yMOBHo anuie BCTaBKa flo aiTonncy (1172). Boho i He ijepKOBHoro, HaßiTb He xpncTHHHCbKoro THny (Hanp., „Koro npoKaeHyTb aioflH, toh öyfle npoKaaTHÖ" i t. n.), g KiabKa ono-BiaaHb npo nepeHeceHHa Mompö, ocBaneHHa nppKOB Tomp.
Jlyace npocTe CTHaeM onoBiflaHHa 3 m. TypoBa npo 03flopoBaeH-Ha aeHD;a MapTHHa MonjaMH cb. Bopnca Ta ľaioa. 36eperaoca boho b „IIpoao3Í" Ta nÍ3HÍniHx „MiHeax". LJiKaBo boho thm, mp noKasye icHyBaHHH aiTepaTypHoi fliaabHocTH b n,bOMy MaaeHbKoMy upHTpi.
T. khgbo-IIeHepCbKHH IlaTepHK
1. OflHa 3 HaööiabiHHx oßcaroM i HafiinKaBiniHx SaraTCTBOM KyabTypHo-icTopnaHoro 3MicTy naivťaxoK CTapoí KHÍBCbKOi aiTepa-TypH np t. 3b. „KnGBO-IIeaepcbKHH naTepHK", TBip abox nenepcbKHx MeHi;íb 13 ct. — GnHCKona CHMOHa Ta neHna IIoaiKapna. JXoeuTh fleTaabHo BiflOMa aiTepaiypHa nepeflicTopia TBopy, mo g piflKHM bh-naflKOM b icTopii CTapo'i aiTepaTypn. „IlaTepHK" flpyKOBaHo 6e3aÍM pa3ÍB, noHHHaiOHH Bin, BHnaHHa iHOKeHTia Ti3eaa Ta CnabBecTpa Ko-coBa 1661 uj,. Bifl CTapnx naciß fliömaH flo Hac flBi pÍ3HÍ peflaKn.il „IlaTepHKa" — cTapnia t. 3b. ApcemÍBCbKa 1406 p., mp nocTaaa 3 ÍHÍn,iaTHBH TBGpcbKoro GnHCKona Apcema, Ta t. 3b. KaciaHißCbKa 1462 p., onpanbOBaHa b uenepcbKOMy MaHacTnpi.
OcHOBHHM HflpoM IlaTepHKa 6yaH flonncn khibcbkhx qeHnm. Ch-moh, mo 3 1215-26 p. 6yB cnncKonoM BoaoflHMHpa Cy3flaabCbKoro, 3BepTaGTbca flo MeHija nenepcbKoro MaHacrapa IIoaiKapna 3 ancTOM, ôaaíaiOHH bíamobhth noro Bifl aecToaioÖHoro HaMipy 3poÖHTHca GnncKonoM. Chmoh nnnie, mp caM bíh oxoae noßepHyBca 6 flo Ileaep-CBKoro MäHäCTHpa: „Ycio caaBy & maHy BBaacaB 6h a 3a öpyfl, i, hk6h MeHi 6yTH cMiTTaM, khhohkm y üeMepcbKOMy inaHacrapi, aKe
158
TonHyTb jnonH, aöo öyrn o^hiim i3 aceöpaKiß nepea, BopiTBMH MecHoi JlaBpn, to n,e ßyjio 6 MeHi jiinuie Bin. nici' THMaacoBo'i necra"*. Pa30M 3 uhm bIh nocHJiaG fleB'HTB onoßinaHB 3 jkhtth oaHHan,naTBOx ne-MepctKHx HeHniB, mo Bin ix HanncaB 6yB ru,e naBHiine, npnaiOHH np hhx pi3Hi noBMajitHi 3aBBarH. IIojiiKapn 3axonHBca npHKaanpM Ch-MOHa Ta HanHcaB y (popMi jiHCTa ho üeqepcBKoro iryMeHa, Akhh-HHHa (1214-31) mp on,HHan,n,aTB onoßinaHB npo TpHHan,u,aTB MeHn,iB. Up — jiHine jiiTepaTypHa (popMa, 6o IIojiiKapn hchb b onnoMy Ma-Hacrapi 3 Akhhhhhom Ta, hk caM Kante, Bace po3noBinaB äoiny npo pi3Hi noflii 3 icTopii MaHacTHpa. IIi3Hinie oÖHHBa TBopn cnoJiyneHo b oflHe inae Ta nonoBHeHO pi3HHM MaTepiaaoM 3 icTopii MaHacTHpa, hk onoßiflaHHa npo IcaKia, „SKutig" <&eonpcia i t. n.
üeMepcBKHH naxepHK y cboih nepBicHifi cpopMi He g 36ipKa „hch-Tin". üp THnoBHH naTepHK, ceöro 36ipKa onoßiflaHB npo onpeMi eni30-HH 3 acHTTH aeHniB, eni30HH, mo naiOTB npHBia. flo noßnaHHa, aae b aKHx 30BciM He g o6oß'a3KOBHM npocaaßaeHHa n,nx aeHujiB. TnnoBi TyT g onoBinaHHa npo „naniHHa" aeHH,iß. TepoiB onoßinaHB narepHKiB aBTopn 30BciM He BßaataiOTB 3a CBarax: ,,KaHOHi3yBäß" (BH3HaB 3a cbhthx) CBaTHx „ÜaTepHKa" anine IleTpo Mornaa 1643 p.
OÖHflBa aBTopn cßinoMo HacainyBaan CTapiini ,,IIaTepHKH" (hhb. EncKypc I. B. 2), Ta KOpncTaancB pi3HHMH nncamiMH nacepeaaMH, mo HHHi BTpaneHi: Poctobcbkhm Ta üenepcBKHM aiToroicaMH, „}Kh-
TiGM" AHTOHia TOIU.O.
2. 3MicT onoBiflaHB hochtb pi3HOMamTHHH. üoMacTH bohh no-HaiOTB nonii, mo MoacyTB naTH npHBin, ho noB^aHHa, aacoM — flaa npocaaBaeHHa MaHacTHpa, b aicoMy, MOBaaB, acnan Tani npaBenHH-kh, HaßiTB MyneHHKH Ta aynpTBopui. OönnBa aBTopn onoßinaiOTB 3ne-SiaBnioro He xe, mo caMi Sannan, a aereHnn, nepenasyBaHi b Ma-HacTHpi. Jlnnie hbog 3 cboix onoßinaHB Chmoh nepenasyc hk caMo-BHnen,b. BiaBinicTB icTopin ÜaTepHKa HaaeacHTB np Kmn,a 11-ro Ta nonaTKy 12-ro ct.
Chmoh no^HHac 3 onoßinaHHa npo OHHCH(popa, mo ßa^Hß y KoacHoi aiOHHHH ii rpixH, a6o ii noainmeHHa. ^bog onoßinaHB npo GBCTa(pia Ta npo ÜHKOHa npHCBa^em MyaeHHKaM 3a Bipy XpncTOBy, mo 3yMian HaBepHyTH Ha xpncTHaHCTBo cboix My^HTeaiB. — Po3nia npo ÜHMeHa-„nocHHKa" oßifiMaG annie KiaBKa panKiB. ÜHMeH-„nicHHK" npBinaßca cboim nyxoBHHM 3opoM npo cMepTB cßaToro KyK-mi, MicioHepa „ß'aTHHiß", aKoro noraHH 3a6naH. BecB po3nia HaoM-ho noKa3yG, hk Maao cniaBHoro onoßinaHHa naTepHKa MaiOTB 3 „hch-
*) CMiiHHO,   KOJIH   fleHKi   pOciÄCbKi   flOCJliftHHKH   XCWyTb   6aHHTH   b CHMOH!
nepraoro „cy3flajiBCBKoro" iracbMeHHHKa Ta BBaHcaioTb ysecb „TlaTepHK", HKoro öijibina qacTHHa nacaHa b KhcbI, TBopoM niBmiHO-cxiflHboi JiiTepaTypn.
159
tíhmh". Haftoijibine Haranyc „acHTÍG" onoßiflaHHa npo khh3h Hep-HiriBCBKoro MHKOJiy CßaToniy. IIofliÖHHMH flo onoBiflaHHH npo na-flÍHHa neHD;íb g neTBepo onoBinaHB CnMOHa: HepHen,b Epa3M BH3Ha-BaB, mo bíh „rpiuiHHK., Ta He noKaaBca ä flOHHHÍ", ajie Bor „bmíhhb" (nocTaBHB) íioMy b 3acjiyry Te, mo bíh apnoMaraB nepKBÍ, nÍKJiyio-^hch npo ii norpeôn; *ieHn,eBi Apecpi, „CKynoMy Ta HeMHjiocepflHo-My", TaK CaMO ,,BMÍHeHO" HK MHJIOCTHHa BKpaneHe b Hboro 30Jioto.
JSßSi neHni — nin Tht Ta ahhkoh Gßarpifi 3aBacflH cBapnjraca; HaBÍTb, aK Tht noMnpaB, GBarpiii He 6aacaB 3 hhm noMHpnTnca. GBarpiä: i;e Bace npHKJian, neHua, mo ,,3arHHyB" flyxoBHo. OnoBinaHHH npo AcpaHacia 3aTBopHHKa g onoBÍflaHHaM npo naflÍHHa Bctoro MaHacra-pa. Kojin AcpaHacifi noMep, ôpara HaBÍTb ne noflöaan 3a Te, mo6 fioro noxoBaTH, „60 bíh 6yB flyace ôíahhh Ta He mrb Hnoro Bifl nto-ro cBÍTy, i TOMy hhm HexTyBajin". Ajie 3a flBa flm AcpaHacifi 3HOBy oacHB Ta npoacHB m,e 12 poKÍB.
TaK caMo pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ i onoBinaHHa riojincapna. JIaBpeHrifi-3a-TBopHHK nporaHaB 6ícíb; AranHT 6yB floöpofliiiHHH jiiKap, mo bmíh-HaM nepeBHmyBaB cbítcbkhx jmcapiB; „rpnropifi HyflOTBoperjb" Maß flap 6aHHTH 3axoBaHi flyMKH Ta MafiôyTHG jnoflefi; fioro 3a6HTo 3a HaKa30M K)HaKa KHa3a PocTHCJiaBa, mo ni3HÍme 3a npopoirrBOM rpnropia i BTonHBca b CTyrai (npo mo MacMo onoBiflanHa b jiíto-nnei Ta b „Cjiobí o nojiKy IropeBi"). ,ZJOBro öopoanca 3 TijiecHHMH cnoKycaMH Moncefi YrpnH Ta IoaH-3aTBopHHK; necaTKH poKÍB cTpaac-flaB XBopHH IIhmch; Ilpoxip y rojioflHi poKH poÖHB cMa^HHÖ xjiió 3 jioöoflH, a ciab 3 nonejiy; npocKypHHK CnnpHfloH 3aracHB BoroHb BOflOK), mo npHHic y cboíh „cbhtí"; pa iKOHonncna Ajiinia MaaiOBaan iKOHy aHroJiH; MapK, mo xoBaB noMepanx HeHniB, 3aTpHMyBas CMepTb rax, fljia Koro Mornjia me He 6yaa roTOBa, b tíchííí nenepnj HaKa3aB noMepjioMy caMOMy nojíHTH Ha ce6e CBaneHy ojiík) Tomo.
JXo onoBiflaHb npo ycnimm cnoKycH flnaBOJibCbKi HaaeacaTb ono-BÍflaHHa npo MnKHTy-3aTBopHHKa, aKoro cnoKycHB 6ic, mo 3'aBHBca flo Hboro b nocTaTi „anrojia CBÍTJia" Ta HaflijiHB ňoro BnemcTio, KpacHOMOBHÍCTio Ta HaBÍTb flapoM npopouTBa; ajie MnKHTa BHKJia-flas jiHine CTapníi 3aBÍT, a GBaHrejii'i He xotíb HaBÍTb HHTaTn; öpara MOjíHTBaMH „bíamojihjih" fioro BÍfl flHaBOJia. TaKoac i qepHenb í>eflip cno^aTKy niflflaßca cnoKyci ôícobíh, mo hebíb fioro Ha „Bapa3bKHH" CKap6 Ta niflMOBHB íioro HaBÍTb yTeKTH 3 MaHacTHpa 3 CKapöoM. Bpa-TyBaB 4>eflopa bíh cnoKycn fioro npnaTejib HepHen,b BacHJiifi i <í>e-flip HaBÍTb 3a6yB, fle aeacHTb CKap6. Chh KnÍBCbKoro khh3h, k>hh flicTaTH BÍfl HeHu,ÍB CKapö, 3aMy^hb i 4>eflopa i Bacnaia.
BcTynHe onoBÍflaHHa npo 3acHyBaHHa Ile^epcbKoi nepKBn niKa-Bo 3MajibOByG tí nyaci KyjibTypm chjih, 3 hkhmh flOBOflHjioca 3ycTpi-
160
*iaTHCH ne^iepCbKHM HeHn,aM: Bapa3bKy, — noacepTBy Ha ôynoBy nepKBH 3poÖHB BapH3bKHH „KHH3b" IIIhmoh, — Ta rpenbKy — 6yay-BajiH nepKBy rpenbid MaňcTpi, mo ahbhhm hhhom nonpHÍ3n,HJiH no KHGBa hí6h Ha 3aMOBjieHHa TOfli Bace noMepanx cb. Ahtohíh Ta "ře-oflocia aöo HHroaiB.
3. KyabTypHO-icTopn^He 3HaneHHa nnx pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHx onoßi-naHb Han3BHHaÔHe. 3ycTpinaGMo TyT acKpaßi MaaiOHKH i MaHacrap-CbKoro acHTTa i ,,CBÍTy".      onoBinaHHH nepeHocaTb Hac y nyxoBHy
aTMOCdpepy nÍ3Hb0KHH3ÍBCbK0l nOÖH,  KOaH MaHaCTHp  CTOHB ycaMÍT-
HeHo čepen „cBÍTy" Ta onmiOBaB neô cbít 3ne6iabinoro HefaTHBHO. Aae TyT HaBÍTb npo MaHacrap po3noBÍnaeTbca He caMe TiabKH npôpe. Ilopy^ ôpaxiB, in,o 3aaHuiHaHca bíphhmh Tpannnii <řeonocia — npaiiii Ta MnaocTHHi, 3ycTpinaeMO i cbogkophchhx, eroi'cthhhhx, 3aic-hhx. ToMy nocHaioGTbca fi cyBopa acKerana, npo aKy He onoBinac „acHTÍG" <J?eonocia. HJonpaBna, i b „IlaTepHKy" KinbKa pa3ÍB BHcaoB-aeHO nepecTopory nepen He6e3neKaMH 3aHanro cyBoporo acKeran-
HOrO aCHTTH.
UJKaBo, mo KiabKa onoBinaHb o6ox aBTopiß HaB'a3yGTbca no onoBinaHHH npo IcaKia, mp g hí6h nepmuM 3aponKOM uenepcbKoro IlaTepHKa. 3ycTpinaeMo Tyr i cnoKycn nnaBoaa b nocTari „HHrojia CBkaa" (MHKHTa, <£enip), 3ycTpinaGMO i bck> TeMaTHKy „napiß ny-xa": OHHCHĺpop, IlHMeH Ta inmi ÖanaTb MafiÔyraG Ta naaene, Ara-nHT aynecHo aiKye, JlaBpeHTiii nporaHHG ôícíb, IIpocKypHHK Cnn-pnnoH noBOnHTbca 3 BoraeM noniöno, hk i IcaniS. Po3yMÍGTbca, TyT MaGMo i HHMajiHH BiijiHB naTepHKÍB — 3 ycHKoro MaTepiaay BHÔpaHO, oneBHnHo, Te, mo 6yao ocßaneHe TpannuiGio cTapiuio'i aiTepaTypn (HHB. I. T. 1).
4. JTÍTepaTypHHH cthjib o6ox aBTopiß HeonnaKOBo BHnpan,ioBa-hhh. Chmoh nnme npocTinie, — craab fioro öaraTbMa pHcaMH nocHTb 6aH3bKHH no aiTonncHoro: bíh oxoae poŠKaanac cbog onoBinaHHH Ha po3MOBH, — ne 3aci6 nonara nrapoKHÔ BHKJian, 3ynHHHGTbca Ha ok-peMHx MOMeHTax noniö, Ha nyMKax, MipnyBaHHax, pimeHHax niSo-BHx oci6. JXe-He-jsfi 3ycTpi^aGM0 Micna, mo nyJKe HaranyiOTb jiíto-nnc, aöo onoBinaHHH npo 3aÖHTTa Bopnca Ta Taiôa. TyT öaraTO no-cnaaHb Ha cb. ühcbmo Ta uHTaT 3 Hboro. HacTo pHTMňma Mosa. OnoBinaHHH iHoni ^HTacTbca 3 HanpyaíeHHHM, 60 Chmoh He po3no-Binac Binpa3y BCboro, a 3aaHiuaG HaSniKaBmie Ha Kinenb (nop. Tex-HÍKy onoBinaHHH npo CMepTb Oaera). BHKaan npôpe CKOMnoHOBa-hhh Ta BnopanKOßaHHH, 6e3 3aSßHx yxnaÍB b 6ík.
/JajieKo ôiabine aiTepaiypHe bmíhhh IToaiKapna. Bíh Hanac ono-BinaHHHM cyô'GKTHBHoro 3a6apBaeHHH, noHHHac onoBinaHHH 3 3a-raabHHX 3aBBar Ta KopncTyGTbca He annie TexHÍKOio po3MOB, ajie
161
BKJianae b ycTa cboíx repoiB mojihtbh, jiio6HTb rapHi nopiBHHHHa: „ynapnjia noro cTpijia 3a3n,pocTH", „cnoKycH — oyxoBHi 3Bipn"; *iacTO fioro nopiBHHHHa TpaaHninm, Hanp.: „y cbítí jnonHHa ctoitb Ha tcpaio 6e3onHÍ, b MaHäCTHpi najieico Bin, 6e3onHÍ", „Ha KaMeHi"; acKe3a „OHHiirye" jiiOflHHy, „hk 30Jioto BoroHt"; hhhboji — CTpijienb, mo BJiy^ae cipijioio b cepna jiioncbKi toiiío. Ajie 3 TaKHX TpanHninHHX nopiBHaHb nicTacMO HCKpaßi, nacTO nyace npöpe naKpecjiem nocxari ^eHUÍB, Hanp., Ilpoxopa, mp „JierKo npoxonHB cbíh uijihx", acHBy^H ,,hí6h HKHHCb nxax", xa HaBÍTb hochxb bíh cboio jioöony, „hko Ha KpHjiax JieTH^n". Ilopyn n,epKOBHHx ceHxeHnjin, 3ycTpi*iaGMO 3pin,Ka i npHCjiiß'a: „IIIo Jiion,HHa nocic, Te ř noaoie". iHoni Binny-BaGMo b aBxopoBi „KHHJKHHKä" m,o He 3aBJKflH Öaatac cnycKaTHca b njioniHHy „npocxo'i" mobh, noôyxy. Hanp., bíh 3aMÍcxt „ByjibťapHoi" Hä3BH pocaHHH „jioöoaa" nnme: „3ejiÍG, hko aíe npeacne pixt" (3Íji-jia, npo ane a pamme mobhb) xouj;o. JXo BneHoro cthjiio HaaeataTb i pÍ3Hi naxeTH^Hi bhkjihkh, Hanp.: „I],e 3poÔHB IlaH y cjiaBy cboio!" Tomp.
IIoaiKapn He oÖMeacycTbca Ha onoBinaHHHx npo tí noaii, mo bíh Ix caM BHÔpaB coôi 3a TeMy. Bíh po3CHnac íctophhhí, jiereHnapHi Ta íhuií 3ran,KH. JJjia naTepn^iHoro onoßinaHHa 6yjio 6 npcHTb caMo'i ic-Topi'i «í>enppa Ta BacHjiia, 3rana,HHx BHine; aae IIojiiKapn MÍa< íh-uihm ynjiÍTaG b Hei uiß MaHnpiBHy jiereHny npo nopTÍB, m,o npnoMa-raiOTb CBaTOMy 6yn,yBaTH nepKBy. <í>enip, aKOMy nopra nepeniKonaca-jiH ôyayBaTH Kejiiio, npHMymye 'ix nonepeHOcnra Ta nocKJiaaaTH b nopanity nepeBO, npnroTOBaHe na 6epe3i 7J(HÍnpa rjih n,epKOBHHX 6y-Hob; „HaÖMHTH" xa bÍ3hhkh, mo ix npaiíio nopxH BHKOHajiH, THM no-36aBHBniH ix njiaTHÍ, BHMaraiOTb naaTHio bíh <I>en,opa; „HecnpaBen-jiHBHH cyn,na" BnrojiocHB npncyn,: „Hexaä to6í apnoMoacyTb njia-THTH HopTH, mp To6i cjiyacaTb". ripHHarinHo IIojiiKapn po3noBÍnae npo neHna <t>eo(pijia, mp 36npaB cboí noKaaHHi cjib03H 30 nocyny; npn noro CMepTi 3'aBHBca fioMy aHroji Ta npHHic njann ropHenb apo-MaTHoro „MHpa", — n,e 6yjiH tí cjib03H, mo ix <ŕeo(piji He 3i6paB, aae npojiHB Ha 3eMJiio a6o BHTep pyniHHKOM Tomp. B nHx Ta íhiuhx onoBÍflaHHax MaGMO Bnepme 3aKpinjieHÍ Hapoam, pejiiriťmi jiereHnn. ilepnia 3 hhx — npo cayacÖy *iopTÍB CBaTOMy — po3noBcion,aíeHa no BCbOMy cbítí, i no3a MeacaMH xpHCTHaHCbKoro CBřry.
OnoßinaHHa ľlojiiKapna HaaeacHTb no Hanamninx 3pa3KÍB Toro MHCTei^TBa 3MaabOByBaTH ncHxinm nepeacHBamiH, aKoro npcarHyaa CTapa JiiTepaTypa. 3ne6iJibinoro ix nonaHo a6o b (popMi po3MOBH, mo-HOJiora, mojihtbh a6o onoßinaHHa, BKJianeHnx b ycxa híhobíh oco6i, a6o b (popMi peaaicTH^Horo onoBiflaHHa, fle MeTa(popn, nopiBHaHHH poöJiHTbca híhchíctío — ,,peajii3aiíia MeTacpopn": Hanp., IoaH, hko-
162
ro oxonjiKHOTb po3nycni acanaHHa, nonyBae, aic noayM'a niniÖMa-GTbCfl Bin. noro Hir no nepeBa, hk TpimaTb öoro kíctkh Bin BorHio romp.
CnpaBJKHi poMaHH g caMe 3ranaHa tíjh>khiu,o icTopia 4>enopa Ta BacHJiia, a 30KpeMa onoBinaHHa npo npnronn Moficea YrpnHa, 6paTa onHoro 3 cjiyr cb. kh. Eopnca. OnHHHBinncb 3a naciB bíhhh Hpocaa-Ba Í3 CßaTonoaKOM (1015-19) b nojibCbKOMy noaom, Monceö 3poÖHB-ca oö'gktom epoTHHHHx nonyßaHb aKoi'cb öaraTo'i Ta BnaHBOBoi noab-KH. Moöceö thm nacoM TaGMHo 3poÖHBca HeHU,eM. Horo cynepeHKH 3 noabCbKOK) nameio, Ti aioöoßHa npncxpacxb, Hapeinxi 3BÍjibHeHHH Moôcea 3 noaoHy i noro acnxxa b nenepcbKOMy MaHacTHpi 3Maabo-BaHi aiHpoKO Ta 3 HanpyaceHHHM, He annie an uieper aBaHTyp, aae i aK ncHxoaorinHHH koh(|)jiíkt. TaK caMO innpoico onoBiaaGTbca npo acHTTH HepmriBCbKoro KHa3a MnKoan CßaToini (ÖMOBipHo „Cbhio-caaBa") 3 niicaBHMH nHCKyciaMH öoro 3 cboí'm ainapeivt. I TyT b po3-MOBax n°6pe 3MaabOBaHo ncnxoaorhmy nocTaTb KHa3a, mo BinMo-BHBUIHCb Bin CBiTy, 3aKÍHHHB cbog aCHXTH HK nenepcbKHÖ aepHenb.
B miaoMy onoßinaHHa o6ox aßxopiß b nopÍBHaHHÍ 3 XBopaMH CßiTCbKOi aiTepaTypn Ta nponoßinnio TOro nacy — nocHTb npocxi, aßTopn roaoBHy yßary 3ßepTaiOTb Ha ßnicaan, a He Ha npnKpacii. IneoaorinHo ÔannMo TyT Beanicy 3MÍHy cynpoTH thx 3epeH, 3 hkhx BHpic „KHGßo-nenepcbKHÖ naxepnic", cynpoTH onoßinaHHa npo Ica-aicia Ta acHTia «reonocia. 3aMicTb ineaaiß noMipKOBaHoro acKeTH3My Ta nponyKTHBHOi npan,i, 3aMicTb ineaay noBHoi cniabHOTH Maxepiaab-Horo Ta nyxoBHoro acnxxa 6paTÍB y MaHacTnpi MaGMo TyT cyßopy ac-KeTHHHy nyxoBHy xpannniio; nepen 3aBnaHHHMn mnnBinyaabHoro cna-ceHHH BincyBaioTbca no neBHo'i Mipn Ha3an ineaan cayacön cbítobí xa ineaa cniabHoexH acnxxa. Ajie XBip HaaeacHXb no noxMypnx naciß ocTaHHboro nepiony KniBCbKoi' Pycn. Hi6n nepennyBaionn CKopy 3a-rnöiab Kyabxypn KHH3ÍBCbKoi noÖH, aßxopn „naxepnica" naJin chh-
XeXHHHHH XBip, ni,0 3 ycix XBOpÍB CXapOKHa3ÍBCbK01 nOÖH, Maß hh h6
HanöiabniHÖ ßnaHB Ha nÍ3HÍine nyxoßHe acnxTa yicpaiHH, no npo-6yn>KeHHa iHxepecy no cxapoBHHH B3araai b nacn ÖapoKica, Koan „naxepnK" i BHnpyKyBaHo, xa ö nÍ3HÍnie aac no 19 b.
T. JIítoiihch
1. nponoBaceHHaM cxaporo jiixonncy Ha yicpamcbKiö xepnxopii g 3ÖepeaieHHÖ y 5 ßinnncax KnißCbKnö aixonnc 3 rajran,bKO-BoaHH-cbKHM nponoßaceHHaivr. HaÖBinoMiniHH 3 cnncKiß e x. 3b. InaTiÍB-CbKHÖ a6o InaTCbKHH, 3a hkhm 3BnnaÖHo Ha3HßaiOTb i bck> 3ÔipKy. BoHa CKaanaeTbca 3 CTaporo aixonncy, KniBCbicoro aiTonncy 3a 12 b.
163
Ta FajiHqtKo-BojiHHCbKoro JíiToiracy (1205-89 pp.), mo CKJiaaeHHH He 3a poKaMH, a 3ne6ijií>iHoro hk cynjabHe onoBÍ3aHHa, anine ni3-Hiiue b fleaKHX cnncKax HeB3aao nofliaeHe Ha poKH (Kmenb xhöho flaTOBaHHH 1292 p.).
Khibcbkhh JiiTonnc g cKaaflHe HamapyBaHHa pi3HHX ejieMeHTÍB, mo ix B3a6MHÍ bíhhochhh 30CÍ He 3'flcoBaHi n,iaKOM (roaoBHi cnpoÖH poônan KocTOMapoB, M. FpyineBcbKHH, npicboaKOB), 3'acyBaTH ne He TaK jierKO, 6o ocTaHHiä pe^aKTop (ivraöyTi, BH3yßenbKHH iryMeH MoHceü) Ta íhhií npanmHHKH 3ocHTb rpyHTOBHo npoHinaHca cboímh nepaMH no aHMaaiS aacTHHi npan,i cbo'íx nonepeflHHKÍB. /Jo Khíbcb-Koro aiTonncy noflOflaBaHO bísomoctí npo mini KHH3ÍBCTBa 3 íhiiihx Bacepea, amac kh'íbcbkí 3anncH. Jlnine b hbox-tpbox Micnax MoaceMO 6aaHTH hí6h peniTKH oKpeMHX TBopiß HeaiTonncHoro THny (3HB. II. B. 3-5).
iHaKme ctoí'tb cnpaBa 3 aiTonncoM TaaHuibKo-BoaHHCbKHM, — n,e, no p. 1260 — cyn,iabHe onoBipaHHa o^Horo aBTopa.
2. JXo HaöacKpaBimHx CTHaicraaHHX pnc KnißCbKoro aiTonncy HaaeacHTb 3iaaorr-ma (popMa, b any BaHTa BeanKa aacTHHa noro onoBinaHb, noanHaioan Bace 3 nepnrax aoBmnx onoBiflaHb (p. 1128)-„JJíhobí ocoÖh" onoBipaHb po3MoBaaiOTb Miac coöoio; b (popMi po3-MOB noaaHO bísomoctí npo Ixm naaHH, HaMipn, B3aGMHHH, noaacTH i npo noni'i. 3oKpeMa KHa3i ,,MOBaaTb" ohhh 30 oflHoro a6o 6e3no-cepe3Hbo, aôo aepe3 nocaiß, a6o 30 spyaunra, 30 HaceaeHHa toiuo. Ta „roBopaTb" i 3pyacHHa, i HaceaeHHa, i Boporn. . . „IIpoMOBH" pÍ3KÍ, 33e6iabmoro RiaGMo KopoTKi peaeHHa. Po3mobh, BnpoBasacy-k»Tbca TaKHMH caoBaMH, an „mobhb", „mobhjih" (pTiX'b, peKOma, Haaa MoaBHTH, Haaama noBT^aTH i t. n.). Ha 03HÍH CTopmuji aixonncy ÍH03Í 4-6 TaKHx peaeHb! Ocb nprncaas — 30 KHa3a l3'acaaßa II-ro
„npHÖinaa 3BÍCTKa B13 npnaTeaiß 3 HepHiroßa: ,,KHa3io! He X03H BÍ3ciaa HÍKysH,.. . xoayTb Te6e bôhth • .. " l3'acaaB, no-ayBmn ne, . . nocaaB nocaiB 30 HepmroBa ... i mobhb im: ,,Ile mh 3a3yMaan Beanny BHnpaßy, Ta.. . niayBaan xpecT; oTace 3aneBHÍMo (03HH o3Horo) m,e pa3 . . . " Aae bohh BÍ3noBÍan: „HoMy 6e3 noTpeÔH xpeex uiayBaTH?- . " — i He 3a6aacaan ni-ayBaTH xpecTa. Mobhb im nocoa Is'acaasa McTHcaaBHaa: ,,Xi6a i;e rpix n;iayBaTH xpecT y (B3aGMHm) aioôoBi?.," A l3'acaaB mobhb 6yB CBOGMy nocaoBi: „Hrano bohh He 3axoayTb niayBaTH xpecTa... po3KaacH im, in,o mh ayan". I mobhb im nocoa l3'a-caaBÍB: ,,. . . 3ÍHinao 30 MeHe, mp bh MeHe oÖ3ypio6Te ... Hh TaK np, Ôparra, an hí?" Bohh maoro ne Moran BipnoBicTH. •. "
164
^acTo npoMOBH Ta cjioBa 3íhobhx oci6 noflaiOTtca 6e3 cneu,iaabHoro BCTyny:
„HapiícajiH Ha Hboro, mo bíh jiioöob Mae 3 McTHcaaBHaaMH, a
h a m h M h BOporaMH" . . .
,,I uiayBaB xpeci: 113y Bace 30 Cy33aaa" .. .
,,I noraaB HOMy HaBnpoTH bobk fioro 3 MicTa: He 133H, KHa3K>! b
míctí Biae, spyacHHy tbok> ô'iotb, a xonyib Te6e 3axonHTH ..." TaKa pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍCTb 3paMaTH3aüiii nosia aHRiaao oacHBaaG onoBÍ3aHHH. A n,ÍKaBÍCTb fioro niflHoCHTB mp Ta oôcTaBHHa, mp aB-Topn aiTonncy oxoae BKaasaiOTb b ycTa síhobhm ocoôaM pÍ3HÍ 30-Tenm BHcaoBH, ÍH03Í Ha 3pa30K Hap03HHX npncaiB'iB, ÍH03Í ceHTeH-n,ií aiTepaTypHoro (n,epKOBHoro) cmaio. nposoBacyioaH Tpa3Hniio CTaporo aiTonncy, aBTopn KnÍBCbKoro aiTonncy, inpnpaBsa, He cnpoMoraHca 3aTH ôaraTo TaKHX aflepHHX „KaacHHHHx" BncaoBÍB, aKHMH npHKpameHHH CTapnä aiTonnc.
Oct npHKaa3H „icTopnamix peneHb" 3 KnÍBCBKoro aiTonncy: KHa3B AH3piá Boao3HMHpoBHa BÍ3MOBaaeTbca BÍ3 Kypcb-
Koro KHa3ÍBCTBa caoBaMH: „Jlimne MeHi cMepTb 3 3pyacHHoio Ha
6aTbKÍBIHHHÍ . . ., HÍaC KypCbKe KHa3ÍBCTBO".
KHa3eBÍ K)pÍGBÍ, mp 3aaMaB „xpecHe qiayBaHHa" — KHa3b l3'aeaaB Kaace: „JJynieio He Moaceni rpaTHca".
Toň caMHH l3'acaaB noTiinac spyacHHy, mp 3aHenoKOGHa noaBOK) ancaeHHHx BoporiB Ha 3pyroMy 6epe3i Amrrpa: ,,Hk HaM Bor 3onoMoace, to mh bíaíÔ'gmoch; bohh He Kpnaari, an i nepeaeTaTb aepe3 JJmnpo, to casyTb sHOBy ..."
no3Í6ae noBTopioG 3a TpH3n.aTb poniB i spyacHHa KHa3a Iro-pa: „KHa3K>! He Moaceui maxoM nepeaeTÍTH ..."
Boao3HMHpKo raanri;bKHH, aKOMy nocoa l3'acaaBa 3aKH3ac, mo bíh, MOBaaB, „u;iayBaB xpecT", aae He BHKOHyG cboíx oôina-HOK, Kaace: „Hpii MaaeHbKHŽ xpecTHK!"
KHa3b Irop (repoH „CaoBa o noany Iropeßi") cnoaaTKy He xoae BTÍKaTH 3 noaoHy: ,,3a3aa caaBH He btík a T03Í B13 flpy-acHHH i hhhí He HTHMy HecaaBHHM HiaaxoM" .. .
B íhhihx míciíhx 3ycTpiaacMo 3Íhchí npncaiE'a:
,,MHp CTOiTb 30 bíhhh, a BÍHHa 30 MHpy", „He íi3e mícto 30 roaoBH, a roaoBa 30 MicTa", „niKayGMoca caMi 3a ce6e, 60 maK-uie aK>3h 3a Hac niKayBaTHMyTbca", ,,Cboro3HÍ Toro noKapaB, a 3aBTpa Hac (noKapaG)".
A60 HaB'a3aHe 30 khibcbkhx no3iň npncaiB'a:
„Paraia HaM noryôHB Khíb, a Ty3op — BHinropon," Toinp-
165
Pijniie 3ycTpiHaioTi>cfi ceHTeHijii pejiiriOHoro xapaKTepy, ího^í " n,e TeKCTH 3 Cb. BÍHCbMa, nacTime 3arajibHi ceHTemiií, BHTpHMam b flyci peJiiriHHoi JiiTeparypn:
„Hk floôpe Ta hk rapHo, kojih ôpaTH JKHByTB y 3ron.i" (3 ricajiTHp.fi), ,,3jihh 3Jie 3arHHe", „npHHniJiH bhcokomhcjicho, a
CMHpeHHO BifliÖUIJIH flOflOMy"-
B ocTaHHiö nacTHHi KniBCbKoro JiiToiracy nacTo noBTopiOGTbCH TeMa, mo MH 11 3ycTpinaeMo i b CTapoMy jiiTonnci — HemacTH e „Kapa BoHca" 3a rpixn. I mo TeMy íhohí no^aHo b cpopMi a(popH3MÍB: ,,U,e — 6aTÍr Bohchh, mp6, cmhphbiuhch, mh bíamobhjihch bíb; 3Jioro HiJiHxy". G TaKOJK adpopH3MH npo „Kapy Eoacy" „ropnHM".
3. Bhcjiobíb „nyxoBHoro" xapaKTepy He öaraTo b KniBCbKOMy JiiTonnci, TOMy mo BeJiHKa noro ^acTHHa He mo ÍHine, ak „BificbKOBe onoßiflaHHH", onoBiflaHHH npo bíhcbkobí nofli'i 3 norjiany Tonim-Hboro KniÍBCbKoro „jiHuapcTBa". Khibcbkhh JiiTonHc hk mijiicTb g BeJíHKOK) jiHu;apcbKoio noBÍCTio. CTHJib onoBinaHb npo BificbKOBi no-nii ycTajieHHH Ta BHpo6jieHHÔ. 3aBJKn,h 3ycTpi*iaeMo (3 BapiííHTaMH)
tí CaMi BHpa3H, 3BOpOTH. JlaHHaHHfl B nOXifl nOHHHaGTbCH CJIOBaMH: „3apaTHJIHCb", „icnOJIHHJIHCb", ,,CÍB Ha KOHjť'. KHH3b ,,36HpaG" ,,MHOrOG MHOJKeCTBO" BOHKÍB, ,,CHJiy BeJIHKy", ,,Í3 ycix 3eMeJIb", „HK
iqe híkojih He ÔyBajio"; ui nojiKH CTOHTb nÍ3HÍnie „hk jiích". Hac-Tpiě khh3íb — „ôyneMo bcí 3a ojjHoro"; cepna „po3najnoioTbca"; KHH3b „yKpinjnoG apyjKHHy" a6o „bojikíb flo ôhtbh". Iho^í naBO-
flHTbCH HaBÍTb KOpOTKa npoMOBa, IHp ľí HÍ6h BHrOJIOCHB KHH3b. Ile-
pen, ÖHTBOK) noflaGTbCH cHfHaji: „BflapnjiH b cypMH", no^ajín „6hth b ÖyÖHH Ta b cypMH cypMHTH", ,,BflapHjiH b 6yÔHH" Tom,o. iHOfli 3ra-flyGTbCíi BiíicbKOBHH „kjihk". EHTBa no^HHaGTbCíi 3 Toro, mo „no-CTaBHJiH npanop", „niflHHJiH npanop", ,,noKa3ajiH (hbhjih) npanop"; TOfli „BflapnjiH Ha hhx" — Ha BoporiB, KHH3b nepniHH „JiaMac cnnc"
(KOnbe h3ji0mh). BHTBy iHOfli OnHCaHO 3 noflaHHHM pÍ3HHX fleTaJlÍB
— noroflH, oScTaBHH. OnoßiflaHHH i TyT 3Hac hhcjichhí CTajii cpop-Myjin: cnonaTKy noHHHaiOTb „ctpíjiíith" „CTpijibni", „cTpÍJibu;ÍB cboíx MOJioflHx nycTHB flo hhx (nojioBiiiB)", ,,hk 3 hhmh 3ycTpiJiHCíi, no-^laJiH 3 hhmh nepecTpijnoBaTHca". Iho^í onoBiflaHHH oÖMeacycTbCH Ha cjioBax: „ôhjihch KpinKo", ,,3 MicTa (aßo 3aMKy) öhjihch KpinKo", ÔHTBa — „cWa 3Jia", „cina KpinKa", ,,6HTBa (6paHb) jiiOTa", ,,Ka-míhhh 3 3aMKy cnnjieTbCH, hk flom", ,,i ôaraTo 3 oôox CTopiH na^a-jio", „ôaraTo kpobh ôyjio Meacn hhmh npojíHTO, a íhhií nopaHem BMHpajín", ,,i ôaraTo ôyjio nopaHeHHx" (HSBeHbixt). — Ocb hk bh-rjiHflaiOTb iijjii onncH 6oíb:
„I ôyjia ÖHTBa nyJKe KpinKa 3 oôox CTopiH, i na^ajio ôaraTo
BÔHTHX 3 OÔOX CTOpÍH,  i TaK CTpaiHHO  ÔyjIO  flHBHTHCÄ,  SK Ha
166
Kmeub CBÍTy" (BTopoe npHuiecTBie). A6o: „I 6yB 3aKOjioT BejiH-
KHH Í CTOrÍH, i KpHK BeJIHKHH, i TOJIOCH HeflOBÍflOMÍ j i Ty t 6yjlO
Öa^HTH JiaMaHHH cnnciB i 3ryK 36poí, i Bifl CHjitHoro nopoxy He MOJKHa 6yjio öa^HTH am KÍHHOTHHKa, am nimoro. I TaK 6hjihcji KpinKO ..."
BoporiB noÖHTo, „noTonTaHo", bohh a6o BTÍKaK>Tí>, „3flo6yBHiH copoMy", aöo opram30BaHo BiflCTynaiOTb — „saBoponyiOTh nojiKH". He 3a6yBae onoBiflaHHíi i npo HacjiiflKH noxofly, 3fle6ijibnioro ne 3HHm,eHHH MäGTKy (>kh3hh) BoporiB, 3flo6yTTíi ,,nojioHy" (onojio-HHuiHca, HcnojioHHiHHCH), ÍHmoI 3flo6HHÍ, any JíiTonHceub ÍHOfli 6ap-BHCTo nepejiinyG, ÍHOfli 3BÍJibHeHo noJiOHeHHx, 3axonjieHHX BoporaMH (oTnojiOHHma) ... 3piflKa 3ycTphiaeM0 BnnpaBH, mo 3aKÍH*iyK)Tbca 6e3ycnimHo: a6o KHH3b ,,3ciflaG 3 kohh" me flo nonaTKy 60'íb, a6o no pÍ3HHX bíhcbkobhx nofliax 3aBepTac „bo cbohch", „mnoro He BcniBmn" ... npo 3aÖHTHX mofli 3raflyGTbca: „Bnce HaM Ix He boc-KpecHTH", repoi nofliň „BTHpaiOTb cjií3" Ta „BTHpaiOTb noTa" i noBep-TaiOTbCH flOflOMy „3 Hec™ Ta noxBajioio BejiHKOio", ,,3 bcjihkoio nec-
TK) Ta BeJIHKOK) nOXBaJIOK)", „3 HeCTK) BeJIHKOK)", ,,3 b6jihkok) cjia-BOK) Ta ^eCTK)" Tom,o.
nofliÖHi cpopMyjiH 3HaG jiÍTonnc i flJifl bcígi tíg'í HecKJiaflHoi* no-jiíthkh, mO npHBOflHTb flO BÍHCbKOBHX BHnpaB. ^o mothbíb HajiejKaTb M. íh. noMCTa 3a „oÔHfly"*, HKy „híhhm He BHKynnTH, TijibKH rojio-BOK) cbogk)", TOMy ,,MCTHTb oÔHfly cBOK)" a6o „copoMa CBoro". Tpe6a „copoMa 3JIOJKHTH", 6o ,,copoM ripuiHH CMepra", ,,Jiimne, 6paTTH, TyT yMepTH, amjK y3HTH Ha ce6e copoin". KpiM Toro, ochobhoio Me-T010 bhhhkíb e ÖaJKaHHH cjiaBH — „^ecTH": „BÍ3bMeM0 necTb cboio", „3HaHfly necTb cboio i 6a»taHHH cbog'í flyMKH". HaBÍTb 3arajibna flyMKa: ,,6paTra Ta flpyjKHHo! Bor He nocTaBHB PycbKy 3eMJiio Ta pycbKHx chhíb Ha öes^ecTH, b ycix míchíix 3flo6yBajiH co6i necTn. Hhhí, SpaTTa, b n,HX 3eMJiHx, nepefl nyncHMH HapoflaMH flaä HaM, EoHce, necTb cboio flicTaTH" . . - Ajie He öpaicyG h eroicTHHHHx mothbíb: TypöoTa npo cbokd „HacTb" b „PycbKifi 3eMjii", 6opoTb6a 3a ,,HacTb" BefleTbca 6e3 ycHKHx nepenoH: „Xony HoBropofla floöpoM Ta jiHXOM myKaTH". 3ycTpi^a6Mo h BiflCTOioBaHHH CBoro cTapmHHCTBa
TOIIJO.  MeTa  KHH3H  CpopMyjIIOGTbCH  3aBJKflH  thmh   CaMHMH CJIOBaMH
— „cicTH Ha 6axbKÍBCbKOMy Ta fliflißCbKOMy npecTOJii".
nopy^i KHH3ÍB b nepmiít nojioBHHi BÍKy ^lacTo BHCTynac i HacejieHHH. BopoHce CTaBjíeHHH HacejieHHa flo khh3íb onncycTbca pÍ3HHMH 6apBaMH, a npHXHJibHe 3aBJKflH rapHHMH cpopMyjiaMH: ,,fle
*) JJ,jih cjioBa „oônga" HeMae BiAnoBi^Horo cjioBa b cy^acHiö yicpalHCBKiö mobí. B fleHKHx BHnaflKax fioivry BiflnoBiflae cjiobo „KpHBfla", ajie boho Mae mo-pajibHe 3a6apBJieHHH, mo ňoro He 3aBJKAH Mae cjiobo „oÖHAa".
167
noöaHHMO tbíh npanop, TyT i mh 3 T06010 totobí CTaTH", „ineMo 3a T060K) 3 hítlmh, HK TH oaaíaGin", „pan,o 3a Te6e 6'GMoca, i 3 nÍTbMH", „xoMeMo 3a MecTL ÖaTbKa TBoro Ta tboio rojioBaMH cboimh HaKJiac-th". B3arajii naa 3arajiLHoro MOTHByBäHHa bmhhkíb aiTonncuj 3Ha-iOTb neBHHH tmi cpopMyan — „a6o-a6o", Hanp., ,,a6o jihxo, a6o npôpe bcím HaM", „a6o BÍn,aaTH aciHKy, nÍTH Ta npyacHHy b noaoH, aöo roaoBOK) HaKaacTH", „aöo roaoBoio HaKaany, a6o noMinyca 3a ceöe" ...
Aae aHuapcBKHH MopaabHHÖ CBÍToraaa. aiTonncijiB Ta ix repoiB g CBiToraaaoM xpncTHaHCbKHM, xom, po3yMÍGTbca, b tíh CBocpiamH (popMÍ, aKOK) g CBÍToraaa, „xpHCTHaHCbKoro anijapa" i b Eßponi. OcTaHHG pinieHHa HaaeacHTb Boroßi. Píhko 3ycTpÍMaGTbca (popMyaa „a to noöaMHMo", mh roBopHTbca npo cnpHHTaHBHH a6o HeenpHHT-aHBHÍI Mac („n.e Mem Mac" toiu.o). 3ae6iabinoro „noKaaaaiOTb Haniio na Bora", „aK HaM Bor naci-b", a6o „npHBene" B cynepeMKax „po3-cyflHTb" Bor — „xaö Hac po3cyn,HTb Bor" (Tauoac — „Cnac", „Mec-HHH xpecT"), „Han, HaM, Boace, MecTb cbohd nicTara:"; HaBÍTb: „Bor CHaoio cBOGio Bin.naB BoporaM HauiHM nepeMory, a HaM mcctb Ta caaBy", 60 ,,3a bcím Bor Ta cnaa xpecHa"... I noni'i nyace Macro, hkii^o He B3araai, oóroBopioiOTbca caMe 3 TaKoro noraany — Bor, „MecHHÖ xpecT", BoropoflHiia npnoMarae 0pHM, Kapac ÍHmnx; CBap-kh, cynepeMKH — a,iao niiHBoaoBe. 3oKpeMa, MacTo 3ycTpÍMaGTbca Tane ocBÍTaeHHH noMHHaiOMH necb 3 1170 p. (npan,a iryMeHa Moňcea?).
B01010MH 3ae6iabHioro 3a niaKOM npiÖHi „ooh^h" a6o „aacTi", nycTomaMH pinHy 3eMaio, repoi KmBCbKoro aÍTonncy BBaacaiOTb ce-6e 3a oxopomnB „PycbKoi 3eMai" (30 peMÍ, nip; nicio Ha3Boio BHCTy-nae TÍabKH YRpama) Ta „Hapoay xpHCTHHHCbKoro", aae ÍHoni im flOBOAHTbca híhcho oôopoHaTH Kpamy bíh roaoBHHX Toni BoporÍB-noaoBi^íb. Hac nÍKaBHTb TyT BaacHa ineoaoria repoiB aÍTonncy Ta íx aÍTonHci];íb. JXjih hhx ranoBe:
,,3a PycbKy 3eMaio xoMy TpynHTHca ... "; Mnp 36epiracTbca „3anaa PycbKoi 3eMai Ta 3anaa xphcthhh"; „flaíi HaM, Boace, 3a xpHCTHaH Ta 3a PycbKy 3eMaio roaoBaMH HaKaacm Ta 30
MyMeHHKÍB npHGflHaTHCa . •. "
Ineaa xpHCTHancbKoro anijapa, mo noro Hocnan b nyini khh3Í 12 b. ine acKpaBÍme BHHBaeHHÔ y 3anncax aÍTonncy npo xpecTOBÍ noxoan ÍMnepaTopa <í>pin,pixa BapöapoccH (3anncH nin, pp. 1188 Ta 1190):
„H,boro caMe poKy nimoB ijap HÍMeiibKHH 3 ycicio cbogio 3eMaeio ÖHTHca 3a rpo6 rocnoneHb, TaK 06'aBHB fioMy rocnont Mepe3 aHroaa, HaKa3yiOMH áoMy ííth. I aK bohh npHHinan, to ÔHancH KpinKo 3 6oroMep3KHMH thmh arapaHaMH... Oin hímijí,
168
HK MyneHHKH CBHTÍľ, npOJIHJIH CBOK) KpOB 3a XpHCTa 3 HapHMH
CBoiMH. lipo HHX rocnoflB Ham noflas 3HaKH: slk KorocB i3 hhx
BÖHBaHO B BÍHHÍ 3 HyjKHHIIHMH TO no TpBOX flHHX TÍJia IX HeBH-
HHMo 6yjiH 6paHi 3 TpyHH jmroJioM TocnoflHiM, a íhiiií, ôa^HjiH u,e, nparayjiH nocTpancflaTH 3a XpncTa; Ha hhx 3fliiicHHJiacH BOJiH BoHca, i Bor 3aBÍB ix no CBoro BHÔpaHoro CTafla, 30 My-
^eHHKÍB ..."
3aBflHKH uhm HHCJieHHHM cpopMyjiaM Khíbcbkhh JiiTonnc cnpaBJiHG BpaJKeHHH Hafl3BHHaHHoi nnuiHocTH, ajie pa30M 3 thm neBHoi oflHO-
MaHÍTHOCTH. CTBOpiOCTBCfl BpaHCeHHH, HÍOH UÍJIHH HaC nOBTOpiOGTBCH
Te caMe. Ojkhbjiioiotb onoBiflaHHH Jiniue oKpeMi uinaBi eni30flH a6o hkícb He3BHHaHHi noflii. B TaKHx BHnaaKax jiiTonHcu,i He HiKOflyßajiii 6apB Ta rapHHx, acKpaBHx o6pa3ÍB.
3aTe Bnaflac b Bim BeJiHKa oiuaHHicTB cthjiícthhhhx 3aco6iB, mo AOChtb pflCHo BJKHBajiHCH b íhhihx TBopax toto ^acy. MaOHíe He 3yCTpÍHaGM0 yjiioôjieHoi i flyXOBHHMH i cbítcbkhmh aBTopaMH pHT-MÍKH. JJ,0 piflKHX npHKJiafliB pHTMÍHHOl ÔyflOBH HaJieHcaTB, HanpHK-jiafl, MipKyBaHHa khh3H Iropji (repoa „CJiOBa") npo cboi „rpixn nepefl rocnoflOM:
„TOfll  HHMajIO  JIHXa npHHHHJIH HenOBHHHÍ XpHCTHHHH, OflpHBajIH fliTeií BÍfl 6aTBKÍB IX,
6paTa Bifl 6paTa,
npHHTejiH Bifl npHHTejiH äoro,
JKÍHOK Bifl hojiobíkíb i'x
i floHOK Bifl MaTepiß IX,
i npHHTejiBKy Bifl npnaTeJiBKH ií,
i Bce 3HenoKOGHe nojiOHOM
i Hcyp6oio, mo TOfli 6yjia,
JKHBÍ  3a3flpHTB MepTBHM,
a MepTßi pafliiOTB ...
I ocB 6any ßiflnjiaiy IlaHa Bóra Moro:
fle hhhí míh yjHoöjieHHH 6paT?
fle hhhí 6paTa Moro chh?
fle flHTHHa, mo H ü nopoflHB?
fle ßoapH, mo paflíiTB?
fle BOHKH XOpOÓpi?
fle uieper nojiKÍB?
fle kohí Ta 3ĎpoH MHorou;ÍHHa?
Bce ue a BTpaTHB,
i 3B'H3aHoro flaB MeHe IlaH y pyKH 6e33aK0HHHX...
169
a6o:
AjíiTepaiíil pinici:
Táno yMpe flpocjiaBT> enHH-b, t-y-e
y  TOJIHIľfe   CHJľfc   BOH, y-t-b
3a BeJíHKyio ropnpcTb ero, b-e noHesKe He hm^anie Ha Bora
[Ha^eHCH, h-h-h
ho Hap;T>aiHeTbca Ha mhojkcctbo
[boh h-h-h-b
h TaKo ycTpoH Eori> Mtrjiy, h
HKOJKe He BH7XBTH HHKaMO JKe, h-b-h T0JIHKO HO KOHeUb KOnbH BHH"BTH, K-K-b H nOCTHJKe nOJKTb, H-n
h b TOMt npHnpouiacH Ko o3epy
[060H, h-n-0-0
h pa3Hfle i o3epo, h-o h TaKo ht>ji3t> 6bi hh ohímt.
[OH^Xt; h-o-0
Mbrjia me nojrbHCH bt> nojrbnHH n-n h yacHHCH Heôo, H-y y3pŤ,nia noJiKH 06a nojiti 03epa, y-o-n-o
h TaKO ÔBHXyTCH Ha KpHJTBXTj
[nOJIKOMt OTT» OÔOHXt. h-n-O-O
(B ocTaHHLOMy TeKCTi e 3ÍncyTÍ mícd,h).
iHoni 3ycTpmaGMo noBHHÖ napajiejiÍ3M 3o6pajKeHHa hbox noniä — nepeBaJKHo b CTaHax o6ox BoporÍB ("íh He BHnanKOBo hk Hacjii-noK BJKHTKy (popMyji?):
„3K no^ajia 3aÖMaTHCH 3opji, to nepme b lOpin (3aÖHJiH) b 6yÔHH b BiäcsKy i b cypMH 3acypMHjiH i nojiKH no^ajiH roTy-BaTHCH, — Teac i b B'íraecjiaBa, i b l3*íicjiaBa, i b PocTHCJiaBa nonajiH 6hth b 6yÖHH i b cypMH cypMHTH, nojiKH m nonajín ro-TyBaTHCH ..."
A60 b onHOMy mích.í aac HOTHpH TocTHHH 3 npHBony BinBinHH KH. JljaBHHa b Khgbí 1195 p. onncaHo Ha oehíh CTopmui thmh cememh
CJIOBaMH.
On,HOMaHÍTHÍCTb TOHy BÍHCbKOBOl nOBÍCTH OÍKHBJIHGTbCH pÍ3HHMH
BCTaBKaMH ÍHHioro CTHJiio, nepeBaníHo nyxoBHoro. U.e, Hanp., mo-
JIHTBH, BHTpHMaHÍ b CyTO-H,epKOBHOMy CTHJIÍ,  3fle6ÍJIbHIOro PHTMÍ30-
Bam. CionH HajieHíaTb i „Heicpojiorn" khh3íb y nÍ3HÍniÍH nacram jiiTonncy, n,ÍKaBÍ 3pa3KH „jiŕrepaTypHoro nopipeTy". Cionn Hajie-
170
ataTb cynÍJit>HÍ „noBicri" — npo 3a6nTTH KHflHaMH khh3h Iropír (1147), npo 3a6HTT\H AHapia BoroJiioôcbKoro (1175), (nop.
II. B.).
BcTaBKOK) g nncaHe ariorpa(pÍHHHM (híhtíhhhm) cthjicm ono-BinaHHH npo CMepTb khh3h PocTHCJiaBa (1168), 03ap6aeHe nyxoB-
hhmh p03MOBaMH KHH3H, roto MOJIHTBaMH Ta TaKOK) KÍHnÍBKOIO:
,,I noflHBHBCH Ha ÍKOHy caMoro TBopn,a, i nonaB mobhth th-xhm roJiocoM, nycKaio^H cjibo3h 3 onen: ,,Hhhí oanyinaGuiH paöa TBOGro, BaanHKO, no cjiOBy TBOGMy 3 mhpom". I 6yjio 6a-HHTH cjib03h ßoro, m,o Jieacaan Ha oojihh^í noro, hk nepjiOBi 3epHa. I TaK, yrapaio^H cjib03H xycTHHKOK), BMep ..."
íhihhx nmaBHx BCTaBOK HaaeacaTb „njia^ii".
Y TaKHX onoBiflaHHHx Ta ypHBKax HeBiňebKOBoro cthjiío MacMO ^HMajio nÍKaBHx cthjiícthhhhx npHKMeT. Ilopyq nHTaT 3 Cb. ÜHCbMa 3ycTpi^aioTi>ch me ö íhihí dpopMyjiH, amac bíhclkobí: ranOBi naa nepKOBHoi' jiiTepaTypn nonBiimi cjioBa (ÖJiaroyMHHÖ, BHcoKoyMHG, naryôoyÔHHCTBeHHHH i t. n..).
4. CynijibHHH cthjiícthhho, ajie 30BCÍM ÍHinoro cthjikj JIÍTOnHC rajiHiíBKO-BojiHHCBKHH. 3 1205 p. noHHHaGTbCH onoßiaaHHH npo noaii rajiHn;BKO-BojiHHCbKoro KHH3ÍBCTBa. CKJiaaHHH 3MÍCT np6pe cxapaKTepH3yBaB caM aBTop Ha3B0K> oflHoro 3 po3niaÍB cbogí npani:
„Be3HHCJieHHBIH paTH H BeJIHKBIH TpyflH, H ^aCTBIH BOHHbl H MHOľHH
KpaMOJibi, h nacTaa BocTaHHH, h MHoraa MareacH. .." OnncaHe 6e3 po3noniay Ha poKH hchtth kh. /JaHHJia noBeneHe, hk snaGTbca, no p. 1260, a aaai noaHHaeTbca npan,a íhihhx aBTopiB, hkí nonacra nepeôyBaan nip; BnaHBOM CTnaio aBTopa ôiorpadpii ^aHHaa. Ha ca-MOMy KÍHiíi (1287-89) nnme 3H0By hkhhcb ohhh aBTop — npHHaii-mhí Bee, mo cxocycTbca no kh. BoaoaHMHpa BacnabKOBHHa, craaeM
flOCHTb BiflMÍHHHM  Bifl nonepeflHHKÍB.
5. Ornat nepinoi nacTHHH raaHnbKO-BoaHHCbKoro aiTonncy —
iCTOpil  kh.   JX&hkjib,  nOMÍTHO   BÍflpÍ3HHGTBCa   Bifl   CTHJIK) KHlBCbKOrO
jiiTonncy cboim „khhhíhhm" xapaKTepoM, Abtop, oneBHflHO, „khhmc-hhk" (He flypHo bíh 3ra,nyG oKpeMo KHiBCbKoro ,,KHHacHHKa" Thmo-(pia Ta „cniBn,a" MHTyey — cboIx öpaxiB aiTepaTopiß — a6o nenaT-HHKa Knpnaa, ypanpBn,H khhhcoí KaHn,eaapii). Bíh KoxacTbca b CKJianHHX ÖyflOBax pe^ieHb, y CTapoBHHHÍH mobí, aioÖHTb pinKi cao-Ba, TaKOHí rapm o6pa3H, nopiBHHHHa, opHrmajibm cHTyanii.
HaiixapaKTepHCTHHHinie naa aBTopa JiiTonncy BacHBaHHa nie-npHKMeTHHKOBHX KOHCTpyKnio, 30KpeMa t. 3b. „naBajibHoro caMo-CTÍHHoro". Ocb, Hanp., hk bíh onncyc 3hekh npn BnnpaBi:
He flonieflniHM me BoeMb pfeKH CaHy, cocBfliHHM ace Ha noan BopyaíHTbca,
171
h 6 bi b ni y 3HaMeHHK> cnije Hanl» iiojikomtj ;
npHine^niHMT)   opjIOM-b  H MHOrHMt BopoHOMt, AKO OÖOJIOKy BeJIHKy,
nrpaioiuHMT, Híe immi&wb,
OpjIOMTí JKe KJieKtmymHMTb
h njiasaiomHM kphjiombi cbohmh,
h BOcnpoMŤ.TaiomHM'bea Ha BosnycŤ.,
HKo JKe HHorna h hhkojih ace He 6i ...
(I me He 3ÍHHIJIH BOHKH flO pÍKH CHHy, Ta 3ÍÔIHJIH 3 KOHeä Ha nojii, IH06 036p01THCH, Í npHJieTLJIH HHCJieHHi opjiH Ta KpyKH, HiÖH BeJIHKa
XMaoa, i nTHn,i rpaan, opjin KJieKOTajin i naaBaan Ha Kpnjiax Ta hochjihch y noBÍTpi, íik híkojih He öyßajio).
TaK caMo, íik i b KniBCBKOMy jiiTonnci, non.ii jjpaMaTH30BaHO, b neaKHx nacTHHax me nocjiiapBHinie, TaK in,o ßce onoBinaHHs po3-nanaeTBca Ha niajiorn. Abtop, 3 BJiacTHBHM naa KHnacHHKa 3ani-
KäBJieHHHM,   3ÖHpa6   OKpeMÍ   BHpäSH,   ÍCTOpHHHÍ   BHCJI0BH, npHCJIÍB'fl
Tonj;o. Ocb, Hanp.: „Jlinnie Ha cboih 3eMjii kíctbmh jiarTH, mac Ha nyaciii cjiäBHOMy 6yTH". HeBnaanii noxin; McTHCJiaBa npoTH TajiH-
na  3aKÍHHHBCH  TUM,  IU.0   ÖOflpHH  IjIJIH CTenaHOBHH   BHBÍB   roto Ha
rajiHHHHy Mornjiy Ta „nocMixHyBiuHCB mobhb öoMy: Khh3io! Bate TH nocHnÍB i Ha FajiHHHHiH Mornjii, oTace khhjkhb 6yB i b Ta-jihhü.." A60 /laHHJio roBopHTB: „XpHCTHHHaM míi^b nae npocTip, a TaxapaM TicHOTa". A60 cnpaBami npHcaiß'a:
„ohhh KaMÍHb öaraTO ropHnJB po3ÖHBae",
„He noflaBHBniH 6n,acia, Meny He ľcTHMem",
„3ji0 3Jiinie 3a 3J10" . . . ^o UBoro Tpe6a m,e npnaTH ijHTaTH 3 Cb. ÜHCBMa, nepeKaanHoí Jiiie-paTypH i t. r. Abtop 30KpeMa oxone Hanae repoaM pÍ3HHX npÍ3Bmn, — „TOMHTejiB BeHeflHKT" Ta „nperopnHH í>íjih" a6o „BejinnaBHÖ <j>iaa" — yropcBKi bogborh; CeMiOHKo, 6oapnH rajiHUBKHH, — ,,6e3-3aKOHHHH, JIHXHH, . . .  nORÍOHHH HO JiHca, 6o pyanň" i t. n.
HHCJieHHÍ CTaJli (pOpMyjIH, mo BJKHBaiOTBCa B KHlBCBKOMy jiíto-
hhcí, 3ycTpÍHeMo TaK caMo i b rajiHnBKo-BojiHHCBKOMy. Jlnme TyT
yjKHTO IX KyflH nOMÍpKOBaHinie - aBTOp BOJIÍG 3aMÍCTB nOBTOpeHHH
CTapoi (popMyan noflaTH jraycB HOBy KapTHHy, hobhž acKpaBHH o6pa3.
ocb, HK 3MaJIB0BaH0 ßificBKa:
Ha 3aMKy b BoaonHMHpi BojiHHCBKOMy — „ctojijih 036poeHÍ bohkh, 6jiHni;aJiH iuhth Ta 36poa, hí6h coHije"; b BiScBKy .ZJa-HHJia „6yjiH kohí b MacKax i b noKpnBajiax nndpHHHx i jhorh b 6poHHX, i cbíthjihch n,y>Ke noro nojiKH, 60 ôjinniajia 36poa. A caM IxaB... pycBKHM SBHnaeM: kíhb nin, hhm 6yB hí6h hhbo,
172
i cifljio 3 najieHoro 30JioTa, i CTpijiH, ö niaôaa, 30jiotom o3floö-jieHa... i naam. 3 rpentKoi 6arpaHHn.i, Ta oÖuihto noro Mepe-jKHBaMH 30JI0THMH iiJiocKHMH, i ^lepeBHKH 3ejieHoro ean'any,
iiihtí 30JI0T0M ..."
Ocl KapTHHH 6oí'b:
„í HK CIIHCH 3aJIOMHJIHCfl, TpicHyao hí6h rpiM, i 3 060X ÔOKÍB ôaraTo nan.ajio 3 KOHeá i BMnpajiH, a íhihhx paHeHo... ", „kh-flaJiH cnncaMH i roaoBHHMH, hí6h ÖJiHCKaBKa, i KaMÍHHa, hí6h nom,, 3 He6a nanajio", „a mini nanajin 3 MiciKa b piß, hí6h cho-nn; a poBH 6yjiH Ha BHrjian, nyace rjiHÖoKi i HanoBHHjiHCH MepT-BHMH, i MOíKHa 6yjio xohhth no Tpynax, híóh no moctí".
Eiabine mícii,h npHnijiaeTBca oKpeMHM repoHM, npo hkhx y Kh-íBCBKOMy jíiTonHci 3raflyBaHo JiHine 3pin,Ka. Ocl hk onncaHo ynacTB y ôhtbí 3 yrpaMH caMoro ^amuia:
,,Khh3b ^aHHjio 3aixaB 33any Ta kojiob ix... ZlaHHJio„.. BflapHB cnncoM BOHKa, a hk cnnc 3aaMaBCH, BHTHrnyB Men; no-flHBHBuiHCH Ha bcí 60KH Ta 6aKyHH, mp npanop BacHjibKÍB cto-Itb, npöpe ÖopioHHCb Ta aceHy^n Yrpiß, BHTar Men, Ěny^h 6pa-tobí Ha noMÍH, öaraTtox nopaHHB, i íhuií Bin, Me*ia noro BMep-JiH.. . .HaHHJio nifl'ixaB 30 hhx (npanopy BacmitKOBoro) i He noóaHHB aHi onHoro BOHKa, anine otpokíb, in.o TpHMaan kohí; a BOHH, He nÍ3HaBniH noro, xotíjih MenaMH nociKTH noro kohh, Ta MHaocTHBHH Bor bhhíc noro 6e3 pami".
raaniíbKo-BoaHHCBKHH aiTonnc öararaiHH i Ha mobhí npHKpa-CH. JlOCHTb TíaCTO 3yCTpÍHaK>TIiCa phtmíhhí mícijh, no^HHaioHH 3 caaBH03BÍCHoro Micn,a npo PoMaHa raarniBKoro:
npHCHonaMHTHaro caMonepacBija Bcea Pycn,
onpa'BBina BCHM'b noraHBCKBíMX hbbikomtj,
yMa MyflpocTLK) xonaina no sanoBfcnearb BoacHHivn»:
ycTpeMHa 60 ca Same Ha noraHbia hko h jicbi-,
cepnnrB ace öbictb hko h p&ict,
h ryôanie hko h KopKonnat.,
h npexoacanie 3eMaK) nxt hko h opeat,
xpaöopt Ste ano h Typi....
Die onHe 3 thx He ayace ^HcaeHHHx mícub, b hkhx MacMo híôh BiflryKH enocy. ľlopy*! n,boro i 3ranica npo Te, hk „Bojiophmhp Mo-HOMax nHB 3oaoTHM moaoMOM /íoh" (nop. „CaoBo o noaKy Irope-bí"), i onoBiflaHHa npo 3Íaaa-eBinaH, mp MaôyTt, 3aínnao 30 jiíto-nncy 3 nojioBentKoro enocy i m,e KopoTuie npo noaoBenBKoro xaHa KomíaKa, in,o „BH^epnaB Cyay, xojihhh niuiKn, hochhh Ka3aH 3a
17$
njie^HMa", mo Haranye rinepoojra „CjioBa o nojiKy Iropeßi". Ajie noBepHÍMoefl 30 phtmíkh. Ocb npoMOBa IropeBHaiB 30 nepeMHniJiHH:
BpaTte! noaTo CMyinaeTecH?
He CHH jih H3ÔHHia ottjh BaUIH H ÔpaTBK) BaiHK)? a hhtjh hmť»HHe Banie pa3rpa6Huia? h nmepH sama Rania 3a paÖBi Baxna?
a OTbHbCTBHH BaHIHMH BJlaflŤjHia HHHH npHHieJIUH ?
to 3a tbxtj jih xoaeTe flymio cbokj nojiosKHTH?
Ajie b u;iJioMy öijibHiicTB TaKHx míciíb híkk He Haranye npoc-T01 6ynoBH peaeHb CTaporo Jirronncy Ta HaBÍTt KmBCbKoro jiíto-nncy: n;e peTopnam rpauiKH KHHJKHHKa.
JXo rpanioK HajieatHTb i rpa cjiOBaMH, Hanp.: „/JffBCTp 3Jiy h r py Cbir p a y r p oM-b", a6o: „6 o a p h h 6oapnHa hjtbhhb-nie, CMepat CMepna, rpani» rpafla". TJacepeao nepnioro noTeny — Majiajia, spyrnö Ha 3pa30K noBTopeHHa cjiíb y Cb. ÜHCbMi Ta nponoBinax.
BijibHie HaxHJiy bhhbjihg aBTop no BaeHo'í, peTopnaHoi oôpoOKH mobh. Bíh oxoae BJKHBae CKJianHHX KOHCTpyKiiiä, Hanp., oxoae yacH-Bae aôcTpaKTHHX cjiíb TaM, ne MOBa éne npo hájikom kohkpcthí peai.
npHMÍpOM,   3aMÍCTb   CKa3aTH   ,,'ÍX   BHrHaJIH"   BÍH   KaJKe   ,,HbIH"b JKe
H3rHäHH6 öbicTb Ha HHx"; 3aMÍCTb „nopaHeni cnHcaMH" — „ya3BeHH ôbima oti KpinocTH yppeHHa KoniiHor o'', 3aMÍcTb „nepepyôJieHo KÍHH,eM Meaa" — „on. k o h b n, a o c t p o t bi m e h e b bi h . . . nepeTHTB obiBinn" i t. n-
KoxaeTbca aBTop y CHHOHÍMax Ta He3HaHHX cjioBax Ta iHoni 3MymeHHH caM „nepeicaanaTH" cboí* BJiacm cjioBa: „KOJibiMara, peK-
Hie   (— CeÖTO)   CTaHbl",  „pHKCb, peKOMblH KOpOJIb yropCbKblH", „BCH
oKpecHaH Been, peKOMaa oKoaHaa" Tomp.
6. 74aaeKo npocTiniHH CTHab ocTaHHboi aacTHHH raaHijbKO-Bo-jiHHCbKoro aiTonncy, npncBaaeHoro Beanicoio Mipoio KHa3eBÍ Boao-nHMHpoBi BacHJibKOBHay. n,e — nocHTb 3BopyniaHBa icTopia Soro xBopoÔH (nicTpaK ryßn) Ta CMepTH nboro kh33h — iHTeaiťeHTa, KHHJKHHKa, aMaTopa ,,KHHJKHoro cnncamia", mp HaBÍTb caM nepe-nncyBaB KHHrn, aMaTopa MHCTeHTBa. Bíh 6yB TaKoac MHCJiHBijeM Ta BosKOM, ajie npo n,e aÍTonnc 3ranye anine b MHHyjiOMy aaci...
BynOBy MOBH - p03M0BH,  niGnpHKMeTHHKH - HOBHH aBTOp V
niaoMy yTpHMaB tí caMi, mp 6yjm b aBTopa öiorpacpil JJaHHaa.* Aae HHMajio npoMOB khh3íi BoaonnMHpa BacHJibKOBHaa cthjií30-BaHo šik JiHCTH. Abtop 3anHcyG ň nißcHi „rpaMOTH" a6o ypHBKH
* JlHíne „flaBanbHoro oaMOCTiôHoro" He BHCHBaeTtcH TaK lacTO, hk y 6io-rpaipii flaHHjia.
ľlk
3 HHX flo CBoro TBopy. Iloflii onncye ßijibine mhphí. Cepefl po3MOB BHpHHaiOTb 3araflKH a6o chmbojiíhhí peneima, npnpoflm fljia khh3H — KHHJKHHKa. Hjjia po3MOBa 3 nepeMHCbKHM erracKonoM, mo npn-ixaB 3 HopyneHHfl khh3h JltBa, npocHTH npo HaflaHHa fioMy Be-pecTfl, BHTpHMaHa b CTHJii B3a€MHoro saflaBaHHa 3araflOK: enncKon npoxae ,,He 3racHTH CBra" Hafl Mornjioio flajxbKa KHa3eBoro JlaHHJia b Xojimí, a BepecTa — ,,to 6h tboh CBřqa 6yjia", — KHa3b, mp ,,po3yMie npHTHi Ta Teame cjiobo", „6o 6yB khhjkhhk Ta cpijiococp, aKoro ne ôyjio no bcíh 3eMJii Ta no HbOMy He ôyfle", BiflnoBiflae cnnc-KonoBi TaKHMH cäMHMH 3araflKOBHMH peneHHaMH, BiflXHjiaiOMH npo-
^ÍHMajio Micn;a npncBa^eHo npocjiaBJíeHHio KHa3a, fle cnojiyHem eJieiaeHTH ijepKOBHoro cthjik) 3 onncoM cbítcbkoi Ta ijepKOBHoi po3-kohií. Hj CTopiHKH npocTo 6jiHm,aTB 30ji0t0m, cpiôjioM, MapMypoM, eMajiaMH Toinp:
„ .. . i nocyflH ôorocjiyjKOOBi jihtoto 30JiOTa 3 KaMÍHHaM RoporHM nocTaBHB y CBaTo'i EoropoflHuj.... y MaHacTHp cbíh GBaHrejiiio cjiyjKÔoBy i anocTOJi caM cnncaB. B enncKoniio IlepeMHCbKy Ta-kojk GBaHrejiiio cjiyjKÖOBy, oKOBaHy cpiôjioM 3 nepjiaMH, mp n caM cnncaB, a flo HepmroBa nocJiaB b enncKoniio GBaHrejiiio cjiyjKÖOBy, 30ji0t0m nncaHy, OKOBaHy cpiôjioM 3 nepjiaMH, a no-cepeflHHi (oôpa3) CnacHTejia 3 eMajiio . .. 36yflyBaB i 6araTO nppKOB: y JIioôomjií nocTaBHB nppKBy KaMÍHHy cBaToro . . . lOpia, npHKpacHB n o6pa3aMH KOBaHHMH i nocyflH öorocjiyjKÖoBi cKy-BaB, i (flaß) noKpoBH oKcaMHTHi, mHTi 30ji0t0m 3 nepjiaMH, xe-pyBHMÍB Ta cepacpHMÍB, a HanpecTOJibHi cepnaHKH 3ojiotom mHTi, a íhiuhh öijioro moBKy..."
TOMy  aBTOp  CJiaBHTb  nOKÍHHOľO  KHH3H,   BHKOpHCTOBylOHH CTH-
jiicTHKy rojiociHb y cpopMi aKacpHCTy.
He flHBO, inp b H,bOMy míchí 3ycTpi^aeMo ne Jinme nepKOBHirií CTHJib, ajie h i^epKOBHy MOBy, TyT Tpoxn hh He HaiinocjiiflOBHime BHTpHMaHy 3 ycix HaniHX jiÍTonHCÍB. TyT i Tam cjiOBa, hk ,,MHoro-ijíhhhh", „ÖJiaronoxBajibHHH", ,,flo6poBOHHHÍi", „floôponpejnoOHHO", „MHoroflep3HOBeHHG" Toinp.
7. JliTonncH 12-13 ct. MaioTb i jiiTepaTypm flHcepejia. npocTimi
BOHH B JIÍTOnHCi KHÍBCbKOMy: TyT 3BHHaOHÍ CpOpMyJlH „BÍHCbKOBOrO
onoßiflaHHa", 3ano3H*ieHÍ 3 nepemiaflemix BiöcbKOBHX onoBiflaHb: 3 ^»JiaBia, 3 „OjieKcaHflpií", Bißjiii Ta noBicTH npo ^iťeHica; a6o hk He 3ano3H^eHi, to CKJiaflem nifl Ix BnjiHBOM cpopMyjin. Bohh, aK
MH 6a*ihjih,  yTBOpiOIOTb neBHy CTHJlíCTHHHy HÍJliCTb.
íHaKine KopnciycTbca cboí'mh flacepeJiaMH aBTop Ciorpacpľi JS,sl-HHJia. y Hboro 3HaäfleMo CBiflOMe nepepoöJieHHa HaOKpainnx MicHb
175
3 JirrepaTypn íctophhho-bíhcí.koboí : TyT e i biijihb Eí6jií'í. 3 Hel bíh 3ano3Hqye, Hanp., npoMOBy nocjia yropcLKoro Kopojia BejiH (3a IcaGio rji. 26). Ajie b fleaKHX mícithx Ha Htoro BnjiHHyjiH exapi xpoHÍKH — MajiajiH, AMapTOJia, icTopia <3?JiaBÍa Ta „OaeKeaHnpin". 3naGTbca, bíh KopHCTaBCíi He oKpeMHMH TBopaMH, a MaB y pyKax „xpoHorpacp", CKJianeHHH Ha nincTaBi n,nx TBopÍB. Ihohí bíh öynyc
CBOG OnOBÍflaHHH Ha UHTaTaX 3 IJHX TBOpÍB: XapaKTepHCTHKa KHH3H
PoMaHa g HacjiiflyBaHHHM xapaKTepncTHKn TepKyjieca b MajiajiH Ta OjieKcaHflpa MaicenpHCbKoro b „OjieKcaHflpii". JJIoTen ,,3Jiy nrpy cbirpa JiH-BCTp-b" — 3ano3HHeHO 3 MajiajiH, fle n,e CKa3aHo npo piKy Ckhpt; iiHTaTy 3 „roMepa" aBTop y3HB, naneBHe, 3 HKOicb 30ipKH. Onnc rajiHUbKoro BiňcbKa Haranye onncn <í>jihbíh Ta AMapTOJia. OflHa npoMOBa ^aHHjia Haraflyc npoMOBy jj^apia 3 „OjieKcaHflpii"; onncH 601B nofliôm ho onncÍB <í>jiHBÍa Tom,o.
Tpe6a BH3HaTH aBTopa öiorpacpi'i khh3h JJaHHjia 3a onnoro 3 HaOTajiaHOBHTiiuHX cthjiíctíb Hanioi CTapoí jíiTepaTypn. ,,3ano3H-
HeHHíť', 3BH^aHHÍ B CBÍTOBÍH CepeflHbOBÍHHÍÍÍ JIÍTepaTypi, 6 JIHHie He-BeJIHHKOK) HaCTHHOKJ HOro BeJIHKOro TBOpy, ho  TOTO aBTOp  ix 3BH-
naÖHo nonepepoßjiiOBaB y flyci CBoro BJiacHoro cthjiio i 3 CKapôy
CBOIX 06pa3ÍB 3yMÍB yTBOpHTH CynÍJIbHÍ Ta BHpa3HÍ KapTEHH.
He aÖHHKHM MHCTi^eM g i aBTop onoBinaHHH npo CMepTb Bojio-HHMHpa. Bíh ine öijibine 3a TpaflHijiGK) nepKOBHoi JirrepaTypn, npoTe
3yMÍB 3 U.HM npHKpameHHM CTHJieM CnOJiyHHTH HHMajIO peajiicTHH-
HHX rapHHX o6pa3ÍB 3 ocTamiix hhíb JKHTTH CBoro repoa.
8. Cthjib oKpeMHX ^acTHH jíiTonncy BKa3yc Ha ix aBTopiB. Bíh
p. 1146 (npHÖJIH3H0) nO^HHaGTBCfl b KHÍBCBKOMy JlÍTOnHCÍ onoBÍ-flaHHH „BÍHCBKOBOro" cthjiio. .Zlajibnii onOBÍflaHHH 3aBJKnn 3B'a3aHÍ 3 OC060K) neBHoro khh3h. Hanöijibin cynmbHHM Ta cthjiícth^ho bh-
KÍH^eHHM G OnOBÍflaHHH npo KHH3H l3'HCJiaBa. ABTOpa HOro MOJKHa
BBaJKaTH 3a JiiOHHHy CBÍTCbKy, ajie nÍ3HÍnie boho, MaöyTb, öyjio oopoßjieHe pyKOK) flyxoBHoi ocoöh, mo noBHocHJia ho Hboro h fle-hkí ^ryaci 3aBBarn mh ninpnii onoBiflamia. ni3HÍnie JiiTonHcaHHa, MaöyTb, Be ji n pÍ3HÍ oco6h, ajie HanpHKiHiri ctojiítth Becb MaTepiaji 6yB oöpoßjieHHH flaa khh3h PiopHKa, oneBHHHO, iryMeHOM Bnfly-6en.bK.oro MaHacrapa MoficecM, aKOMy HaaeacHTb i nponoBiflb-no-XBaaa., mp Heio 3aKÍH*iyGTbca Khibcbkhh JiiTonHC.
LtloHo PajiHiibKo-BoaHHCbKoro jiiTonncy, to KijibKa ypnBKÍB 3 HKorocb yTpaneHoro rajiHiibKoro jiiTonncy 3ycTpmeMo Bace b Khib-cbKOMy jiiTonnci. Ajie b nacram íioro TeKCTy, mp niínnjia ho Hac aK cyijijibHa, nonnHaio^H bíh P- 1205 MoaceMo bhhíJihth rbí hslc-thhh — 6iorpa<piio KHH3H XtaHHjia, nncaHy 6e3 xpoHOJioriHHnx flaT, Ta HanncaHy, oneBHflHO, He pa30M 3 nofliaMH, a nÍ3HÍme. BoHa flo-xoHHTb npn6jiH3Ho ho poKy 1260. ABTopa MoaceMo cxapaKTepH3y-
176
Beth 3a CTHjieM noro npairi, — n.e monnna CBiTCBKa, KHHJKHa, arre-paTypHo oönapoBaHa. CnMnaTii Soro Ha 6oui khh3h, a He 6oap. He Mir 6yra xtocb 3 KaHueaapii khh3h ^aHHjia, MaôyTB, bojihhhk, He rajiHHaHHH, 60 raanaaHH naa H&oro — ,,6e36oaari". CymaBHe onoBinaHHH npo khh3A BoaonHMnpa BacHJibKOBH^a (3a naTaMH InaTCtKoro pyKonncy pp. 1287-8) — HaneBHe TBip KaHijeaapHCTa, mo ace roJiOBHoro nncapa khh3h (HaBonaTBca bhhhckh 3 rpaMOT KHH3H). ByjiH HaBÍTB npnnymeHHH, u\o up toh XonppeHB a6o Xo-flopoK lOpiSoBHa, mp cnncaB KHHJKHa 3anoBÍT (HaBeneHHii i b ono-
BiflaHHi).   lipo   aBTOpiB   ÍHIHHX   aaCTHH   JIÍTOnHCy   BaHCKO CKä3aTH
inpcb neBHe.
9. ycTaBOK y ranHUBKO-BoanHCBKOMy jiiTonnci Mafiace HeMa. Beet MaTepiíiJi, 3ano3HHeHHÔ 3 hkhxocb n.acepea, oöpoöjieHHÖ HaHOBO aBTopaMH. Ajie KhIbcbkhh aiTonnc 12 ct. BHKopHCTOByc jiiTonncHi nacepeaa, mp He amman no Hac, BKasyio^H Ha jiiiepaTypHe jkhtth, k&m 6e3nocepen.HBo ne 3HanoMe. — MaGMo nin, p. 1172 Ta nÍ3HÍniHMH iiiJiHH Hieper aaHHX npo ponmiy PiopHKa n Ta noro ôpaTÍB, 30K-peMa „HeKpojiorHM, mo g hí6h peuiTKaMH aKoiCB ponHHHoi" xpoHiKH
P0CTHCJiaBHHÍB.
JlajieKo inKaBinii peuiTKH HepmriBCBKoro JiiTonncy. HepmriB-cbkí BÍn,0M0CTÍ, mo i'x 3HaxoflHMo b KniBCbKOMy jiiTonnci, oxonjiio-
K)TB hochtb flOBrHH aaC   (3 1146 p.). BH3HaHHy pOJIK) b UHX 3BÍCT-
Kax rpae ocoóa Ta poníma khh3h Iropa, repoa „CaoBa o nojiKy Iropeßi", HepniriBCbKoro khh3h 3 p. 1198. Moama ranaTH, mp Hep-HÍrÍBCt>KHH jiÍTonHC 6yB oöpoÖJieHHÖ naa KHH3H Iropa. Jle-He-np 3y-CTpiaaiOTBca neTaaBHinii bíhomoctí npo nepeacaaBCBKi nonii, — mojk-aHBO, mp np KneBa bíhomoctí 3 6aH3BKoro üepeacaaBa noxonnan h 6e3nocepen,HBo. Aae neBHinii nam npo icHyBaHHa ationncaHHa b üepeacaaßi MaeMo 3 JiiTonnciB niBHiHHHX, cy3naaBCBKHX. TyT 3HaxoflHMo oKpeMi bíhomoctí aBoKaaBHoro nepeacaaBCBKoro 3MÍCTy, aac np p. 1228. B KÍmn 12 ct. ľlepeaeaaB CTaB akhmocb npoTeKTO-paToM cy3HaaBCBKoro KHH3ÍBCTBa, oTace, KopncTaHHH nepeacaaB-cbkhmh aacepeaaMH b cy3najiBCBKHX aÍTonHcn,ÍB 6yao n,iaKOM npn-
pOHHC. - TaK  CaMO  nÍBHÍ^IHÍ  JliTOniICH  flOBOflHTB  HaM,   u\0   i KH1B-
CBKe jriTonHcanHa He npnnHHHaoca 3 KÍHnpM 12 b., — b Cy3nanB-CBKOMy aÍTonnci 3ycTpiaacMo nrapoKi onoBÍnaHHa npo kh'íbcbkí nonii, nncam cTnaeM KniBCBKoro aiTonncy 3 pp. 1203-4-5. — IHpnp TJayťonia (nop. noro nacepeaa 11 ct., I. 6. 7), to naa 12 Ta ni3-HÍniHX CTOpÍH BÍH, 3naGTBCH, KOpHCTaBCfl JiiTonncaMH niBHÍHHoro noxonaíeHHa. Hh caraB noro IlepeMHCBKHH aÍTonnc flaai b 12 cto-piana, hh annie flo p. 1128, — BCxaHOBHTH HeMoacaHBO. Aae mo raaHHBKHH aÍTonnc BefleHO ne annie b 13 ct., a ä naBmnie, i^e neBHo: b nepmin aacTHHi InaTiiBCBKoro aiTonncy 12 ct. nopy^ kh-
177
íbcbkhx BÍflc-MOCTen megmo Tanoac rajiHHBKi, caMa dpopMa HKHX (nocHjiaHHH Ha íhihí mícu,h, íikhx b InaTiiBCBKOMy jíiTonnci HeMac) noKa3ye, mo bohh nosn^em 3 HKorocB cyn,iJiBHoro HeBiflOMoro HaM TBopy.
fl. E n o c
1. £f,o fleaKoí MipH MOHCJiHBo BCTaHOBHTH tcmh CTaporo enocy, 12, a no^acTH i 13 ctm aitoro cy^acHHMH HaM HamaflicaMH BBaataiOTB niBHÍHHi „dapHHH" (I. }K.). JlHuie flo enocy 12-13 bb. Maňace He MaGMo napajiejib y jíiTonHcax. KhIb yace b 12 ct., BiflOKpeMHBíHHCH Bia íhihhx KHH3ÍBCTB, noMajiy 3aHenaaac, rojiOBHe 3 npHHHH roc-noflapcbKHx: EBpona BiflKpHBaG hobí uijihxh 3hochh 3 opíghtom Ta IlapropoflOM. HacjiiflKOM nBoro ni^ynany e 6paK enhHHX khibcbkhx TeM 3 iiBoro ^acy. řípo Kh*íb na niBHo^i Maáaíe 3a6yBaiOTB: TaK Hob-ropoflCBKHH jíiTonHC HaBÍTb He 3raflyG 3pyíÍHyBaHHH KHGBa TaTa-paMH. TeMaTHKa enocy 12-13 ct, yTBopHJiaea, 3 oflHoro 6oKy, nifl BnjiHBOM p03KBÍTy 3axin,HBo'i YKpaiHH, 3 flpyroro — TaTapcbKoi HaBajiH.
2. rajiHn.BKo-BojiHHCBKoro noxoaaceHHa g „CTapHHa" npo ,Hio-Ka CTenaHOBHHa. 3míct n — npHi3fl 3 Ih^íí, 3 Tajinna (moni „ra-jiHHa-BojiHHiía") 30 KneBa SaraTHpa, xapaKTepncTHKa HKoro, BJiac-He, CKJianacTBca Jinme 3 onncy noro 6araTCTB — cnonaTKy hhm caMHM, noTÍM, KOJiH BHHHKaioTB cyMHÍBH, mh He nepe6ijiBinyG bíh, „onHcyBanaMH", hkhx flo TajiHna HaflCHJiac khh3b BojioflHMHp. Onncysam MycaTB BiflMOBHTHca onncaTH SaraTCTBo /JiOKOBe, 60 flJia BHTpaT Ha ino npan,io Tpe6a 6yjio 6 nponaTH Ha nanip KhIb, a Ha nepa Ta ^opHHjio — ^tepmriB. B Khgbí .ZJiok ího^í BHCTynac KOHKy-peHTOM mnioro 6araTHpa Toro ac raný, Hypnjia. To bohh MaiOTB nepecKOHHTH kohcm qepe3 ^Hinpo, to npoTaroM neBHoro nacy mp-fleHHo MmaTH BÓpaHHa. Bnrpac ^k»k. Bace caMe ím'h „JXiok", 3My-myG flyMara npo 3axiflHG noxoflaceHHa repoa. Onncn .ZJiOKOBoro 6a-raTCTBa 3ano3H*ieHÍ 3 noBicra npo iHniScBKe iiapcTBo (EKCKypc I. r. 6. 8). HaHÍMOBÍpHÍnie, mo ua noBicTB npHÍiniJia n,o TaaHHHHH 3a SpocjiaBa OcMOMHCJia. npo nninHicTB atHTTa rajiHi^BKoro KHa3a Ta 6oap floBiflycMoca flemp 3 JíiTonncy. Im'h „.ZJiok" (BÍ3aHT. „nioKac") Ta no-6aTBKOBÍ „CrenaHOBH^" (yjnofíjieHe yropcBKe ím'h — OreípaH) MoacyTB 6yTH yropcBKoro noxoflaceHHa, tuk caMo, hk i ^ynoBHií kíhb Ricma. — (nop. onoBiflaHHa npo yropcBKHx KOHeíí y Khgbí 1150 p.). IliKaBo, mp neam non,po6Hn,i BÓpaHHa JJiOKa ^h MypHJia — 3ano3H^ieHÍ He 3 nepeKJiany, a 3 jiaTHHCBKoro opHrmajiy nosicTH npo iHflificBKe mapcTBO. Ile Teaí noTBepflacyc nyMKy npo Te, mo míc-neM noxoflaceHHa enocy 6yjia rajiH^HHa.
178
Be3yM0BH0, icHyBaan nepeKa3H npo „Hypnaa" b raanaHHÍ: ím'h ňoro TaM 3Ôeperaoca HaBÍTb y nicHax. 3raa,yiOTb npo Htoro b 16-17 ct. Pen 3 HaťaoBÍn. Ta C. Kjilohobhm. Hypnjio — t&khk caMHH KaBajiep, aK JJ,k>k, jinuie MeHme ÖJiaroponHoro xapaKTepy, bíh „öajiaMyT". IIpÍ3BHine „HypnaiB" a6o „/-lacypHaÍB" Haaeacaao ap npÍ3BHin, 3axÍHHbo-yKpaÍHCBKoro ôoapcTBa, Bin, nboro npÍ3BHma noxoflHTB Ha3Ba MicTa HypHjioBa (ni3HÍme TJacypHHa) Ha Iloniaai. B cynacHHx „CTapHHax" npo Hypnjia rany hobcjib Hypnao 3'aB-JlfieTBCH Í3 CBOeW flpyHÍHHOK) npH nBopi BojioflHMHpa. BojionHMHp poÖHTB fioro „aaniHHKOM", ajie, 3araaaiBmHca Ha fioro Kpacy, kha-thhíi nopi3ajia coôi pyny. JIioÖoBHa icTopia 3 jkíhkok> ÔoapHHa Eep-mhth KoiHTye fioMy HapeniTi jkhttk. lipo fioro KOHKypeHn,iio 3 TJk)-kom MH BJKe 3ranyBaaH BHme. OnHa noniabCbKa nicHa npo Hypnaa 3Hae fioro hk npoBiaHHKa „HÍBoaoro BificbKa". Cynacm cTapHHH npo Hypnaa, 3aaGTbca, nÍ3HÍnie (b Mockbí?) npcHTb nonepepoôaiOBaHi. Hkí caine TeMH 3HaB npo Htoro cTapnfi enoc, cKa3aTH BaacKO, neB-hhm e jiHine, mp n,e 6yB ran JJpH ^KyaHa.
3. Tepoi^Hy ôopoTtôy — 3MÍe6opcTBo, Maaioc Tperifi TBip ra-jiHn,bKO-BOJiHHCbKoro enocy — nicHa npo Mnxaäaa IIoTOKa. Hlo enoc n,efi noxoHHTb, Moace, Teac 3 raanaHHH, noica3ye raannbKa
niCHH npo aÍBHHHy, UJO „flHBHTbCH OnHHM OKOM Ha ,II>KypHJiy, HJpy-
THM Ha IIoTOKa". Ln'a „IIotok" no3a thm HeBiapMe Ha cjiob'hhcb-KOMy cxoa,i. CTapHHa npo IIoTOKa, MaôyTb, 3aaea<Ha bíh Jkhtíh 60a-rapcbKoro CBaToro 3MÍGÔopn,a Mnxafijia 3 IIoTyKH. IcTopia IIoTOKa apcHTb CKaaaHa. Bíh onjpyaiyGTbca, aae aciHKa fioro CKopo BMHpac. Mnxafiao HaKa3ye noxoBara ceöe 3 acÍHKOio. Koan b CKaeni 3'aB-aaGTbca 3míh, Mnxafiao 3MymyG fioro npHHecTH „acHBoi Bonn", npn HonoM03Í aKoi bíh ohíhbjiiog cboio aÚHKy. Hp ■— Ka3KOBÍ mothbh. MoacaHBo, inp noaiÔHe onoBiaaHHa xonnao b Eoarapi'i i npo cb. Mh-xafiaa 3 IIoTyKH. lipo 3axia.hg noxoa,aceHHfi „CTapHHH" cBiaaaTb 3raflKH npo Iloniaaa, npo JlHTBy. IIpHBia, ap nocTaHHa eniaHoro TBopy Morao noaaTH nepeHeceHHa moihíb cb. Mnxafiaa b TpHOB 1206 p. 3 Boarapií nepeKa3 Mir aerKo npniiTH 30 TaaHHHHH, 60 raanubKe KHa3ÍBCTBO 6yao Ha apainiHbOMy JlyHai, 6aH3bKo np Boarapií i MÍac hhmh 6yan KyabTypm 3hochhh.
4. MoacaHBo, mp 3 raanubKo-BoaHHCbKoro eniaHoro CKapôy BHHiuaa fi „CTapHHa" npo JlyHaa. lipo Zlyaaa „CTapHHa" onoBinac, aK bíh (1) BHCBaTaB naa KHa3a BoaonHMHpa apany „aaxoBHHCbKO-ro" Kopoaa, (2) 3ycTpÍHyB y noai aÍBHHHy-6araTHpa Ta oapyacHBca 3 HeK), (3) 3 cynepHHUTBa b CTpiabôi 3 ayKa 3aônB acÍHKy, a Toni h ce6e: 3 Ix TÍa BHTeKan piaKH JJyHaä Ta JJJHinpo (Hinpa i t. n.). IlepniHH MOTHB Moace 6yTH aKocb 3B'a3aHHfi 3 bogbohoio BoaoflH-MHpa BacnabKOBHaa, npo aKoro aÍTonnc Kaace, n;o b pp. 1280-x
179
^íyHaH-BOGBOfla Í3nnB nocjioM no Ma30ßenBKoro khh3ji KoHpana. H,Boro onHoro MoraBy Moate Bce jk He jhochtb naa Toro, mp6 3
neBHÍCTK) 3B'H3aTH JJtyHaa -        repOH „CTapHHH" 3 icTopnnHoio oco-
60JO. IHe MeHine nincTaB BBaacara pÍ3HHx PoMamB, 3ran,yBaHnx y „CTapHHax", 3a PoMaHa rajiHHBKoro. Ajie smíct „CTapnH" npo Po-MaHa MOJKe 6yTH 3'acoBaHnn 3 Ka3KOBHx mothbíb.
5. Be3yMOBHo 3ß'a3aHi 3 TaTapcBKoio HaBajioio cioacera neaKHx ,,CTapHH". y cTapHx ciomeTax, TaTapn 3acTyxiHjiH Micn,e CTapininx BoporiB PycH. TaTapn, MaßyTB, ÔyjiH 3 caMoro nonaTKy b „cTapn-Hax" npo KajinHa-napa, npo Bacnjia IraaTOBHHa (a6o IľaHHino), HapeniTi, npo TaK 3B. „KaMCBKe noôoíiiTe".
3míct uhx CTapnH — ocTäTOHHa 3arH6ejiB öararapiß Ha KaMi, a6o Hanan Ha Khib napa Kajnraa, mp noro noönßac Ijijih, a6o napa BaTHTH, aKoro noÖHBac Bacnjib IrnaTOBHH. macjiHBnn Kment, b 060X BHnanKax, po3yMÍGTBca, npnaHo jraine nÍ3HÍuie. IlicHa npo Ba-CHJia IrHaTOBHHa no^nmaGTBca njia^eM Eoroponnirj Han. MaĚSyraBoio 3arH6ejiJiK> KneBa. IIoeraHHe o(popMjieHHa UBoro njiany, po3MOBa Boropoann;! 3 TypaMH, — 3aran.K0Be. B cTapími npo KaMCBKe no-6oiin,e Ta npo KajiHHa napa TaTapn 3'aBjiaiOTBca no nßa pa3n, mo BinnoßinaG icTopHHHiô híhchoctí (ÔHTBa npn Kaan;i 1224 p., Baran 1237-41 p.); Ha3BH „KaMCBKe no6oi'ni,e" Ta „KajiHH" noxonaTB Bin. „KajiKCBKo'i" aöo ,,KajiencBKOi'" 6htbh (pma „KajiKa" MajioBinpMa); Baran naß noxonmeHHa Bara3i; 3arn6ejiB öararapiß ßinnoBinaG 3arn6ejii ^ncaeHHnx KHa3ÍB npn Kajmi, b nÍBHÍHHO-cxin.HÍx jíiTonn-cax 3ran,yeT&ca npo 3arn6ejib Ajiborui IlonoBHHa Ta imnnx öararapiß. Ajie BaacKo CKa3ara, ih nepnii enmm nicm Ha n,K> Teny no-CTajin b Khgbí, nocTajiH bohh nec& b mmoMy Micni, jiHine ni3-Hinie ix noB'a3ajin 3 Khgbom.
6. 3aTe HeMac cyMHißy, mp i b Khgbí i b TajiHMHHi öyjin eninm TBopH, aKi B3arajii He nepeônijiH y niBHÍHHi ciapnHn, a naJiH oc-Hoßy npo30BHM nepeKa3aM Ha yKpaim. TyT TaKoac MoacHa po neaKoií Mipn BCTäHOBHTH caMy xeMy cTaporo eninHoro onoßinaHHa, ajie He üoro neTajii. — Ohhígk) 3 TaKHX enmHHX TeM g onoßinaHHa npo JXeu'sma KyneHeBH^ia, BinpMe HaM 3 nÍ3HBoro MocKOBCBKoro t. 3b. HnKOHOBoro aiTOnncy uip p. 1180. Enoc neä IlepeacaaBCbKHH (ko-jio üepeacaaßa g cejio Kyn,HÍB). 3a jiiTonncoM TJpM'aH oöopoHaG nepeaeaaB cnonaTKy Bin, KHa3a Taiôa HoBropon-CiBepcBKoro. Xa-paKTepncTHHHOK) eniHHoio pncoio TyT e Te, m;o TfeM'aH noÖHBac bíhclko FjiiÖa bheox Í3 cboím cjiyroio TapacoM. IIotím 3'aBJiaiOTBca nojioBiri, npora HKiix JXqm'sih BHCTynaG caM HaBÍTB 6e3 3Öpo'i. — Ihuií enmm nepeKa3H onoBÍnaK)TB npo icTopn^my ocoöy — PoMana raanuBKoro, npo aKoro MaGMo 3ranKH b yKpaÍHCBKin Ta nojiBCBKin jiiTonncHÍH rpanmxil: híôh nojioseniBKe jiaKaHHa fliTen PoMaiioM,
180
npncjiiß'a: PoMaH, m,o ope „JIhtboio", „He IcTHMein Meny, He bhhh-ihhbhih 6fl3KÍJi", e 3raflKH ZÜJiyrorua 3a nojiBCBKi nicHi npo PoMaHa. B nÍ3HÍniHX 3anHcax 3Ôepirca nepeKa3 npo nocojiBCTBo nann pHM-CBKoro ra JleniKa nojiBCBKoro flo PoMaHa. PoMaH bíh,mobhbch bír neperoBopiß 3 oöoMa, 30KpeMa BÍnnoBÍ;o;b nani noeTH^HO-enňiHa: bh-TsrHyBiHH Men, PoMaH nHTae: — „Hh e TaKHÖ nexpiß Me^i y nann?" — /iajiBHie eninHe onoBin,aHHa, mo nminjio ho Hac jiHine b cpopMi yKpai'HCBKHx npo30BHx jieťeHH, g onoBinaHHa npo MnxaibiKKa. Kysne bíhmíhhí b flerajiHX, bohh 3ß'a3am 3 3arH6ejiJiio KHGBa: Mnxaö-jihk, 6araTHp-MajiojiÍTOK, bíhxohhtb 3 KneBa saxonHBnin 3 coßoio Ha cnnci 3ojiOTÍ BopoTa. OnoßiflaHHa npo ßaraTHpa-xjiomiHKa Mh-xafijia aöo IßaHa Ta öoro öaTBKa JX&muia, JIoB^aHHHa icHyc cepefl „CTapHH", ajie b hochtb nÍ3HÍx cpopMax. B KoatHOMy pa3i MacMo b nÍ3HÍx nncaHHX Ta ycHHX nepeKa3ax HaTHKH Ha cTapnö Khibcbkhh Ta rajiHi^bkhh enoc.
lup; p. 1151 b jiiTonnci 3HaxosHMo 3ranKy npo nßi mothjih, hio Tofli 3BajiHCH „nepeneTOßi", a m,e ö n,oci MaiOTB Ha3BH — nepen'aT Ta nepen'aTHxa. CynacHa HaM jiereHn.a onoBÍn,ac npo Te, hk khh3b nepen'aT BinifinioB 3 flOMy 3 bíhcbkom, hk KHarHHa 3a KiJiBKa poKiß nonajia noro inyKaTH, ajie, 3ycTpiBHiH, He nÍ3Hajia Ta 3aÓHjia, a n o tím 3aÔHJia h ce6e.
I TyT (hk i b po3HÍjii I. 2K) TaKoac MOjKHa roBopHTH npo icHy-BaHHH TBopiB enrraoro xapaKTepy Í3 3ranaHHMH TeMaMH Bate 12-13 ct., ajie ana öyjia "ix (popMa BCTaHOBHTH HeMoacjiHBo. HaßiTB ,,Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi", 12 ct., Ha aiajiB, He Moace HaM mnoro CKa3aTH npo cpopMy íhuihx eniHHHX TBopiß, 60 THnoßicTB „CjioBa" He nijiKOM neBHa.
E. Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi
1. „Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi" — caHHa naM'aTKa Hanioi* CTapoi jiiTepaTypn, BiflOMa ninpuiHM KOJiaM HHTaniB. Ajie na nonyjiapmcTB cnoayneHa 3 uíjihm KOMnjieKCOM noMHJiKOßnx BifloMocTeä npo Jii-TepaTypHHH xapaKTep ra 3HaHeHHa i^iei naM'aTKH. nepnia 3arajiBHo-po3noBCK>HaceHa noMHJiKa, mo „Cjiobo" Mae anecB BHHaTKOBe CTa-HOBHin,e cepen, naM'aTOK CTapo'i JiiTepaTypn, ara híôhto 3míctom Ta CTHJieM yci bíh „CjioBa" híjikom BÍn.pÍ3HHK>TBca. B jejíhchoctí „Cjiobo" n^ijiBHo 3B*H3aHe 3 cynacHOK» ňoMy Ta nonepenHBoio jiiTepaTypoio. /Ipyra noMHjiKa, — m° „Cjiobo" g TnnoBHM 3pa3K0M ycHo'i, Bipa-^eHoi eniHHoi jiiTepaTypn. B nificHocTi Ha nincTaBi „CjioBa" MoacHa bhcjiobhth jinnie HeneBHi ran.KH npo (popMy cTaporo enocy. Opnrí-HajiBHicTB „CjioBa" — nepeBaacHo, b öoro HansBH^aiiHiH noeTHHHiô
181
bhcotí, ajie caMe n,a noeranHa hkíctb „CaoBa" He n,o3Boaae poďhth 6ynb-HKHx bhchobkíb npo íhihí BTpanem TBopn, mo kojih TaKoi bh-coth He npcarajiH, to h He Morjra HaoanacaTHca no „CaoBa" noe-
thhhok) (pOpMOK).
„Cjiobo" 3'aBHJiocfl b HayKOBOMy Ta noeTHHHOMy oöiry Hanpn-kíhhí 18 b., kojih Soro 3HaHneHo b onHOMy 3ÖipHHKy, mo cKJianaBCH nepeBajKHo 3 TBopiB „CBÍTCbKoro" xnny (m. íh., 6yB y HtoMy bmí-iueHHH i poMaH npo /liťemca). Ha macTa, „Cjiobo" BiniracaHo Ta BHflpyKOBaHO. „Ha inacTa", 60 36ipHHK u,eň 3ropiß nin, nac mockob-CbKo'i noaceaci 1812 p. Po3MipHO ni3HÍH Biannc, b aKOMy 3HaHneHo „CaoBo" (He cTapime 16 ct.), Ta me He ayace np6pe BMÍHHa BHnaB-h.íb HHTaTH cTapi TeKCTH, npHBeaH n,o Toro, mo ôaraTo míchíb y „CaoBÍ" 3aaHHiHaoca HeacHHMH. He 3BaacaiOHH Ha Te, mo pyKonnc yTpaneHo, cyMHiBÍB y TOMy, mo naM'aTKa He nin,po6jieHa, cxaBaao 3 nacoM Bce MeHine, i HHCJieHHi napaaeai 30 He3po3yMÍaHx Raa nep-iHHX BHnaBnÍB míciií, i MOBa „CaoBa", mo BinnoBinac bcím cynacHHM HayKOBHM yaBaeHHaM npo CTapopyctKy MOBy (aae 3obcím He Bia-noBiflaaa 3HäHHaM Ta yaBaeHHaM npo ino MOBy nepniHX BHnaBn,íb KÍHn,a 18- nonaTKy 19-ro ct.), i HaKynaeHHÍi y „CaoBÍ" íctophhhhh MaTepiaa, i niiTaTH 3 „CaoBa" b CTapiß aiTepaTypi, i HacainyBaHHH Soro (MocKOBCBKa „3anpHiHHHa" 14-15 ct.) —- Bce ne noTBepacnyc, mo „CaoBo" n,e opHľmaabHa naM'aTKa 12 ct. CyMHÍBH b opHrmaab-HOCTH „CaoBa", BHcaoBaem b ocTaHHi nacn, He BHTpHMyioTb Kpn-
THKH.
2. 3míct norjiHRHo HeBeaHKOi naM'aTKH bíhomho. H,e — HeB-naaa BnnpaBa KHa3ÍB Iropa HoBropoa,-CÍBepcbKoro Ta noro 6paxa BceBoaona npoTH noaoBnJB. nicaa nepBicHoi nepeMorn bíhcbko khs-3Íb yaarao HaTHCKOBi nncaeHHHX noaoBen,i>KHx cna. Irop onHHHBca b noaoBeiijbKOMy noaoHi, 3 HKoro btík 3a npnoMoroio onHoro no-aoBu;a. 3a piK noBepHyBca 3 noaoHy fioro chh, mo op;pya<HBca thm nacoM 3 rohbkoio noaoBentKoro KHa3a KoHnaKa. Aae onoBinaHHH npo ni non,ii 3obcím He BHHepnye 3MÍCTy „CaoBa". Hicaa onncy IropeBoi nopa3KH, aBTop BCTaBHB „3oaoTe caoBo" KHiBCbKoro KHa3a CßaTocaaBa no mnrax khh3Íb, cnorann npo pÍ3HÍ naBHimi íctophhhí noniií Ta „naan" IropeBoi npyacHHH HpocaaBHH. Ta h caMe onoBi-flaHHH mopa3y nepepHBacTbca íctophhhhmh ra aiTepaTypHHMH pe-MÍHÍcn;eHii.iaMH. Crace, 3míct TBopy Han,3BHHaHHo CKaaaHHÖ.
KoMno3Hnia TBopy hk niaoro npo3opa. nicaa KopoTKoro 3a-cniBy, ne aBTop BHcaoBaioG cbog ôaacaHHH „cnißaTH" 3rinHo 3 aíhc-híctio, a He b cTHai BoaHOBOMy, noHHHaeTbca onoBinaHHH npo noxin. Ta Soro HemacaHBHH KiHent. .Hpyra naciHHa nepeHOCHTt Hac y „30-aoTOBepxHH" TepeM KHH3a CßaTocnaBa b Khgbí, onoßinac npo Soro cMyTHHH coH Ta He MeHin cMyray 3BÍCTKy npo IropeBy nopa3Ky Ta
182
BKJianae b ycTa CßiiTOCJiaBa ,,3oaoTe cjiobo" no khh3Íb, mo bíh ix 3aKJiHKae no cniJibHoro BHCTyny npoTZ nojioBnJB. Kmeub ,,3ojioToro cjiOBa" (HaBMHCHe?) HeacHHH, 3aMicTb CBHTocjiaBa noHHHae roBo-pHTH caM aBTop ra nopHHae b 3ranKH npo MHHyjie. TpeTa ^acTHHa — ,,njia*i" HpocjiaBHH. OcTaHHH nacTHHa onncyc BTe^y Iropa 3 no-jiOBenbKoro noJioHy. Kijiwca ocTaHHix panKÍB — KÍHnÍBKa — „cjia-
Ba" KHH3HM Ta BOHKaM.
KojiH öijibini ^acTHHH noöpe BinMejKOBaHi onna Bin onHoii, He MOJKHa Htoro cKa3aTH npo ßynoBy oKpeMHx ^acTHH. Jlnme ,,njia*i" HpocjiaBHH po3nanaGTbCH Ha HOTnpn „CTpodpn", 3 hkhx xpn oc-TaHHi no^HHaiOTbCH thmh caMHMH cjioBaMH: „HpocJiaBHa paHo njia-^e". Ajie ÔynoBa 1, 4, a 30Kpeina 2-o'i ^lacTHHH no^acTn Han3BHHaÖHO 3anjiyTaHa. Abtop hí6h HaBMHCHo 3aTeMHioe öynoBy TBopy, — npo coHHimie 3aTeMHeHHH bíh 3ranye nsi^i, na Ryme BaacjiHBi MOMeHTH jinme HaTHKae: Hanp., Oßjiyp (3a jiiTonncoM JlaBop), noJiOBenb, rnp nonoMir Iropeßi BTeKTH, 3'aBjiaGTbca 6e3 ycHKo'i ninroTOBH; HeacHO, ne roBopHTb aBTop caM, a ne niöoBi ocoöh, — mo no „3ojioTOMy cjioBy" CßHTocjiaBa noHHHae tobophth aBTop, Moama 3noranyBa-THca jinme 3 3BepHeHHa no khh3Íb „rocnonnHe", aKe ßyjio mojkjih-bhm TÍJibKH b ycTax ninJierjioro; ToronacHa niöcHicTb cnjiiTacTbca 3 3ranKaMH npo MHHyjie. B pi3HHX Micnax — jitiepaTypm 3ayBarn: xapaKTepncTHKa Bohhoboix) cthjiio, uHTaTH 3 EoaHa, cnpo6a nncara: b öoro cthjií, mpcB hí6h cnpoôa naponii. y aBTopa, hkhh TaK npo-3opo CKOMnoHyBaB „njian ÍIpocjiaBHH", MoaceMo BBaacaTH n.io ckom-
njlÍKOBaHÍCTb  KOMn03HIT,ÍÍ  3a HaBMHCHy.
KijIbKa nOCJlinHHKÍB BHCJIOBJIIOBajIO nyMKy, inp HeaCHiCTb kom-
no3HnÍI nocTajia nepe3 HeBMÍHHa nepenncyBamB, mo nepenjiyTajín oKpeMi peneHHH a6o cTopiHKH cTapiinoro pyKonncy. Ajie nepecTaB-jieHHH npn aHajiÍ3i BHHBjíaiOTbca HenoTpiÔHHMH. Hanp., 3aTeMHeHHa coHiifl, inp BinÖyjiocH Bace nin ^ac noxony, b „Cjiobí" nocTaBjíeHe nepen noxonoM. He Moace 6yxn 3b'a3aHe 3 TpannniGio repor-raoro enocy, b aKOMy noxMypHH toh nacTo ôphhhtb 3 caMoro no^aTKy („Lmana", „HiôejiiOHťH"); no Toro nefi 3jiobíchhS 3HaK He 3ynHHHB KHH3a Bin BnnpaBH, mp ninKpecjiiOG íioro piniyMicTb Ta CMÍJiHBÍCTb. "TaK caMo ctoitb cnpaBa i 3 íhuihmh nponoHOBaHHMH nepecTaBjíeH-
HHMH.
3. CKjiannocTi KOMno3Hiíi'í „CaoBa" BinnoBinaG h Han3BHnaHHa CKaannicTb fioro cthjiícth^hhx 3aco6ÍB. Boho nepenoBHeHe bhtoh^ie-HHMH noeTHMHHMH cpirypaMH; MaSace HeMac cjioBa, aKe 6 He Majio aKorocb 3HaHeHHa, He Hecjio 6 aKoicb (pyHKnii b noeTHHHin öynoßi TBopy. Moace HafixapaKTepHCTHnminoio pncoio cthjiio g CKJianHHfi chmbojiÍ3m „CaoBa". nopyM onoBinaHb npo peajibHHH xin no-niä, 3ycTpiqaGMO n,ijii BinTHHKH, inp po3noBinaioTb npo nonií Jinnie
183
b CHMBOJiax. TaK HaBiTb npo nopa3Ky roBopHTbca Jinuie: „BnajiH npanopH IropeBi... Tyx He BHCTaHHJio KpHBaBoro BiiHa, TyT cMijiHBi pycHHi saKiH^HJiH nnp: CBariB nonoi'jiH, a caMi nojiarjiH 3a 3eMjno PycbKy. HnKHe TpaBa Bia HcajioSn, a aepeBo 3 Tyroio 30 3eMjii npn-xhjihjioch". — Boapn onoBiflaiOTb CBaTocjiaBOBi npo BBeet noxifl: coKOjiH 3JieTijiH 3 6aTbKiBCbKoro 30Jioxoro npecTOJiy noiny-KaTH MicTa TMyTopoKaHa a6o HanHTHca hiojiomom JXony. B^ce 060M coKOjiaM KpHjiBixa noo6pi3yBaHo ina6jiaMH norannx, a caMHx 3aKy-jih b 3ajii3Hi KaHflaHH. IIoTeMHijio Ha TpeTifi ReHb, oGnflBa cohuh npHMepKJiH, o6nflBa KapMasHHOBi cTOBnn 3racjiH. Ha pbm,i Kaajii TtMa 3aKpnjia cbItjio ... y^ce B3HJia ropy jinxa cjiaBa Haa aoopoio,
BJKe  BflapHJIO JIHXO  Ha  bojik),  BJKe  KHHyBCa  ,ZJhb Ha  3eMJIK>". TyT
yce chmbojih: kpob ~ ,,KpHBaBe bhho", 6HTBa = „nHp", KHa3i = „coHna" a6o ,,KapMa3HH0Bi CTOBnn", nopa3Ka — 3aTeMHeHHa. TyT He nopiBHaHHH, a cHMB0Jir4He 3o6paHceHHa, b aKOMy pe^i 30BciM He Ha3BaHo i'x BJiacHHMH iMeHaMH. Tarn Mici^a npoxoflaTb nepe3 ,,Cjio-bo" ROBraM nieperoivr Bia nonaTKy a>k ao KiHna.
y^KHTOK CHMBOJiiB Haraaye no^acTH TexHmy CKaHamaBCbKOi noe3ii (kenningar — hhb. M(IIoicTopHHHa no6a", B. 4). Hanp., ,,MOJiofli Micani" = MOJiofli KHa3i, ,,cifljio KoiijeeBe" (pa6ctKe) = nojioH, i t. a-
3BHHaHHHx nopiBHaHb po3MipHo He6araTO. /^ificHicTb MafijKe ijijiKOM 3HHKaG Rjia Hac ma cepnaHKOM chmbojihch. KHa3b BcecjiaB „CKa^e jiiothm 3BipeM" a6o „bobkom" (TyT aBTopoBi aonoMorac no-HBiime BHa^eHHa opyaHoro BiaMiHKy — ,tHi6H bobk" Ta „aK aifle-hhh bobk") a6o Irop „cK0*fflB ropHOCTaGM y komhui, 61jihm rorojieM Ha Boay. . . ", „3 KOHa cko^hb 6ochm (a(5o eipHM) bobkom ... i no-jieTiB cokojiom nia TyivraHaMH. . . ". — EnTBa, 3o6paJKeHa aK „nHp", g TaKOJK ,,nociB" ado „JKHHBa": ,,HopHa 3eMjia nia KonHTaMH Kidb-mh 6yjia 3aeiaHa, KpoB'io nojiHTa, cyMOM 3ifimjia no PycbKin 3eMjii", ,,HeMHrH KpHBaBi 6epern He ao6poM 6yjiH 3aciam, 3aciaHi 6yjiH
KicTbMH  pycbKHX  CHmB",   „Ha HeMH3i,   HK  CHOnH,   CTejiaTb TOJIOBH,
MOJioTHTb n,inaMH xapajiy>KHHMH (cTajieBHMn), na Toiri JKHTTa KJia-ayTb, BiioTb ayniy Bia rijia".
Ihiiihm cnocoSoM cHMBOJii^Horo 3o6paa<eHHa g 3aBeaeHHa ao TBopy „3HaKiB" — chIb, nepea^yBaHb, 3Jiob1chhx BinryBaHb Man6yT-Hboro, — TaKHM g coh CBaTocjiaBa, b aKOMy aBTop onepyG po3noB-
CK>a>KeHHMH 3JI0BiCHHMH COHBHaaMH - „HOpHOK> KOBapOK)" (HOpHa
6apBa — 3Jia o3HaKa), ,,chh1m bhhom, 3 ropeM MimaHHM" — (Myrae bhho — 3Jia 03HaKa), ,,nepjiaMH" — nepeao3HaKa cJii3, kphkom rafi-BopomB, caHaMH (chmboji cMepTH — aHB. ,,/IJoicTopHHHa ao6a" B. 2 Ta I. JX. 4), y cm 3 ,,30jioTOBepxoro TepeMy" KHH3a naaac aoJiy BepmoK aaxy (o3HaKa cMepra). TaKHM BimyBaHHaM g i coHamHe saTeMHeHHa. Ta B3arajii Bca npnpoaa, Bca aincmcTb pearye Ha
18Jf
JKHTTH repoiB „CaoBa": ,,Ha flpyrno neHt flyace paHo KpnBaBa 3ar-paBa cnoBimae npo coHne. Hopm xMapn 3 Mopa iÍAyTb, xonyTb 3a-
KpHTH HOTHpH COHn,H, a B HHX TpGMTHTB CHHÍ ÖJIHCKaBKH . . . 3eMJIH
CTorae, piKH MyTHo TenyTB, nopoxoM nojia npHnajiH. .. "; a6o: „He He floôpe 3 nepeBa jihcth onaao", „mncne TpaBa Bifl acajioôn..."
(flHB.  BHIUe) .
MncjieHHi o6pa3H „CaoBa" 3aBacflH e CHMBOjiaMH, fle 6 mh ix He 3ycTpijiH. HanpHKJiafl, HHCJieHHi mnui, npo hkhx yBecb nac 3ra-Hye cniBeiib, mp, MaÖyTb, 6yB MeniKaHneM jiicocTenoBoii cMyrn, 3 n
nOBHHMH KpHJIäTHX TBäpHH raaMH Ta pHKEMH,  03Ha^aK)Tb: „COJ10-
Beö" — BoflH cniBenb a6o paflicHHH bíchhk paHKy; 3jiobíchí „nopm raíiBopoHH" — nepeflßicHHKH HemacTfl, chmboji „noraHHX nojiOB-h.íb"; repo'inm cokojih ra Kpenein — chmbojih „xopoßpnx pycnrnB", 3aBJKflH roTOBHX flo 6oK> — „nTHip, 6hth" ; opeji — BejiH^Ha nTHn,a, chmboji noeTH^Horo HaflXHeHHa a6o bíchhk nepeMorn, mo KJin^ie
3BÍpÍB   „Ha  KOCTÍ nOJIOBei^BKÍ" . . .    TaK  CaMO  CHMBOJUHHe 3HaHeHHH
MaiOTb i 3BÍpi, i coHue, i Micanb, TyMaH, i BenipHa Ta pamniHH 3arpaBa...
JJ.ÍHCHÍCTB Maňace nijiKOM po3njiHBaeTbca b CKJiaflHia TKaHHHi no-eTH^HHx o6pa3ÍB „CaoBa": cBOGpiflHicTb „CaoBa" caMe b TOMy n noaa-rae, mp oôhabí njiomHHH, b aKHX mh cnpHHMacMo ňoro noeTHHHHH bh-Kaafl — fliňcHicTb Ta noeTHHHHii 3HaK niGi aíhchocth, oôpasoTBopne cjiobo, — oAnaKOBO Moryrato npoMOBjíaiOTb ao Hac. HnTana oAnaKOBO BpaacaiOTb i fliäcmcTb, npo aKy roBopnTB äBTop, i Te, aK bíh npo Heí
rOBOpHTb.  I  peaJIBHiCTb  i  11  noeTH^HHH  3HaK  OflHaKOBO BnaHBaiOTB
Ha Hboro. Uja Bara cpopMH mp nocHJiiOGTbca ÔaraxcTBOM íhhihx noe-THHHHx 3aco6ÍB „CnoBa". ITopyn chmbojiíkh CToaTt hhcjichhí rinepSojín, mp nepeHOcaTb hht&h& b aKycb Ka3KOBy, HaniBípaHTac-THHHy AiňcHicTb, THM caMHM 3arocTpioiOHH noro 3Íp flO peajIbHOCTH. KHa3b CßaTOcaaB, nepeMoaceub y 6opoTb6i 3 nojioBijaMn, — ne He jiioflHHa, a KOCMÍ^Ha craxiOHa cHJia, bíh „HacTynnB Ha 3eMjiio nojio-BeiĺbKy, npHTonTaB Mornan Ta apyrn, 3aMyTHB piKH Ta 03epa, bh-cyniHB noTOKH ia SojiOTa, a noraHoro Koö'aKa 3 JiyKOMOp'a Bifl 3a-JIÍ3HHX BejIHKHX nOJIKÍB nOJIOBenbKHX, hk BHxop, BnpBaB, i BnaB Koß'aK y míctí Khgbí, b rpHflHHiji CBHTocjiaBOBiS". A60 ÍTpocjiaB Ocmomhcji raaniĺbKHO: „Bhcoko chahui Ha CBOGMy 30JioTOKOBaHOMy npecToai, niflnep ropn YropcbKi cbo'ímh 3ajiÍ3HHMH nojiKaMn, 3acTy-iiHB Kopoaeßi injiax, 3äTBopHB JlyHaGBi BopoTa, Menení Tarapi 3a XMapH, cyflH Hapaflaíyeni flo ^IyHaa" i t. fl. PiopHK Ta JJtaBHfl Poc-THcaaBHH „y 3ojiothx nioaoMax no Kpoßi naaBajín". KypaHH Bce-Bojiofla „nifl TpyÖaMH noBHTi, nifl. mojioMaMH BHnjieKam, kíhhpm cnnca B3KopMjiem, uijihxh ím bíaomí, apyrn im 3HaHÍ, jiyKH b hhx
185
HaTsrHeHi, caraHaaKH OTBopem, inaôjii HarocTpeHi, caMi CKanyTb,
HK CÍpi BOBKH b riOJli, IHyKaiOHH COÔi ^eCTH, a KHH3eBÍ CJiaBH". A6o-
khä3b BceBOjiofl Cy3flajitcbKHH (HaBonacy ne Micn,e b nepeKJianj. — b cthjií nyM — IlaHaca MnpHoro):
00 BejIHKHH KHH3K), BceBOJione! npópHfi po3yM Maô — 3 najieKoro Kpaio npHJirraH,
30JIOTHH  ÔaTBKÍBCBKHH  npeCTOJI OÔOpOHHÔ!
OflHH 60 th 3MOJKem BecjiaMH Bojiry po3KponHTH,
a HIOJIOMaMH BejIHKHH JlOH p03JIHTH.
ČIk6h to th 6yB Ha ceä nac, 6paTe, —
MOHCHa 6 6yao HeBuiBHHKa no HoraTi KynyBaTH,
^ejiHflHHKa no pÍ3am nponaBaTH, 3yMÍB 6h th, ÔpaTe, 3aB3aTHx TaiSeHKÍB no cyxonpjiy
[caMocTpijiaMH nycKara ...
4. Ty caMy (pyHKniio 3aMÍHH ríhchocth noeTHHHHM o6pa30M~ BHKOHyiOTB i ,,MÍTOJiorÍHHÍ" o6pa3H „CaoBa". B „Cjiobí" Bace He~
MOJIOROl  XpHCTHHHCBKOl   HOÔH   hhbhhm   hhhom   3yCTpmaGMO noraH-
cbkhx 6orÍB, JS,o 3arajitHHx 3aK0HÍB enocy HaaeacHTb yaíHTOK míto-jioriHHHX npHKpac: aHTmmi 6orn aojkhjih b enoci np nacy KJiacn-iíH3My, noôoJKHi xpncTHHHH 3aMÍHK)BajiH iHoni „noraHCbKy" míto-
JIOriK) XpHCTHHHCBKOIO,  a pOMaHTHKH 3 neBHOK) HexÍTTK) flO aHTHH-
hocth noBHranyBajiH, hk He ôyjio npôpnx flacepeji (Hanp., y cjio-b'hh), BJiacHi HaiíioHajibHi MÍTOJiorii. HeMae cyMHÍBy, iqo „noraH-clkí" 6orn „CjiOBa" e jinme TaKi npHKpacn. CniBenb Bohh — ,,Be-jieciB OHyic", y HBapax KHa3ÍBCbKHx rHHyjio „Maimo J-Haac6oacoro OHyna", BÍTpn — „GrpHÔoau oHyKH". JJp cTapiuio'i ap6n Benp Hac onoBÍflaHHH npo KHH3a nojion,BKoro BcecjiaBa (3 11 ct., Moace nepe-Ka3aHe 3a Bohhom) aKoro 3o6paaíeHo, an napiBHHKa-BOBKyaaKy: „KHa3b BcecaaB aioan cynHB, KHa3aM MicTa HapaflaíaB, a caM bhohí bobkom ôiraB, 3 KnGBa aoôiraB np nÍBHÍB np TMyTopoKam, BeaHKOMy XopcoBi bobkom injiHX nepeôiraB". BcecaaB i b JiiTonnci Han,ijieHHn: pncaMH napiBHHKa. Xopc, MaóyTb, — coHne.
IIopyH ,,6orÍB" g ň mini nocTaTi — ,„ZLÍBa Oônna.", mp „BCTaaa b cHJiax JJaacôoacoro OHyKa, BCTynnaa nÍBoio Ha 3eMjno TpoaHOBy, 3anjiecKajia JieôenHHHMH KpnaaMH no cHHLOMy Mopi kojio ^IoHy, naemy^n nporaaaa (cnoaoxHyaa) pacHi Hacn". Kojih Irop 3 bíhcbkom 3a'ixaB np CTeny, „híh CTorne SoMy rpo3oio, nrai^i npo-
KHHyjIHCB,  cbhct 3BÍpHHHH  3HHHHBCH,  3ÔHBCH jxh.b,  kjih^e  3 Bepxy
nppeBa, BeaHTb nocJiyxaTH 3eMai He3HaH0MÍä... IIo nopa3n.i Iro-peBiô — „ynce KHHyBca /Lhb Ha 3eMaio".
186
Haäöijibin 3aranicoBHM e „TpoaH" — 3ycTpmeMo „Tpony Tpoa-
HOBy" (TpOHHÍB HIJIHX), 3eMJIK) TpOHHOBy (pyCbKy? HH „JiyKOMOp'H"
Kojio TMyTopoKani?), „cbomhh bík. Tpohhíb" (kojih jkhb kh. BcecjiaB, mp BMep 1101 p.) ra MHHyjii „bíkh Tpohhobí". Hi*ioro neBHoro npo ijboro TpoHHa cKa3aTH apci He MoaceMo. Jlernia cnpaßa 3 noraHCbKH-MH SoraMH. Ix 3rapyBaH0 i b TBopax xphcthhhcbkhx aßTopiß, Ha 3axoni, y BÍ3aHTi'í i b Hac„ Hanp., me b CTapnx „HeTtax MiHeax" (t. 3B. „CynpacjibCbKOMy pyKonnci"), b „Khh3í npeMynpocTH Cojio-MOHOB01" y AMapTojia, MajiajiH i t. n,. Ihohí npo hhx roBopHTtca, HK npo „neMOHÍB", a nacTO noraHCBKHX öoriß orojiouiyBajiH npocxo
CTapHMH KHH3HMH, BHHaxin.H,HMH, HaBÍTb p03ĎÍHHHKaMH, mo IX Map-
HOßipHe jnoncTBo no^aao nÍ3HÍnie BBaacaTH sa ,,6oriB". Tane noac-HeHHH (t. 3B. „eBreMepH3M") HaHJiinme HaaaßaaocH naa SopoTbÖH 3 peuiTKaMH noraHCTBa, mít npo öoriß" CTaBaB aeťeHapio npo CTa-poßHHHHX aioneH. I B „Cjiobí" 3ranaHo Bejieca, MaßyTb, hk nepnioro noeTa-cniBija, mo noro „OHyKOM" g Bohh, .ZJaacßora hk aKorocb CTapoBHHHoro KHH3H, inp noro „OHyKaMH" g cynacm khh3í; i Xopc, npo «Koro poMaHTHHHa MiTOJioria noMycb óyjia neßHa, mp bíh 6or COHU.H (b cTapiniifi aiiepaTypi äoro 3ranyGTbca 6e3 öjihjkhoi xapaK-TepncTHKH), MaóyTfe, TaK caMo 3poÖHBCH aereHnapHoio, ajie Bace He MiTOJioriHHOK) (pirypoio. Jlnme 3 OpnöoroM cnpaßa cKJiaflHiuia, 60 öaTBKo ßiTpiß — nocTaTB neßHo MÍTOJioriHHa. Aae hh yaBaaan iioro me ,,6oroM", hh Bace TaKoio caMOio (paHTacTHHHOK) nocTarno, hk „XUßy Oönny" (BopoaíHeny), /^HBa ? Bei bohh — rapHi noera^Hi o6pa3H, inp 6e3yMOBHo ßHpocan 3 hkhxocb naBHiniHx nocTaTeä „hhhíhoi MiToaorii'". ,,MÍToaoria" „Caoßa" — annie rapHa noeranHa npHKpaca, mp HaaeaiHTb np Toro caMoro noeTH^Horo cepnaHKy, HKHM aBTop TaK yMiao onoBHßaG Bce MHHyae ň cynacHe.
5. MoBa „CaoBa" Han3BHHaHH0 Mnao3ByHHa, aBTop 3ni6*HHH 3 HeÖMOBipHHM yMiHHHM 3 ycHKoro cnoay^eHHa caiß BHnpöyTH My-3hhhí, 3ByKOßi edpeKTH. Iii edpeKTH — aaiTepan.ii Ta pi3Hi mnii eniß-iBy^MH.
AjiiTepanii cnojiynaioTb HeßeaHKi rpynn cais b neBHy cniB-iByHHy niaiCTt: „ce strpn Ctphöohch BHynii", „nopoen noaa npn-KpbiBaiOTTs", „yace 60 Cyaa He Te^eTb cpeöpeHHMir cTpyaMH", „Ta ipenii nr»CHb noanie", „khh3h caMH Ha ceöe KpaMoay KOßaxy", „ce jih cTBopHTe Moefi cpeöpeHeö cinim-B", „CTOHTb CTH3h", „TblUHMH ryjiBi noraHbixt Tai>KOBHHT>", „pHma bt> Tpony TpoHHio", „Bfupe b-bt-pHao", „Moaonaa MT^cana", i t. 3;, — iHoai MaGMo ßiabuii KOMnaeK-;h, nepe3 hkí npoxoaHTt aaiTepaijia Ta íhihí cniB3ByHHH: „KaMO Typt nocKOHHine cbohm-b 3aaTbiMb meaoMOMt nocBi^HBaa, TaMO aeacaTb noranbia roaoBBi IIoaoBeiiKBia, nocKenaHbi caöaaMH..." — aßo: „Ob 3apaHia b"b naTOKt noTonTauia noraHtia na^KH IIoJiOBeií-
187
kbih h paccyniHCB cTpfejiaMH no nojiio, noM^aiua KpacHBin aíbkm IIojioBeiíKBifl, a c hhmh 3JiaTO h naBOjiOKBi..." Tomo.
TaK caMo cniB3Byma npoxo^HTb mofli nepe3 kopothihh bíhth-hok TeKCTy — „o6a ecst. CBHTbcjiaBJíHHa!" „Tyroio hmi Ty jih 3ane",
„Ojien, H CBHTtCJiaBt TBMOK) CH nOBOJIOKOCTa", „CßaT'BCJiaB'B H3po-
HH sjiaTo cjiobo cjie3aMH cMTjHieHo", (,,c" Ta „3" b cnoJiy^eHHi 3
„Jl" Ta „b"), „JieTHTb CTpT.JĽbI KaJieHLIH, rpHMJIIOTB caôjiH o Hiejio-
mbi, TpenjaTB noma xapajiyacHBia" („p" Ta ,,ji"), „e^nm» ace H3po-HH HceMHKttKHy n.ymy vs&b xpaöpa rfejia npecB 3JiaT0 oacepejiie" („hí" Ta „3"). Ha „Ji" 3Ôyn,oBaHO „njian HpocjiaBHH". iHonj nijii pe-hghhh 36yflOBaHi Ha tíh caMiá roJiocÍBni: ,,B nojTB OjiroBo xopoö-poe rH"B3flO,. . He öbijio oho oohjtb nopoacneHo . . . ", „pT>Ka CTyrna, xyay CTpyío hmt>h, noacBpnra nyacH py^bh h CTpyrBi npocTpe Ha KycTy, yHoniy khh3h> PocTHCJiaBy 3aTBopn Ha JJirfbnpb" („y" Ta „10"). Tani cniBSBy^mh He BHnaßKOBi, Mafiace HeMae Micn,a, ne mh He 3Ha-xoflHjiH 6 ajiiTepamí a6o íhhihx cnÍB3ByH.
Hadi noBTopeHHH THX caMHX cKaafliB a6o nyJKe nop;i6HHx cKJia-HÍb b ToMy caMOMy cjiobí a6o b hbox cyciflmx: „BceBOJioíTb, orhhti", ,,ecBT> CßaTBcaäBjihmh'', ,,3a 3eM.nK)", „TeMHo 60 ôt", ,,o6a 6arpaHaa CTji-Bna noracocTa", „cb HHMa MOJionaa", ,,Ha KpoBara thcobV, „He MHCJiiio th npejieTtTH", ,,o6t,chch chht> MBrjrfe", „cTpaHBi pajni, rpaflH BecejiH", „mbitoíhh", ,,jiejitio^H" i t. r. Ihohj 3naGTBca, mp caM BHÔip cjiíb 3yMOBaeHHÖ cnÍB3ByH:^iHM: „no J103Í10 noji3onia", „po3-niHÖe cJiaBy HpocjiaBy", a6o — „ropanioio cbok> Jiyino... acaacfleio hm b JiyuH cBnpnace", „no yHoura khh3h PocTHCJiaB-fe: yHtmia ubt.-tbi" (b iHHioMy Micn,i b tíh caMiň (popMyjii 6yjio „hh^htb TpaBa"), „Ha jioho ... Ha ôojiohh", „CTyrHa ... h npeBo ch Tyroio k-b 3eMJin np-BKjioHHjio". 3ycTpina€Mo i THnoBi HJiH cy^acHo'i HaponHoi noe3ÍI
nOBTOpeHHH KOpeHH CJIOBa: „TpyÔBI TpyÖHTB" {2 pa3H), „CBTjTB CBTjT-JIBlä", „MOCTBI MOCTHTH", ,,HH MBÍCJIÍK) CMBÍCJIHTH", „HH flyMOK) cny-
MaTH", „nTíBnie itbchb", „itbchb nonuie".
Piano i jiHHie BHnaflKOBO 3HaxoflHMo TyT cniB3By^HH Toro rany, ib;o 3anaHyBaB b nÍ3HÍniÍH noe3ii -— phmh, Hanp. —
BcecaaB^ khh3b jnoneMij cynanie, KHH3eMTj rpaflBí pHflame ...
Toryja no pyccKoä 3cmjih	p
P"btko paTaeBT. KHKaxyTB,	p-p
m? ^lacTO BpaHH rpaaxyTB,	r
Tpynia ceSfe jfrBjiane	c
a rajiHi^H cbok> pŤ>HB roBo-	
[paxyTb...	r-c-p-r
188
KOTopbiH flOTenaine,
Ta npenn nfccHb nojmie:
CTapoMy ÍIpocjiaBy, xpaöpoMy McTHCJiaBy
Ty ch Konieivľb npHJiaMaTH, Ty ch CaÔJIHMTj noTpyHHTH ...
AjiiTepanÍH 3BHHaÖHo po3BHBaeTbCH b thx MOBax, ne HeMae piiMH i HasnaKH. JlHíne b ocTaHHG ctojiítth nrryHHO cnojiynnjiHCH rqi o6h-hbí cpopMH CnÍB3ByHHH.
3aTe MOBa „CjioBa" chjibho pHTMÍ30BaHa. AßTop npcaras ntoro nonacTH napajiejiÍ3MOM 3 noBTopeHHHM cjiíb a6o 3ByKÍB, nonacTH 6e3 noBTopeHB — nepe3 napajiejiÍ3M y 6yn,oBÍ peneHB.
H TO MH UiyMHTb, HTO mh 3BeHHTb?
y>Ke cHececH xyjia Ha XBajiy, yjKe TpecHy Hymna Ha bojiio, yjKe BptjKecH JJ^in-b Ha 3eMJiio.
HH  MblCJIHK) CMLICJIHTH,
hh flyMOK) CflyMaTH,
hh OHHMa CbrJIHRaTH ...
3acTynHBT> KopojieBH nyra, saTBopHBij Aynaio BopoTa ...
A60 6e3 noBTopeHB cjiíb:
HacTynn Ha 3eMJiio nojioßen,KyK), npHTonTa xjit>mh h npyrti, B3MyiH pT,Kbi h 03epa,
HCCyiUH nOTOKLl h ÖOJIOTa ...
Torna, BpaHH He rpaaxyxb,
rajinnn noMJľbKouia,
copoKbi He TpocKOTama,
no JI03ÍK) noji3oma tojiko,
flHTjiOBe TeKTOMTs nyTb kt> p-knfe KancyTb,
cojiobíh BecejibiMH nfecHbMH cBŤ>Tb noBÍin,aiOTb ...
JlHíne HenHCJieHHi Micnn pHTMÍ30BaHÍ Ha npoTH3Í KÍJibKox peneHbi
a MOH TH KypHHe
CB"BflOMH KTsMeTH '.
non,^ TpyöaMH noBHTH,
m
nOřTB IIieJIOMtl B"b3JieJl4flHH, KOHeU/b KOnÍÄ BtCKptMJieHH, nyTH HMi BfeflOMH,
apyrn hmb 3HaeMH, jiyiijH y hhxt> HanpHHceHH, Tyan oTBopeHH, caßan H3i>ocTpeHH .,.
Bace too (paícT, mp mh no3HaxonnaH phtm anine b OKpeMHx mícu,hx „CaoBa" noKa3ye, mp aeflBe hh MoacHa roBopHTH npo „CaoBo" hk npo „Bipini". CnpaBfli, yci cnpoßn 3Haiŕra b „CaoBi" xoa 6h peniT-kh aKoicb BipniOBOi phtmíkh He BnaaHca. Aae BaacKo cyMHÍBaTHca b TOMy, mp aBTop caM yBaacaB cbíh TBip 3a „nicHio": aae np Moraa 6yTH nicHa rany penHTaTHBy 3 My3HHHHM cynpoBOAOM.
6. m.onp mobh, to BOHa BÍji;pÍ3HaeTbca Bifl 3araabHoro xapaK-Tepy MOBH HaniHX cTapnx naM'aTOK, HaBÍTb bía mobh aiTonnciß no-míthhm nocaaßaeHHaM HepKOBHocaoB'aHCbKHx eaeMeHTÍB. Aae no-nacTH pi3HHn,a mobh „CaoBa" Ta íhuihx naM'aTOK 3aaeacHTb npocTO bíh Tóro, mo „CaoBo" nopymye TeMH — KpaeBHHH, 3raAKH npo TBa-pHHHe acHTTa CTeny Tomo, — mo íx Manace He 3aamaioTB mini na-m'htkh. ToMy MOBa „CaoBa" Bpaacae Hac Hafl3BHHaÖHHM ßaraTCTBOM BHpa3ÍB. XtocHTL neperaaHyTH b „CaoBi" bcí caoBecHi nepanHH, p03CHnam npn 3raAKax npo 3ByKH: roaocn aioflefi, TBapnH, Ta 3By-KH npnpoflH. Abtop caM, BoaH „cnißaiOTb", „noiOTb caaBy CBaTO-caaBy" *iyaco3eMiii b Khgbí, 3ranaHO i cniBH ťOTCbKHX niß^ax y Kpn-mí, i cnÍBH Ha ^ynai („ß'ioTbca roaocn aepe3 Mope a° KHGBa"); 3ran,y6 aBTop npo „naaai" — „aceH pyctKHx" (ÍIpocaaBHH, MaTepi KHa3a PocTHcaaBa) ; npo bíhcbkobí „Kanni" — IIoaoBm, „aíth 6i-cobí KaHKOM noaa neperopoflnaH", noaKH HpocaaBa HepmriBCbKoro ,,KaHKOM noaKH nepeMaraiOTb"; MaôyTb, bíhcbkobhh Kana i ,,caaBa", mo ,,fl3BeHHTb" nepeA noxoAOM; nopaHem „pHKaiOTb, aKO Typn", Koao MicTa PHMOBa „Kpn^aTb niA maöaaMH noaoBenbKHMH". Po3y-MÍGTbca, aBTop 30KpeMa 3ranyG npo rpiOKÍT Ta raMip 6htbh — „cyp-MH cypMaaTb", „TpňnaTb cnnen", ,,fl3B0HHTb Meai 06 nioaoMH", a6o no nopa3iii — „cMyTHHMH roaocaMH cypMH cypMaaTb TopoAeHCbKi", „npanopH MOBaaTb" (MaôyTb, rpaioan Ha BÍTpi), „pacyTb kohí" b noxofli, b03h „Kpn^aTb oniBHom, aK po3ÍraaHi jieôepX' („KpnaaTb Tea'fcrH noayHoinbi, pnn, aeßeAH po3nyaceHH"); ayc aBTop (3Aaae-Ka), aK „A3BOHHTb pycbKHM 3oaoxoM" ťoTCbKi nißXiaTa „Ha 6epe3i CHHboro Mopa"; íhoaí AOsocaTbca ao Hboro ň 3 By k h MHpHoro acHTTa, — bíh 3raAyG npo ryKaHHa opaniß („paTaeB'k KHxaKyTb") Ta npo „A3BÍH CBaToi Co(pii" ao 3ayTpeHÍ.
190
Ajie TaK caMO noBHe rojiocaMH i jkhtth CTeny: rojioBHe 3ycTpi-aaeMo Tyi HHCJieHHHx nranb — cojiob'1 „meKoayTb", raňBopoHH „rpaiOTb" (rpanxyTt), copoKH „TpecKoayTb" (BCTpocKOTania), rajiKH „roBopaTb" (cboio pŤ>HB roBopaxyTb), 303yjia „KHaeTb", op-
jih „KJieKO^yTb"  (K JieKTOirB Ha KOCTH 3BŤ.PH 30ByTT>), nHTJIH „TCKO-
nyTt" (TeKTOM"b nyTL Kt pfcirB KaacyTb), jihchu,í „SpeinyTb", bobkh
,,BTsCpOJKaTt>''  (MOHíe „BOpOJKaTb" ? -        Bifl ,,BOpor"). -        JXo OKpeMHX
rojiociB TBapHH npHGn,HyGTbca rojioc ycici npHpon,n — „Hia cTorH© rpo30K>", Ta 36yn.JKyG nTrajt, 3eMjiH ryne („TyTHeTb") a6o ,,cTy-hhtb", Ha pyctKi nojiKH HacyBaiOTbCfi xMapn 3 rpoMOM Ta 6jihc-
KaBKaMH ...
HaBÍTb y cHMBOJiiaHy TKaHHHy CBoro BHKJiany aBxop „Cac-Ba"1 BnaÍTac 3ranKH npo 3ByKH — ,,/Jhb" KJiHne 3 Bepxy nepeBa, JJiBa-OÓHna njiemeTbCJi b Mopi jieóenHHHMH KpnjiaMH, KapHa „ujíme'* 3a nojierjiHM IropeBHM bíhcbkom, pycbKa 3eMjia „CTorHe" no nepasuj. Bin, nonin n,OHocHTbCH 3 najieHHHH hkhhcb ,,n.3BÍH", HpocjiaB ayc, hk BCTynac b 30JioTe cTpeMeHO b TMyTopoKam HeBroMOHHHH Oaer „ropncjiaBna"; cnorann npo MHHyjie Teac hí6h nsBÍH, du,o np-HocHTbca 3 anoícb HeBinpMoí Kpamn: řepo! „CnoBa" „n3B0HfiTb b npaniniBCbKy cjiaBy", n,oaÍTaK>Tb (B'iOTbCH aepe3 Mope) no KneBa. rojiocn 3 JJ^yHaio. Bce SpHHHTb — HaBÍTb „cnncH cniBaioib" (Konia noioTb). I aBTop nHTae ce6e: „hto mh myMHTb, hto mh 3BeHHTb. naBe^h paHo npe,a,t 3opaMH?" — ne nopa3Ka IropeBa!
Be3 cyMHÍBy, HHMajio ajrirepanÍH Ta cnÍB3Bya „CnoBa" MaiOTB nepenaTH 3ByKOBe BpajKeHHH Bifl híiichocth, sm „TpySn TpydaaTb" a(5o nepenaaa TonoTy KOHeíi — ,,c 3apaHÍH bi> imtokij nOTOnTaiua noraHbia njn,KH IIojiOBeHKbiíj", cnÍB3ByaaH ,,n" — „t" Bace b pHM-CbKHX noeriB nepeaaBaao TyniT KOHefi.
Aae 6yne noMHaKoio nyMaTH, mo aBTop „CaoBa" Haaae hkoícb nepeBarn o6pa3aM 3ByKOBHM. TaK caMO pacm b Hboro i pÍ3H0Ma-híthí 6apBH. JJyate ancaeHHi bohh čepen, enireTÍB „CaoBa". Bci Ma-aiOHKH ,,CaoBa" hí6h npoTKam SapBHCTHMH niOBKaMH. TJp HaiíyaioS-aemninx eniTeTÍB HaaeaíHTb „3oaoTHH": 3ojiotí b khh3íb uioaoMH, CTpeRieHa, npecToan, ciaaa, crpian, TepeM ,,3JioTOBepxHH"; aepBom -— ihhth pycbKoro BiíicbKa, hk ne óyao i b nificHOCTi, npanopn, 6yH-ayKH („aoaKa"), BapiaHT „KpHBaBHH" HanaG 3JioBÍcHoro BiariHKy onoBiaaHHio, — KpHBaBi 3opi npoBimaiOTb HemacTa; KpHBaBi paHH, bhho (bhho — KpoB), TpaBa; íhuií BapiHHTH aepBOHoro — „6arpa-hmh" (eHMBoa Baaňn), noayM*aHHH; aopm — ranBopoHH, xMapn, 3eMaa nin. KonHTaMH, KOB^pa b chí CBHTocjiaBa, — Bce 3aoBÍcHÍ 06-pa3n; chhí — Mope, ĎJiHCKaBKH, bhho — TeJK 3aoBÍcHa o3HaKa; cpiSni — aari^Hi 6epern TJ^iHi^fi (HaTOMicTb Sepern CTyrHH, b skíh yTOHyB KHa3b PocTHcaaB — „TeMHÍ")  cTpyMKH, CTapeaa CHBH3Ha Bejm-
191
Koro KHH3ÍI CBfiTocjiaBa, cnHC („cTpyjKHe"); 3ejiem — nepeßa; 6íjihh — npanop; cipnô — bobk Ta opeji (ßapiaHTH ,,ch3hh", „öycHÖ").
Ta Ha öapßax He oÖMeacyiOTbca eniTeTH „CjiOBa". Oct flajitnii npHKJianHi pycBKi khh3í — ,,BejiHKÍ", ,,KpacHi", „xpaôpi"; kíhb — ,,6op3HH" (ôhctphh) ; cTpyHH — „hchbí" ; cxpijiH — „Kajiem" (3a-rapTOBam; nojie — „HHCTe", „HinpoKe", „BejíHKe"; coHn,e — „cbít-jie"; nojiOBi^i Ta Ix xaHH — „norám"; 3BÍp — „jiiothh"; poca — „CTynena"; nyma — „nepjioBa" (aceMHwaaia) i t. j\. TaKHô phchhh bíkhtok eniTeTÍB Haranye MHCTentKi 3aco6n HapoHHo'i noe3ii, thm Ôijibine, mo oKpeMi eniTeTH 3ycTpi^aeM0 b HaponHié noe3Íí cjio-b'hhcbkhx njieivreH aac noci.
7. JleRBe ^H MOJKeMo cnonißaTHca Bin BincbKOBoro enocy ncHxo-jiori^Hoi bhtoh^ieHocTH. Ajie b „Cjiobí" 3HaöneMo i OpHťÍHaJIBHÍ cnpoÔH nonaTH o6pa3H ncHXH^HHx HacTpo'íb Ta nepeaoiBaHb. He jih-nie 3ranKH npo „panicTt" Ta „nicHi" y BHnanKy nepeMora, npo „njia*ri" Han noMepjiHMH, npo „CTorm" Ta „cjii>o3h" — HaaeacaTb no cKapôy ncHxojiorŕiHHx 3aco6ÍB aBTopa „OiOBa", He jiHine 3ob-
HÍHIHÍ XapaKTepHCTHKH, HJO 3apa30M BHKJIHKaiOTb JKHBHH o6pa3 jik>-
neii 3 Ix yciGK) nymeBHOK) CTamo:
. .. CKanyTb hk cipi bobk h b nojii, uiyKaiOMH co6i *iecTH, a khh3cbí cjiaBH...,
ajie bíh yMiG 3MajibOByBaTH i 6opoTb6y HacTpoiB, nyMOK, no^yBaHb. Mh b>kc 3ycTpmajiHcfl 3 thm MicneM, ne aBTop „CjiOBa" roBopHTb npo Te, *ioMy khh3h Iropa He 3ynHHHB Bin noxony HaßiTb 3jiobíchhh 3HaK — 3aTeMHeHHíi cohhh: „3anajiHJia ňoMy npHCTpacTb nyx*, Ta Týra CKoniTyBaTH BejíHKoro JXony 3aKpnjia Bin Hboro (3jiobíchhh) 3HaK — 3aTeMHeHHH comja: „3anajiHjia fioMy npHCTpacTb nyx*, Ta norocTpHB cepne cbog cmíjihbíctio" (nopiBHjihhs 3 MeneM, hkhh „HanpaBJííiiOTb" Ta „rocTpaTb" nepen noxonoM). no nopa3n,i Iropa ôoapaM CBHTOcjiaBa „cyM nojioHHB nyx". Y cmíjihbhx „nyMKa Hece nyx Ha niJ10"- BceBOJion y 6htbí He BBajKaG Ha paHH, "3a6yBaG necTb
Ta jkhtth, i MÍCTO HepHirÍB, i ÔaTbKÍBCbKHH 30JIOTHÖ npecTiji, i cbogí
MHJio'i npy>KHHH, KpacHoi Fjiíôíbhh jiioôob Ta JiacKy". HpocjiaBHa „niJie" no Iropa, mo ňoro BOHa BBaacac 3aÔHTHM, „cjib03H Ha Mope pano". . . Bohkh „cnoBHioioTbCH BÍficbKOBoro (paTHoro) nyxa". Eijibine MOJKHa 3Í6paTH Micnb, ne HacTpoI 3Majib0BaHÍ cHMBOjiaMH, hk tí cTpaiHHi KapHa Ta JKejia, mo „cMary Ha jnonefi MeTaioTb 3 no-jiyM'HHoro pory...". A60: „Baiui cepna b TBepniö CTajii 3aKyTi i b BÍHBa3Í 3arapTOBaHÍ". ^ochtl i ijhx HeHHCJieHHHx míciib, m,o6 6a-HHTH, mo enigma nicHa 3Hajia i ncHXOjiormHHH MajiiOHOK.
*) Crape „po3yM" Kpame nepeKJiafla™ cjiobom „jjyx" (rpenbKe „Hyc").
192
8. Jlo nyace nÍKaBHX pne „CaoBa" HajieacHTb 3HaěoMe HaM 3 ÍHiitHx naM'HTOK yjKHBaHHfl npHCJiiB'iB HH acpopH3MÍB. íx g HBa THnn: (1) 3acnÍBH a6o peíppeHH, Ta cthcjií eninm (popMyjiH, mo noB-TopioiOTbCíi nac bíjx naey — 3BnnanHHn 3aci6 b enoci pÍ3HHx HaponJB
Ta HaCÍB. JJpyíKHHHHKH b nOXOní  „UiyKaiOTb COÔi HeCTH,  a KHH3eBÍ
cjiaBH", n,ijib íx noxony — 7UH, bohu xonyTt „HannTHca hiojiomom 3 JJIoHy", BCTynaKJHH b cTen, 3ÍaxaiOTb cyMHo — ,,0, pycbKa 3eMjie, Bace TH 3a MorHJioio", nin, nac ôhtbh „pyenni bcjihkí nojia nepBO-HHMH HíHTaMH neperoponHan", no nopa3n,i (aóo nan, MepTBHM khs-3eM PocTHcaaBoM) „HHKHe TpaBa Bin, acajioÖH, a nepeBo 3 Tyroio np 3eMjii npnxHJiHaoca", čTpocaaBHa „paHo naane b nyTHBJíi-MicTÍ Ha Beaci, MOBjíann: ..." (Tpn pa3H). IIopa3Ka BHKaHKae y khh3h Cbh-TocaaBa nyMKy npo BinnjiaTy noaoBnaM, 6o „Bace IropeBoro cmíjih-Boro BincBKa He BOCKpecHTH". Bíh Kanne KHa3ÍB np noxony npoTH noaoBn;ÍB „3a 3eMjiio PycbKy, 3a paHH Iropeßi, 3yxBaaoro CßaTocaa-Bnna. . . ". IIoBTOpK>iOTbca kíhupbí (popMyjiH i b cnoranax npo mh-Hyae: „Khh3í caMti Ha ce6e cMyTy KyBajín", a „noraHi 3 ycix cto-piH npHxoflHan Ha 3eMaw PycbKy. .. ". U.i (popMyan iHonj TpoxH 3MÍHK)K)Tbca. (2) AcpopHCTHHHi peneHHa, „ceHTeHiíii", mo ix aBTop „CaoBa" npnnHcyG Eohhobí: „Ahí XHTpoMy, am inacaHBOMy. . . cyna Boacoro He OMHHyTn"; „TaacKo to6í, rojioBo, 6e3 naenefi, 3ae to6í, tíjio, 6e3 roaoBH". IIoniOHi np nboro BHpa3H sycrpinaioTLca i b íh-iuhx TBopax CTapopycbKo'i jiiTepaTypn. Hanp., npyrnS Bnpa3 noB-TopioGTbca b „MojieHH'i" TüaHHaa (n,aai — II. E). Q b „Cjiobí" Kiab-Ka peneHb rany npHcaiB'iB, mo a6o HajieacaTb aBTopoBi „CaoBa" a6o 3ano3HHeHi 3 yTpaneHHX naiw'aTOK, Hanp.:
„kojih COKOaij BTj MBITeXTj ÔBIBaeTb, BblCOKO nTHIÍb b"b36HBaeTb"
(„b-b MbiTexT^" — jiHHÄG, míhhg nip'a).
3ajiK)6KH BacHBaGTbca Tyr i 3HaiíoMHH HaM 3 aironney MHCxeub-khh 3aci6 — P03MOBH. OnoBinaHHa Be^eTbca nacTO b (popMi po3MOB a6o npoMOB: BceBOJion, BÍTac ôpaTa Iropa Ta 3BepTaGTbca np Hboro 3 xapaKTepncTHKoio cboíx „KypaH"; Irop npoMOBJíac np BiňcbKa:
Jlinnre BÓHTOMy 6yTH, aHiac nojiOHeHOMy öyra . ..,
Khh3í MOBaaTb ohhh no onHoro: „Up mog, i np Teac mog"; pycbKi aciHKH naanyTb, MOBjíann: „Yace HaM Hamnx mhjihx noaoBÍKÍB aHi flyMKOK) 3flyMaTH. . . " (i t. fl.). CßaTocaaB onoßinac ÔoapaM cbíh coh, ôoapn onoBinaiOTb fioMy npo non,ii, Toni CBHTocaaB BHroaomyG CBoe „3oaoTe caoBo" 30 khh3íb, i b nbOMy caoBi nnTOBaHo onpeMi peneHHH khh3íb; HpocaaBHa njiane 3a ^iojiobíkom, 3BepTaioHHCH no
193
BiTpy, no ^Hinpa-CjioByTHHa, flo cohu,h; Irop flHKyc JXiuupBi 3a flo-noMory npn BTem, Ta ZtmenB po3MOBjiae 3 hhm; noaoBeuBKi khh3í — T3a ra KoHHaK po3MOBjiaiOTb (3aran,KOBOK) cHMBoaiHHOio mobok>) npo cboí njiflHH njoflo Iropa ra Soro noaoHeHoro cHHa... Ta tobo-pHTb i cam aBTop SBepTaiOHHca flo HHTamB (,,6paTHG"), no ceôe ca-Moro („Hto mh uiyMHTb?"), no KHa3ÍB (nponoBaíeHHH ,,3oaoToro caoBa") ... n.a flpaMaTH3an,ifl BHKaany HaaeacHTb Teac no xapaK-TepHCTHHHHX pne „CaoBa".
9. Xoh 3 nepuioro noraany ,,CaoBo" 3flacTBca flyate cBoepin-HHM TBopoM, inp He Mae 3ß'a3Ky 3 íhhihmh TBopaMH cTapoi aiTepa-Typn, n,e He npaBHabHO. 53k flOBean flocaiflaceHHH ocTanHboro nacy, „CaoBo" Han3BH^aÖH0 iniabHo 3B'a3aHe 3 cthjiícthkoio, <ppa3eoao-rieio, caoBHHKOM cynacHoi áoMy Ta CTapimoi aiTepaTypn. Po3yMÍ-GTbca, „CaoBo" HaaeacHTb no híjikom imnoro ťaTyHKy, híhc npono-Bini a6o aíHTia, thm CHMnTOMaTHHHima fioro cnopinHemcTB HaBÍTB
Í3 UHMH TBopaMH.
rjiHHBMo cno^aTKy Ha caoBHHK „CJioBa". B „Cjiobí" g ôaraTO caiB, inp HCBinoMi am 3 ÍHiirax naM'HTOK, aHi 3 cynacHo! hem híhboí MOBH, a6o npHHaÖMHi He BacHBaiOTBca nine b TOMy caMOMy 3HaHeHHi,
HK b „CaOBÍ".
ZteHKi pinKí Ta 3ano3HHeHi caoBa, hk „mepemnpH" (aKacb bíh-CBKOBa 3Ópoa), „opTMa" — noKpHBajio, „xapajiyacHHH" — ciaae-BHH, „nara" — HeBiatHHi^a i t. fl. He 3ycTpÍHaK>TbCH öiatme Hine b CTapiH aiTepaTypi a6o 3ycTpÍHaK)TbCH flyace pinKO, aae nofliöm piflKi caoBa g b öaraTBox naM'arKax, 30KpeMa, Koan Mosa fine npo noBCHKfleHHe hchtth (nop., Hanp., Ha3BH cTpaB — I. B. 7). Imiii caoBa, pinKi b CTapiii aiTepaTypi, 3ycTpÍHaeMo b pi3HHX caoß'aH-CBKHX MOßax, 30KpeMa b yKpaiHCBKiíi Ta 11 fliaaeKTax: nop. „noTpy-HHTHca" (noÖHTHca, nomepÖHTHca) — nop. yKpaiHCBKe „BTpyna-thch"; „acaaomi", g ň Tenep b yKpaiHCBKiii mobí; „apyra" — „Hp", „apÓK", „CMara" — g b necBKiii Ta yKpaiHCBKiii mobex (nop. „cMaacn-th") ; ,,6oaoHB" — piflKe b cTapiô JiiTepaTypi, Tenep g b yKpai'H-cbKHx fliaaeKTax i. t. fl.
RexKi míciíh MoacHa pÍ3Ho noacHiOBaTH: cKpnniHHa bo3íb, Hara-nyG aBTopoßi KpHK ,,po3nymeHHx" aeöeniß. 3nacTBCH, ijiaKOM npa-BHaLHe npHnymemiH, mo b opHrmajii cToaao „po3nyacem", Bifl ,,po3nyflHTH" — po3irHaTH. Uje caoBo 3ycTpÍHeMo b hchtíi <S>eoflocia: ,,hk bobk po3nyflHTb ôoatecTBeHHe Te CTano" (^emtfB), Ta me b anc-TyBaHHi 16 ct., fle aBBÍBCBKi MimaHH acaaiHDTBca, m,o cnncKon TefleoH BajraöaH ,,po3nyflHB" aBBiBCBKe öpaTCTBO, g n,e caoBo i b necLKifi i B noaBCBKÍH mobí.
ľlepeBaaíHy öiabniicTb caiB Ta h OKpeMHX BHpa3ÍB „CaoBa" 3Haň-neMo b CTapoyKpaiHCbKÍH jiiTepaxypi, a nacTO i b cy^acHiô HapoflHiü
194
nicHi cjiob'hhcbkhx Hapofliß. Hanp.: „PycH^i" b „Cjiobí" Ha3HBa-IOTBCH — „cokojih". IH.e ^jiyťoín 3ra3ye npHBÍTajiBHy nicmo kha3io
MCTHCJiaBOBi McTHCJiaBOBHHeBi, HKOľO TaM Ha3HBa6TbCH „cokojiom".
y cynacHHx yKpamcbKHX nicHax upů. o6pa3 sochtb nonmpeHHH: „CoKOjieHbKo Ha BHJieri, K03aneHBK0 Ha BHÍ33Í", i t. 3. „Cjiobo" bh-xBajiíie cokojiíb ,,bt> m bi Text", hkí ,,He aaiOTB CBoro rm33a b oÖH3y" — y CTapiü nponoBÍ3Í npo cbathx HHTaeMo: „ M bi t h t c a ano acTpeÔH... b-B3BHiuaiOTca bt> oôjiaKH 6e3neHajiia", b noBicri npo AKHpa — „Korfla 60 cokojtb Tpexi> m bi t e ô ôBiBaerB, oht. He 3acTB ca cb rHT>3Ra cBoero b3Hth". XapaKTepncTHKy HacTpoio Boa-kíb, aK íi noflaHo b „Cjiobí" — „jiimne BMepTH, amac 3a3HaTH no-pa3KH", 3ycTpineMO i b bíôcbkobhx onoBÍ3aHHax, i b jiiTonnci, i b pe-jiirÍHHÍH jiiTepaTypi. H,Lni chmbojiítoí KapTHHH „CjioBa", Hanp., no-
pÍBHaHHa ÔHTBH 3 JKHHBaMH aÔO BeCÍJIBHHM ÓeHKeTOM,  HIHpOKO 3y-
CTpŕiaiOTBca b cTapiô JiiTepaTypi, nicm, Ta fi nÍ3HÍuie: b „Cjiobí" —• ,,Hp"BHa 3eMjia noa^ KonBiTBi koctbmh öBijia nocfeaHa a FcpoBho no-jiBaHa" — b nicHHx:
HopHa pijijia 3aopaHa, KyjiaMH 3aciaHa,
6íjihm    TÍJIOM 3bojio^ieHa,
i KpoB'io cnojiomeHa ... XMejiBHHHBKHH nonaB (... 3eMJiio kíhcbkhmh KonHTaMH opara),
KpOB'K) MOJIflaBCBKOK) nOJIHBaTH . . .
B poMam npo .ZJiťemca ôHTBa — KocoBHua, b Biojiií — atHHBa, TaK caMO y <I>jiaBia i t. 3. B yKpalHCBKiö nicHi IlepeĎHOHic —
... B3HB jiaxaMH,  aK CHonaMH, no 3Ba paRH KJiacTH .. .
BHTBa b „Cjiobí" -— (BecijiBHHH) 6eHKeT; TaK caMO i y <£jiHBÍa — „hí6h Ha BecijiJia hihjih Ha ÖHTBy", a b yKpaiHCBKiö nicm:
JXoôpe flöaUTe, 6ap30 rasaoie, Í3 jiaxaMH nHBo BapHTH 3aHHHaHTe. JIh3cbkhh COJ103, K03anjBKa B03a, jiaflCBKi 3poBa, K03aHBKÍ Tpyaa .. .
TaKHx napajiejiB wtoJKHa HaBecra Maönce 30 KOJKHoro o6pa3y, 30
KOÍKHOl KapTHHH „CjIOBa".
10. TaK y „Cjiobí" 36iraioTBca cthjiícthhhí ejieMeHTH cTapo-BHHH01 bíhcbkoboí noBÍCTH Ta HaBÍTB Biöjiii, a nopyn Toro „Cjiobo" BHnepe3JKye crajiicTHKy yKpaiHCBKOí HapoRHOi nicHi. BejíHKoio cno-
195
KyCOK) g 3pOÔHTH 3 H.BOrO CpaKTy BHCHOBOK,  mo  „CjIOBo" CBÍflHHTB
npo icHysaHHfl b 12 ct. HaponHo'i noe3ÍI 3 thmh caMHMH o6pa3aMH, mo h cynacHa HaponHa nicHH. B xaKOMy noBroMy TpHBaHHÍ noerira-HHX o6pa3ÍB, TeM Ta cpopM — HeMa HÍnoro HeMOJKJiHBoro: cynacm „CTapHHH" HOHecjTH np 20 ct. cioHceTH, TeMaTHKy, iivieHa enocy 11-12 ct., b caMOMy „Cjiobí" 3Haxon,HMo BÍnroMÍH ťoTCBKoro enocy npo Byca-Boo3a (7 b. no P. X.), mo jkhb y>Ke KÍJiBica ctojiítb nepen,
THM. Ajie He MOJKHa HÍflK ROBeCTH,  mo  „CJIOBO" LUPCB n03HHHJIO 3
Hamoi cTapoBHHHoií HaponHoí noe3Íi. „Cjiobo" — TBip, 6e3yMOBHO, nmpcBKoi noe3Íí, He HaponHoii. <3>opMa yKpaÍHCbKoi nicHi, hk MOJKHa 6aMHTH, b 17-18 ct. 3a3HaBajia Han,3BHnaHHHX BnjiHBÍB iuTyMHo'i noe-3il ôapoKKa; i b íhihhx Kpamax HaponHa noe3Ía, 3BHHanHO, ninjia-jiara BnjiHBy noe3Íl bhiuhx BepcTB. OTJKe, „Cjiobo" panuie MOJKe CBiRMHTH npo tí njKepejia, 3 hkhx nepnajia CTapa yicpaiHCBKa HaponHa noe3ÍH — npo CTapníí nmpcBKHO enoc. Ajie i TyT, Ha acajiB, 6yBinn ghhhhm TBopoM uBoro rany, „Cjiobo" He Motfce Hac nepeKO-HäTH, mo BecB enoc 12 ct. Ma b tí caMÍ (popMH, mo „Cjiobo". Otjkc, MycHMo npHHMaTH „Cjiobo", ak Han3BHHaiiHo umaBy Ta Kpacny cto-pÍHKy CTäpoBHHH, 6e3 3aÖBHx ranaHb npo cynacHnö ôoMy enoc Ta HapoRHy noe3iio.
JlBipcBKHH xapaKTep „CjioBa" noTBepnjKycTBCíi TaicojK no-niÖHocTHMH míhí HHM i 3axÍRHÍM CTapoBHHHHM enocoM. LüpnpaBna, nofliÖHOCTeä He TaK ÖaraTo. CTHCJia (popMa, Han3BHHaHHe 3rymeHHH noeTHHHoro MaTepÍHJiy, HaKynneHHH (popMajiBHHx npnicpac on,pÍ3-hag ,Cjiobo" Bin. 3axinmx 3pa3KÍB, uinpoKHX Ta nacTO 3aHan,To mho-rocjiÍBHHX. HaHÔjiHJKHe np „CjioBa" cto'ítb „BeoByjiBtp", CTapoaH-rjiiöcBKHH enoc 8 ct., {ppaHny3BKÍ noeMH npo nonppoJK Kapjia Be-jíHKoro np riajiecTHHH Ta KejiBTCBKHÖ enoc, ocTaHHiň 30KpeMa cboímh HHCJieHHHMH ajiÍTepan,ÍHMH. OKpeMÍ o6pa3H, oKpeMÍ Micqa 3aHanTo 3arajiBHÍ, moo roBopHTH npo 6jih3bkíctb (repoí — cokojih, opjín Ha nojii 6htbh, onncH 3Hp6hhí, ôHTBa — 6eHiceT, KpoB — bhho, Biin,i chh, rojiocÍHHfl, CTpyniyBaHHH pocn, CMepTB Jiinina bír nopa3KH to-mo). Cthjiícthhhí 3acoÖH „CjioBa" — noBTopeHHS, hí6h pecppeHH, rpa HaTHKaMH, HenpMOBjíeHHH, ajiÍTepann, — xon i 3HaxonaTB neBHÍ HenHCJieHHi napajiejii b CKaHnÍHaBCBKHx carax, ajie cnojiynem 3
TaKHMH  BaJKJIHBHMH  pÍ3HHn,ÍIMH,  mo   „CJIOBO"   H  HOCÍ 3aJIHinaGTBCH
ycaMÍTHeHHM TBopoM He jiHine b CTapopyCBKÍíi, a ä b eBponencBKÍH jiÍTepaTypi.
IcTopiio „CjioBa" Mo>KeMo npocTejKHTH jinine b nynce 3arajiBHnx pHcax. riHcaHo öoro MaôyTB no noBopori Iropa 3 nojiOHy He nÍ3-HÍnie 1187 p., 60 Toni BMep HpocjiaB Ocmomhcji rajiHUBKHH (3a HKoro TyT 3raflyGTBCH hk JKHBoro), ajie i He pamme 1187 p., kojih chh IropH BojionHMHp noBepnyBca 3 nojioHy. Mojkjihbo, mo aBTop
196
onoBinaHHH řípo noxin, y KniBCtKOMy jiiTonnci kophctebch „Cjiobom", ajie cxojkocth Tyr Jinuie HeBejiHKi.
Abtop „CjioBa", MaöyTb, MHCJiHBen,b Ta bohk, 6o ajK HaflTO nacTi b Hboro o6pa3H 3 MHCjiHBCTBa Ta BiöcbKOBoro jkhtth. Bíh — jik>-AHHa He Jinuie 3 jiiTepaxypHHM cMaKOM i TajiaHTOM, ajie ň 3 JiiTe-paTypHHMH ÍHTepecaMH, bíh 3Hae i ciapno enoc i icTopiio CTapnx KHH3ÍB (3 enocy hh jrironHCÍB?). Bíh HaHHTaHHö y cTapiä jiÍTepaTypi
- CBÍTCLKÍH i flyXOBHÍH.  BÍH  6jIH3bKHH flO  KHH3ÍBCbK0r0 KOJia, -
He jierKO 3HaTH KÍJibKa necfrndB khh3íb Ta Mara HCHe yaBjíeHHa npo KoaíHoro 3 hhx. HaHMOBipmine, m,o bíh — npyHCHHHHK, mojk-jihbo, yaacHHK noxofly. BncnoBJíiOBajiHCJi 3npran.H, iho bíh HaBÍTb 6yB qjieHOM KHH3ÍBCbK0i poflHHH. Miř bíh 6yra i HepHÍrÍBi^eM a6o
KHHHHHOM, - 3aHaHTO BJKe BejlHKy pOJIK) HaflaG BÍH KH. CBHTOCJia-
bobí KnÍBCbKOMy; ajie Mir 6yra TaKoac rajiHHaHHHOM, ohhhm 3 thx, mo npHHHiJiH b cynpoBoai «oHbKH HpocjiaBa OcMOMHcjia no hfiopy Iropa TOMy bíh BHXBajiKe HpocjiaBa OcMOMHCjia. Hafli;ÍKaBÍnioK) ÍHflHBiflyajibHOK) pHCOK) aBTopa e noro naTpioTH3M, fioro JKHBe no-HyTTH ho „PycbKoi 3eMJii" (ho hkoí bíh, 3naGTbCH, He 3apaxoByG HoBropona). IIaTpioTH3M Horo, mpnpaBfla, cnojiy^eHHH 3 neBHHM HHHacTHMHHM noayTTHM no pony „CTaporo BoJIOHHMHpa". B kojk-HoMy pa3Í, TBÍp ňoro Mir HaHÖlJibHie po3paxoByBara Ha ycnix eepeH
^JieHÍB KHH3ÍBCbKOÍ pOHHHH Ta HPy^HHHHKÍB. Ajie n,e Bee JIHUie 3HO-
rann, xo^ i He njjiKOM 6e3nincTaBHÍ.
/Jajibnia rojih „CjioBa" TeMHa. 3anncaHe boho Mycijio 6yra cko-po no cKJianeHHÍ, 60 npi6Ha Ta HemacJiHBa BnnpaBa npoTaroM ni-jiHx flecHTHjiÍTb He Moraa HÍKoro nmaBHTH. Ajie, hh 3anncaB fíoro eaM aBTop xa hh 3anncaB 6e3 3míh Ta CKopo^eHb?
„Cjiobo" noTpannao Ha nÍBHÍH 3 OHHoro 6oKy ho IIcKOBCbKoi 3cmjií, TaM 3 HbOrO pOÓHJIH hpíôhí BHnHCKH — b anocTOJii 1307 p., b jiÍTonHci 1514 p., i caMHÖ pyKonnc, mo ôoro BTpaneHo 1812 p., Mac Ha co6i acKpaßi 03HaKH ncKOBCbKoi mobh (3MÍniyBaHHH „í" ra „n," Tom°) Ta 03HaKH nÍ3Hboro npaBonncy; ghhhhh pyKonnc, mo floacHB ho 19 ct., MyciB noxoflHTH 3 16 ct. Ajie onHHHJiocH „Cjiobo" i Ha nÍBHÍHHOMy cxoni 14 ct. „Cjiobo" jrarjio b ocHOBy ,,3anoHiHHHH" — noBicTH npo nepeMory MocKOBCbKoro BÍňcbKa Han napeM raTap-CbKHM MaMaGM — nncaHOi, híôh, pa3aHn,eM, nepepoÖKa He nyJKe BHaaa Ta ny^e noraHo söepeaceHa.
Ha Yicpami Tpannma „CjiOBa" 3racjia, MaöyTb, n°CHTI> paHO b HecnpHHTjiHBi hjih JiiTepaTypn 14-15 bb. „CnoBa" He bhíhb yace HaHHTaHHH y BiöcbKOBiö Ta íhihíh jiiTepaTypi aBTop rajiHUbKO-Bo-jiHHCbKoro aÍTonncy. Ajie UHTyc „Cjiobo" aBTop noxBajín kh. Oct-po3bKOMy 3 p. 1515.
197
BiuianKOBo HiimiJia no Hac u,h entma b cBOGMy poni nepjiHHa CTapoi noe3ii. I npci Bona e no^acTH 3aran,K0B0io, xoh cToprma npa-UK HocjiiflHHKÍB i npnoMarae HaM no neHKO'i Mipn 3po3yMÍTH Ii njijib-HHH 3b's3ok Í3 CTapoK) jiÍTepaTypoK>.
€. TaTapcbKa Hasajia
1. TaTapcbKa HaBajia, cnonaTKy nepuiHä Hanan,, mo 3aKÍHHHBCH HemacjiHBOio 6htbok) 1223 p. Hap; KajiKOio, a noTÍM, nicjiH cnycTO-
nieHHH niHrmo-cxinirix KHH3ÍBCTB, —- Hanan, Ha Khib 1240 p. -Bifl-
ÔHjiacH He jiHHie b nponoBinnx Ta jiítohhchhx 3anncax, a i b OKpe-
mhx   noBiCTHX,   HKÍ,   inpnpaBna,   piHHIJIH   30   HaC   TaKOJK   TijlbKH B
CKJiaai jiiTonHciB, ajie noxoflHteHHa hkhx hk caMOCTÍHHHx TBopiB ■— 6e3cyMHÍBHe. B CTapoyKpai'HCLKÍH jiiTepaTypi bíh, d;hx tbopíb 3ôe-perjiocH HeßaraTo Ta h to b nepepoÖKax. B rajiHnbKO-BojiHHCbKOMy
JlÍTOnHCi onOBiflaHHH CTHJlicTHHHO   li i JI K O M   3MÍHeHO, JIHHie OKpeMi
BHpa3H HaranyiOTb npo ix CTapy dpopny.
2. OnoBiflaHHH npo KajiKCbKy ôHTBy jiinnie 3ÔeperjiocH b Cy3-HajibCbKOMy jiiTonnci, b rajiHHbKO-BoJiHHCbKOMy boho CKoponeHe Ta HonoBHeHe naHHMH npo khh3h .ZJaHHJia. Cy3najibcbKe onoBinaHHH, íiMOBipHO, KniBCbKoro noxonHceHHH, 60 aBTop paxye poKH 3a khh-jkíhhhm KniBCbKOro khh3h McTHCJiaBa PoMaHOBH^a. JXo nepBicHoi dpopMH onoBiflaHHH HajiencaTb, neBHo, edpeKTOBHi non/poönui, iqo BKpanjieHi b onoBinaHHH, nncane b jiiTonncHOMy cthjií. Ochobhhh 3MÍCT onoBip;aHHH: BejíHKa BiöcbKOBa BHnpaBa npoTH TaTap nicjín HeBejíHKOÍ nepeMorn KrnnacTbca cTpaniHOK) nopa3KOK). OnoBinaHHÄ nepeßijibniye: „pycbKe" bíhcbko npn nepenpaBi nepe3 /ÍHinpo áne ,,hí6h no cyxy", 60 bch Bona noKpHTa HOBHaMH; KÍJibKa khh3Íb bíp,6h-BaK>TbCH Tpn nm Bin. TaTap y „roponi" 3 bo3Íb. Ycix nojiOHeHHx khh3Íb TäTapn nepeayniHjiH — noKJiajiH na hhx rohikh Ta cíjih Ha hhx 06i-na/rn. B niBHÍHHHx TeKCTax y onoBÍn,aHHHx npo önray 3ran,yeTbCH 3arHÖejib  „Öararapiß"   (,Zlo6pHHi, Ajibohií,  hkhx 3ByTb ,,pH3aH-
n,HMH").
3. OnoBinaHHH npo pymy KneBa rejK 3ycTpi*iaeTbCH b pÍ3HHx jiÍTonHcax. B rajiHH,bKO-BojiHHCbKOMy boho rem oöpoöJieHe aBTopoM Giorpadpü b nyci Soro BjiacHoi cthjiícthkh. HaHBpa3JiHBÍnii míciíh He 3naiOTbCH opHťmajibHHMH. Ochobhí momchth onoBinaHHH Tam:
EaTHH HHByGTbCH p03MÍpOBÍ Ta KpaCÍ KHGBa;  „i OÖJIOJKHB mícto ...
I He MOJKHa 6yjio Hyra Bin, CKpimiHHH bo3íb Soro, BejiHKoro peBy Bep6jnonÍB noro Ta ipMcaHHH KOHeö íioro", mo roBopHTb y míctí. TaTapn po3ÖHjiH MicbKy criHy — „i MOJKHa Ôyjio 6anHTH jiaMaHHH chhcíb i pyöaHHH ľ^htíb i cTpijiH 3aTbMapHJin cbítjio". Khhhh 060-
198
poHHJiHca b THMHacoBOMy yKpinjieHHÍ kojio nepKBH cb. Eoroponiini, ajie ctíhh 3aBajinjiHCH, i mícto ocTaTOMHo Bnajio. ^aHHJioBoro bog-Bony ZÍMHTpa, nio xoni npaBHB míctom, TaTapn He 3a6njin 3a „noro MyjKHicTb". OnoßinaHHa Haranyc cTHJieM Khibcbkhh jiiTonnc 12 ct. IÍHTOBaHi míciih noBTopioiOTb a6o HocHcpa <í>jiaBÍH, a6o Bißjiiio (npn-xifl Acypa = accnpinnJB no ITajiecTHHH i t. n.).
OapHHa npo KajiHHa-napa (II. JX. 5) Mac b cyiacmn (popMi Micu;a cxoaci 3 onoBiflaHHHM, mo Teac Moace cbíhmhth npo fioro naBHicTb.
4. OÔHflBa HeBejiHHKi TBopn npo TaTapcbKy HaBajiy n,ÍKaBÍ thm, mp b hhx MaGMO cnpoôy yTBopHTH hkhhcb hobhh THn jiiTepaTypHoro TBopy, hobhh jiiTepaTypHHŽ ťaTyHOK. Uje 3aoKpyrjieHe onoBÍnaHHa npo icTopn^Hi nonľi, mp He Hajieacnrb po HKorocb „Jirroimcy". Ono-BinaHb noniÖHoro xapaKTepy He öyjio naBHiine. Yci HaM bíhomí ok-peMi onoBinaHHa 3 thx ^aciB, — g TBopaMn pejiiriimoro xapaKTepy aôo ocBÍTjiioiOTb nojrii cBÍTCbKo! icTopii 3 peairinHoro norjiany (na-npnKJian,, onoBÍnaHHa npo 3a6nTTa khh3íb). Gahhhh bhhhtok onoBÍnaHHa npo ocjiinjieHHa khh3h BacHjibKa — Teac He KOHrjeHTpyc yßarn Ha íctophhhhx nonjax, aBTopa nmaBHTb jinnie ocoôa khh3h. ÍIkí He Majii Ha po3MÍp o6og onoBÍnaHb npo TaTapcbKy HaBajiy, ajie
BOHH IíÍKaBÍ flK TBOpH   h O B o T O   T h n y.
IIohhh aBTopiB oôox onoBinaHb ycnixy He MaB. Bifl ni3HÍniHX naciB po Hac ne nifinijio híhkhx HacjiinyBaHb Ix. lHoHaHÖijibnie Ha niBHteHoMy cxoni nocxac b 13 ct. oKpeaia noBicTb npo CMepTb Baran (HaBeneHa b jiiTonncax nin. 1247 p.).
JR.  /'Jita TBopn cyMHÍBHoro noxonaeeHHa
1. G KijibKa naM'htok, mp i'x npHHajieaoricTb po CTapoKHiBCbKOi Ao6h 6e3cyMHÍBHa, ajie HeacHnô nac Ta, 30KpeMa, Micn,e ix nocTaHHa. Mn 3ynHHHMoca Jinnie Ha hbox HaoopHťiHaabHiniHx, cTapoyKpaÍHCb-Ke noxopaceHHa hkhx He BHKJíHKaG BeanKnx cyMHiBÍB.
IlepniHH TBip — TaK 3BaHe „MojieHHG" (IIpoxaHHa) /JaHHjia OaTo^HHKa)". — íle híôh npoxaHHa aKorocb .ZJaHHjia po KHa3a, ím'a aKoro b pÍ3HHx BÍnnncax naaťaTKH pÍ3He. B KoacHOMy pa3i, np -— híôh IlepeacaaBCbKHH KHa3b, ajie aKoro ílepeacjiaBa — nißneHHoro HH nÍBHÍHHoro (Cy3najibCbKoro) — HeneBHo. HeneBHHn i *iac noxo-naceHHa TBopy. PÍ3Hi apcjiinHHKH BinHocaTb Soro po nacy míhc 11 ra 13 ct., ajie Jien.Be hh raip TaKoro CKJiannoro cthjiio Mir nocTara Bace
B 11 CT. PyKOnHCK BCi HOBÍnii -       16-18 BB.
3míct „MojieHHa" — híôh npoxaHHa, ajie aBTop He roBopnTb BjiacHe 30bcím, npo mp bíh npoxac, Ta 3aMÍcTb „mojichhh" to BHXBa-
199
jiae KHH3H, to noaaG HOMy HHCJiemii nopaan, jsft peni, He ayJKe chc-TeiviaTHHHo BnopaRKOBam. B Ton nac, HK cTapi RocjiiflHHKH HaMara-JIHCfl BCTaHOBHTH, Hpo mp, BJiaCHe, npOCHTB ,ZJaHHJIO (ZlaHHjia, Tpa-
annia 3Be me ,,3aTOHHHKOM", híôh 3acjiaHHM KyancB Ha niBHiq — Ta fljiH n;iei na3BH HeMae niacTaB b TBopi caMOMy), xto bíh TaKHH,
AO HKOl CyCnijIBHOl BepCTBH BÍH HajieHCHTb. „MojieHHG" e CyTO-JlÍTe-
paTypHHÍí TBip, npH3HaneHHH 30BCÍM He rjix neBHoro khh3h, a rjih. HHTana, xto 6 bíh ne 6yB. „MojieHHG" 3B'a3aHe 3 KÍJitKOMa jiÍTepa-TypHHMH ťaTyHKaMH. nonepnie, boho nofliÔHe, Hanp., ao BipuiíB-npoxaHB BÍ3aHTÍHCBKHx nHCBMeHHHKÍB <E>eaopa IIpoapoMa Ta Mh-xafíjia Tjiíkh, mp HanncajiH nepuinn — KÍJiBKa BipuioBaHHx jihctíb-npoxaHB, a apyrhh — oaHH TaKHH jiHCT ao BÍ3aHTÍHCBKHX ÍMnepa-TopiB. noapyre — u,e 3ÖipKa ceHTeHHÍH, nofliÖHO ao „BaJKOJín" a6o nacTHH ,,l36opHHKa" 1076 p., jiHuie ni ceHTeHU,ii BCTaBJíeHo b JiiTe-paTypHy paMKy npoxaHHa. üoaiöHHMH 3ÔipKaMH g i noBHamiH Eiôjiii („ITpHCJiiB'a Cojiomohobí" Ta „Kmira CnpaxoBa"). IIoTpeTe — ne nopaaa KHa3eBÍ, TejK THnoBHH raTyHoK (nop. „TaGMHHino TacMHHnB" — III, 7): „nojiinníHTH" npaBHTejia 03Hanajio nojiinuíHTH cycnijiB-ctbo! CaMa cpopMa ceHTeHnľi HaaaBajia CKa3aHOMy neBHoro aBTopn-TeTy, 30KpeMa kojih poôhjihch nocHJiäHHH Ha aBTopiB, hhm KijiBKa pa3ÍB KopHCTyGTBCH i aBTop ,,MojieHHfl". npHraaaíiMo pojiio ceHTeH-
H. M y jiiTonHci Ta iaeoJiori^HoMy nepeKjiaflHOMy poMam (EKCKypc
I. T. 6. 5-7).
<E»opMa 36ipKH ceHTeHniii npHBejia a° Toro, mo „MojieHHG" ne-penHcyBani 6e3 mok aonoBHioBajín Ta nepepoôjnoBajiH, noaoaaBajni ao HBoro TeKCTH 3 reorpacpiHHHMH Ta ocoöobhmh ÍMeHaMH, qo fi npn-Boanjio ao xh6hhx Ta ay>Ke pÍ3H0MaHÍTHHX npHnympHB npo *iac Ta Miene nocTaHHH TBopy Ta npo öoro aBTopa.
2. Kojih niainaeMO ao „MojieHHa", hk ao TBopy cyTojiiTepaTyp-Horo, to 3BepHeMo yßary Ha Haa3BHHaÔHy pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍcTb öoro CKJiaay. TyT i TeKCTH 3 cb. IlHCBMa: „JKaaaio mhjiocth tbogh, aKH GJieHB HCTOHHHKa BoaHoro", ,,B03pH Ha nrana HeôecHHH, hko hh efc-
K)tb,  hh JKHyTB,  hh bt> JKHTHHHa  COÖHpaiOTB,  HO  ynOBaiOTB Ha mh-
jiocTB BojKHio", ,,BcaK"b bhrht y apyra cynent bo ohhk), a y ceöe HH 6peBHa He bh3ht", aBTop npocTO nocHJiacTBCH Ha napa Cojiomo-Ha („Cojiomoh TaKO JKe pe*ie"), na ITcajiTHp („^aBna"), UHTyc khh-th IoBa, Cnpaxa, Icaio i t. r., sraaye napa G3eKÍio, KHa3a BHXBa-Jiae b oaHOMy Mieni cjioBaMH „IIíchí niceHB". IIo3HHae bíh UHTaTu 3i CTapo'i jiiTepaTypH, 30KpeMa 3i 3ÖipoK, mp yBÍHinjiH b CKJiaa 36ip-HHKa 1076 p. (Hanp., „OrocjioBeiiB" TeHHaaifl), 3 ,,<E>Í3Íojiora", MOJKe i 3 „AKHpa IIpeMyaporo", a rojioBHe 3 íhhihx 36ipoK ceirreHU,ÍH (xoh „Erhcojih" bíh, 3aaGTBca, He 3Hae). I^hm iHjiaxoM noTpanHjiH ao HBoro, MaôyTB, TaKi piflKi ipiTaTH, aK UHTaTa 3 y*ma ApicTOTejia
200
— TeocppacTa Toinp. ^acTHHy tckctíb MorjiH noflOflaBara nÍ3HÍmi nepenncyBaai. riopyn nboro e ceHTeHH,ii°, no3Haem 3 jiítohhcíb a6o ícto-pH^HHX nepeKa3ÍB: khíi3l. PocTHCJiaB híShto cKa3aB „aynine 6h mh CMepTb, HeacejiH KypcKoe khjUKeHUG*' (3a jiiTonKCOM n,i cjioBa cKa-3aB KHH3B äh^piä BojioHHMHpoBHq IlepeHCJiaBCbKHH); „3jiaxoM 60 Myacen 3o6pbixT> He 3o6y3enib, a MyjKH 3JiaT0, h cpeôpo, h rpanoB Aoöyflenib" — 3a jíiTonncoM khh3b Bojio3hmhp cb. cKa3aB, iup „cpiö-jiOM i 30JIOT0M He nicTaHy npyjKHHH, a flpyHiHHOK» flicTaHy cpiöJio Ta 30J10T0". HaBOflflTb neHKi pyKoroicH TaKoac HeBiflOMy 3 íhhihx nacepeji ceHTeHijiio „CBHTocjiaBa, CHHa OjibHonioro" (10 ct.). G TyT i HHMajio npHCJiiB'iB THny nonyjiHpHHx; cyTo-HapoflHHx hí6h HeMae, xoH 30 3aTepTü HaponHoro xapaKTepy Morjio cnpHKHHHTHCH nppKOB-He 3a6apBjieHHH mobh TBopy; Hanp.: He Kopaöejib TonHTb jiionHHy, a BiTep; paca IcTb 3ajii30, a neaaab — 3yx jiiohhhh; Mopa He BHHep-naTH onojiOHHKOM („ynojioBHeio"); He íb 6yB 3 nicny Macaa, a Bin, K03Jia MOJioKa (rpenbKe npncaiß'a roBopHTb npo „nraae" a6o „Ky-pa*ie" MOJioKo). U,e — „MHpcKHe npH^ra". ĽU,e: pan He pnöa, lacaic
— He 3BÍpHHa, xto JKÍHKy cjiyxae — He hojiobík. J\o rany HapoflHHx 30TenÍB HajiencaTb i „reorpacpiam": „KOMy IlepeacaaBab, a MffB To-pecjiaBjíb" (npHranaHMo „Oaera ropncaaBHaa" 3 „CjiOBa o hojikv IropeBi"). MaöyTb nepenncyBaai 303aan híbhíhhí reorpacpinm naa-bh: „KOMy BorojiioöoBo, a mhí rope jiiOToe", „KOMy Efcaoosepo, a mh* aepHfee cMOJibi", „KOMy Jlaae o3epo, a mhí MHoro naaaa hc-nojiHeHo". — JXesiKi ceHTeHnií 3ycTpÍHeMo i naJieKo nÍ3HÍnie, Hanp., y CKOBopoflH -— aBTop „MojieHHH" Ka»ce, mp SoMy jiinme Bony nHTH y KHH3H, aHÍJK Men y 6oap,—■ y Ckobopo^h — „JIy*rae mhí cyxap 3 Bonpio, HeacejiH caxap 3 6Í3010". A60 aBTop „Moaemia" roBopHTb npo jiioneH, mp „xHTpaTb Ta My3paTb" npo nyacy 613y, a npo cboio S He no3yMaiOTb, mp Haraflye „MopaJib" oflHoro 3 aiTonncHHX ono-BiflaHb npo BOjixBa, mp He nepesöaaaB BJiacHoI 3arHÔejii (nop. I. B. 4). y CKOBopoflH — BÍflbMa, mo 3Hae, mp poÖHTbca b ayacHx 30Max, a npo cbío He niKayGTbca. íle me aHTH^hhö mothb. IIphcjiíb'h npo Te, mo Jiinnie 3ajii30 BapHTH, híhí 31 3jiok> jkíhkoio híhth, 3ycTpi-nacMO i b Bipniax iepoMOHaxa KjiHMeHTia b 17 ct. (annie i 3 Hboro — „híjk jKeHy 3ay y^nra") i t. 3.
CeHTeHH,ií, „ťHOMH", npHcaiß'a — 33eöijibinoro e BHTaraMH 3 n,ianx ieTopifi, aacTo KasoK. MoacaHBO, mo ô „BapHTH 3aaÍ3o" — HaTHK Ha Ka3Ky npo loniKy 3 coKHpn. CaMHŽ noaaTOK Harasyc naTeraaHHM tohom Ta 3BepHeHHaM 30 „ôpariií" noaaTOK „CaoBa o noaKy IropeBi": „BocTpyöHM yöo, öparae, aKH b 3JiaT0K0BaHHyio Tpyöy, b-b pa3yM-b yMa CBoero h Ha^rneM-b 6hth b epeöpeHHbia ap-raHbi -— bo H3BT>cTHe MynpocTH, h y3apHM b ôyÔHbi yMa CBoero, noiome b ôorofloxHOBeHHbifl CBHptan, 3a BOcnaaaioTca b Hac 3y-
201
inenojie3Hi.iH iiombicjibi". Ty? rapHnfi napajiejii3M: Tpyöa — „pa-3yM yMa"; „aprami" — „Í3BÍCTHe MyapocTH"; „öyÖHH" — „yM";
„CBHpijli" - „nOMHCJIH".  EÍJIÍ>IHÍCTB npHCJIÍB'lB 36yflOBaHO HK flBO-
HjieHHi dpopMyjiH: ,,Hx ace 60 pH3Bi cbítjibi, t-bx h peqH HeCTHbl" — TaK HíajiieTBCH aBTop Ha 3arajiBHy noBary, HKy 3HaxoanTB y cbítí oaraTií. iHoai aBO*uieHHÍCTb dpopMyji nijiKpecjieHo pHMoio:
Jloßpy rocnoflHHy cayaca, aocayaíHTca CBOÓoaBi,
a 3Jiy rocnonHHy cayaca, aocayacHTca öojinrae paôoTbi.
KoMy IlepeHCJiaBaB, a mht> TopecjiaBaB , ..
OSpaTH Týny mhjiocth TBOea Ha 3eMjno xyflocTH Moen . . .
Moace HaŘnÍKaBime (popMajiBHo, mo 3ycTpinaeMo TyT Tairi caMi aai-Tepan.ii, hkí hem 3HafioMi Bace 3 aiTonncy:
EoraT Myacb B03rjiaroaer M-B03 b ch MOJiHaT h caoBo ero flo oöaaK B03Hecyr; b-m-bo3 a y6or MyacB B03raaroaeT, m-bo3
TO BCH He Hero BOCKJIHKHyT .,. B-H-h-BOC He 3pH Ha MH, H-3-H-M
aKH BoaKTj Ha arHeu.a, a-H-a
ho 3pH Ha MH, h-3-H-M
ano Mam Ha MaaneHija ... m-h-m
3míctom „MoaeHHe" g, hk 3ranaHO, npoxaHHa, mp BHMaraG Bia KHH3H anuie b 3araaBHHx (popMax „MHaocTH", yßarn, naM'aTi, nopa-TyHKy Bia 3jiHaHÍB i t. fl. nopyn BHXBaaeHHH KHH3H Ta nepaca-BH — b TOMy caMOMy „ťHOMiHHoMy" cTHai — „3aaTo Kpaca aceHaMT., a Tbl, KHHace, aioaeMt cbohmtj", „Kopaöaro raaBa kopmhhktj, a tbi, KHaace, aioaeMt cbohmt>", ,,rycaH ctpohtch nepcTBi, a rpaa Hauib TBoeio nepncaBOK)" i t. a. — He ayJKe ranôoKi 3araaBHi mo-paaBHi noBHaHHH aJia khh3H. ZÍochtb HiHpoKo roBopHTBca npo noTpe-6y Mara „Myapnx" aopaauis, mo hí6h me BaacaHBiini, Hiac bíhcb-ko; BHxBaaHGTbCH MyapicTB Ta „KHHHíHoe no^HTaHHe"; KopoTuie npo 3anx hcíhok (MaßyTB, noSH^eHe, Moa<e ň nepenncyBanaMH aoaaHe); npo aepHeiTTBo „6e3 noKaHKaHHa". HanpHKÍHn,i 3'aBaaGTBca ine, —
Ma6yTB, BÍ3aHTÍHCBKOrO nOXOaíKeHHH -        o6pa3 cnopTOBHX HH HHpKO-
BHx BnpaB nepea „noraHHMH caaTaHaMn" — canHe Micn,e, m,o ne
BHTpHMyG „rHOMiHHOrO" CTHJIIO HJaorO TBOpy.
Hk cKa3aH0, HeacHoro noxoaHíeHHa Ta HeneBHoi aoßn, nen TBip, b KoacHOMy pa3i, HaaeacHTB ao CTapoi aÍTepaTypn Ta cto'ítb y híh
202
nopya íhuihx TBopiß cßiTCbKoro xapanrepy, hk nmaßa naai'aT-Ka MHoroôiaHoro BÍ3aHTÍäcbKoro BnjiHBy.
3. 74pyrHH TBip HeBiflOMoro aacy Ta Micija noxonaceHHa nyace cBOGpin,HHÖ. H,e — ,,Cjiobo AnaMa b neicai no JIa3apa", anoicpH(pia-HHH TBÍp 6e3 BiflOMHX ayaC03eMHHX 3pa3KÍB, O Tate, MaöyTb opHťiHajib-hhh. Xoa niSnioB bíh y pyKonncax 15-18 ct., noro npcainHHKH (<I>paH-KO, IlepeTu;) yBaatawTb, rop bíh nocTaB no 12-13 ct. 3míct noro cno-pi^HeHHH 3 „GBaHrejiieio HHKonHMa" ■— onoBÍnaHHa npo cxonaceH-hh XpHCTOBe b neKJio. Ajie BHKjian, npCHTb CBOGpiflHHH — cnoaaT-Ky JjtaBHR cnisaG panicHy nicHio, noayBinn npo HaponateHHa Xpnc-TOBe, Ta npo HaöanateHHa Toro MOiieHTy, KOJiH 6yn,e 3pyHHOBaHe neKJio. Jlajii ťín.e po3MOBa npopoKÍB Ta npaonjiB. Kojih HaoanatacTb-ca BocKpeceHHH JIa3apeBe, to An.aM nocHJiac aepe3 Hboro cboI noKa-hhhí npoxaHHH Ha 3eMJiK> 30 XpncTa, Kmenb — caaia icTopia cxo-nHceHHH XpHCTa 30 neKJia — 3ôeperaaca Jinnie b noniKonateHOMy BianHci.
4. B „Cjiobí" n,ÍKaBHH naa Hac He tíjibkh 3míct, a rojiOBHe <pop-Ma — chjibho pHTMÍ30BäHa MOBa Ta cHJia noethahhx o6pa3ÍB. noaa-HaGTbca „Cjiobo" 3acnÍB0M ( b ycix pynonncax noraHO 3ôepeaceHHH), wß Haranyc noaaTOK „MoaeHHa", a noTi&i noaHHac „cniBaTH" n.ap JlaBHfl:
„3acnÍBaHMo Becejio, npyatHHO, niceHb cboron,HÍ,
naaa BinKaaniM Ta noTiniMocb" —
MOBHTb jHaBHfl y npeicnonm&i neicai chhähh,
HaicaanaioaH MHorooaHTi nepcTH (Tan!) Ha hchbí CTpyHH
i B^apHB y rycjia i mobhb:
„H,e aac BecejiHH HacTaB,
np npHHinoB flenb cnacemia!
Bo ayio Bace nacrapiß, mo rpaiOTb y BepTeni,
ix rojioc npoxoflHTb CKpi3b neiteatm Bopora.
Í AO ByX Moix AOXOAHTb.
Hyio Bace Tynir nepcbKHX KOHen,
HKHMH napn Be3yTb BOaXBH
B13 CBoix n;apÍB napeßi HeÖecHoiny, hhhí HaponaceHOMy Ha 3eMai...
A noro mh, ApyacHHO, 6araTo rhíb HenajiH...
Horo MaTH-nÍBHH,H
cnoBHBac neaioniKaMH,
mo bíh caM cnoBHBac He6o xMapaiwH,
a 3eMaio TyMäHOM ..." (cxoace b KnpHjia TypiBCBKoro).
SOS
npOpOKH CKapJKaTtCH:
A XTO MOJKe Bin, Hac HoMy BÍCTB npHHecTH? BopOTa MÍflflHi,
Bepei 3ajii3Hi,
3aMKH KaM'flHi,
KpinKO 3anenaTaHi... 3BopyniJiHBa CKapra AnaMa, 60 bíh i ôoro Ham.an.KH b Ty3i híh
i b oÖHfli ôaraTo jiít ...
KopoTKHH aac cbítjio TBOG 6aHHB, a ne Bace coHna TBoro npecBÍTJioro He 6aay 6araTO jiít, am 6ypi BÍTpy He ayio . . .
Eoace, He oaan&io npoMeHHCToro TBoro coHH,a, aHi ÖJiaroflaTHoro TBoro CBÍTjia, Tyra Hac oxonnjia, 3 acaaio Hamoro mh 3acMyaem...
I o6pa3 cniBija, mo noKaanae najiBui na „jkhbí" cTpyHH, Haranye „Cjiobo o nojiKy IropeBi", i caM noaaTOK — „ce 60 Bpeivťa Becejio HacTa" — „yace 60, ßpaxie, Heseceaaa ronHHa BtCTaaa", a6o „Tyroio oflepjKHMBi ecMBi" — ,,Tyra yMt nojioHHJia", „Yace, rocnonn, He bhhhmTj CB^T03apHoro TBoero coaHua" — „Yace ne Bnacy BJiacra CHJibHoro h öoraToro ... 6paTa Moero" — ,,MHoro jií/rt b< ooh^t. ecMBi" — „oÖHffB nopoacneHo" — ue n.pi6m sóirn. Ajie saraJiBHHH toh neBHHx aacTHH Haranye i „Cjiobo o nojiicy IropeBi" i „njpyaaiH-Hy" enmHy Tpanninio, any 3ycTpiaaeMo b neaKHX Micuax jiítohhcíb. „Cjiobo Anaivra" 6yao BinoMe Ha YKpaim ia, 3naeTbca, 3HaHmjio bíh.-ryK roe b KnpHjia TpaHKBiaioHa CTaBpoBeubKoro.
5. Memn uiKäBi íHmi TBopH, npo am MoíKHa ôyjio 6 Tyr 3ra-naTH. PaHime 3aayaaan moni 30 cTapoyKpalHCbKoi aiTeparypu „Cjiobo o nornoeai pycbKoi 3eMjii" 13 ct., m.o neaHM Haranye BCTyn no rajiHiĺbKO-BojiHHCBKoro JiiTonHcy. Tßip HeBejíHKoro oôcary Ta, sin Tenep Moaoia Maßace 3 neBHicTK) CKa3aTH, e jiame BcrynoM 30 cbítcbkoí ôiorpacpii kh. OaeKcaHnpa HeBCbKoro, iho nocraaa Ha nÍB-Hoai. Hobíthí npHnym.eHHH panaHCbKHX npcainHHKÍB, m;o aBTopoM n,iei 6iorpa(pii e aBTop ôiorpacpii kha3íi 7J(aHHjia TajiHiibKoro (b Ta-aHB;bKO-BoaHHCbKOMy aiTOHHci) híjikom 6e3nincTaBHÍ.
20Jf
Ihhihz, 6e3yMOBHO cxapnii XBip — „Cjiobo Knpnaa cpiaocotpa" npo „Xmíjib", opHťiHajibHHH (popMOK) -— caru „Xmíjiíj" onoBinac npo nHHBtTBO. D,eH Tßip, 3 „KnpnaoM (piaocotpoin" (cjiob'hhcbkhm mícío-HepoM) Heivrae mnoro cnijibHoro. npo fioro noxonaceHHa Baaoco cKa3axH ih,ocb neBHe Ha niflCTaßi ni3Hix pyKormciB. ^o Toro pyKonncn
HaCTO MaiOTB pHCH nÍBHÍHHOÍ pOCÍHCbKOl mobh.
3. JliTepatypa npaKTHHHoro npH3HaHeHHa
1. TBOpH   npaKTHHHOrO   npH3HaneHHfl,   p03yMÍGXBCa, nOCTaiOTB
i npoTHroM cxoaixB 12-ro xa HacxynHHX. ,2[eHKÍ 3 hhx 3H0By Haae-acHXB xon KopoxeHbKO 3raflaxH b icTopii KpacHoro nncBMeHcxBa.
MaöcxpoM MoaHTOBHOi TBopnocxH g HaííaminHH nponoBiflHHK apÖH, Knpnao TypiBCBKnä. Howry HaaeacaxB MoaHXBH Ha BBecB xnac-fleHB, m;o 3aaHHiHaHca y BacnxKy npoxaroM flOBrnx cxoaixB. Ha ko-aceH neHb npH3HaneHo no Tpn a6o noxnpH MoanxBn; nofliaeHi 3a neHHHMH cjiyacöaMH BoacHMH xa 3a hhhmh THacHa. B Henijiio MoanT-bh 3BepHeni no CnacHxeaa xa Tpinrji, b noHeniJioK — no aHroaiß, y BÍBxopoK — no cb. IoaHa XpHcxnxeaa, b čepeny — n° Bojkoi MaTepi i x. h- Hicaa KoacHoi MoanxBn fine „noxBaaa", a Ha kíhijí — nyMKH npo CMepib, cxpaniHHfi cyn xa ManSyxHG acnxxa. KpiM Toro, KnpH-aOBi npnnncyBaHo „noKaaHHnn KaHOH". Ochobhhh HacTpiä MoanxoB — noBHa HeflocxoHHicxb aionnHH nepen oßannnaM cBaxoro. JIionuHy Kapnao 3MaabOBye b cxam noBHoro 3aHenany, 3 aKoro HeMac imnoro BHXony, hk Boaca aacKa, no hkoi Knpnao i 3BepxaGXBca. Ocb ypHBKH .*
Ha He6o OHHMa nonHBHiHca He cmíio: 60 xiao nopamiB 3jio6ok>,
am pyK niflHeciH no bhcoth: 60 noBHi anxoiMaHHa,
aHi ycxa BinKpnxn Ha MoanxBy: 60 Bin 3aoi mobh sainnanca,
3ÍnxHyxn He Moacy Bin caM03BeanneHHa,
cepíne oÖxaaiHB tohhoio i'aceio,
nyiuy 3axBMapHB HeMHaocepflHM,
Tiao 3acaa6nB amomaMH,
Horn cnixKHyaHCL nepe3 KaMiHB aioöoBH n° Hacoaonn,
Byxa BinKpHB RJisi cayxaHHa KopoxKonacoBoi noxBaan,
jinije bkphb 6e3copoMHÍcxio,
CMopin Molx flia nonyBaioxB HÍ3npi moi,
Beet a — aK nepeBO HenainHe,
a6o aK xpaM nopoacma ...
3aOnÍH MOGl nyniH KpHGTBCH b Cepiji MOGMy,
neKawHH BinnoBinHoro nacy,
60 6anHTB MeHe He oropoflaceHoro MoanxBoio,
xa cxpeMHTB Maanň MaexoK mogi Bipn noKpacxn...
205
Knpnjio npoxaG b Eoacol JiacKH 3axHCTy, chjih onaaicaxH cboi rpixH,
BHJlÍKyBaTHCH, BÍflHOBHTHCH Ta OCBHXHXHCH, flOnOMOm IipOTH BOpOra
flHABOJia , .. MOJiHTBH — bhhb acicexH^Horo CBixorjiany Ta Hacxpo-iB KnpHJia, acicexa-nonBHacHHKa, bhhb cnpaBacHboro pejiiriÖHoro
JIÍpH3My.
riopyq acKeTHHHHx mojihtob KnpHjia 36epirca 3 12 cxojiíxth „KaHOH" CB. Ojii>3Í, nHcaHHH MOJKJiHBo xeac KnpHjioM. Ile — no-
XBajIbHHH KaHOH 30BCÍM ÍHIUOrO CTHJIKJ Ta HaCTpOK). IIoxBajiH OjIb3Í
cnoay^em 3 noxBajiaMH XpncxoBi Ta EoroponHni. Abtop npHHocHxh CBaxifi „noxBajibHi kbíth". Cßaxy Cvrtry nopiBHioGXbca 3 „po3yMHOio ßaacojioio", mo 3jiÍTac Ha icpnjiax, nocpiÖJieHHX oxpnineHHaM Ha najiBMy („(pHHHKb") npöpo^HHy tohto. Tßip nnxac ypoHncxHM pa-
fliCHHM HaCTpOGM.
I b noxBajiLHOMy KaHOHi i b MOJiHTBax HHMajio rapHHx noexHH-HHX o6pa3ÍB, mo xapaKTepH3yioTi> i nponoBini KnpHjia. Hanp., „yace ßßHh cxHaaGTbca, i cohikí Bimye ronHHy Be^ripmo", rpixoBHi bmhh-kh jnoflHHH — „3Jii MHTapi, mo cnaaxb öijia BopiT HeöecHnx" Toinp.
2. 3ajiHHiHBca ohhh TBip 6orocjioBCbKoro xapaicxepy, i Bin, n,py-roro cJiaBHoro b 12-My bíití nncbMeHHHica KjiHMa CMOJiaxn^ia. lie — Soro jiHCT no Xomh. Čík noBinycMoca 3 eaMoro jracxa, ne ■—- jiHiue ohhh 3 jihctíb KjiHMa. XoMa 3aKHna,B Kjihmobí, mo bíh yBaacac ce6e 3a „<pijioco(pa", mo bíh y cboíx TBopax cnnpacTbca na „roMepa, ApicTOTejia xa IIjiaxoHa" Ta inyicaG caaBH, cxaBuiH MHTponojiHTOM (oxace, ancx nncaHO no 1147 p.). Kjihm nnxaB jracxa Xomh, cBoro CTaporo CMOJieHCbKoro cniBynHa, KHa3eBi l3'acjiaB0Bi Ta íhiuhm ,,no-CJiyxaM" Ta poönxb cnpoôy b jihcxí, mo tjíhuiob po Hac, cnpocxyBa-TH 3aKHRH Xomh. 3ranye Kjihm npn nbOMy i npo cbíh aaBHiniHH jihct po KH. PocTHCJiaBa CMoaeHCbKoro, pe bíh BHnpaBnyBaB cbog npna-Ha^eHHa Ha MHTponojíHTa PycbKoro 6e3 ÔJiarocjioBeHHa Itapropon,-cbKoro naTpiapxa. OTace, jihct niicaBHH yace thm, mo nepeHocHTb Hac b aTMoccpepy „jiřrepaxypHoro acHTTa" 12-ro Biicy, BKa3yc Ha toíí íh-Tepec, hkhh BHKJiHicaaH npnncH ßorocjiOBCbicoro xa nepKOBHononi-
THHHOrO 3MÍCXy b xom öh h HeniHpOKHX KOJiaX npH KHa3ÍBCbKHX HBO-
pax. ToMep, Apicxoxejib i IIjiaxoH Moace ň 6yjin bíhomí Kjihmobí 3 rpeHbKHX opnríHaaiB, aae neBHinie jrame Í3 3ÖipoK iraxaT; b Koac-HOMy pa3i, KopHCTaHHa hhmh cBinHHXb npo npcHXb BÚibHe cxaBaeH-Ha po ,,CBÍxcbKoi jiixepaTypn".
JiHCT  KjiHMa  II,ÍKaBHH  i  CBOÍM   ÔOrOCaOBCbKHM   3MÍCXOM. KjIHM
e npnöiHHHKOM Toro CHMBoaiHHoro BHTOBManeHHa cb. IlncbMa, aKe 6aHHMo nÍ3HÍme b Knpnaa TypiBCbKoro, mo Soro BH3Ha^HHM npen,-cxaBHHKOM b 18 ex. 6yB CicoBopona. HaB'a3yiOHH Ha (popMy nnxaHb xa BinnoBiaen, aKy 3ycxpi*iaGMo Bace b neaiCHx ^acxHHax 36ipnHKa 1073 p., Kjihm nonac BHxoBMa^eHHa *mcjieHHHx xeiccxiB cb. ITncbMa
206
„no TOHKy": Bee b cb. uhcbmí Mae He jiňme „6yKBajiBHHH", ceÔTO jiiTepajibHHÖ, ajie h rjiHOnimi, 3axoBaHHň ceHc. Hkiuo HHTacMo „Ilpe-MyApicTb yTBopHjia co6i xpaM Ha ceMH CTOBnax", to IIpeMynpicTb € Bor, xpaM — jnonHHa, cím cTOBniß — cím coóopiB. KopHCTycTBca
KjIHM b CB01X BHTOBMa^eHHHX MÍJK ÍHHIHM BHTOBMaHeHHflMH TeOflO-
pmi KHpcBKoro Ta InojíiTa, anoKpncpaMH, jíiTepaTypoio rany ,,4>i-3io;iorÍB", „OjieKcaH3pÍGio". IIoeTHHHi onoßinaHHa npo ajiKioHa (3h-MopoflKa), exioHa — MopcBKy TBapnHy, mp nepen^ysac öypio, ca-jiflMaHflpy toihp, npHKpainyioTi. npfi TBip, inp híhihob 30 Hac, Ha acajiB, jiHHie b nepepo6n,i aKorocb hchi^h AcpaHacia. 3naeTBca, mp CHMBOJii^He BHTOBMa^eHHa cb. IlHCBMa 6yjio BJiacTHBicTK) Khibcbkoí
IIIKOJIH  b npOTHJieaíHÍCTB  ÍHHIHM HanpaMaM,  HaBľTB  0(pÍD;ÍHHÍH TOfli
Tenii BÍ3aHTÍHCBKoi n;epKOBHoí 6orocjioBÍi.
JIhct KjiHMa 6yB He ghhhhm TBopoM, iup HacjiinyBaB BÍ3aHTÍo-CBixy (popMy nHTaHB-BiflnoBifliB. ni3HÍine n,a (popMa BnjiHHyjia ä Ha HapoAHy caoBecHicTB (nyxoBHy niCHio). ^o pěni, nemo Bin KjiHMa 3ajiHHiHaoca i b ohhíh HOBroponcBKiík naM'aTiji, TaK 3B. ,,3anHTaH-häx KnpHKa" (necB Miac 1130-56 pp.) - Ue — 36ipKa nHTaHB nepKOB-HO-npaKTH^Horo xapaKTepy. 3anHTyc aKHÖcB KnpnK, BinnoBinaiOTb HOMy 3ne6ijiBina GnncKon HOBroponcBKHÖ Hn(poHT, aae fi mini, m. íh. „Kjihm", — MaöyTB, toh caMHii Kjihm CMoaaTHH.
JliTepaTypna (popMa JiHCTa KaHMa Ta „3anHTaHB KnpHKa" (no-ckíjibkh Ha hhx BinnoBinac Kjihm), Ha acajiB, He MoacyTB h&m Maii-ace Hinoro CKE3aTH npo jíiTepaTypHe BMÍHHa Kjnnvra: b oöox MacMO cnpaBy jiňme 3 nyMKaMH, a He 3 (popMoio BHKJiany nepßicHoro TeKCTy.
3. JXo HeBiflOMoi HäM no3a thm ccpepn jíiTepaTypHoro aíHTTa ne-peHocHTB Hac „nocjiaHHa" aKorocB l30CHMa no AnacTacii. BHnaBeuB nocaaHHH, CoöojieBCbKHH, yBaacaB, iup Tßip „I3 o c h m a" b híôchocth noxoHHTB Bin „C hm a Ha" (CnMOHa) — onHoro 3 äBTOpiB üaTepHKa, a AHacTacia — g Ta KHarHHa AHacTacia-BepxycjiaBa, 3 aKOio Ch-moh 3a BjiacHHM fioro cBinneHHaM jracTyBaBca. FiocaaHHa KOMniaa-THBHe. Abtop Haranye cboíh „nyxoBHÍH noHip", inp g ^epHHijeio, npHKjiann cBarax aciHOK (cKJianeHO 3a „MmeaMH" Ta „IIpojioroM"), a noTÍM Haranyc npo CTpauiHHH Cyn (BHKopHCTaBiUH onHy npono-BinB CnMOHa MeconoTaMCBKoro). B KoacHOMy pa3i, „nocJiaHHa" íh-(popMyG Hac npo xapaKTep Toro npHBamoro noBnajibHoro jihc-TyBaHHH, mp rpac b icTopi'i noôoacHOCTH 3BHHaHH0 BH3HäHHy pojno Ta npo HKe mh b CTapin YKpaiHi no3a uhm MaSace HÍnoro He 3HacM0.
4. üpoBanHTBca R&m npana nan KOMnijiaTHBHHMH íctophhhhmh TBopaMH — „XpoHorpacpaMH" (hhb. I. 3. 5). PÍ3HÍ ix THnn BHKopnc-TOByioTB aßo nepeBaacHo rpenBKi xpoHiKH („Ejihhcbkhh Ta Phm-cbkhh JÜTomiceiiB", nepma penaKDjia noro KHiBCBKoro noxon^ceHHa,
207
flpyra — 13 ct. — Cy3flajibCbKa), a6o Bißjiiio („lOfleöcbKnö xpo-Horpacp"). He 3'acoBaHo, hkhm xpOHorpacpoM KopncTaBca aBxop öiorpatpii kh. /JaHHjia (bíh 3raflyG xpoHorpacp Ta, 3flaGTbca, yacHB öoro) — n,e MyciB 6yTH TBip opHrmaabHoro THny.
3a icTopnnHHH Tßip MoacHa BBaacaTH TaKoac „ToaKOByio na-aeio" — KOMeHTOBaHHH BHKaafl Graporo 3aBÍTy flo AaBHfla 3 noae-míkok) npoTH loneficBKoi peairii. Hmobípho BOHa nocTaaa b 13 ct. (xon fleaKi BneHi BBaacaiOTb íí 3a flaaeKO pamniHH TBip). He pamine kíhuh 13 ct. nocTajiH Ha öiaopycbKiö TepHTopii „CaoBa cbhthx npo-POKÍb", ib;o npoflOBacyHJTb TeHfleHu,iio „naaei" Ha aajiBinoMy MaTe-piaai.
5. JXemo BapTo 3raflaTH i b raay3i nepKOBHoi Ta CBÍTCbKo-npaK-THHHoi* aiTepaTypH. H,e nepeBaacHo ancTH icpapxiB. JXo CTapiiunx na-M'aTOK HaaeacaTb nocaaHHa «J>eoflOcia (ÖMOBipHo ,,<í>efloca-rpeKa") flo KH. l3'acaaBa II (12 ct.) npoTH KaToamuTBa Ta b cnpaBi nocTÍB. Pamine npnnHcyBaHo ix cb. 4>eoflOcÍGBÍ. ni3HÍini nocaaHHa MHTpo-noaHTÍB nncaHO Bace b Cy3najii.
lOpHflHHHi naM'aTKH, roaOBHe „rpaMora", nmaBi flaa icTopn-Ka aiTepaTypn moboio ia fleaKHM nopiBHaabHHM MaTepiaaoM flo na-m'atok KpacHoro nncbMeHCTBa.
I. 3HaneHHH jirrepaTypn CTapoKHa3ÍBci>KOÍ floÖH
1. Moace 3flaBaTHCa, mo npaCTapa airepaTypa He Mac flaa Hanioi cynacHOCTH BeaHKoro 3HaneHHa Ta He Maaa öoro h aaa 16-17 bb., He KaacynH Bace npo „BiflpoflaceHHa" 19 ct. IHpnpaBfla, HepiflKo no-CHaaioTbca Ha CTapy aiTeparypy Ta KyatTypy b cynepenKax 3 thmh. xto cyMHÍBaeTbca b icHyBaHHi yKpaiHCbKoi aÍTepaTypHoi, KyabTypHoi Ta Han,ioHaabHOÍ Tpaflnn,ii. Aae ne e apryMeHT cnpaMOBaHHÖ 3ne-ôiabnia npora noraHo noimpopMOBaHHx nyaíHHniB. A caMi yKpamni, mo KopncTaiOTbca uhm apryMeHTOM, hh 3HaiOTb b o h h floßpe CTapo-yKpa'ÍHCbKy ařrepaTypy? Ha acaab, He 3aBacfln, He 3BaacaionH Ha niKiabHy ocBÍTy. BHKaaan CTapoi aiTepaTypn a6o 3aHaflTo cneniaab-hí (rpynieBCbKHH, Bo3hhk) a6o n,iaKOM noöiacHi i 30 Tóro Manace He 3ynnHHioTbca Ha cyTO-aiTepaTypHHx BaacTHBocTax CTapoi aiTepaTypn, BHKaaflaioHH anine ii flaa Haninx cynacHHKiB nacTo Maaoni-KaBHH 3MÍCT. ToMy HepiflKo HOBOflHTbca nyTH HaBÍTb BÍ3 „o6opoHnÍB" yKpaiHCbKoi aÍTepaTypHoi TpaflHn,ii, njo, KpiM „CaoBa o noaKy Irope-bí" (npo HKe, Ha acaab, nonyaapm Ta flHjieTaHTCbici TBopn po3noBcro-
flHaH HHMajIO  CyMHiBHHX,   a to h  IpaKOM xhôhhx BiflOMOCTeÖ), He
3acayroBye Ha yßary MOflepHoro HHTana. A TaKHH noraafl g BaacHe HeťyBaHHaM yKpaiHCbKoi aÍTepaTypHoi Tpaflnnii,
208
Tum qacoM icTopHHHa TpannHÍH g 3'flBHine BejiHKoi Barn. BoHa e HHHHä b Hamiä cynacHOCTH, HaBiTt kojih mh Ii Majio noMřqacMO ľa CBinoMo He njieKacMo. Kpi3b yci hojiíthhhí ra Kyjibxypm 3míhh icTopHMHe MHHyjie He^yiHo hjih Byxa npoMOBjiHG po kojkhoi jiionHHH. B cynacHOCTi hhhhí He jiHHie tí penmen, mo b paMKax HaponHoro noöyTy Ta dpojiKJibopy npoTpHMajiHca npoTHroM cTOJii/rb no Hanioí npön. IIpoMOBjíac MHHyjie i Hepe3 3BHHaHHÍcÍHbKy MOBy noBCHKneH-
HOrO JKHTTH, npOMOBJIHG boho i Hepe3 yCÍ 3MÍHH Íp,eOJIOrÍH, npOMOBJIHG
BOHo i b Haq,ioHajibHOMy xapaKTepi, hkhh bhpoÖhbch nip BnjiHBOM ycix MHHyjiHx enox i íctoph^ihhx noniö. h He nyMaio, nio nefi ,,Ha-poflHHÖ xapaKTep" jierKO npcjiinHTH Ta BH3HanHTH HayKOBHMH dpop-MyjiaMH: HaBnaKH, h HaBiTb Maio npHHininoBi cyMHÍBH mono mohí-jihbocth TaKoro pocjiipmeimsi Ta TaKoro (popMyjnoBaHHH, He jrame pjiH nauiHx hhíb. a h B3arajii. Ajie neíi Haii,ioHajibHHH xapaKTep g
Ta „HeBÍ^OMa" CHJia, IHO BHHBJIHGTbCH B yCbOMy JKHTTÍ KOJKHOrO Ha-
pony, b fioro ycnixax Ta Hem,acTax, b fioro po3BHTKy hh ninynani.
1. Po3yMÍGTbca, Haööijibnie 3HaneHHH MaioTb n,jiH BHpoôjieHHH HairioHajibHoro xapaKTepy Ta íctophmhhx chji, iiio BnjiHBaiOTb i psLJii, caMe ÔJiHCKy^i, BejíHKi enoxn MHHyjioro.
2. JlŕrepaTypa 11-13 bb. i g b icTopii yKpaÍHCbKoí KyjibTypn op-HOK> 3 TaKHx BHpimajibHHx KyjibTypHHx enox. ITopyn He'i Moace CTaTH JiHHie 16-17 bb., p e jih th bh o naaeKO hhjkhí, a nonacTH 19 bík,
BnjIHB HKOro 3'HCOByGTbCH i THM, hio bíh G JiHHie HeaaBHG MHHyjie.
CaMHÖ dpaKT xpHCTHHHÍ3au;ii KpaÍHH i 6e3nocepenHÍH 3a hhm
P03BHTOK HIHpOKOl OÖCarOM Ta TJIHOOKOl 3MÍCTOM í KpaCHOÍ (pOpMOK)
jiiTepaTypH bhhbhb i BHyTpiniHi mohíjihboctí Hapony i fioro 3n,i6HÍCTb 3acBoiTH híhhoctí nyacoí Ta bhih,oí KyjibTypn. Ilefi KyjibTypHHH po3-kbít Kyp h BaacjiHBiuiHH, amjK THM^acoBmi hojiíthhhhh Ta roenonapcb-KHH thx ^aciB. KniBCbKa np6a 6yjia npHcpHaHHHM YKpaiHH po Tpa-nniiií eBponeficbKoro KyjibTypHoro cBŕry.
3paGTbCH, HHTaneBi MycHTb yace 6yTH hchí bcjihkí ycnixn cjio-BecHoro MHCTeiiTBa cxapoKHH3ÍBCbKoi noon: po3BHTOK mobh, jiiTepa-TypHoro CTHJiio Ta 3acBOGHHH jiiTepaTypoK) neBHoro KOMnjieKcy 3a-rajibHOJiiopiCbKHx TeM. JJp peni, Moaoia 6yjio 6 ninKpecjíHTH, mo pe-nepTyap aixepaxypHHx xBopiß b CBOGMy xapaKTepi, a nonacxn i b koh-KpeTHHx TBopax BinnoBinaB Ha3araji jiixepaxypHOMy penepxyapoBi JiiTepaTypH paHHboro cepenHbOBÍHHH Ha 3axoni. Illnpoxa Ta pÍ3Ho-MamTHicTb jiixepaxypHoro penepTyapy cxapoí YKpamn BpaaiaioxB, HaBiTb Tenep, kojih ßaraxo XBopiß 6e3yMOBHo BxpaneHO. I h,h nyxoBHa ninroxoBa, paHHH np3pijiicxb, He Morjia 3aTepTHCH h npoTnroM MeHiii macjiHBHx KyjibTypHo cxopŕq. CaMe xpanimiH cTapo'i Jiixepaxypn 3po-ÖHJia MoacjiHBHM i HecnoflÍBaHHH, xoH i He TaKnfi OJiHCKynnfi, hobhíí P03BHTOK Ha MeHíi 16-17 bb. Ta 3HOBy Ha íhihíh mobhíh ochobí b 19 B.
209
HJKaBjiHHHCH MHHyjiHM, po3yMÍ6TBca, He Tpeöa 3anjiKHnyBaTH o^eö i Ha BHyTpiuiHK) híhhíctb RocarHeHL tígi a6o Tie! enoxn: Kpaea Ta npHHaRHicTij öaraTBOx TBopiß 11-13 bb. g oö'gkthbhhh cpaKT.
3. IIpoTe, KOJKHa 306a Mac cboí cjiaöocTi Ta cboí xh6h. CTapo-KHH3ÍBCt>Ka flo6a, nonpH bcí cboí TBopni ycnixH, 3ajiHUiHJia HeBHKO-pHCTaHOK) moHafiMeHHie ojmy rajiy3B KyjiBTypHoi tbophocth, h^íjil-ho noB'fl3aHy b tí nacH 3 JíiTepaTypoio — HayKOBy fliajiBHicTB. Jlniue He3HaHHi peniTKH fliÖHijiH flo Hac bír HKHXOCB Tenep yjKe HeacHHx no^aTKÍB 11: He po3BHHyjiHca am cnpoon caMocTiÖHoro ôorocjioBCB-
KOrO  MHCJieHHH   (KjIHM  CmOJIHTHh),   aHÍ  nO^aTKH  CBÍTCBKHX, „30b-
íhiuhíx", hk Tofli Ka3ajiH HayK. TyT He Miene roBopHTH npo npn-*ihhh ijiei cjiaÖKocTH CTapoyKpamcBKoi KyjiBTypn. B KOJKHOMy pasi,
BOHH  BaJKKO  n03HaMHJIHCH  Ha  HaCTynHHX  CTOJliTTflX:   KOJKeH KpOK
y nio rajiy3i icynyBaBca BejiHKHM HanpyjKeHHaM Ta noMHjiKaMH i He-noTpiÖHHMH yxHjiaMH b6ík. JliTepaTypa 6yjia nepeBajKHo ccpepoio pejiiriÖHHx Ta ecTeTH^HHx eMon,ifi, a He flyMKH. — Epaicyc b CTapiä jiiTepaTypi me oahígí ccpepn, ccpepn cyô'cKTHBHHx, 30KpeMa epoTm-hhx nepeacHBaHL. Jlnine HaTaKH Ha Hei 36eperjiHca b pOMam npo .ZUremca, b „Cjiobí o nojiKy Iropeßi" („njia*i" SpocjiaBHH), b Tpo-aHCbKiS icTopii, b „OjieKcaHjrpiľ', HaBÍTt y ReaKHX onoBÍRaHHax na-TepHKÍB (MoHceik YrpHH y „üe^epcBKOMy naTepHKy"). Mojkjihbo,
mO mothbh CyÖ'GKTHBHOrO XapaKTepy BHKOpHCTOByBaHO JIHHie b He-
nHcaHHx TBopax, npo iCHyBaHHa hkhx 3HacMo 3 pecpjieKciß cTaporo enocy b cpoJiKJiBopi: mothbh cyö'cKTHBHHX epothhhhx nepeJKH-BaHb 3ycTpinaGMo b „CTapHHax" npo Hypnjiy, npo CojioB'a ByflH-MHpoBH^a, MojKJiHBo, ns,o nncam TBopH TaKoro xapaKTepy 3arHHyjra Mepe3 He3po3yMÍHHa aöo HeraraBHe CTäBjieHHa flo hhx nÍ3HÍniHX nepenncyBaniB, rojiOBHe hchd;íb. Ajie ro Hac ríhiujih Jiňme TBopn, b aKHx cyö'GKTHBHi nepejKHBaHHa MaiOTB MaöjKe bhkjhohho pejiirin-hhh, 3piflKa cyTo-MopajitHHH xapaKTep (aemo b „IIoyMeHHi" Bojio-iUHMHpa MoHOMaxa, b onoBiflaHHi npo ocjiinjieHHa BacHJiBKa, npo Iropiß noxifl b KniBCBKOMy jiiTonnci Tomo). CTapoyKpaiHCbKa jiřre-paTypa i b uBOMy ßijEminia 3a 3axmHK).
Cnepe^aTHca MOJKHa i npo no3HTHBHe aöo HeťaTHBHe 3HaneHHa noBHoro nepexofly Ha cJioB'aHCBKy, 30 Toro HeHapo^Hy MOBy. Ileö nepexip; pÍ3Ko 3acyflHJiH b 19 ct. poMaHTHKH (Kyjiini) i Mostce me rocTpime „peajiicTH"-Hapo,a;hhkh (C. GcppeMOß). 3 HayKOBoro no-rjiafly nepeöijiBnieHO-HeraTHBHy onÍHKy maß pojii nepKOBHOcjiOB'aH-CBK01 MOBH A. BpiOKHep. HeMac cyMHißy, mo noro apryMeHTH Ôíjibhi BHnpaBflaHi. IIo BCBOMy eBponeficBKOMy cbítí jiiTepaTypHoio moboio b nepuii ^acH po3BHTKy 3ajiHUiHjiaca bcjihkoio Mipoio JiaTHHa, mo He nepeniKORHjia nÍ3HÍme po3bhtkobí JiiTepaTypn HapoflHHMH MOBa-mh, a 3 flpyroro 6oKy 6araTO cnpH^HHHJiaca ro KyjiBTypHoro pos-
tiť)
BHTKy, naBinn KOJKHOMy HaponoBi 6e3nocepeflHÍfi npncTyn flo CKapÖ-Hnni aHTHHHOi KyabTypn. Ha yKpami JiaTHHy b HopMajibHOMy po3-BHTKy HaneBHe 3acTynnaa 6 rpenbKa MOBa. He BapTO ranám, jikhh 6h n,e Majio BiijiHB Ha KyjibTypHHŮ po3BHTOK, ane 6e3 cyMHÍBy, n,e 3 caMoro nonaTKy BiflKpHJio 6 xoa 6h h oÖMeaceHHM KOJiaM, npncTyn n.o me öarariinoi KyjibTypHo'i ctpepn, mac naBajia jiaTHHa. Onnane, 3HaHHH rpeubKO'i mobh He 6yjio TaKe Mane, jik n,e nacTo ranaioTb, npo n,e CBinnaTb xon 6h nncaemn nepeKJiann, 3po6nem aac n,o 13 ct. he yKpami. Ta Bee ac BOHa 3aanninaaca mobok» HeBejiHKOi kuibkocth cpaxiBnÍB. U,i KOJia b 14 ct. 3By3nanca.
3 14 BÍKy noHHHacTbca caMocTiimnii KyjibTypHHH inaax yKpa-1HH, BiflipBaHHfi Bin, 3araabHo-eBponencbKoro. He po3BHHyjiaca am jim;apcbKa, aHi nmpcbKa JiiTepaTypa, xoq neam nonaTKH o6ox Ha-npaMiB noMÍTHi in,e b 12 b. JiiTepaTypa 3ajiHmHjia Mafiace npoTaroM Tpbox cToaiTb naa ceöe nepeBaacHO peairiÖHy ccpepy, aae 6e3 cnpoö 3acBOGHHH ranönrax nincTaB piairiiiHoi n,yMKH, 6o TaKe 3acBOGHHfl MoacanBe anme Ha rpyHTi xon 6h fi oÖMeaceHoi* caMocTÜmoi TBop-
HOCTH.
TaK aiTepaTypHe acHTTa npnnmao no neBHo'i CTarHairii", aKy, inpnpaBna, híhk He MoateMo nopiBHaTH 3 6e3npHKaan.HOK> cTaťHa-u,ígio cycinHbOl mockobcbkoi aiTepaTypn. noTpiôHHH 6yB aKnncb ho-bhh nonaTOK. Bíh npnnmoB no HeBnaanx cnpoôax 14-15 ct. inpÖHO HanpHKmiji 16 ct.
III. JIITEPATyPA 14-15 BIKIB
1. 14-15 bb. npHHecjiH YKpaiHi noaiTHaHo SaraTO HOBoro. Bijib-nia nacTHHa yKpamcbKHx 3eMeab yBinmaa ap cKaaay JIhtobcbko-PycbKo'i Ta ELojiBCbKOi JJppacaBH. I1h 3MiHa npHHecjia neBHi nincTaBH naa KyjiBTypHoro 3HHaceHHa. He öyao öaHCKyanx khh31bcbkhx aBO-piB; YKpaiHa söiaHiaa Ta Ha aeaKHH aac yTpaTHJia HaBiTt MHTpo-nojiHTa, mo nepemc cboio ctojihd;k) ap Mockbh. Ajie KyjibiypHa Tpa-aiinia 3ajiHHiHjiaca CTapa, i annie noivraay noaaan npHxonnTH HOBi iiobibh 3 Bi3aHTii, a ni3Hiuie i 3 3axony. Bip; aiTepaTypn iuix aacis 3Öeperaoca HeöaraTO, noaacra: 3 30BHiuiHix npnaHH: Hanann TaTap, nonii 17 ct., a MaöyTb, roaoBHe — ÖannyadcTb ni3HiuiHx aaciß, naa iiKHX CTapa jirrepaTypa BTparaaa aKTyaabHicTb. CnpHHHHHaHca ap 3arn6eai crapoi aiTepaTypn i po3MipHo xyTKHii po3bhtok npyKy b 16-17 bb. Ta nepexin, aHMaaoi aacTHHH npHpoaHHX naa thx aaciß ai-TepaTypHHx MenpHaTiB — uiaaxTH, 30 KaToaHijbKoro Ta noabCbKoro Taöopy. 3arHHyan Ha YicpaiHi Toni noaacTH fi TBopn CTapoi np6n, inp saaHHiHaHca b BinnHcax anuie Ha niBHoai*. I ,,Bin.ponaceHHa" arre-paTypHe 16-17 bb. niuiao noaacTH 3 CTaporo KopeHa.
CTHaicTHHHoro OHOBaeHHH 14-15 bb. He npHHecaH. npoTe, npa-n,a aiTepaTopiB Hboro aacy cTHaicTHHHO ,,HeBHpa3Ha", TparaTb -re acKpaße ooanaaa, aKe Riaan cTapoKHa3iBCbKi aacn. 3 hobhx ineoao-riaHHx Teaiä, aK noßaanMo, Hi onHa He 3Moraa npcarHyTH ninpoKoro BnaHBy. G aHMaao myKaHb, am He npHBonaTb 30 cTaaHX pe3yab-
TaTiB.
2. MacTHHa aiTepaTypHo'i niaabHocTH e npau,a Han. yTpHMaHHaM CTapoi' TpaHHuii. H,a npan,a 6e3 HiHpoKHx nepcneKTHB cxonHTb no-aacTH Ha KoniioBaHHa Ta penaryBaHHa cTapnx naM'aTOK. CKaana-K)Tb MoaHTOBHHKH 3 yacHTKOM MoaHTOB MicnpBoro noxonaceHHa (Hanp., Knpnaa TypiBCbKoro), npnoBHioioTb napeMiÖHHK, pi3Hi 36ip-hhkh nponoBineö. nepepoöaioiOTb moni BHKaan,, a moni ö MOBy, Ha-öanacaioaH ff np HaponHoi', aK Hanp., b „Mmei" 1489 p., mp 3öepe-
*) Toä tpaKT, mo TBopn JiiTepaTypH 11-13 bb. 36eperjiHCH no^acTH jiHiiie Ha niBHo^ri, ^acTo BJKHBaBCH hk ,,flOKa3", mo h,h CTapa jiiTepaTypa e „pociöcb-Ka" (b ceHci „BejiHKopociftcbKa"). 3 TaKoro norjiHAy MOJKHa 6yjio 6 aoboahth mo h iHMajia nacTHHa cTapoöojirapcbKHx TBopiß, mo Teac 36eperJiacn jiHiiie y pociHH, e TBopn „pocificbKoii" JiiTepaTypH, a6o TpeGa 6 öyjio BH3HaTH „yKpa'iH-cbkhmh" Ti naia'htkh pociöcbKo'i JiiTepaTypH, iqo 36eperjiHCH jinuie Ha yicpami (Hanp., TBGpCbKHH JiiTonnc).
212
raaca b öijiopycbKOMy Biflnnci 3 yKpamcBKoro TeKCTy. Pa30M 3 thm cnpomyiOTt cTHjiicTHKy Ta KOMno3Hi^iK) (Ta caMa „Mmea", HOBa pe-flaKina „CKHTCBKoro IlaTepHKa"). JJpHKi TBopn flonoBHeHo hobhm, noaacTH i/j;eojiori^iHO-HOBHM MaTepiaaoM, Hanp., KnGBo-IIeHepCBKHH IlaTepHK. BinnHcyiOTB oöcaacm naM'HTKH; JIítoiihc, IlaTepHK, xpoHo-rpacpn, po3yMÍGTBCH, i 6orocayac6oBy jiiTepaTypy.
3. 15   BÍK   npHHOCHTB  fleHKÍ   Ha30BHÍ   HOBÍ   pHCH: p03BHBa6TBCH
njiHHHiuie, jierine nncBMo, 3'hbjihiotbch hobí opHaMeHTajitHi npn-KpacH, nocHjiiOGTtcH BnjiHB niBfleHHocjioB'flHCBKHx eaeMeHTÍB y npa-BonHci.
/íajieKo BaHíjiHBiniHH npnnaHB hobhx naM'aTOK peairiÖHoi ai-TepaTypn. ripHxoflHTB 3 cjiOB'sHCBKoro nißflHH naBHime HeBiflOMi tbo-pn, t. 3B. „AeponariTHKH", TBopn Bacnaia BeaHKoro, Icaica Ch-pHHa (CHpiöu,a), Abbh JJopocpea, CnMeoHa HoBoro EorocaoBa, TpHropia CHHai'Ta, rpnropia IlajiaMH, KaßacijiH, MaKCHMa IcnoBia-
HHKa, fleaKÍ HOBÍ OÔpOÓKH („JliCTBHUÍl") , yHHTeJIBHÍ GBaHreJlil (TeKCT
3 noacHeHHÄMH), hobí jkhtíh. Mohuihbo, iho fleaKi 3 hhx TBopiß 6y-jiH bíhomí íi flaBHime, ajie npHnjiHB hoboí jiiTepaTypn 6e3cyMHÍBHHO.
BeJIHKOK) MÍpOK) U.H HOBa JlÍTCpaTypa G BHHBOM Toro ôojirapcB-
Koro jiiTepaTypHoro pyxy, hkhh 3b'a3aHHÖ 3 ím'hm naTpiapxa GßcpH-míh THpHÍBCBKoro (naTpiflpx nicaa 1372 p.), mo 3anpoBan,HB hobhh npaBonHC, iyo flôaB npo tohhíctb nepeKaafly, siay bíh po3yMÍB hk flocaiBHy ÔJIH3BKÍCTB no opnriHaay; mo BHMaraB nepeßipKH CTapHx nepeKJianÍB Ta 3yMÍB yTBopnTH niKOJiy nepeKaaflaaiB, „cnpaBiuHKiß" Ta nepenncyBa^iB, mo TpHMaanca öoro BKa3ÍB0K. Xoh Gbcphmío xo-tíb cnnpaTHCB Ha „HaÖTOHiny Ta HaönpHGMHimy MOBy pycBKy" (nep-
KOBHOCJIOB'flHCBKy, 3 CXÍflHBOCaOB'aHCBKHM 3a6apBJieHHHM), TBOpH Öoro  IHKOJIH BH3HaHaK>TBCfl,  3p03yMÍJI0,   HHMaJIHM  yXHJIOM  BÍfl HÍ31
Bace flocHTB MicneBo 3a6apBjieHOi mobh yKpaiHCBKoi JiiTepaTypn ni3-
hbo-KHH3ÍBCBK01 flOÖH. JXo tovo HOro npaBOnHC 6yB flaa CXiflHÍX CJIO-
b'hh nyjKHH, öoro npHHimnn JiiTepajiBHoro nepeKaafly poSnjiH mo By BajKKoio Ta Maao3po3yMiaoio. BejiHKHÖ BnjiHB öoro peípopMH Ha Cxoni MOJKHa 3'acyBaTH BejíHKOK) Mipoio 3aHenaflOM MÍcn,eBoi aiTe-paTypHoi TBOpaOCTH.
4. BnaHB THpHÍBCbKoI HíKOaH noHiHpHB Ha yKpami MHTpono-JiHT KHnpiHH (b Khgbí Bace Koao 1373-4 p.), nepeKJianauBKy Ta ne-penHcyBajiBHy fliaabHicTB, aKoro noci Maao flocniflaceno. A roaoBHy poaio BiflirpaB öoro poflHa FpHropiä IJaMÖaaK, inp Ha 3aicaHK Khji-piaHa BHÔpaBca aepe3 YKpaiHy Ha BiaopycB no Mockbh, MoacaHBO, poKH 1407-10 nepeöyBaB necB Ha YKpami a6o Ha JIhtbí, b 1415 p. 3poÖHBca npaBOcaaBHHM MHTponoaHTOM b rtoaBini Ta JIhtbí, aae „btík Bifl npecToaa apxHGpeöcBKoro" Ha BoaHHB b 1419-20 p., 60 CTaHOBHiije öoro 3axHTaaoca: öoMy 3aKHflaan KaToaniTBKi CHMnarii.
213
3HaHeHHH KnnpiaHa, MaöyTb, öijibine b 3anpoBan,aceHHÍ hobhx jiiTepaTypHHX TBopiB ôojirapctKoro noxonaceHHH Ta b nepeKJia;n,an,b-kíh npan,i. A rpHropiö, 3a nacH CBoro nepeôyBaHHa Ha YKpaiHi, Ha-nncaB KÍJibKa TBopiB HHMajioi jiiTepaTypHo'i BapTOCTH: noxBajibHi cjioBa GB(pHMÍGBÍ, KHnpiHHOBi Ta cb. ^HMHTpiGBi, n'axb nponoBineS, cnoBÍfl,aHHH BipH Ta rbí npoMOBH ojih KoHCTaHi^bKoro coöopy; i ňoro maBHiuii TBopn, HMOBipHO, CTajiH BÍflOMÍ Ha yKpaÍHi. Cthjiícthhho Ta KOMno3HDjÍHHO BOHH HaranyiOTb TBopn KnpHjia TypiBCbKoro. TyT i CHMBOJiiKa: H3HK KnnpiHHa — nacepejio, kojih boho no äoro CMepra ycoxjio, noBHCHxajio h jihcth sepeB, ôoro ayxoBHoro cxana. KnnpiaH — „cojioBeíÍKo iíepKOBHHŽ"; 6i6jiíhhí nopiBHHHHH (njian Han Kh-npiflHOM — njian BaBHjioHCbKHÖ), i naTeiHHHi 3aKJiHKH, i rojiocm-hh (3HOBy njia^i EoropojiHui!), i iHoni onncH npnpoflH: Hanp., n.°m nicjiH nocyxn:
Pasp-BuiHCa 6e3npacn,He,
HacKopo oTBep3oniacíi xjihôh HeôecHbia.
rioaBHroHiaca btjTph, oÖJiaKH Hocame, hko Mfexbi ncnojiHt BOflbí h ynoHHia Hccoxníyio 3eMJiio.
BbicTpo coTBopnnia h npospaneffb cbrycTHBuiiäca Bosnyxt. IIoTeKoma Harao hccoxuiíh noToini h hctohhhiíh.
MoBa noBHa phtmíhhhx (piryp Ta noBTopeHb. Ocb atc yHO*ii Typôy-GTbca oaraTiô:
Bho^í acepe ôoro TypÔOTa — hk 3a Maay niny GaraTo npHn,6ae,
aK 3 nboro ABOxnoBepxoBi Ta TpnnoBepxoBi 6yn,HHKH nocTaBHTb,
hk flOÖpo MÍaC aiTCH pÍ3nÍJIHTb,
aK caM MaGTKH Ta ceaa Bnopa^Kyc,
aK BHHorpaflH HacanHTb,
aK nepeAH Ta CTana yMHoacHTb,
aK Kopaôeab npnroTyG,
aK HaKynoBaHe (Ha Hboro) HaaoacHTb,
aK y n,aaeKe naaBaHHa nine ...
a ÍHon,i (Bace b h,ht. ypHBKy, nonacra 3HHHj,eHi nepeKJianpM) S phmh :
Opyacia omľbHaiOTca, MeneBe oÔHaacaioTca, cjiyrbi noflBH3aiOTca ...
MeTa nponoBinefi rpnropia TaK caMo, hk y Kapiuia, He Jimne noB-HaHHa, HK ncHxoaoriHHHH HacTpoGBHH BHJiHB Ha cayxa^iB hh raTaniB. Ajie aiTepaTypHa tbophíctb TpHropia 3B'a3aHa 3 YicpaiHoio jiHine TepHTopiajibHO.
2U
5. THpmBCLKa iiiKOjia He yTBopnaa BJiacHHx in.eoaorinHHX Bap-TOCTeö. IIpoTe, BOHa nepeííHHjia Bin, rpenbKo'i acKeTHKH HOBy mícthh-Hy Teopiio, mo Ha Mead 13-14 bb. yTBopHJin acKeTH Ha „cbhtíh ropi" Acpom, TaK 3B. ,,re3ixa3M" (a6o ,,icixa3M"). IIa MicTHHHa Teopia, BiflHOBjiaioHH CTapi nyMKH, BHHTb npo MicTHHHe nepenoBHeHHa nymi óoacecTBeHHHM „CBÍTaoM". AcKeTHKa e maax np nboro HaÖBHinpro MicTHHHoro npcarHeHHa; acKeTHHHHH maax — He criabKH b TpanH-mÔHOMy „BÔHBaHHi Tiaa", CKiabKH b „yMHOMy niaaHHi" npH Hepy-
XOMOCTÍ, MOBHaHHÍ Ta nOCTÍHHOMy nOBTOpiOBaHHi „mojihtbh IcycoBo'i",
KOHi^eHTpyBäHHi bcíx nyMOK Ha 6oacecTBeHHOMy. TpHropiä CHHaö-CLKHH (CHHaiT) Ta rpHropiö riaaaMa — roaoBHi npencTaBHHKH nbo-ro HanpaMy b nepeKaanHiň aiTepaTypi.
3aaHHiHaHca S npiörn peniTKH yKpaÍHCbKOi npan,i nboro HanpaMy: nie, Hanp., KopoTKHÖ onnc a<pOHCbKoro acHTTH, nncaHHH nenepcbKHM apxHMaHn,pHTOM 7JpcH(peGM (14-15 bb.), 36epeaceHHH Ka-ciaHÍBCbKOK) o6poÖKOK> IlaTepHKa (1462). Ha AípoHi npan,iOG Koao 1431 p. nepenncyBaa AcpaHacifi PycHH Tonip. BnaaTHnx ariepaTyp-hhx npHÔÍHHHKiB re3Íxa3My (hk Ha niBHoni Hia CopcbKHÖ), Ha Yk-pai'Hi He 6yao. Jlnnie Ha Meaci 16-17 bb. nÍ3Hio TpanHijiio re3Íxa3My nepeÔHaB IßaH BHineHCbKHH (rhb. IV. ľ. 8).
6. Jlnnie b nÍ3HÍmÍH HaponHin aereHnj npo yTBopeHHa CBiry 3y-CTpmeMo BiflryKH óoarapcbKOi nyaaicTHHHoi epeci „6oroMHabCTBa". BnaHBH fioro aerno Moran ríhth Ha YKpamy pa30M 3 íhuihmh ni3-hímh öoarapcbKHMH BnaHBaMH, 60 ôoroMHabCTBo aKpa3 y 14 ct. bh-aBHao b Boarapii noMiray aKTHBHicTb. JlereHHH Ha yKpaiHCbKOMy rpyHTi po3noBÍnaiOTb npo yTBopeHHa CBÍTy pa30M BoroM i caTaHoio Ta npo Te, mp rpix noHHHaeTbca 3 ceKcyaabHoro cniBacHrra nepinnx aionpii — TeMH 6oroMHabCbKÍ. Aae mh óyjio Koan Ha YKpaiHi ôoro-MHabCTBo aK cepöo3Ha Ta aiTepaTypHo aKTHBHa Tenia, CKa3aTii He MoaceMO.
7. IliKaBimi BnaHBH 3axinHÍx nyxoBHHx Tenia, npaßna, 3HacMO npo hhx HeôaraTo. MoacaHBo, mo nepinoio „cpeTHHbKoio" Teniem 3axinHboro noxonaceHHa 6yao „CTpHťoabHHirrBo", BinpMe HaM 3 Hob-ropon,y Ta ncKOBa, aae öoro cninH Ha YKpami Maai Ta Heacm. I itíb-
HÍHHÍ „CTpHťOabHHKH" — HBHme HeaCHO
I nÍ3HÍnie ôiabinicTb 3axin.HÍx BnaHBÍB naa Hac HeacHa, 60 npo hhx 3HaeM0 aHuie BHnaflKOBo i 30 Toro nacTO 3 nÍ3HÍx naciß.
neBHi „GpeTHUbKi" BnaHBH 3aanniHaa eßponencBKa Tenia 13-14 ct., TaK 3BaHe „noKaaHHirrBo" a6o „(pnarenaHCTBo". BnöyxH Ha-CTpoK) KaaTTH 3 nponpciaMH Ta caMOÖHnyBaHHHM 3axonHan ninpoKi Koaa 3axipHt>oi Esponn, 30KpeMa 1261 Ta 1349 p., Koan bohh hoko-THaHca ň np Hexii, nojibin,i Ta yropiHHHH. Pyx 3aBMep n,iaKOM anine Ha nona-ncy 15 ct. G nm naM'aTKH, 3B'a3aHÍ 3 yKpaíncbKHM „noKa-
215
ahhutbom": 1. ,,JIhct HeoecKnö" — „EnicToaia o Heniafe'' — opn-rmaji JiHCTa naaeno CTapniHÖ (6 ct.), ajie 3poÖHBca nonyjiapHHM nicjia pyxiB 1261 p. 3míct JiHCTa, mo hí6h BnaB 3 He6a Ta nncaHHH
CaMHMH BorOM - 3aKJIHK flO KaHTTH, 3 pÍ3HHMH BapiflHTaMH, ÖijlbUI
flyxoBHHMH BHMoraMH a6o BHMoraMH jiHnie niaHyBaTH Heniaio, čepeny fi n'HTHHIÍKI  Ta aOCHTb BHajIO 3Cp0pMyab0BaHHMH,  Ha 3pa30K
npopoH,bKHX, 3arpo3aMH cTpauiHHx Kap 3a rpixH. 2. ,,Coh EoroponH-n,i" — coH npo HOBi MyKH XpncTOBi. XpHCTOc oöinae cnaciHHíi TOMy, xto 6yae hochth 3 co6ok>, nnia™ Ta cayxara fioro JiHCTa (3H0By npo noHHTaHHH Henmi i t. n,.). 06nn.Ba TBopH CKoniiOBaB 6apoKKO-bhô aiTonHcen,b Hkhm Cpann 3 pyKonHciß kíhu,h 15 ct. Ajie bohh BiflOMi i b imnnx pyKonHcax, nepeKa3ax Ta no3HaHHancH ň Ha
niceHHÍH TBOpHOCTÍ.
BnjiHBH necbKoro rycHTCTBa 3obcím He 3aaHinnaH 6e3nocepea,-íhx aiTepaTypHHX penrroK. Thm nacoM, BnjiHBH rycHTCTBá Ha Ynpa-ihí bíhomí 3 nojibCBKHx flJKepeji. 3naGTbca, m,o caMe rycHTCbKi BnjiHBH no3HannjiHca Ha 3aran.K0BÍH Tenií, hkíh nÍ3HÍmi nacn naan Ha3By „3ajKHflOBmHx". HaM Kpam;e 3HaiioMa icTopia ,,Gpeci" anuie 3 Hob-ropona Ta Mockbh. Aae np HoBropona ií npnHic Miac íhuihm híôh hkhhcb acHn, 3 oroHeHHH khh3h Mnxaiiaa OaeaBKOBHna, qo 1470 p. npHHuioB Ha HoBroponcBKe KHa3ÍBCTBo 3 KncBa. Hmobípho öiabiny poaK) b po3cnoBCK)flaceHHÍ epeci Biairpaan uiaaxTnni 3 oToneHHa khh-3a. JJp Mockbh cpecb nicTaaaca, MoacaHBo, sin, yropCbKnx Ta Boaocb-khx rycHTÍB. Te, mo 3HaeM0 npo epeTHKÍB bís, íx BoporiB, BinnoBinac Hayni rycnTÍB 1 roaoBHa BHMora rycHTÍB — npnnacTa Tiaa Ta KpoBH XpHCTOBoi* naa cbítcbkhx — y npaBocaaBHnx Kpamax 6yaa HeaK-TyaatHa, 60 TyT npnnacTa 3aBaca,H 6yao Tane. 3aTe 3ycTpÍHeMo Tyr mnii nyHKTH rycíiTBChKOi nporpaMH — BiaKHaaHHa Kyatry íkoh cbh-thx, moiuíb, MoanTOB 3a noMepanx. KphTHKy 10tb cynacHHH CTaH n,ep-kbh, nananaiOTi, Ha cBain,eHHKÍB, mp öepyib naaraio 3a Tpeßn (nop. 60-poTböy rycHTÍB npoTn „CBHTOKyneirrBa" — chmohíi), TBepnaTt, mp „MoaHTHca Moama Bcronn", a He anme b nepKBi. ToaoBHi Te3H „3aatH-aoBianx" 6yan BHMora BiabHoro BHKJiaRaHHH CßaToro ÜHCbMa Ta BHCOKa onÍHKa CTaporo 3aBÍTy. 3ran,yiOTbCH n TBepflaceHHa, m;o mh íx 3HaeMo annie Bia, pannKaabHHX npeacTaBHHKÍB rycHTCTBa — bíh-KHflaHHa BneHHH npo CB. Tpiiíino, MoanTOB CBaTHM Ta Boariü MaTepi, cyMHÍB y ôoacecTBeHHOCTi XpncTa. lie Bee tcmh nponaraHan „3aacHflOBÍaHx", ana, MaôyTb, ivraaa i nnceMHy (popMy, aae TBopn hkoí no Hac He niSinan.
HaneBHe Binpivre, npo aiTepaTypy „3aacHn,oBÍaHx", mp bohh ne-peKaanaan 3 CTapo-GBpencbKoI mobh KHHrn CTaporo 3aBÍTy, nonac-th tí, in,o íx He 6yao b nepeKaanax npaBocaaBHnx (nepeKaanajin n'aTHKHHacaca, KHnrn IoBa, Pycpi, J-IaHHÍaa, Eccpipi, ncajirap, Eüchio
216
niceHb, „KHHroi CojioMOHOBi"). üpn hhx nepeKaaaax cpexHKaM np-
BOHHaOCH KOpHCTaXHCH flOnOMOrOK) JKHfliB.  roaoBHa HaCTHHa jiiTe-
paTypn ,,3aJKHflOBijiHx'', mp niHuiaa np Hac, Bene Hae Ha JlnTBy. Hp, nipnpaBna, He npacHe nncbMeHCTBo, a xßOpH HayKOBi. Bohh Ha OKpai' jiiTepaTypH. Up — (piaocotpmm TBopn „JIoriKa" MoHcea MaHMOHi-na (1135-1204), mp BHCHBaaaca hk niapyrniHK i Ha 3axoni 3a ^aciß peHecaHcy, naai niapyHHHK dbijiocodpiii — „CTpeMaiHHH cpiaoeocpiB" apa6cLKoro (piaocodpa Aab~ra3aai (1059-1111), acTpoHOMimri (hh acTpoaormm) npan.i, 3 hkhx HaHBinpMiina — „fflecTOKpHJi" — acT-poHOMiHHi TaßjiHui pyxy MieaHH, „TaGMHHDiH TaGMHHUb" — (py-Konnc, 3flaGTbCH, öiaopycbiom) BiflOMHH i Ha 3axoai nceBflo-Api-CTOTejiiB TBip, apaöcbKoro noxonaceHHH (10-11 ct.) 3 pi3HHMH ni3-HiniHMH npnoBHeHHHMH np opHrmaay. 3m1ct ijboro TpaKTaTy — nopain ApicroiejiH OjieKcaHflpoBi BeanicoMy, Miac miHHM npo ynpaB-jiiHHH nepacaßoio xa B3araai hhhhIctb MOHapxa. HkIctb Hboro ne-peKJiany npcHTb BHeoKa: BiH nncaHHä hchok» mobok>, JierKO-no6y-flOBaHHMH peneHHHMH. G me 2-3 TBopn, mp ix Moama BBaacaTH nepe-
KJiaflaMH „GpeTHKiß"
JliTepaTypa ,,3aHtHnpßiaHx" noxonHTb 3 HCHniBCbKHx opHfmaaiB, aae g naonpM iHTepecy MicueßHX HHTaniB np acHnmcbKoi' b h e h o c-t h xa hIhkhx eaeMeHxiß HttiniBCbKoi peairii He MaG b co6i. IJiKaBa BOHa naa icxopil aixepaxypn naHÖiabuie mobokk MaGMO xyT npcHTb paHHK) (3 15 cx.) cnpoöy caoB'aHCbKo'i cpiaocodpiHHo'i xa MaxeMaiH^i-Hoi" xepMiHoaori'i, — noninpeHHa aixepaTypHoi mobh Ha HOBy ccpepy. TepMmoaoria He noraHa, ripnia Henpo3opa öynpBa peneHb npHKHX 3 nepeicaaniB. Ocb npnicaanH xepMiHoaori'i „3aa«inpBiaHx":
nepacHxeab — cyö'gkt npnaor — xBepflaceHHa ocya — cyfl yMHcea — MeTa, uiab bch^hhh — 3araabHHH
onepacaHHH — npe^HKax yGM — 3anepeneHHH npHBon — npH^HHa oöpixeHHG — icHyBaHHH
HaCTHHH - HaCTKOBHÖ
He MeHiu uiKaßi cnpoön yiBopHTH MaxeMaiHHHy xepMiHoaoriK», naa HKoi' 6yao b CTapocaoB'aHCbKiä mob! mp MeHHie Maxepiaay. IIa Ha-yKOBa aixepaxypa „3aa«inpBiaHx" noKa.3ye, iup, nonaBiHHca ßin, necb-Koro rycHxciBa, Gpecb po3BHHyaaca b uLtckom HOßOMy HanpHMi, Moac-aHßo He 6e3 BnaHBy penecaHcy, mo Maß iHxepec np thx caMnx TeM xa nonacxH h np thx caMnx XBopiß. A xeojioria ,,3aacHnpBiaHx" me h noci 3araaK0Ba.
npo iHxepec np peairiÖHHx Teniä 3axony CßinHHTb i CKaaneHHÖ naa npHßaTHoro BacHTKy 36ipHHK „Hphtohhhk" (1483 p.) 3 6araTb-Ma BiaÖHTKaMH 3axip;Hbo-eBponeHCbK0i peairiimoi aereHHH.
217
8. Ajie see ne — hk i rpoxH nÍ3HÍina nepepoÔKa 3axiflHix no-BicTeö (npo HHx flHB, po3nijiH IV-V) — jiHiue nepeÖMaHHH nyjKoro MaTepiHJiy. Ta ä BJiacHa jiřrepaTypHa npann 15-ro Biny He e npau.ii opnťiHajitHa. lie — oôpaÓKa xa npnoBHeHHH cxapnx tckctíb. Mh b ace 3raflyBajiH npo „MiHeio" Ta „uenepctKnn üaTepHK*'. JXo ocTaHHto-ro flOflaHo craTTi Ha niflcTaßi jíiTonncy (3Haxifl Moin,íb cb. 4>eoflo-cíh) Ta íhuihx flHcepeji (npo nocTpnJKeHHH kh. Mhkojih-Cbhtohií, npo CMepTB IIojiiKapna i t. fl.), hk 3ranyBaHo, TaKOJK i re3ÍxacTCBKnx.
Ihuií hobí npani — jiiTonncn, ian 3BaHi „3axiflHBO-pycBKÍ". Bo-HH cpaKTHHHo BHxoflflTB ynce no3a Meaci jiÍTepaTypn, 60 aBTopn no-
flaKDTB BeJIHKOK) MÍpOK) CyXHH (paKTHHHHH MaTepinji. Jiňme OKpeMi eni30fln BHKJiaAeHO jkhbo Ta Maji&oBHHHO. iHofli Tpe6a npnnycTHTH, mo onnc OKpeMHx enÍ3on,íb nocTaB hk OKpeMi TBopn i g b jiiTonncax BCTaBKaMH. JIÍTonHCH bcí HeBejíHKÍ oôcnroM. OKpeMi cnncKH hí6h Toro caMoro TBopy ny>Ke po3xoflHTtcH míjk coôoio. MoBa XHTacTtca
Bifl TpaflHI^inHOl 3a6apBJieH01   IjepKOBHOCJIOB'HHCBKHMH ejieMeHTaMH
mobh cTapnx JiiTonHci^iB flo MaöJKe mhctoí TOfliníHtoi KaHn,ejiHpÍH-Ho'i mobh 3 floMiniKaMH HapoflHoľ. 3ßepHeMo TyT yBary jranie Ha BasK-jiHBinie.
„JIÍTonnc BejíHKoro KHH3ÍBCTBa JlHTOBCbKoro" cnojiynac CTapinii iiíbhíhhí jiiTonncH, a ajih icTopii JIhtbh Ta fljín nÍ3HÍniHx nacis (14 b.) opnriHajiBHi fljKepejia, m. íh. „IIoxBajiy" kh. Bhtobtobí. Ab-Top nacTHHH JiiTonncy (nicjiH 1382 p.) 6yB khhhhh. — „KopoTKniŕ khibcbkhh jiiTonnc", in;o öoro nncaHO 3obcím ne b Khgbí, g KOMni-jihiíígk) HOBropoflctKHx flmepeji, Jiňme Ha kíhu,í (1480-1500) nofla-Ho BifloMocri npo nojrii Ha YKpaÍHi Ta flonaHO 3BÍcTKy npo nepeMory kh. OcTpo3BKoro 1515 p. Hafl mockobcbkhm bííicbkom nifl Opnioio Ta noxBajiBHe cjiobo KHH3eBÍ. JiiTonnc nncaHHH nonacTH jkhbo. lipo noflií onoBiflaGTBCH b cpopMi po3MOB (cTapa TpaflHijin yKpaiHCLKoro jiiTonncaHHH). 3 npHBOfly onoBiflaHHH npo 3aÔHTTH TaTapaMH apxn-cnncKona MaKapin HopTa aBTop yflacTBCH b pejiiriÖHi MipKyBaHHH. B JiiTonnc BCTaBJíeno npn onoBiflaHHi npo nanafl TaTap Ha Bojihhb
MOJIHTBy. IIOXBajia KHH3eBÍ OCTp03BKOMy Ha06ÍJIBUI jiiTepaTypHO 06-
poöjieHa nacTHHa JiiTonncy: b híh g BiflryKH cthjiícthkh „CjiOBa o nojiKy Iropeßi" (MaSyrt, nepe3 nocepeflHHUTBO ,,3aflOHinnHH"), Ma-GMo HaTHKH Ha cTapy Biôjiiio Ta crapy jiiTeparypy (OcTpo3i>Koro no-piBHiOGTbCH 3 napeM IIopoM 3 „OjieKcaHflpii"). IIi3HÍniHH „JIhtob-cbkhh JiiTonnc" (flo 1507 p. pyKonnc kíhijh 16 ct.), nncaHHH 3 no-
rjIHfly apHCTOKpaTHHHHX KÍJI BeJIHKOrO KHH3ÍBCTBa JlHTOBCBKOrO. B
HBOMy g OKpeMi BiflryKH cTaporo jirronHCHoro cthjiio.
9. 3obcím flpiÖHi mini TBopn, flo Toro 3 He cyTo-JiiTepaTypHHM npH3HaneHHHM. íle — nocjiaHHH MHTp. Mncai'jia 1470 p. flo phmcbko-ro nann, MHoroMOBHe, naTeTHHHe, ajie He 6e3 rapHnx mícub (piBHO-
218
npaBHÍCTb cxiflHboro Ta 3axiflHi>oro xpHCTHHHCTBa, o6pa3 floöporo nacTHpfl — nann, Ta 3Jihx — MÍcn,eBHx JiaraHCbKHx /ryxoBHHx). IIo-cjiaHHH flo nariH Bifl npaBOCJiaBHoro coöopy 1490 p. cTHCJimie, ajie Toro caMoro niflHeceHoro cthjiio; nacTHpcBKe nocjiaHHa MHTp. Ho-CHCpa CojiTaHa, qo rapHo po3BHBaG TeMy KapH 3a „npeyMHoaceHHa rpixiß" (nop. nponoBifli Cepaniona, Bnqe).
10. Majia oôcaroM Ta aochtb BnnaflKOBa 3míctom jíiTepaTypHa npoflyKn,ÍH 15 ct. Yce JíiTepaTypHO n.ÍHHe b híď — hkocb Haß'a3y-
GTBCa flO CTHJliCTH^IHOÍ TpaflHHÜ' CTapHX HaCÍB. BiflryKH HOBHX Te^íÍH,
npaBocjiaBHHX (re3Hxacxn) a6o GpeTHn&khx — He3HaHHÍ Ta JíiTepa-TypHo Majio uiKaBi. LUnpniy jíiTepaTypHy fliajiBHicTB po3BHHyjin jih-ine „3ajKHflOBÍJii", ajie Te, qo Bifl Heí 36eperjioca — na OKpai Jitiepa-Typn (TBopn He KpacHoro, a HayKOBoro nncBMeHCTBa) Ta Ha OKpai flyxoBHHx ÍHTepeeiB caMHX epeTHKiB. Bifl íhhihx Tenia (6oroMHjiB-CTBO, noKajfflHHiTTBo) 36eperjiHca Jiňme flpiöm BiflryKH, a to ô He 3ajiHHiHjiocfl mnoro (Bifl cyToro rycHTCTBa). OneBHflHo, iHTepee flo HOBHx Tenia He 6yB CTajiHM, a TOfli, b nacH 3ByHceHHa JíiTepaTypHoi TBopnocTH, He 3HaônioB jiiTepaTypHoro BHHBy, aöo, paflHie, Jiixepa-TypHi npoHBH no3aHHKajiH pa30M 3 3aHHK0M flyxoBHHx Tenia; pejii-riiraa jiiTepaTypa „3a5KHflOBÍjiHx" npocTO BHHiim,eHa.
TaK KÍHein> 13, 14 Ta 15 ct. g fljia Hac Mafiace naB30io b jiiTepa-TypHOMy po3BHTKy, TaKi naB3H ôyBajiH b flyxoBHOMy, KyjiBTypHoiay, jiiTepaTypHOMy jkhttí YicpaiHH. Bohh BHKJíHKaiOTB y Hac cyM Hafl „nponaiimM nacoM" b jkhttí Hanioro Hapofly, aJie, orjiaflaionHca Ha tí nacH po3KBÍTy, nHHiHoro ÓyaHHH, mp 3aBJKflH npnxoflHJiH nicjia
TaKHX flyXOBHHX naB3, flHBHMOCB Ha MaHÔyTHG 3 HafliGKD.
IV. PEHECAHC TA PE^OPMAHIH*
A. PeHecaHc Ta pe<popiuau,iji b JiixepaTypi
1. PeHecaHc — onHa 3 HaopiiHymurax 3míh b icTopii nyxo-Boro JKHTTH EßponH. Tan 3flaBajioca cemhm jiionHM noon pe-HecaHcy, Tan 3n,aBajiocH h nÍ3HÍiHHM hokojiíhhíim, mp caine 3 Hboro aacy noaajiH naTyBaTH „KÍHeujb cepenHbOBhmji" Ta noaaTOK „hobhx aaciß". CKJiaRHiuie poÔHjiocH nirraHHíi 3aB>KnH, kojih Tpeöa ôyjio TOHHO BKa3aTH, mp caine HOßoro npiraecjia 3 coöoio HOBa npöa.
ZJaÖpe  3HaHHH  JiaTHHCbKOl   MOBH,   3HaÖOMCTBO   3   rpeHBKOK) Ta TaHHH  aHTHHHHX  aBTOpÍB, - t.   3b.   „ryMaHÍ3Rl" - i^hm JieflBC
MOJKHa xapaKTepH3yßaTH toh bojihichh noBopoT, iho öoro, mobjihb,
npHBeJIO 3 COÖOK) ,,BÍHponJKeHHJI aHTHHHHX HayK Ta MHCTeiTTB''. Ho-
BHH 3 m i c t MyciB 6yTH, xoH 6h b 3ôepeJKeHÍH cpopMi, T hm, mp cnoBHíiJio HanxHeHHHM JiioneH peHecaHcy. Tamm hobhh 3míct i cy-nacHHKH, i nÍ3HÍnii ftocjiinHHKH xotíjih HiyKaTH b TpBox HanpHMax: peHecaHc noBepHyB aHTHHHHH ineaji rapMomŮHoi, ypiBHOBajKeHoí KpacH j peHecaHc 6yB ,,bí^kphttíim'' Ta „3BÍJiBHeHHHM" jibd^hhh; Ha-peurri — peHecaHc „BinnpHB" HaHOBo npHpony. Hp, po3yMÍGTBCíi, hochtb BaJKJiHBÍ n,yxoBHi HanöaHHH, iup6 3 HHX nonara HOBe jiíto-HHCJieHHfl eBponeöcBKOi KyjibTypn. — JJ^íhcho, nin, ui Tpn (popMyjin MOíKHa niflBecTH Jienpe an He bcí 3np6yTKH penecaHcoBOi KyjiBTypn. Po3Kbít MHCTeuTBa b cpopMax, iup HaM He 3AaK>TbCÄ am 3a-
HaflTO HOBHMH B nopÍBHHHHÍ 3 nÍ3HÍM eepen,HBOBÍHHHM am 3aHanTO ÔJIH3BKHMH   HO   aHTHHHOÍ   Tpa^HHlí,   G   ÔesyMOBHHM   (paKTOM. XoH
BapTO ninKpecjíHTH, mo Hpfi po3KBÍT MHCTeuTBa 6e3 oÖMejKeHb mojk-
*) y flajibniHx po3fliJiax, 30KpeMa IV Ta V, aghkí i^htsth nepenncyio mo-flepHHM npaBonncoM. Ha JKajib, hí OAHa aBTopHTeTHa ycTanoEa ne BHpoÔHJia npa-BHJi AJiH TaKoro nepenncyBaHHH cTapnx těkctíb, hk ue g b pi3HHx eßponeöcbKHx Kpamax. OTMce oôMeacyracb Ha Qe3cyMHÍBHHX 3aMmax „Ť." Ha „i", „bi" Ha „h" Ta ,,h" Ha Ta BHKHflaio ,,i>" aßo 3aMiHHK» öoro b cepeflHHi cjioBa anocTpo4)OM. IIpoTe, phmh Biprais noKa3yiOTb, iqo BHMOBa b ĎaraTbox BHna^Kax BißCTynajia bí« npaBonHcy. Hanp., MaeMo phmh ,,TOBapHiiiOB::npHHiHOji", íma noKa3ye, mo b BiflnoBiflHHX nojiojKeHHHx BHMOBjíHjiocH hk ,,b", a6o „/rpeBHŤ>e: :MpieTb", mo.
OleBHAHO, bhmobjihjioch „ApeBHÍG'. IMpic", ajie b fleflKHX BHna/íKaX ,,-Tb" b 3aKÍH-
"ieHHHX 3. oco6h oahhhh aígcjiíb KOHbK)ťam'i ,,-e-" 3ajiHHiajiocn b bhmobí, mo Teac /joBO^HTb phmh. OTHce, Mos TpaHCJiiTepaiiin b fleHKHX BHna^Kax HaneBHe He BýnroBiflaG hchbííí bhmobí, mo 6yjia me ôjiHsc^a p,o cy^acHoi. IIop. me Aajii v. 3. 9
220
Ha BH3HaTH JIHIIie HJIfl c(pepH MHCTeUTB njiaCTHHHHX; y My3HH,Í hí-flKHH „nOBOpOT" AO CTapHX Tpa^HUjiH, Bifl HKHX He 3aJIHHIHJIOCH HÍ-
hkhx cjiifliB, He 6yB mojkjihbhh; y jirrepaTypi, ne MaiepiHJiy rjih
HaCJliayBaHHH   6yjIO   HOCHTb,   BÍaHOBJieHHH   6yB   „KaHOH" aHTHHHOl
noeTHKH (mpnpaBaa, 3a TBopoM, mo 3 norjinay aHTH^HOi TpaHHH.il 6yB ho neBHoi Mipn BHnaHKOBHM, 3a "De arte poetica" ropamn), a b ji a c h a TEopqicTb 3aHaHTO EHce bcjihkok) Mipoio crajia h a c ji i-HyBaHHHM, ho Toro HacjiiayBaHHHM B3Ípn;ÍB Jiernie npHCTynHHx, (pHMCbKHx, a He rpeubKHx) i nÍ3HÍx, OTHte „BHnaaKOBHx" y cboiü 3ajie>KH0CTÍ Bia aoBHioř TpaaHiiií. b <pijioco(pii i cepeaHBOBi^qH ctohjio b Hj,ijiBHOMy 3ß'a3Ky 3 aHTHHHOK) TpaanijiGio (ApicTOTeJieM),
— TyT 3aMÍHHjiH 3BiiHHy Tpaanniio Ha iHiny, mp Tenc He 6yjia HeBÍa°Ma, ajie piauie penpe3eHT0BaHa, — ApicTOTejin 3acTynHjiH IIjiaTOHOM, a nonacTH poÖHJiH cnpoÖH nepeírra bíh aHTHHHocTH ao cxiaHix Temň (cepeanboBinHa apaôcbKa Ta jKHaiBctKa (pÍJioco<pÍH, 30KpeMa Kaôajia). — /tajieKo CKJiaaninie cTOHJia cnpaBa 3 „Bia-KpHTTHM jiioaHHH". JIioaHHa 60 6yjia Bee JK y npHTpi yBarn i xpn-
CTHHHCbKOl ayMKH. „BÍHKpHTTH" J1K>HHHH 6yjio Kynu ßijibine ÔOpOTbÔOK)   3a   JHOflHHy     npOTH   IiepKOBHOrO   p03yMÍHHH i'i
ecTBa h 3ajiejKH0CTH 11 bíh ijepKOBHoro aBTopHTeTy. ,,BH3BOJieHHH jhohhhh" — n,e TaK! Ajie peHecaHc He cTaBHB co6i nHTaHHH, hh g
TaKe „BH3B0JieHHfl" JHOHHHH He JIHHie bíh IíepKOBHHX, a HaCTO i bíh
MopajibHHX, cycnijibHHx i t. a- aBTopHTeTÍB híhchhm „bíhkphtthm" 11 GCTBa, HH MOHce paHuie 3Óo*ieHHHM. JXo pem i b aHTHHHocTi JIioaHHa 6yjia Haa3BHHaHHo 3b'H3aHa cycnijibCTBOM Ta aepHíaBoio, — CKJiaaHi npoijecH ßopoTbön 3a iaeajiH „BHyTpiniHbo'i CBoßoan" b aHTHHHocTi (Bia ctoíkíb a° enÍKypeHi;ÍB) npeacTaBHHKH peHecaHcy noMHjiKOBO BHTOBManyBajiH b ayci cboix BJiacHHX iaeajiiß. IIo3hthbhhh iaeaji
„BCe6ÍHHOrO  p03BHTKy"   JIIOaHHH   (XOH  3pa3KH  3aÍHCHeHHÄ Ta-
Koro iaeajiy BÔanajiH b aocHTb cyMHiBHHx rapaHax, a to ů npocTo apiÖHHx po36ÍHHHKax-KOHa°TBGpax ho6h) ßyjio Te HOBe, mo, a° neBHoi Mipn, aiHCHo, HafiöJiHJKHe HaraayBajio aHTH^HicTb. Ajie npo-jiCHeHHji uboro iaeajiy ßyjio me cnpaBoio MaiiôyTHboro, — i HboMy npoHCHeHHK) 6yjiH npHCBH^em ctojiítth aaJifcHioi ayxoBHoľ icTopii.
— HapeniTi — „BiaKpHTTH npnpoaH". U.e HaficyMHiBHiine, Ta 3 no-rjiíiay cynacHoro nocjiiaJKeHHH icTopii HayKH Ta nyjibTypn, HaBiTb HjijiKOM MiTH^iHe „HaaßaHHH" peHecaHcy. m p i i npo HaßjiHJKeHHH Ho npHpoHH, npo onaHyBaHHH npHpoan, iaeajiÍ3an,ÍH npnpoaH hk 06'GKTa MHCTen,bKoro 3oßpameHHH, — ire g a i ä c h i 3ao6yTKH peHecaHcy. Ajie cnpaBJKHG a y x o b h e HayKOBe onaHyBaHHH npn-
POHH,  uijihx  OHOBJíeHHH  (pÍ3HKH  Ta  aCTpOHOMÜ,   p03BHTOK MOHepHOl
MexaHiKH 6yjiH cnpaBaMH aßo nÍ3Hboro cepeanbOBi^HH, hk ycTaHOB-
221
jieHo HOBHM HocjiiflHHKOM — .ZJioreMOM (iHp KonepHHK jinme 3yace noBepxoBo 3B'a3aHHn 3 syxoM peHecaHcy — up 6yjio BÍ30M0 Bace flaBHime) a6o HaBnaKn e nÍ3HÍniHM HanöaHHHM enoxn öaporaca, 30 jiKoi HaJiemaTb i rajiijieä i Kenjiep. PeHecaHcoBi 3ajiHinaiOTbca Mpii npo ycnixH, hkhx a6o b ac e 3ocarHyjiH tí npencTaBHHKH „ni3-HL01 cxojiacTHKn" b CopôoHHÍ Ta íHTie, 30 HKHX „jiKDflHHa peHecaHcy" Mycijia CTaBHTHca Bopoace Ta 3HeBaacjihbo, aôo skí 6yjiH n i 3 h i ni e
3306yTÍ thmh, xto Bifl HHMaJIOÍ HaCTHHH „HaflÖaHb" peHecaHcy BÍfl-
MOBHBCH Ta 3poÖHB cnpoöy 3H0By aKTyajiÍ3yBaTH „CTape", -— xo^ i aajieKo He bcí, ajie hochtb BaacjiHBi i^eajiH cepenHbOBÍHHH: n,e 6yjiH „jiioHH ÔapoKKa", hkhm 6e3 cyMniBy, mh 3o6oB'a3aHi b 3oejiÍ3aceHHÍ npHpoAH ,najieKo ôiabine, aniac ycjiaBjíenoMy peHecancoBi.
PeHecaHC aöo „BÍ3po3aceHHa" soTopKHyBca YKparan jiňme Ha caMoMy KÍH14Í cBoro po3BHTKy. Ha 3axoai b 16 ct. Bace npacHBajiH cbíh bík Te*m, nip, 3 oflHoro 6oKy, Mpiaan npo nracHe ,,BÍ3po3aceH-Ha" aHTHHHHX nyxoBHHX ifleaaiB, aK íx aiosn Toro nacy po3yMÍjrn, a 3 npyroro — npo 3BÍJibHeHHa jik>3hh Bin, thx nyT, aKi HaKJiasaao na hhx aBTopHTaTHBHe cepeaHbOBÍHHa. Pe3yjibTaTH po3BHTKy peHecaHcy He MoraH 3anpBojibHHTH b 16 ct. HaBÍTb fioro npn6ÍHHHKÍB: peHecaHC MpiaB npo „eHTy3Ía3M", a cnpaBfli 3MÍr po3BHHyTH Jinine 30CHTb xoaoflHy peTopnKy; bíh MpiaB npo BHiny, Bceöi^Ho po3BHHeHy aronHHy, a cnpaBRi socarayB jinnie nanyBaHHa eroi'3My Ta CBaBOJii; peHecaHC nocTaBHB co6i mctoio 3ocaÍ3aceHHa npHpofln, aae npnpoflo-3HaBCTBo peHecancy 3ajinniHjioca noBHe Mpin Ta cnpnaao po3BHT-kobí „Marii"", aabxeMii, acrpoaorii; penecaHC pÍ3K0 KpnTHKybaB ,,3a-6060HH" ia ynepeaaceHHa CTapnx naciB, aae caM 3aanniHBca ni3 Baasoio 3a6o6oHÍB, xo1? 30 3eaKoI Mipn i nÍ3HOBaeHHX. KyabTypHe 3HaneHHa peHecaHcy, BejiHHe3Ha „ceKyaapnsaiiia" KyjibTypn, ceÖTo íí nepeBe3eHHa 3 cyTo-peairiÖHoi 30 „cbítcbkoi" c(pepn, yrBopeHHH 30 neBHoi Mipn caMocTiiiHoí cbítcbkoi KyabTypn 6escyMHÍBHÍ. Aae BaacHoro 3MÍCTy, KpiM HOBoro ifleaay Kpacn, peHecaHcoBi ne bh-CTa^aao. Bíh cnpnHHHHBca 30 po3BHTKy hoboí aiTepaTypH Ta mhc-Ten^TBa, mp 6y3yBaanca Ha hobhx Í3eajiax Kpacn: iseajiax, hkí BeaHKOK) MipoK» HaMarajinca noBTopHTH, noBepHyrn aHTHHHnn Í3eaa Kpacn. B jiixepaTypi ne BHSHa^ajio neBHHH noBopoT 30 aHTHHHol cpopMH. 3míct „HOBa", CBiTCBKa aK>3HHa npHHocnaa 30 3eaKOÍ Mipn hobhh: TeMaTHKa 3ÔaraTHaaca „cbítcbkhmh" TeMaMH, — Hanp., epo-
thkhhmh,  Í3eaJlÍ3yBaHHHM chjih,  „BCeÔÍHHOÍ" nOBHOTH acHTTa.
2. CBÍToraa3 penecaHcy nepeacHBaB y 16 ct. cepno3Hy Kpnsy, Koan BHCTyriHjiH pecpopMaiiinm Tenii, aKi nonaCTH finian b TOMy caMOMy HanpaMi, nonacTH nÍ3pHBajiH rojioBHi KopiiiHa iseajiiB peHecaHcy. PecpopManja 3aanuinaaca Ha nosmjii neBHoro ÍH3HBÍ3y-
222
ajii3My, xoH neu pejiiriíiHH ÍHaHBÍa,yaaÍ3M (6e3nocepeaHÍH 3b's30k jiioflKHH  3  BoroM   3i  3MeHiueHHHM  nocepe;EraHi];bKoi  pojii n,ep-
KBH)   CBOGIO   CyTTK)   30BCÍM   ÍHIIIHH,   HÍJK   erOH,eHTpHHHHH ÍHflHBifly-
ajiÍ3M peHecaHcy. HaHJiinuie ue noHBiiiHe BiaHomeHHa o6ox Tenia 3'flcoByG naa Hac n.ojia Epa3Ma PoTepa,aMCbKoro, hkhh, noBHnô iaeaaaMH peHecaHcy, Becb nac He Miř 3HairrH neBHoro cTaBaeHHa n;o pe(popMam% m,o 3axonnaa i noro cboím nopHBOM. Koan peHeeaHC nparHyB noBHOTH hchtth, kcuih y Hboro ochobhhm inpaaoM CTaB ia,eaa Kpacn, pecpopMaH,ia nparHyjia híhtth, aice 6yao 6 h,íjikom Ta nocainoBHO 36yapBaHe Ha peairiimiH ochobí; aHTHHHocTi npOTHCTaB-aaaoca nepBicHe xpncTHaHCTBo, 30 anoro xoTiaa noBepnyTH aion,-CTBo pe<popMaiiÍH, a u,e nepßicHe xpncTHaHCTBo aacTO Haönpaao cyBopHx cpopM CTapo3aBÍTHBO*i pejiiriHHocTH. Pa30M Moran HTH peHeeaHC Ta peípopMairia BaacHe araue b on,HOMy — b kphthiií cepea.-HbOBiana, aKe penpe3eHTyBaaa naa oöox KaToaHHbKa n,epKBa.
3. JJp cxiaHboí EBponn peHeeaHC npHHuioB 3 neaiCHM 3anÍ3HeH-HHM, 3a hhm ayace hibhako inuia petpopMaiya. PeHeeaHC chphhhhhb y noabHii nepniHH aiTepaTypHim poskbít (h. KoxaHOBCbKHfi), aae nopyn Hboro yace cToaaa peípopMaina, mo 3pa3y ac 3HaHinaa ň ai-TepaTypHHH BinryK (M. Peä). Be3nocepenHÍ BnaiiBii oöox Teaiü npHHHian Ha yitpamy nepeßaacHo 3 noabCbKoí KyatTypHoi eepepn.
YKpaiHa apacnaa no 16 CToaiTTa me b n^iabHOMy 3B'a3Ky 3 bí-3aHTÍHCbK0K) KyabTypHoio ccpepoio, xoH 3 KÍHH.H 14 BiKy He ôpaicyBaao h pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHx pecpaeKCÍB 3axia,HÍx Tem&, hkí npHBOflHan no He-cnoKOK) Ta no neBHoro 3aHenan.y onHoöiaHoro Ta HenonjabHoro na-
HyBaHHa CTapOl BÍ3aHTÍHCbK01 Tpan.HH.ii.
Ha yicpami biijihbh peHecaHcy, aK ÖynpMO öa^HTH, npcHTb He-3HaaHÍ: nonacTH bohh oÔMeacnanca Ha 3acB0GHHi neBHOi TeMaTHKH aiTepaTypHHx tbopíb, 3acB0GHHÍ, inp TpHBaao ň 3a aaeiß ÖapoKKa. HaäcKaanHiHia npoöaeMa — yTBopeHHa HOBoro aiTepaTyHporo CTHaio — He 6yaa po3B'a3aHa: roaoBHe Hepe3 Te, inp 3HanoMCTBo 3 aÍTepaTypoK) peHecaHcy 3Haanao nepenyciM 3HanoMCTBo 3 aaraH-cbKOK) äHTHaHOK) aÍTepaTypoK), — 3HanoMCTBo up oÔMeacyBaaoca Ha ^HTaHHi opHťÍHa,aÍB. nepeKaan,íb Maßace He 6yao. HenHcaemii ix cnpoÖH noxonnan 3-nia. nepa MOCKOBCbKoro BTÍKana, kh. Kypôcb-Koro, aKoro nepeKaaan HaßiTb mobho 6yan nin, BnaHBOM aHTOBCbKO-pycbKoro oToaeHHH. Cnpo6n BaacHHX npaub yicpamiriB CToaan me nin, BeaHHe3HHM BnaHBOM CTapoi BÍ3aHTÍHCbKoi TpaflHíňi. Jlo nel npHGflHaaHca annie neBHi HenHcaeHHi cTHaicTH^Hi eaeMeHTH pene-caHcy. TeMaTHKa CBÍTCbKoro peHecaHcy MaSace He 3HaSniaa rpyHTy.
4. BnaHBH aÍTepaTypHoro peHecaHcy He 3Moran po3BHHyrHCH Ha yKpami wp ň TOMy, mp Kpamy b npyrio noaoBHHi 16 ct. oxo-
223
HHJio pejiiriHHe 3aBopymeHHH, mo naaeKo cnpnaTaHBÍnie 6yjio naa biijihbíb petpopMaiin, amac peHecaHcy. /Híhcho, npoTecTaHTCBKÍ pe-(popMa^imi pyxH noninpnanea i Ha YKpamy, xon i oxonnjiH Maöace
BHKJIIOHHO IHJIÍIxeTCHKi HeuIHpOKÍ KOJia. AjIO 3HalIGHHH pe(pOpMamň-
HHX Temik, 30KpeMa caaie Ha yKpami BnjiHBOBoro „aHTHTpnHÍTa-
pH3My"   (conÍHÍaHCTBa aÖO  „apiHHCTBa"), HJIH D,hx HeUIHpOKHX kíji
6yjio BeJiHHe3He. Caiwe n,i Temi npHBejiH cboix npH6inHHKÍB čepen, yKpaiHCbKo'i iujihxth h nonacTH MÍnjaHCTBa ap TÍCHÍmoro 3b'a3Ky 3 flyxoBOK) KyjibTypOK) 3axiAHLoi Eßponn. Ajie neö 3b'h30K npnBÍB 6ijibHiicTB yKpaÍHCbKHX npHÔiHHHKÍB aHTHTpHHÍTapH3My n,o neHanio-Hajii3ai^ií. JIÍTepaTypHi bírôhtkh Soro HenncjieHm, yKpaÍHCBKÍ aH-
THTpHHÍTapií   nHCajIH   JiaTHHCBKOH)   aÖO   nOJIBCBKOKI   MOBOK>. JlHHie
n,eaKÍ BÍnryKH inefi petpopManii npoSinan no urapninx kíji yKpaÍHCB-Koro Hapony. PecpopMan,ia BHMaraJia neBHHx 3míh pejiiriÖHoi Tpa-nimii: nonepme, BOHa CTaBHJia noHan, ijepKOBHHH aBTopHTeT aBTO-pHTeT „CjioBa BoJKoro", cb. BincBMa. PecpopMania iHTOBxiiyjia OKpe-MHx npeflCTaBHHKÍB „jiHTOBCBKO-pycBKoi" arrepaTypH i AO npoÖJieMH jiiTepaTypHoi mobh; xaKoio Mycijia 6yTn napojma MOBa, 60 Cjiobo Eoace noBHHHe cTaTH npucTynHHM ycÍM Hapoa,aM CBÍTy íx BJiacHoio MOBOK). Ajie nepeM03Í pecpopMann nocTaBHJiHCH Ha onip KaTOJiHHBKi CHJiH, mo nonajiH noxin, i npoTH npaBocnaBHoi nepKBH. B uBOMy cKpyxHOMy CTaHi npaBocjiaBHe HaceaemiH bhhbhjio i BejiHKy Bin,n,a-híctb npaBocjiaBHiá n,epKBÍ i BejiHKy opraHi3an,iimy 3Hí6híctb. Ajie too Hai^ioHaaBHo-pejiiriÖHHH pyx, mo po3BHHyBCH Koao npoÔJieMH ,,ymi", He cnpHHB aHi 3acBoeHHio pe(popMan,ÍHHoi JiiTepaTypHoi Tpa-annü', aHi 3acBOGHHio Tpanimii peHecaHcy. Kojih mh noMÍnaGMo b
yKpa*íhcbkíh JlÍTepaTypi  16 ct.  hkhkcb 3B'h30K  3 OÖOMa rOaOBHHMH
HanpHMaMH nacy, to neS 3b'h3ok i caaÖKnn, i naaeKo He 3arajiBHHÖ; bíh BHHBJíHGTBca b 3acBOGHHÍ jiHiiie oKpeMHx eaeMeHTÍB JiiTepaTypHoi noeTHKH peHecaHcy, TeMaTHKa peHecaHcy 3aainnaeTBCH no3a Me-acaMH yBarn; bíh BHHBaaGTBca b cnpoöax CKopncTaTHca 3 neBHHx eaeMeHTÍB pe(popMan,ifiHoi Tpannniii, aae nonacTn anine mobhhx (Ha-ponHa MOBa), nonacTH annie HeťaTHBHHx (noaeMÍKa npoTH KaTo-ann,BKoI nepKBn). ToMy He hhbho, mp HaHBH3HanHÍrue 3'flBHme yKpaiHCBKoro 16 ct. g noaeMÍKa remaaBHoro IßaHa BnmeHCBKoro, aKa cnpaMOBaHa aKpa3 i npoTH peHecaHcy i npoTH petpopManií, Ta CTaBHTB cbogk) MeTOK) noBepHyraca no cTapoi BÍ3aHTÍHCBKOi Tpannnii. Be3yMOBHo, n,a noaeMÍKa cbogio moboio, a 30 neBHoi MÍpn 3míctom (peairiÖHa ocoôhctíctb rpac Raa BranencBKoro He Memny poaio, amat nepKBa) 3B'a3aHa 3 AyxoM pe(popMan,ií, a cthjiícthmho 3 pe-HecaHcoM (hhb. naai). A me xapaKTepncTHaHÍnie, mp nepe3 roaoBy cBoro HanreHÍaaBHimoro nncBMeHHHKa yKpaÍHCBKa aiTepaTypa npn-
ôiujia He no CTaporo, a no HOBoro — no öapoKKa, aKe 6yjio 6araTO b MOMy cnanKOGMHeM peHecaHcy. Oiace, „nyx nacy" 6yB He 3a no-BopoT no CTaporo, a 3a nocTyn no HOBoro, n,o hkhxocb eaeMeHTÍB i peHecaHcy i pe<popManii. Ajie utoro ,,Hosoro" yKpamcbKa nific-híctb CBinoMO He npnOHaaa Ta He 3acBoijia; 3acBOGHHH huijio hkocb HanÍBCBÍAOMo, HenoMÍTHo. HeMae cyMHißy, mp bhjihbh peHecaHcy Ta pecpopinanií 6yjiH Ha YKpaiHi innpuii Ta rančmi b jkhttí, amac y jiiTepaTypi.
YKpaiHCbKa jirrepaTypa 16 ct. He tíjibkh Mae b co6i aniiie Maao-noMÍTHi ejieineHTH peHecaHcy Ta pecpopManťi; BOHa g b nijioMy He-3HaHHa. He Tpeôa nboro 3aMOBHyBaTH, MaiOHH ôancKyni nacH CTapo-
KHlBCbKÍ Ta 6apOKKOBÍ. GnHHe fliflCHO BHSHaHHe ABHIHp 16 CT. G iBaH
BnuieHCbKHH, inp ctoí'tb no3a nacoM Ta Bin cbogi cynacHocTH Tpa-ri^Ho oflipBaHHH. He3HaHHÍCTb yKpai'HCbKoí jiiieparypH 16 Biicy 6yjia 6 me öiabina, hk6h Ii oöcar He 36aranyBaBca JiiTepaTypHoio ni-
HJIBHÍCTK) ÖJIH3BKO CnopinHeHHX Ta b 16 CT. MOBHO HeBÍflflÍJIBHHX BÍH,
yKpaiHBiiB ôijiopyciB.
E. IIOBiCTb
1. JXyme BHnanKOBi tí hobí noBicTi, mo Ix iCHyBaHHH Ha yKpa-iHCBKO-6ijiopycBKOMy ťpyHTi MOJKeMO nprniHcaTH noacBaBaeHHio ni-KaBocTH np 3axiflHix jiiTepaTyp, aKe npHHic 3 co6ok> peHecaHC. Tani noBÍCTi no^HHaioTBCfl Bace 3 kíhuh 15 ct. BejíHKa nacTHHa i'x 3 EijiopycH. XapaKTep Ix nonacTH flyxoBHHÔ, nonacTH cbítcbkhô. no-xoflaTB bohh Moace anine nonacTH ôe3nocepenHbo 3 aaTHHCbKHX opn-rinaaiB, 3Ae6iabuioro, MaöyTb, 3 noabCbKoro Ta necbKoro nepeKaany, xon npaKHx 3 thx nepeKaanm, hkhmh nepeKaanani Moran 6 Kopn-CTyBaTHca, He 3HacM0.
2. JJp flyxoBHHX noBicTeň HaaeacaTb: „MyKa XpncTOBa", kom-niaan,ia pi3HHX aaTHHCbKHX TBopiB, inp nonacTH ö soci HeBinpMÍ. noßicTb safloBoabHHG too caMHH iHTepec, HKHH 3anpBoabHaaH ano-KpH(pH b CTapnfi nepion,: ne npnoBHeHHa GBaHreabCbKHX onoBÍn,aHb
PÍ3HHMH aeľeHflapHHMH Ta ÍHOni 30BCÍM He peairÍHHHMH MOTHBaMH,
— Hanp., acHTTGnHc niaaTa, nepepooaeHirä 3 cepenHbOBinHoi, 3a-xiflHboi 3ÖipKH aeťeHfl, t. 3b. ,,3oaoToí aeťeHnH"; onoßinaHHa npo Tpbox napiB, inp noKJiOHHaHca Xphctobí; acHTTa cb. OaeKcia (ooh^bí 3 aaTHHCbKHX opHrmaaiB, nepma, laaôyTb, 3a noabCbKHM, npyra, 3a necbKHM nocepenHHUTBOM); „noBiCTb" npo „CßiTJiy npopoHHino" (3 necbKoro); noßicTb npo anijapa TyHnaaa, inp noôyBaB Ha TOMy cbítí (inaôyTb, 3 necbKOÍ; aaTHHCbKHH opHrmaa íľ ipaaHncbKoro no-xonaceHHa). íle Bce noBÍCTi cTapi, cepenHbOBmni, i poaa peHecaHcy
225
b íx 3acB0GHHi — jiHiue b TOMy, mp ayx peHecaHcy 3BepHyB yßary cxiflHix cjiob'hh Ha 3axinHÍ jiÍTepaTypn Ta na,B im aochtb BHyTpini-Hbo'í He3ajieíKHocTH Bifl BÍ3äHTÍHCi>KOÍ TpanHijii, moo flO 3axÍflHÍX pejiiriHHHx onoBiflaHb 3BepHyTHca.
3. CßiTCbKi noBicTi no^iacTH bíhomí Bace cTapiĚ yKpamcbKiH jiiTepaTypi, ajie 3'aBJiaioTbca b hobhx peflai-cqiax cepöoxopsaTCbKoro noxoflaceHHa. Ilepuia 3 hhx — HOBa peflaKi^ia cjiaBH03BÍCHOi „OaeK-caHflpii", penannjia, mp noxoflHTb 3 cepßcbKoro nepeKJiaay-nepe-poÔKH. MaöyTb, yace Tôni, 3'aBiiaaca ä HOBa peflaKuia noBicTH npo TpoK). JXo cepôoxopBaTCbKoro nepeKJiany iTajiincbKoro opnriHajiy Befle Hac i BiflOMa 3 kíhh,h 16 ct. noßicTb npo TpicTaHa Ta l30Jibn,y (nop. b yKpai'HCbKiö jiiTepaTypi ine Jlecio YKpamKy); Teaí 3 iTaaiô-cbKoro opnriHajiy *iepe3 cepÖoxopßaTCbKHH nepeKJiafl npHHinjia (Majio po3noBCK>flMceHa) i jimiapcbKa noßicTb npo EoBy-KopojieBH^a. IToBicTb npo „címox Myn,pen,ÍB", cxiaHboro noxoflateHHa, npHiímjia Hepe3 JiaTHHCbKy nepepoÔKy Ta noabCbKHH nepeKJian, i Ha YKpaÍHy: n,e icTopia HiMoro ijapeBH^a, anoro oÖMOBHjia nepen, öaTbKOM Ma-nyxa Ta aKoro BpaiyBajiH cím Mympnx yHHTejiiß, mo po3noBÍn,ajra öaTbKOßi onoßiaaHHa 3 „MopajiJiio", mp He MoacHa hth 3a panpio hůhkh; HapeniTi, njapeßHH 3HOßy 3n.o6yB sajômcTb roBopHTH ra 3'aeyBaB öaTbKOßi cnpaßy; n,e Tím „ifleoaori^Hoi" hobícth 3i BCTaß-HHMH onoBiflaHHaMH, BinoMHÜ Ha YKpami Bace 3 HaficTapiiHHX naciB. — ^leaKi CBiTCbKi noßicTi nonacTH híhcho 3B*a3aHÍ 3 peHecaHcoM. Aae flocHTb 3ayBaacHTH, 111,0 bcí n;i hobíctí ne npcarjiH BejíHKoro pos-noBciOflaíeHHa, bíhomí HaM 3 ymKajibHHX pyKonneiß Ta ^acTO nÍ3HÍ-me saMiHeHi íhhihmh BapiaHTaMH thx caMHX TeM („OjreKcaHflpia"). HeBejíHKHÍí 6yB, oTace, ßnjiHB cßiTCbKoro peHecancy.
4. I pejiiriima 6opOTb6a Ta pejiiriima nojieMÍKa npHHecjra neBHHH noßicTapcbKHH MaTepiaa. Horo He ßaraTo — n,e onoßiflaHHa npo „nanicy" Horamiy, inp híôh 6yaa phmcbkhm nanoio Ta nopo-flnaa flHTHHy nin, nac nponecii. Ha noßicTb — nÍ3Hboro noxoflaceH-hh —- ÍHOfli cnoay^aeTbca me 3 íhhioio, iľ;o 3ycTpmacTbca i OKpeMO, npo „neTpa ryrmiBoro", nany-po3nycHHKa, mp, noKapaHHŽ pHMCb-KHM napeM, xHTpo 3HHiirye Soro. JJp ničí ac rpynn noBicTeň MoaceMo npHJiyHHTH i HeBejiHHKe onoBiaaHHa, mp Soro nepeKa3ye BmneH-cbKHÍí Ta mp i pamme Bace 3ycTpmaGTbca hk OKpeMe onoBi^aHna: up icTopia npo nymo na AcpoHi, kojih npn cnpoöax 3aBecTH yHiio 3 Phmom TaM ynajia CTina nepKBH Ta nepenaßHjia npHÖmHHKiß ymí.
5. Hk 6aHHM0, neBHe 36araHeHHa TeMaTHKH MoaceMo noacHHTH BnjiHBOM peHecancy Ta pe(popMai;ií. Aae cthjiícth^iho homíthmo b hobhx noßicTax Ta hobhx penarajiax cTapnx noBicTeö anuie flyace
226
MEJio pne „MOflepHHx". MoHce rojioBHe b OjieKcaHflpií — neBHi ejieMeHTH nyTjiHBocTH; „epoTHHHa" TeMaTHKa TpicTaHa Ta Bobh — HOBa, ajie cthjiícthhho oöpoöjiena flyjKe 6e3nopaflHo.
B. CbHTC ÜHCbMO
1. Bifl pecpopMai^iÖHHX Tenia 3ajiejKHTb npaija nam tckctom cb. riHCBMa: BOHa BiflöyBaGTBCfl nonacTH nifl bojiheom nectKo'i „ne-peflpecpopMaiiii" Tyca, nonacTH BJKe nifl BnjiHBOM pecpopMaijii 16 ct., ajie Haai^iHHinia npana npoBefleHa, croipaiOHHCB Bee m b ocHOBHOMy
Ha TpaflHUll CXiflHBQl i^epKBH.
Heacm oöcTaBHHH npani nepinoi mpyKapm, mp npaijiOBajia i fljiH yKpaiHH, RpyKapHi mMua HI. <I>iojia b KpaKOBi, ana 1491 p. BHroTOBHJia „Oktoí'x", „HaeocjiOBeuB", oôhabí „Tpiofli" (nicHy Ta u,BÍTHy) Ta, 3aaGTBca, i IIcajiTHp. HeMaG cyMHÍBy, mp MajiH apyny-BaTHCB, KpiM IIcajiTHpa, i sajiBHii nacTHHH cb. ÜHCBMa. Ajie flpy-KapHK) 3anHHeHo, a khhth CKOHcpicKOBaHo. CaM <ě>íojib 6yB jinnie ApyKap-niflnpHGMen,B. Bíhkíjih noxojiHjia imniaTHBa: 3 jihtobcbko-pyCBKHX, MOJIflaBO-BajiaCBKHX hh aKHXOCB íhhihx kíji, i noci He Bflajioca 3'acyBaTH.
2. Ta HaneBHe 3B'a3am 3 JiHTOBCBKO-pycBKOio jíiTepaTypoio Ta 3 necBKHMH pejiirÍHHHMH pyxaMH tí OÖpOÖKH TeKCTy, fle npOCTO KO-pHCTajiHca necBKHMH nepeKJiaflaMH Ta BJKHBäJiH „nocnojiHTOÍ" yKpa-ÍHCBKO-6iJiopycBKOÍ' MOBH. G Táni nepeKJiaflH i nncam, a rojioBHe,
ApyKOBaHÍ   <3>p.   CKOpHHOK),  nOJIOUBKHM   MÍIH,aHHHOM,   UJO CTyflhOBaB
y üaflyl Ta flpyicyBaB 1517-19 pp. b Ilpa3i (nacTHHH CTaporo 3a-BÍTy) Ta 1525 p. b Bhjibhí (AnocTon). IlmaBi nepe^MOBH Ckophhh, m,o po3KpHBaiOTB MOTHBH noro npan,i; BOHH nonacTH Hai;ioHajiBHÍ: yci TBapHHH „irfli 3posHJiH ca i ycKopMjieHi cyTB, no Bo3Í k TOMy MicTy BejiHKyK) jiacKy iMaiOTB", TaK i CKopHHa: „He MOHceMO jih bo BejiHKHX nocjiyjKHTH nocnojiHTOMy Jiiofly PycBKoro a3HKa, — čni MajiHÍ" KHHHCKH npan,i Hanieí npHHOCHMo im". CKopmia BBaacae Biöjiiio 3a eHiniKJionefliio BCBoro jiioflCBKoro 3HaHHa, norjiHfl, mp-npaBfla BHcjioBjieHHH i KaTOJiHKaMH, ajie tihiobhh rjih npoTecTaHTis; THnoBHH RJia npoTecTaHTÍB i yxmi Ckophhh ro npocTOi mobh i toh cpaKT, inp bíh BHflaB nepeßaJKHO KHnrn CTaporo 3aBÍTy. Ajie Cko-pHHa 30BCÍM He noBHHeH 6yB 6yrH npeflCTaBHHKOM pecpopMaiiiÖHHX norjiafliB', npoTH nBoro roBopaTB i jieaKi Miciia noro nepeflMOB i xa-paKTep fioro „Majio'i noflopoacHBoi' khhhíhiíí", mp CKJiaflacTBca 3 npaBOCJiaBHHX mojihtob; iíoro jinnie oBiaB flyx necBKOi „nepe^pe-(popManii". ^IpyKH Ckophhh MajiH ycnix, npo u,e CBiflnaTB ix BiflnncH.
227
3. Cnpo6H nepeKJiany cb. IlHCbMa Ha HaponHy MOBy noaacTH Ha-neBHe, noaacTH íimobípho 3B'a3am 3 peípopMauiHHHMH pyxaMH; xon He b ycix nepeKJian.aHax mh hobhhhí Sa^HTH npeacTaBHHKiB npo-TecTaHTH3My, aae caMa inea HaficKopnie Moraa noxonHTH 3 a,yxy pecpopMairii. YRpamcbKa oópoĎKa GBaHreaii e Taic 3BaHa „Ilepecon-HHi^BKa GBaHreaia" (3 pp. 1556-61, bí^omí annie BinnHCH 3 1571 Ta 1701 p.), 3fle6iabHia apcHTb noMipKOBana ,,yKpaÍHÍ3aina" cBaHreab-CbKoro TeKCTy. Ocb rk BHnanaB uen TeKCT: „HoaoB-BKy eanHOMy 60-raTOMy 3pon,Hao noae BeabMH, h mobhji caMT> b co&b, peKyan: hito Maio hhhhth, He Maio rae óbixij soópaaij auna moh (aóo nauiHio). H peKJTb: TaKb yaHHio, po3Meay acHTHHijy mok> (KayHio, a6o cto-apay). H 6oabmÍH no6yn,yio". — HaneBHe 3B*a3aHÍ 3 npoTecTaHTH3-mom nepeKaaaH GBaHreaii B. HeraaeBcbKoro (1581) 3 eaeMeHTaMH SiaopycbKoi Ta yKpamcBKoi mobh; 3po6aeHHií 3 noabCbKoro nepe-Kaany M. HexoBH^a „KpexiBCbKHH anocToa", yKpaÍHCbKHH tckct CKaafleHHH Ha niacTaBi noabCbKoi Eioaii 1563 p., caoB'aHCbKoro TeKCTy Ta BHnaHHH Ckophhh; nepeKaan. 3 noabCbKOi Ei6aii EyaHoro 1572 p. HaBÍTb BHflpyKyBaHHH, GBaHreaii Siaopyca B. TanHHCbKOro. Ocb npHKaan mobh 3 „KpexiBCBKoro anocToaa": ,,0 6e3po3yMHBiH TaaaTH, xtohí Bac nonMaHyaB, nacóbi ecie npaBnbi He Óbian no-cayniHH, nepea, KOTopbix o^HMa Xphctoc nepea, TbiM 6bia HanncaH h MeacH BaMH pocnaT. . .". — IlepeKaanH cb. IlHCbMa Ha piaHy MOBy BiairpaBaaH 3BHaaíiHO BeaH^e3Hy poaio b BHpoSaeHHi aiTepaTypHoi mobh. Aae hí ohhh 3 yKpaiHCbKHx a6o yKpa"ÍHCbKo-6iaopycbKHX ne-peKaanJB He apcarHyB 3araabHoro po3noBCK>naíeHHfl. .ZJaa po3BHTicy arrepaTypHoi mobh bohh He Moran Mara BeaHKoro 3HaHeHHa.
3 6iabHiHM a6o mchihhm noniHpeHHaM TeKCTy CBaKreaií, 3 npi6-hhmh noacHeHHaMH MaeMO KiabKa pyKonnciB, aKi penpe3eHTyK»Tb nepexoflH 30 „yaHTeabHHx GBaHreaiii", mp íx nÍ3HÍnie h apyKOBaHo (Hanp., Khib 1637 toih,o). Ocb npHKaaaH tckctíb: 3 „BoaHHCbKoi GBaHreaii" 1571 p. — „HeaoB^Kb H^KOTopbin 6bia fíoraTbra, koto-pbifi ace to o6oaoKOBaaca b nop4)ipy h bíccoh (b niapaaTB i b nppo-roe onfcme) h Ha KaacnBiií neHB ÓBiBaa BeaMH Becea. Bbia tbihí hí-KOTopbiě y6orbiH, KoxopoMy to 6biao hmh JIa3ap, KOTopiů to ae-acaa y BopoT ero, 6ynyaH TpyapBaTbiM"*; a6o 3 GBaHreaii Krnua 16 ct. : „HeaoB^KX hekotopbih 6bia GaraTbifi h o6oaoKaaca y Kpac-HbiH niaTbi h y nopcpnpy h bhccoh, Toe y apporin niaTBi, h Beceanaca Ha Kaacnbii neHb 3aBHie KpacHO, 6bia ace Tbiac TaM ySorbiií h-bko-Topbii, KOTopoMy to 6biao HMa Jlasapij, a 6bia noBp-baceHbii npen, aBepMH ero, a6o aeacaaTj y thok) HeMOHHbiií"; a6o 3 GBaHreaii
*) MaibKe TaKHŽ caMHň t6kct i b ríepconHHUbiciH eBaHrejiii.
228
1604 p.: „HejiOB'BK'b H-EKOToptiö 6Ť. 6oran> h oAT>Baaca ycTasHHHe Bi> nepcpnpy h bhccoh h Beceaameäca na BcaK'b aehi> KpacHO. Ebictb
MCe TaM BľEKHH HHIHÍH HMeHeM JIa3apb, KOTOpblS to aeacaa-b THOeilB
npen, nBepMH ero". Hk öanHMo — u,e 30bcím pÍ3HÍ cnpoÖH ha6jih3hth MOBy CB. ÜHCbMa AO hchboi MOBH, cnpoÖH, IHO, 6e3yMOBHO CHraJIH flO SHa^Ho ninpuiHx kíji, aHÍJK BnjiHB pedpopMaD,iíiHOÍ HäyKH.
4. HaHBH3HaHHÍIIIHH 6íójiíhhhh TeKCT,  IH.0 BHflpyKyBaHHH i aí-
CTaB HaöniHpuie po3noBCK>a^eHHH, 6yB tckct nocjiiAOBHo ijepKOBHO-cjiob'hhcbkhö, 6e3 ejieMeHTÍB yKpaiHCbKoi HapoAHOi mobh. Ile TaK 3BaHa OcTpo3BKa Biôaia 1581 p. Ihíh,íhtopom npaui 6yB npaBocJiaB-hhh MeneHaT kh. K. Octposbkhh, mo yTBopHB b OcTpo3Í BÍAOMy npa-BocjiaBHy niKOJiy, Ta 3ajiyHHB npodbecopiB uikojih h íhhihx yKpamqiB Ta nyacHHHiB ao npaui HaA 6í6jiíôhhm tôkctom. Komícíh, m,o o6po6-jiMBajia TeKCT, KopncTajiaca i pÍ3hhmh cjioB'aHCbKHMH pyKonHca-MH, i jiaTHHCbKHMH, aae roaoBHe rpenbKHM tckctom. 3 SorocaoBCb-Koro norjiHAy tckct OcTpo3bKoI EiÖaii — BeaHKHÖ ycnix. Ajie 3 ai-TepaTypHoro 6oKy BOHa 3atpÍKcyBaaa AaabiUHH po3pHB Miac n,ep-kobhok» (caoB'aHCbKoio) Ta airepaTypHOK) (KaniB-Hapo ah ok) ) mo-bok>. A roaoBHe, i^epKOBHo-caoB'aHCbKHÍí TeKCT neii He Miř CTaTH ocHOBOio HopMii aiTepaTypHoi mobh Ha yKpami. A unnoro aBTopn-TeTHoro pmepejia, HopMH yKpamcbKa aiTepaTypHa MOBa He 3HaHinaa aac ao kíhuh 18 BÍKy.
r. IIojieMraia JirrepaTypa
1- Peairiima ôopoTbôa b kíhu,í 16 ct. HaaeacHTb ao HaHn,ÍKaBÍ-hihx Ta HaficaaBHiuiHX CTopmoK yKpaiHCbKOi KyabTypHoi icTopii: 6o 3aaHHieHÍ nepeBaacHoio ÖiabinicTio niaaxTH, inp niinaa ao KaToannb-Koro Taöopy a6o h 3a nporecTaHTaMH, anine kopotkhh nac niATpn-
MäHÍ   BnJIHBOBHM   KH.   OCTp03bKHM,   3paA>KeHÍ   ÔiabHIOK) ^aCTHHOK)
npaBocaaBHo'i iepapxii", yKpaiHCbKi MhnaHH 3yMÍan niaaxoM caMO-opraHÍ3aiíii (ópaTCTBa) bíaohthch bía CTpaniHHX Hananiß KaToannb-KOi i^epKBH, niATpHMaHHX AcpJKaBHHM aBTopHTeTOM. Aae na 6anc-icy^a CTopiHKa yitpaiHCbKOi KyabTypHoi icTopii" He ÔJincKyna JíiTepa-TypHo. Bee ac, xoh i He^HcaeHHa Ta HeôaHCKyna, noaeMÍHHa JíiTepa-Typa Mae BeaHKe 3HaneHHH b po3BHTKy yKpamcbKoí arrepaTypn: no-Maay niAroTOByBaancb hobí aiiepaTypm dpopMH Ta hobí aiTepaTyp-hí BapTOCTi. IliaKOM no3a MeacaMH cynacHocTH 3ajiHHiHBca gahhhh reHiaabHHH npeACTaBHHK noaeMÍHHOí aiTepaTypn IßaH BHHiencbKHH.
2. IIoHaTKH noaeMÍHHoi jíiTepaTypn 3B'a3aHÍ 3 OcTporoM Ta tígio hikojiok), mo nocTaaa TaM 3axoAaMH kh. K. OcTpo3bKoro. Koao cnÍBpo6ÍTHHKÍB OcTpo3bKoro CKaaAaaocH He anuie 3 yKpaÍHijiB, aae
229
h 3 rpeiÜB Ta nojíHKÍB. 3MaraiOHH no BÍnpon>KeHHH CTapoi* npaBo-cjiaBHoi Tpannnn (nnB. cKa3aHe BHin;e npo Eiöaiio), ocTpo3BKe Koao b niücHocri Myciiao niTH 3a HyxoM penecancy, sanpoBanacyiOiiH b njiaH ocbíth cbítcbkí HayKH; Ta naBÍTt pecpopMania nosHannaaca Ha ninatHocTi OcTpo3BKoro Koaa, 60 b 6opoTt>6i npoTH KaToanijTBa fioMy ROBeaocH KopncTaTHca ň nocayraMH npoTecTaHTCLKHX cniB-po6ÍTHHKÍB, a m,e öiatme nepnara 3 npoTecTaHTCBKoi aiTepaTypn. OcTpo3BKa HíKoaa ninynaaa no CMepii khh3h, hkofo Hamannn nim-jiH no KaToaimBKoro TaÖopy. BnnaHHH OcTpo3tKo'i (a nÍ3HÍme ,fl[ep-MaHCBKOi, JIbbíbcbkoi ň íh.) npyKapHi npHHecjín yKpamcbKiii aiTe-paTypi, KpiM Biôaii Ta npHHarinmix nppicoBHo-noaiTHHHHX TBopiß, nen^o 3 TBopiB otu,íb nepKBH, aae roaoBHe 11 aiTeaTypHe sHaneHHH b TOMy, mp BOHa noaaaa jipyKyBaTH cyaacHHX aBTopiB: ne KiatKa TBopiB noaeMÍHHoľ aiTepaTypn.
3. üo^HHae ni npyKH „Kaio^i napcTBa HeôecHoro" FepacHMa CMOTpHUBKoro (1587). IIa KHHHíKa npncBa^eHa b nepinifi nacTHHi oSopom PycH Bia, Hananiß (G3yi'Ta B. TepöecTa), b apyrin noaoBHHi — oöoponi CTaporo KaaeHnapa Ta íhuihm BinMmaM Miac cxinHboio S 3a-xinHboio nppKBOio. ApryMeHTanii" peaeBoi HeöaraTo: roaoBHe naTe-thhhí, a inoni aipn^mi hh noTenHi 3aKaHKH, 3anHTaHHH, HaranyBaH-hh, HananH, a to h aaÖKH. üepenMOBa peTopnqHa, MOBa nonacTH TpoxH pHTMÍ30BaHa Ta HaBÍTt pHMOBaHa: „rioBCTaHTe, nonyÖTe ca h nop;HOCÍTe omh nyní BaniHX, a oöa^Te 3 niatmcTbio, hk cnpoTHBHHK Bam, niaBoa, He cnHTb, i He TiatKO hk aeB pHKaiOHH HiyKacTb Koro noacepeTH, aae HBHe b naineiíH GMy MHorHG. .. BnanaiOTb". nppKBa, „6oaÍ3HO Bac noponHBinn, Bonoio cbhtoio xpempHia omhbdjh, napn
Zlyxa   CBHTOrO   npOCBÍTHBUIH   Í  XaiÖOM   HÍHBOTHHM . . , B03KOpMHB-
ihh ... 3 BaMH bíhho n,apcTBOBaTH neBHa 6naa". ITann „enHHH hobh-hh ycTaBaaiOTb, a npyrnc CTapHHH nonpaBaaiOTb, i hk oncTynnjiH noporn npaBOH, 3aBacnH ca MimaiOTb, na hhhihx no Toro hí npHMy-niaiOTb, i cTpaniaTt, ace ím Toro aí He noinaraioTt". Abtop bmíg npo-mobhth n° npocTOí awflHHH. PHTMÍ30BaHa MOBa ÍHoni HaranyG pHT-MÍKy nyM a6o neaKHx BipniÍB. B tckctí 3ycTpinaeMO HHMaao npn-noBinoK.
4. TpaKTaT Bacnaa ,,OcTpo3bKoro" (1588) — BeaHKoro po3-Mipy Ta nepeBaacHo Teopera^Horo öorocaoBCbKoro 3MÍCTy (cnnpa-GTbca Ha MaKCHMa TpeKa), aiTepaiypHo nocHTb BaaacHH, aae npn-3HaMeHHÍí, HaneBHe, nJin mnioro HHTana, híhí TBip CMOTpiinbKoro. — JI. 3H3aHÍH (BnatHa 1596) yßis n° oôiry nojieMÍKH npoTecTaHT-c&KÍ MipicyBaHHH npo Te, mo pHMCBKHH nana g aHTHxpncT. CTHjib
KHHHÍKH   TeaC   „HayKOnoniOHHH". - JJ|ÍHCHO   CepH03HHH HayKOBHH
TBip — aHOHÍMHHH nAnoKpH3Hc" (OcTpor 1598) — g TBip npoTe-
230
CTaHTCbKoro nojibCbKoro aBTopa M. EpoHCbKoro. üoaacTH eMoniS-HHH Ta ipoHÍHHHH, noaacTH naTeTHHHHÖ CTHJiB hbox iiHcaHB nceBn,o-HiMHoro „KjiHpHKa OcTpo3bKoro" (1598-99) : „npecTynnan ecTe OTenecKie rpammi, HapyniHjiH Gere CTapoacHTHyio Bipy! . . IIopo-CKonHBäJiH ecTe rpoÔH npenKÍB, nopyniHJiH kocth oTenb! .. 3aTon-TajiH GCTe ix cTejKKH, 3äTMHjiii cere Ix npncBÍTayio cnpaBy!" JXo ejieMeHTÍB cthjik) TepacHMa CMOTpmrbKoro Kjihphk npnac me cthjib mojihtobhhh, Teac naTeTHHHHH Ta peTopHHHHH. — TojiOBHe 3 nepen,-
MOB np pÍ3HHX BHHaHb 3HaGMO HK nHCBMeHHHKa 0CTp03bK0r0 Hiaaa
/JeaťaHa HaaHBaÖKa: i äoro MOBa peTopnaHa, jraine cnabHiine 3a-öapBaeHa n,epKOBHocaaB'aHCbKOio. JJ,aaeKO npocTiuii nponoBÍn,i (Ton,i He^pyKOBaHi) noaaiBctKoro OTn,a IoBa 3aai3a. — PeTopHnmcTb noaeMiaHHX nncaHb ayace Bnan,aG y bíhí: TyT, MaöyTb, no3HaaHBca i CTHat nponoBÍa,i peairÍHHo-HecnoKÍHHoro pecpopMairiÖHoro CToaiT-Ta, aae i peTopnaHa niKoaa peHecaHcoBoro CTHaio: MaöyTb, HaM Sanačně HeBÍa.oivie 0CTpo3bKe „n,inepoHÍHHCTBo".
5. OicpeMO CTOiTb ocTaHHiä TBip irici aiTepaTypn — „IlepecTo-pora" (nacaHa 30 1605 p.). lie cnpoöa icTopioco<piI nepKOBHOi 60-poTbÖH hk öopoTbÖH n,HaBoaa npoTH njepKBH; b TBopi HeMaao ano-KaainTHaHHx hot. Aae BÍn,poa,HceHHH n,epKBH TyT Han3BHaaiÍHo iinab-Ho 3B'a3yGTbca 3 BiaponaceHHHM KyabTypmiM, ninHeceHHHM ocbít-Horo piBHH (monpaBna, 3 BinKHaaHHHM „tpiaococpii norancbKoi"). JJyace HepiBHOMipHHÖ CTHab annie noaaCTH innaBHH peTopnaHÍCTio, — np nici peTopHKH HaaeacaTb m. i. Han3BHnaHHO Baaai npoMOBH, m,o ix aBTop yKaanac b ycTa kh. OcTpo3bKOMy Ta íhhihm ocoöaM. I TyT g 3B'a3KH i 3 ncHxoaorieio pecpopMaini (anoKaainTH3M, Moace anecb „cpaaniaHCTBo"*) i 3 peTopnaHoio CTHaicTHKoio peHecaHcy.
6. 3 6oKy yHiaTÍB BHCTynaG yKpamcbKHO Moace HaHBH3HaaHÍ-HiHH noaeMÍCT AnaM-InaTifi noTifl. JliTepaTypHO bíh npoa,ykthbhí-niHH, aHiac npaBocaaBHi noro npoTHBHHKH, nmue bíh i noabCbKOK) i ,,nocnoaHToio" mobok). yKpai'HCbKO-caoB'aHCbKOK» mobok) iviacMO KiabKa noro TBopiB („yma..." 1695, „CnpaBenaHBoG oniicaHbe.. . coöopy öepecTeäcbKoro" 1596/7, „Ahthph3hc" 1599, ,,Po3MOBa 6e-CTaHHHa 3 öpaTarocoM" 1603, „Oßopona coôopy (paopeHTiocbKoro" 1604, „rioceabCTEo 30 naneaca. . . CuKCTa IV" 1605, „rapMoma aaböo coraacic Bipn" 1608). Horo CTHab toh caMHÖ, mp CTHab npa-BOcaaBHHX noaeMÍCTÍB: annie b Hboro MeHuie aipnnHocTH, Siatine naTocy, peTopiiKii Ta aoTeny ň aaáKH, Ta niaoBi apryivieHTH cnoay-ayiOTbCa 3 eMoniiiHHMH b TOMy caMOMy TBopi, Ha thx caMnx CTopin-Kax. Horo yKpaiHCbKi nponoßini BTpaaem.
*) Maro Ha yBa3i npoTecTaHTCbKoro 6orocjioBa «í>Jijm,ÍH Ijuiipmca, npea-CTaBHHKa paAHKajibHoro HÍMenbKoro npoTecTaHTH3My 16 ct.
231
B yKpaiHCbKHX TBOpax IIotíh 3HaHneM0 bcí thhobí peTopiram 3aco6n Toro nacy: HaKynHeHHH chhohímíb, mepern cjiíb: „txíhhctbo, jiaKOMCTBo, CBflTOKyneiíTBO, HenpaBna, HeHaBHCTb, noTBapa. . ., nHxa, i HaayTocTB. . . naHyiOTb TyT BectMa" (b rpeubKÍíi uepKBH); onHe 3a 03HHM Hn.yrb KopoTKÍ peHemra:
„cnijibHHe Ryini, mhcjií, bojih, cnijibHHÍí Bor,
cnijibHaa iioöojkhocth Kynjia, cnijibHoe cnaceHie, cnijibHHH nonBHr i npaijH, cnijibHaa M3na i Brnent".
JIioöhtb bíh aHTHTe3H, — xaK Ha noro flyMKy npH cnbini npa-BocjiaBHHX 3 npoTGCTaHTaMH cnojiy^yiOTbCJi:
CTäpOJKHTHOG 3 hobotok) yTB€pJKfleHÍG,
Í KaMeHb HeTJjBHHÍHMHÔ 3 JierKOMHCJIbHOCTH TpOCTHHOK), HIHpOTa 3 TÍCHOTOK), 0      njli^HiCTb 3 HenjIORÍGM,
CBHTOÔJIHBOCTb 3 npOKJlflTÍGM,
poÔpHH nopaROK 3 noMÍHiaHÍ6M,... MHpo ÖJiaroyxaHHOG 3 rpH3K),
CBÍTJIOCTb 3 TeMHOCTK),
XpHCTOC 3 BejiiapoM ... T'éjK y 3aKJiHKax:
He MiniaÔTe jiionebKHx cnpaB 3 BojKCbKHMH,
MHpCKHX 3 myXOBHHMH, 3eMHHX 3 HeÔeCHHMH, HOHaCHHX 3 bíhhhmh . • .
Cthjib IIotíh Haranyc nemo cTHjib BmneHCbKoro, jranie jieKCHKa IIotíh He Mac ôaraTCTBa Ta pÍ3HOMaHÍTHOCTH cjiobhhkr BrnneHCbKoro. 7. 3ajiHHiHJiHCH ř peaKi pyKonncHÍ npiomiui, no^acTH CTapinii,
naM'HTKH nOJieMÍKH i npOTH KaTOJIHKÍB, i npOTH „JHOTOpÍB". ix CTHJIb
TpoxH npocTÍuiHH, ajie i b hhx MOJKHa 3HaÖTH b 3apoflKy TÍ caMÍ CTHjiieTHMHÍ ejieMeHTH, uro i b TBopax nÍ3HÍHioi' nojieMÍKH (hhb. me EKCKypc II).
ľ. IsaH BinueHCbKHň
1. riopyn nojieMÍCTÍB, mo npcHTb hcbmíjio KOMnoHyioTb cboí oÔopoHH Ta Hanann, 30cepenJKyiOHHCH rojiOBHe Ha npyropHRHHX nn-ŤaHHHx Ta jiHHie ÍHOfli ninHocHHHCb np npHHi^HnoBoí nocTaBH nH-
232
TaHb KOHCpjiÍKTy mďk npaBocjiaß'HM Ta KaTOJiHUTBOM, BHCTynae nncb-
M6HHHK, mO flO neBHOI MÍpH CnopiflHeHHH 3 IIOJieMÍCTaMH CB01M CTH-
jieM, mo nopymye ä tí miTaHHH, npo akí nmnyrb nojieinicTH, ajie
BÍflpÍ3HH6TbCH Bifl yciX CBOIX CynaCHHKÍB, hk He6o bír 3eMJlÍ. Bifl-
pÍ3HHGTBCJi rojiOBHe THM, mp bíh e nHCBMeHHHKOM 3 BoJKoro no-
KJlHKaHHfl. Ue iBaH BHHieHCbKHH, OflHH 3 HaHBHflaTHÍIIIHX yicparncb-KHX ľlHCBMeHHHKÍB ycix HaCÍB,   GflHHHH  3 IIKCbMeHHHKÍB  THX HaCÍB,
mo öoro He 3a6yTO, — noro nonyjinprncTb y hobí nacH niflHic 4>paHKo cbogh) noeMoK) .
2. BnineHCLKHH Mac HaflXHeKHH cnpaBJKHboro npopoKa, i TOMy, xoH i bíh nacTo 3ajiHHiaGTbCH npH nHTaHHHx flpyropHflHHX, cyne-pe^KH npo n,i flpyropnflHi nHTaHHH bíh yiwic cnojiyHHTH b neBHy nijiicTb Ta obíhth nyxoM TaKoro ôiôjiiÔHoro naTocy, hkhh 3Mymy-BaB HHTana 3po3yMÍTH a6o BÍfl^yTH, mo cnpaBa ňfle fliöcHO He npo flpiÖHHi^i, a npo ocTaHHÍ nHTaHHH pofly jnoflCbKoro. Ajie BnineHCb-KHÔ He jiHine cthjiícthhho niflHocHTbcH Hafl cboimh cynacHHKaMH-no-jieMÍcTaMH, — He piflKo bíh, 3ajiHuiaiOHH Ha 6ohí KOHKpeTHÍ flpiö-HHu,i nojieMÍKH (60 npo hhx, mobjihb, yjKe nncaJiH innii), BHcyBae
TaKÍ   npHHI^HnOBÍ,  PCHOBOnOJIOJKHÍ   nHTaHHH,   HKÍ   H.ÍJIKOM BHBOflHTb
öoro ,,noJieMÍKy" 3 paMOK noro nacy Ta noro Kpamn: TaK, Hanp.,
bíh CTaBHTb nHTaHHH npo xpHCTÍHHCbKHH ifleaji IHipKBH,-CnpaBJKHH
i^epKBa He naHÍBHa, hk KaTOJiHUbKa, a nepecjiiflyBaHa, TepnjiHna, hk CTapoxpncTHHHCbKa. TaKa ocHOBonojiojKHa nocTaßa nHTaHb Hafl3BH-
HaÖHO BÍflCBÍJKyG Ta OJKHBJIHG ,,nOJieMÍKy" '. AHBHHM HHHOM ÍCTOpHKH
jiÍTepaTypn BÖa^ajiH b TaKHx míchhx „yxHJi" BnineHCbKoro Bifl „ro-jiobhhx nHTaHb" pejiirÍHHHX cnepe^aHB.
BHHieHCbKHÖ flem.0 CTHJieM Haraflye cynacHHX fioMy nojieMÍCTÍB, xoH i 6e3Me>KHo nepeBHiuye ix jiÍTepaTypHHM yMÍHHHM (see oflHO,
hh nOXOflHTb Ue „BMÍHHH" 3 HäflXHeHHH hh 3 HKO'ÍCb jíiTepaTypHOi
TpaflHqii). ToJioBHa fioro cnijibHa pnea 3 cynacHHKaMH — peTopn3M, He b HKOMycb HeťaTHBHOMy 3HaneHHÍ nboro cjioBa, a b ceHci neBHOi jiřrepaTypHOi cpopMH, mp bcí flyMKH Bflnrac b cpopMy npoMOBH, 3bo-
POTÍB flO HHTaHÍB, 3aKJIHKÍB, 3aKHfllB, 3anHTaHb . . . Ajie KOJIH MH b
ocTpo3bKHX hh jibBÍBCbKHX nojieMÍCTÍB MorjiH npHnycKaTH BnjiHB pe-
TOpHHHOÍ JiaTHHCbKOl HIKOJIH, CTHJIb BmueHCbKOrO 3aHaflT0 BHíe He
,mmepoHÍHHCbKHO" Ta fioro norjiHflH Ha JiaTHHCbKy Kyjibiypy 3a-HaflTO HeťaTHBHi, inp6 uiyKaTH fljKepeji fioro jíiTepaTypHol Tex-híkh b aHTHHHifi peTopniji. IlaTOC noro ,,6í6jiíhhhh", ajie cthjiícthh-ho bíh He nyjKe Haranyc CTapo3aBÍTHHX npopoKÍB. HafineBHinie bíh fle^oro HaBHHBCH 3 CBHTOOTenbKoi" nponoBÍfli, MOíKe HanoiJibuie Bifl 3jiaToycToro, ajie i TyT cxo^kíctb He 3aHaflTO BejiHKa.
233
Bin. CBoix cynacHHKiB BHineHCbKHH oflpÍ3HHGTbca OHHane ro-jiOBHe, oahhm: bíh, xoh Moace i 3aaeatHHH Bia, cboto nacy Ta BHy-TpiniHbo 3B'a3aHHH 3 hum (3BHHaHHÍ TBepflJKeHHH npo „Many ocbí-neHicTb" BHineHCbKoro 6e3nin,CTaBHÍ), aae i peHecaHC, i pecpopManja Raa Hfcoro — anrue 3'HBHma ninynany, po3Kaan.y, aHTHxpHCTOBoro „co6aa3Hy". Te, noro bíh öaacae, g noBopoT np BÍ3aHTÍHCbKOi Tpa-RHBiií, no CTapoBHHH. Koan BHineHCbKHH i HaaeacHTb no yKpamcb-Koro „peHecaHcy", to bíh y HbOMy e CaBaHapoaoio, nip He 3ynnHHB-ca 6, Maöyrb, nepen, 3HHineHHaM ycix „HanÖanb" hoboi KyabTypn. Cbíh no3HTHBHHH ineaa bíh He BHcaoBHB npicaanHO, ne po3BHHyB. Ma-6yrb, mh 3HaHHiaH 6 TyT He amue aiScHy cTapoBHHy, a ä npcHTb
HOBOI nÍ3HbOÍ BÍ3aHTÍHCbK01 MÍCTHKH (re3HXaCTÍB) , IHO 3HaHUijia co6i
npnryaoK HKpa3 Ha AcpOHi, ae npoacHB öinbiny nacTHHy CBoro acHT-Ta Ta BiaKÍaH 3BepTaBca np cboix cyaacHHKÍB i 3eMaaKÍB BnnieHCb-khh. He BHnanKOBo 3 TBopiß BHiueHCbKoro BHRpyKyBaHo 3a noro acHTTa, aHHie ohhh, Ta ô to TaKHÖ, mo anine nncaHHÖ BniueHCbKHM, aae ne bíh BHCTynae ak npenpTaBHHK acpoHCbKHX nemiiB, „Acpom-tíb". noaeMÍCTH Ha YKpaiHi Ta ix MeupHaTH 30bcím He CTaBHan co6i THX MaKCHMaabHHX 3aBnaHb, npo hkí mpíhb BHineHCbKHH: bohh xo-TÍan anme oöopohhth npaBocaaBHy uepKBy Bin, HanaflÍB, BmneH-cbKHH MpiaB naneBHe npo nepeMory cnpaBacHboro npaBocaaBHoro xpncTHaHCTBa Han ycÍMa íhhihmh „ceKTaMH h BÍpaMH" (paflHKaabHy HacTaBy MaeMO reac y nÍ3HÍo „nepecTopo3Í" Ta b nyacHHn,H BpoH-CbKoro); yKpaÍHCbKi npaBocaaBHi yTBopnan neBHy cHHTe3y 3axin.-Hbo'i Ta cxinHboi KyabTypn (OcTpo3bKa niKoaa) Ta 3 kohíhhm po-KOM Bce ôiabui nepnaan 3 CKpaomnji 3axinHboí KyabTypn, aae BHineHCbKHH He npHHMaB mnoro, mp npiixonnao 3 3axony; Ha YKpa-ihí nparHyaH ctbophth TaKi yMOBH, b hkhx npaBocaaBHa nepKBa Moraa 6 icnyBaTH b Meacax ToniniHboro nepacaBHoro Ta cycniabHoro ycTpoK), BmneHCbKHH, BHXoaaaH 3 inpaaiB CTapoxpHCTHHHCbKoro acKeTH3My, po3BHHyB TaKy panHKaabHy HeraTHBHy KpHTHKy noai-THnHoro Ta coniaabHoro aany, mp ii no3HTHBHOK> npoTHaeacmcTio Moraa CTara anme nporpaMa „napcTBa Boacia Ha 3eMai". Híxto 3 cyaacHHKÍB ne Mir MpiaTH npo nepeTBopeHHa Peai nocnoaHToi Ha ijapcTBo Boace, i, hk6h y BnineHCbKoro 3HaöniaHca peaabHi Ta aKTHBHi npHÔinHHKH, bíh CTaB 6h naa cboí'x yKpaiHCbKHx cynac-hhkíb aionHHoio He6e3nenHoio. npHOinHHKÍB BHineHCbKHH He 3HaH-inoB, yace TOMy, inp HiaKoľ KOHKpeTHo'i nporpaMH He po3BHHyB j cy-nacHHKH (noMHjiKOBo) BBaacaaH noro 3a CBoro cniabHHKa; TOMy TBopH noro HHTaHo, nepenHcyBaHo (aae He apyKOBaHo), Ta TOMy aiöniaH bohh i flo Hac.
23Jf
3.     JJf)   HaHXapaKTepHCTH^HilUHX  CTHJliCTH^iho   nHCaHb BlfflieH-
c&Koro (flKHx HaM bíromo 19, nopyn 3rafl,aHoro jiHCTa „Acpohítíb") HajiejKHTb ORHH 3 noro paHiuiHx TBopiB „ÜHcaHHe flo Bcix y JlaflCb-kíh 3eMJii" — b HbOMy Bhuichcbkhh aíhcho 3Bepxacxbca He jiHiue flo npaBocjiaBHHX: ,,To6i b 3eMjii, 30BeMoô IIojibCbKOH, MeuiKaiOHOMy Jiiofly BCHKoro B03pacTa, cTaHy i npeJiojKeHcxBa, Hapofly PycbKOMy, JlmoBCbKOMy i JIaflCbKOMy b po3flijieHHX ceKTax i Bipax p03MaÍTHX ceíi rjiac b cjiyx fla flocxnace. 03HaMyio BaM, hk 3eMJia, no KOTopoö HoraMH BaniHMH xoflnxe b Henace b JKH3Hb cík> pojKflemeM npoiSBe-flem ecTe i hhhí oÖHTaexe, Ha Bac nepefl rocnoflOM BoroM njianeTb, CTorHBTb i BonieTb, npocaHH CTBopHTejiH, hko fla nonijieTb cepn CMepx-hhh. . ., KOTopHH 6h Bac BHryÖHTH i icKopeHHTH... Miř" (mothb, mo áoro 3ycTpÍHaGM0 Bace b Cepaniona BojioflHMHpcbKoro). „JXe hhhí b JTaflCbKiô 3eMJii BÍpa? Jle Hafliacfla? .ZJe jiioöob? J\e npaBRa i cnpa-BefljiHBÍcTb cyfla? Jle noKopa? ^e GBaHrejibCKiiG 3anoBÍfli? JJ,e anocTOJibCbKaa nponoßiflb? JXe cehthx 3aK0HH?..". ,,/Ia npoKJiaxi 6yRyxb BJiaflHKH, apxHMaHflpHTH i iryMeHH, KOTopÍG MOHacrapn no-
3anyCTÍBajIH í CpOJIbBapKH Ce6í 3 MiCT CBHTHX nOHHHHJIH í CaMH TÍJIbKO
3 cjiyroBHHaMH i npnaxejibMH ca b hhx TÍjiecne i ckotcbkh nepexo-BHBaioTb. Ha MÍcTax cBaxnx jieacanH, rponii 36tipaiOTb. 3 thx flo-xoríb, ... RÍBKaM cBoiM BÍHo roxyioTb. Chhh oRÍBaioTb. 3KeHH yKpa-niaroTb. Cjiyrn yMHoacaioxb. Bapsn cnpaByiOTb. npnaTejii o6ora-nyiOTb. KapHTH 3HHtflyxb. BÍ3HHKH chthI i GRHHOo6pa3HHÍ cnparaioxb. PocKoni cbok) noraHCbKH icnojiHaiOTb". „HicTb MicTa n,ijioro ofl rpi-xoBHoro Heflyra — Bee CTpyn, see paHa, Bce nyxjnma, Bce rHHjibCTBO, Bce orHb neKejibHHH, Bce 6ojiÍ3Hb, Bce rpix, Bce HenpaBfla, Bce Jiy-
KaBCTBO, BCe XHTpiCTb, BCe KOBapCTBO, BCe K03Hb, Bce jiaca, Bce MeH-
TaHÍG, Bce cíhb, Bce napa, Bce ahm, Bce cyGTa, Bce xmeia, Bce npHBH-Aíhíg". „noKaöxeca yöo, Bora paflH, noKafixeca, flOHejiiace noKaaHiio Bpeivra iiwaTe! .. ToTOBÍTe flijia, roTOBixe hhctog jkhxíg, roxonixe 6o-royroflaceme!" Ile, mpnpaBfla, Moace Haööijibni „pexopHHHHH" 3pa-30K CTHJíK) BHHieHCbKoro. Ajie b njjioMy bíh 3ajimnaGXbCH HbOMy cxHjießi BipHHM, yce jKHixa, 6o nnuie bíh i flajii 3fle6ijibma nHcaii-Ha-npoMOBH. Pojiobhí 3 hhx'. „nopafla", jiHCT „flo yxeiCHiHX enHCKo-niB" (1597-98), „KpaxKocjioBHHH oibít <3>eoflyjia", „3a*ianKa", „06-jiH^eme fliaBOJia Mnpoflepatna", „TepMÍHa o jijkí", Hapemxi (fleet KOJio 1614 p). „no3opmne mhcJieHHOG''.
y* xBopax cboíx BHHieHCbKHH nopynryG He Jinnie aKTyaJibHi mi-xaHHa pejiiriHHoí 6opoTb6n („yTerani ermcKonH"), TBopn áoro nifl-Hocaxbca Hafl HacoM, roBopanH, aK y n;HX0BaHHX ypzBKax, npo aKTy-ajibHi xofli, ajie aKxyajibHi i 3aBacflH nnxaHHH.
235
4. HppicoBHa nporpaaia BmneHCbKoro b ycix fioro TBopax npo-CTa, — ue yTpHRiaTHca CTaporo: „np nppicBH Ha npaBHJio coöopHoe xoniTe i Bo BciM no ycTaBy nepKOBHORiy — Hi npnaaraiome on, CBoero yMHCJia inp, m oriMaioine. .Hi posnapaioine MHiHieM tbo-prre". Aae BHHieHCbKHH HaBiTt 3a yTpHMaHHH nepecTapijioro: „GßaH-reaia i AnocTOJia b nppicBH Ha jiHTyprii npocTHM h3hkom He bhbo-poaafiTe". Xoa Bin i noronatyeTbca mp Ha nponoßint Haponnoio mo-bok>: „naa BHpo3yMiHHa aionpbKoro nonpocTy TOBKyfiTe i BHKJia-nafiTe", aae Bei khoth Tpeöa Ha fioro n,yMKy „caoßeHCbKHM a3HK0M" ApyKyßaTH (caoB'HHCbKHfi a3HK bIh CTaBHTb BHinp i rpeubKoro i aa-THHCBKoro). Ta B3araai „Hh He ainuie Teßi i3yaHTH HacocaoBen>, IIcaaTHp, AnocToa i GßaHreaie... i 6hth npocTHM ßoroyronHHKOM i acH3Ht BiaHyK) noayaHTH, Heacean nocTHrayTH ApncTOTeaa i Ilaa-TOHa i cpiaococpoM RiyflpHM ca b aarem ceä 3beth, i b reeHy otith? Po3cynH.r" JJaa Hboro npocxo 3afiB0 po3n,yMyBaTH Han. nHTaHHaM yHÜ, any BiH Bin.KHn.ae Bace TOMy, mp BOHa mpcb HOBe (rpaioan caoßaMH „yma" Ta „Kaiaa").
BiH He Kanae BaacHe 30 öopoTbön, xoa i panHTb: „He npHHMyfi-Te" CBampHHKiB, mo BHCBaaem npoTH „npaBHa CBaTHx oTenb". Phm n,aa Hboro — BaBHaoH, Kopoab, nocraabKH Bin. ninTpHMye ymio, — HaByxonpHocop. BiH cnoniBaeTbca nopaTyHKy ßin, iHnHBinyaabHoro npTpHMyBaHHa CTapnx „npaBHa". Koan n,i npaBHaa i „MaaeHBKi npaBHabi^a", to Hexafi „npaßocaaBHHG y MaaeHbKHx npaBHaenb npn npaBni npMa cnnaTb; Hexafi npaia y MaaeHbKHx npaBHaen> icTHHH uiaHyioTb, Hexafi npMa MaaeHtKHMH npaBHaßnaMH ca cnacawTb, ko-TopHMH... 3aneBHe cnacyTbca. A bbi ioac TaM 3 BeaHKHMH CKapacn-hhmh hko xoaeTe xaK co6i nocTynyÖTe". Hp tpiaococpia He öopoxbÖH, a anine nacHBHoro onopy.
5. Hk BmneHCbKHH 3a CTapoBHHy, 3a AnocToa i GBaHreaiio Ta npoTH „ApncTOTeaa fi üaaTOHa", 3a nppKOBHo-caoß'aHCbKi KHHrn Ta npoTH „BHBopoaeiiHa" ix „npocTHM a3HK0M", Toro caMoro Bin BHMa-rac i B13; niKoan: rpaMaTHKy („rpen;bKyK) ian caoBeHCBKyio") bih ine BH3H&G, aae naai — „bo mIcto aacHBOG njaaeKTHKH" — „aacocao-Bent.", 3aMicTb aoriKH Ta peTopHKH — „SoroyronHO-MoaeÖHHfi ncaa-
THp", SaMiCTb (piaOCOtpÜ -       OKTOIX („OCBMOraaCHHK"), HaBiTt i „GBaH-
reabCBKyio i anocToabCBKyio nponoBint" Tpeßa BaiiTH 3 TOBMaaeHHaM „npocTHM, a He xhtphm". „Piaococpia, He norancbKoro yaHTeaa ApncTOTeaa, aae npaßocaaBHHX IleTpa i nasaa". B ni3Hinii poKH bih HaBiTt onpanboBye naflH apyKy „coöopHHKa", 36ipKH, xpecTOMaTÜ bh-Kaioano caiß Xphctobhx, anocToabCBKHx Ta cßaTooTaecbKHx, naaH, rnp fioro noaacra 3niöcHHB 3a 150 pomß II. BeanaKOBCbKHfi (ahb. po3-n,ia V). He flHBHo, mp BHHieHCbKHfi, an bhhho 3 fioro anciiß, noTpa-
236
iihbüih Ha YKpamy b p. 1605/6, 6yB nyace HenpneMHO BpaaceHHÖ thm „3axiflHHHtbKHM" KyjiBTypHHM pyxoM, mp nonaBca TaM y upö nac.
A B OHHOMy 3 CBOlx OCTaHHÍX TBOpÍB BÍH  (3 KOHKpeTHOrO npHBony)
npocTo 3aKHn,ae cynacHHKaM yxHji no aaTHHCBKHX B3ÍpH,íb. IIIonpaB-na, b npö nac (nepen, 1621 p.) 3ÖHpajiHCb 3aKJiHKaxH BnineHCbKoro Ha ynpaiHy, ajie aen.Be hh bíh 6yB 6h 3acnoKOGHHH KyjiBTypHHM CTa-hom piaHoro Kpaio, hk6h fioro torí noöanHB,
6. BjiacHe tômh ayxoBHoi KyjiBTypn He TaKi nacTi y BnuieH-CBKoro, HK TeMH KyjibTypH 30BHÍHIHB01, JKHTTbOBoi, noôyTy. Binp-Ma Ta BejiHHe3Ha 3MÍHa, any BHKjiHKaB y noôyTi üoabmi peHe-eaHc. Ua 3MÍHa nepeKHHyaaca ö Ha yKpai'HCBKe iuaaxeTCTBO, 3a-xonnaa nonacTH i yKpai'HCBKe n,yxoBeHCTBO. IIin,ynan, yKpaiHCbKoro ayxoBeHCTBa nepen. yHieio bíromuh, ajie nyace MoacaHBo, mo nojie-míhho bíh nepeôiabnieHHH Ta öoro nepeHeceHo 3 OKpeMHX BHnanKÍB Ha Bce RyxoBeHCTBo (bíromo, hi,o b HÍMeHHHHÍ nÍRynaR KaToaímb-Koro RyxoBeHCTBa 3a nacÍB JIiOTepa Ta pecpopManii" Bace BeaHKOio Mipoio 6yB cnpaBOK) MHHyaoro, mp He nepeniKORHJio HOMy rpaTH b aiTepaTypi pe(popMan,ii BeaHne3Hy poaio). B KoacHOMy pa3i Bh-mencbKHH anuie e ancTi ro „yTeKHiHX enHCKoniß" nanaflac Ha ríhchí npoBHHH OKpeMHX oci6. B íhhihx aHCTax bíh MaaiOG KapTHHy aíHTTH nyxoBeHCTBa b n,iaoMy; BOHa Moace ö 6yaa npaBHabHa b OKpeMHX BHnaflKax, aae OKpeMÍ BimaRKH ne rpaioTb Raa BmneH-cbKoro poai: noro KapTHHa 3araabHa. Ta, hk ÖanHMO 3 ReaKHX TBopiß, öoro TaK caMo oßypioG ä noôyr cbítcbkhx aiofleö. Bo öoro ifleaa B3araai no3a MeacaMH MoacaHBOCTH — up 3araatHHH Ma-HacTHp pa BCboro aiORCTBa. Heoô'GKTHBHa, rinepooainHa KapTHHa, mp ii MaaiOG BHineHCbKnö, 3 noraany aÍTepaTypHoro HaR3BH-HaÖHo ijiKaBa: ne nepuia cnpoöa noöyTOBHx KapTHH b yKpamcbKÍH aiTepaTypi; Ta ui KapTHHH nncam uinpoKO Ta ÖapBHCTO. Micn,a n,i bíromí h nyace nacTo nHTyBaanca. Ocb npHKaaR: BHineiicbKHH 060-poHaG neHua, qo He bmíg BecTH cbítcbkhx po3MOB, 6o bíh He po3y-MÍGTtca Ha ,,thx MHorHX MHcax, nÍBMHCKax, npHCTaBKax nopHHx i Hia-pHX, nepBOHHX i ßianx loxax, i Mtiornx cKaaHHH,ax i KeanuiKax, i bh-Hax, MyniKaTeaax, MaaMa3Íax, aaaKOHTax, peByaax, MeRax i nHBax po3MaÍTHx", bíh ,,b cTaiyTax, KOHCTHTyu;iax, npaBax, npaKTHKäx, cBa-pax ... noMHcaa o híhbotí bíhhím ninHHTH i bmícthth ne MoaceTb ... B CMÍxax, pyraHHHX, npoacHOMOBax, MHoroMOBCTBax, Kymniax, 6aa3eHCTBax, innnepcTBax.,. noMHcaa o híhbotí bí*ihím bhríth hí-Koan ca He cnoROÖHTb...". Po3yMÍGTbca, np npnpoRHo, Koan Bh-meHCBKHH oÖBHHyBanyG cnncKonÍB: „JlynHTe i 3 ryMHa CTorn i 060-porn BoaoHHTe. CaMÍ 3 cboímh cayroBHHaMH npoKopMaiOGTe ohhx Tpya i noT KpHBaBHH, aeaíann i círhhh, CMiionncb i rpaionn noacH-
237
pacTe, ropijiKH npenyinaHHG KypHTe, iiiibo tpohkog npeBHÖopHoe BapHTe i b nponacTb HeHacHTHoro apeBa BaHBaGTe... Bh ix noTa míiiikh noBHi — rpiniMH, 3aoTHMH, Taaapaara, niBTaaapaMH, opm, aeTBepTaKH i noTpinmiKH HannxaeTe, cyMH noKaanaeTe b nmaTy-aax... A tig 6iflHHB;i niearora, 3a mp coan KynHTH, He MaiOTb „Tíg xaonn 3 onHoc MHCoaKH noaHBKy aatöo öopiHHK xaeôaiOTb, a MH npenca no KiabKonecaTb niBMHCKÍB po3Ma'íthmh CMaKäMH y-(papöoBaHHx noacHpaeM". y ancaeHHHX nofliÖHHx Micn,ax xoTian ÖaaHTH „coqiaaBHHH npoTecT" — b híochoctí n,e xphcthhhcbko-acKeTHHHHH npoTecT, Ta npoTecT He npoTH „rmTy", a npoTH BCboro cyaacHoro cyeniabCTBa ä KyaBTypn. BnnieHCbKHH annie 3pinKa 3raa.ye nyxoBHy KyaBTypy, aae BOHa naa Hboro onHaKOBa 3 „Maa-
Ma3ÍHMH"   Ta   „niBMHCKaMH";    bíh    OnHaKOBO    i    npOTH „KOHCTHTy-
h;íh", i npoTH „KOMeaiň", i npoTH KoaanpK Ta meapiBOK! Hp Bee, pa30M 3 aoriKoio, peTopnKoio, ľlaaTOHOM Ta ApicTOTeaeM g no3a MeacaMH aeiceTHHHoi aepHeaoi KyabTypn.
7. Haööiabni 3araabHO, Haiiöiabui npHHHimoBo EHCJiOBJíwe Bh-HieHCbKHH cBOi noraann Ha „cbít" b ,,06aHaeHHio anaBoaa MHponepac-n,a", fliaaory HHHBoaa 3 „roaaKOM i CTpaHHHKOM", inp penpe3eH-TyG BHHieHCbKoro caMoro. U.a aKacb napaaeaa 30 ,,JIa6ipHHTy cbí-Ty" KoMeHCbKoro; annie BHHieHCbKHH He 3Maab0Bye aHTaaeßi bcí ctpepH CBÍTCbKoro aíHTTH, a oÔMeacyeTbca Ha TOMy, inp nepeHOCHTb aHTaaa b cHTyan.no Xpncra npn cnoKyci noro AHHBoaoM. 3 npoMOBH HHHBoaa BHaBaaGTbca, inp bíh HeoÔMeaceHHH naH Hafl y c i m a ccpe-paMH CBÍTy. „JX&m MHaocTH HHHiniHero BÍKa, caaBy, pocKiui i 60-raTCTBo . .. Gcan xoaeui 6hth npeaoacoHHM (nyxoBHHM),... ot Rie-He iinii i mhí yronH, a Bora saHenôafi,... a a CKopo To6i naM. Gcan xoaein ÔHCKynoM 6hth, nan, nonaoHH mh ca. . . Gcan xoaem naneaceM 6hth, — nan, noKaoHH mh ca, a to6í naM.. . Gcan xoaem bíhcbkhm, niaKOMopHM ian eyfliGio 6hth, nan, noKaoHH mh ca, a To6i naM.. . Gcan xoaem reTMaHOM ian KaHijaepoM 6hth . . . , öynn npcKOHaanö yroflHHK míh, a to6í aaM. Gcan xoaem KopoaeM 6hth, oöiinaHca mhí Ha ocpipy b recHy BiaHyio, a to6í i KopoaeBCTBo naM ... Gcan xoaem XHTpn,eM, MancTpoM, peMecHHKOM pyKOfliabHHM 6yTH i flpyrnx BHMHcaoM npeB03HHTH, mhm 6h gch i on, cycin. npocaaBHBca i rponiH-KH coôpaTH Mir, nan, nonaoHH mh ca, a Te6e ynpeMynpio, Hayay, Ha-CTaBaio i b flocKOHaaicTb TBOGro nparHemia MHcab tbok> npHBemy. Gcan xoaem noxoTH TiaecHoi HacHTHTHca i rocnoaapeM noMy, npeBa i 3eMai HiMaTa Ha3BaTHca, nan, noKaoHH mh ca, a tboio Boaio icnoa-mo, a To6i aceHy npHseay, xaTy naM, 3eMaio napyio . .. ToabKo noiinii, nonparHH i mhí ca noKaoHH, bch chh a3 to6í naM". „CTpaHHHK" Bin-noBinaG HHflBoaoßi b iMem bcíx aioneo: „... UĹIto 3a noacHTOK 3 Toro
238
flapoBaHHH, KOJiH on, Teöe, nnaBOJia, 3a ropnicTb 3 Heöece Ha n,iji 3BepaceHoro, tog tioctoIhctbo npHHMy, a He on. HeÖecHoro Bora?... HIto ac 3a noJKHTOK 3 tog BJiacTH nacTHpcbKoi, kojih a paö, Heßijlb-
hhk Í BH3eHB BÍHHHH rpÍXOBÍ GCMb, 3a KOTOpHH B reGHy Bl^HyK) OTH-
ny?.... ILIto ac mh 3a noacHTOK 3 tog Majioi pocKOHiH, kojih a bo-bíkh b orm nedrncá i cMaacHTHca öyny?... HIto jk mh 3a noacHTOK 3 Toro CBocro MHpcBKoro THTyjiy, kojih a n,apcTBa HeöecHoro th-Tyji noryöaio? UIto ac mh 3a noacHTOK 3 Toro . . . KpoaeBCTBa, KaHii-aepcTBa ajiböo BOGBo.ii.CTBa, Koan a chhobctbo öoacic CTpa*ry, 6e3-CMepTHHÖ THTya? . . IIIto ac mh 3a noacHTOK 3 caaBH i necTii cycin.-CK01, kojih a b amcy. .. npöpe Bory yronHBUiHX caaBHTHca He öyny ?
ĽU/ľO ac mh 3a nOJKHTOK 3 MHOrHX {pOatBapKÍB Í 03HOÖ flOMKy, KOJIH
a KpacHHX HBopiB ropHoro IcpycaMHaa He y3pio. .. IIIto ac mh 3a noacHTOK 3 tog aceHH, kojih a XpncTa, aceHHxa (b) cbogi jioacmmi cepne^mn npHmen,iHero ycnoKOiTHca i cno^HHyTH, BHaira He Mory? .. IIIto ac 3a noacHTOK 3 tog Majioi 3eMamii i rpyHTHKy, Koan cto-pHHHo'i 3anaaTH pe^eHHoi XpncTOM b ijapcTBi HeôecHÍM 3a ocTaBJieHic CHX He npHÖMy i acHBOTa bihhoto HacainHHKOM i ninaneM 6hth He Mory? IIpeTo na 3Ha6in, nnaBoae, aK a on, Teöe acoHH, npMy, 3eMjii npnacHoi He nparay, Toöi hokjiohhthch He xony. rocnony Bory. ., noKJioHiocH i TOMy G^HHOMy nocayacy".
ByTH , jCTpaHHHKOM*, ,nejii>rpHM0M" (cjiobo, mo öoro nacTO yacHBac BnineHCbKHH) — n,e cnHHe MoacjiHBe CTaBjieHHa xpncTH-HHHHa np cBiTy. BHHieHCbKHH xotíb oh CKa3aTH npo ceöe Te caMe, 1140 CKa3aB CKOBopofla: „Cbít MeHe aoBHB, aae He cniÖMaB". Bo cbít 3a BHHieHCbKHM He aHiiie „b rpici aeacHTb", aae nepeöyBac b noBHiö, HenoniabHin Baani niiaBoaa. Ilea HeBejiHKHÖ niaaor Haä-acKpaßiHie BHHBaac cTaBaeHHH BnuiencbKoro np „CBÍTy" Ta bchkoi cbítcbkoi KyabTypn B3araai.
8. HeMac cyMHiBy, mp xpncTHaHCbKHH ineaa BmueHCbKoro nyace bhcokhh, U,e Haiijiinine noKa3yc HaM öoro CTaBaeHHa 30 öanacHboro. I TyT xoTian öaHHTH „coiiiaabHmi npoTeci". Aae Bh-HieHCbKHH BHMaraG He aKHxocb npaB, „CTaTyTÍB" naa HHacHHX Kaac, a xpHCTHHHCbKoro öpaTepcTBa bcíx: ,„Ilp6pe! Hexaö Öyneib xjion, KoaceMaKa, cinejibHHK i iuBeub! Aae BcnoMHHÍTe, hko öpaT BaM piß-heh y bcím GCTb. .. JXjia Toro, iac bo g^hho TpeinocTacHOG öoacecTBo i onHHM cnocoöoM 3 BäMH ca KpecTHB... I ohhojo nedarilo XJyxa CßaToro Ha xpncTiaHCTBO sane^iaTaH GCTb". BnineHCbKHH, npaBna, xone 3hhhi,hth pÍ3HHHÍ, aae i BCTaHOBHTH íhhií, hobí : „nonmroM i Bipoio niabHOio MoaceTb öbiTb KoaceMaKa on. Bac ainnraii i uHOTan-bíhihhh". ,,/IaaeKO xaon op HiaaxTjraa po3HÍCTb MacTb. Xto ac gctb xaon i HeßiabHHK? TiabKO toh, KOTpiň MHpy ceMy hko MyacHK, hko
239
xaon, jiKo HaÔMaHeiíb, ítk HeßiaBHHK cayacHTb". „Xto jk gctb nmax-TIT4? Tot, KOTopiá 3 HeBOJii MHpcbKoä k Bory BepHeTB i CBHine ca 03 /íyxa CßHToro noponHTb".
niaax jio Bora BHineHCBKHH 3Hae annie BHyTpiumin, nyxoB-hhh; neŕi. niaax mícthhhhh, maax eaMooHHineHHa Ta npocBtiaeHHH, aK ôoro b TpajiHiíii CTapoi mícthkh 3H0By BiaKpnan acpOHCbiü ,,re-
3HXaCTH": MÍCTHK „CBOG HaHÍHHH nyiJieHOCHOG OHHCTHB . . .  i tot CO-
cya. pynieBHHH caB03aMH noMHB; nocTOM, MoaHTBOK», CKopÖMH, 6i-ftäMH, TpyaoM i noaBHroM Baacer, bmiík i BnnoaepoBaB, i hobog hhctog HaciHHH 6orocaoBÍa nociaB," OnnineHHa Bene np „ocB'feuieHia yMa, ottj KOToporo ca h rfcao cb"Bthtb, ... 3a KOTopBiivľB Hn.erb btj Tiocn-BBniHxi, HeH3pe^eHHaa panpcTB, yrkxa, Mnpt, caaBa, anKO-BaHie h TopacecTBo pOBHo co aHreabi". IneaaBHHH thh aionHHH naa BameHCbKoro, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, ran onnx „npcniBinHx'', ceÔTO mícthkíb.
,,Con,iaaBHa HecnpaBenanBicTb" Ta „BHiniHaa Hayna" — ne oÔhhbí nepeniKOflH, mp CToaTB Ha niaaxy ap BHyTpiniHBoro yapcKO-HaaeHHH. ToMy BHineHCBKHH öopeTBca npora hhx. I g, b KoacHOMy pa3i, HecnpaBepiaHBicTio MaaioBara noro annie hk con,iaaBHoro pa-nHKajia Ta KyaBTypHoro peaKqioHepa: i „panHKaaÍ3M" i „peaKnifi-híctb" BnnjiHBaiOTh 3 ranöniHX Ta aaa BnuieHCBKoro caMoro ghhho BaacaHBHX mothbíb — 3 MicTHiHoro acKeTH3My.
9. IloaaiOHH nHTara naa xapaKTepncTHKH CBÍToraaiiy BiinieH-cbKoro, MH THM caMHM nonaan MaTepiaa i n,aa xapaKTepncraKH ôoro cthjik). Hp toh caMHŽ peTopHHHHÔ craab, mo i craaB íhihhx noaeMÍCTÍB, ôoro cyaacHHKÍB. Jlnuie MacMO b HBoro naaeKO 6int-my nnniHicTt: bíh HaKynnyc eniTera, nopiBHHHHH, 3anHTaHHa, 3a-KaHKH. BeaHKe MOBHe MHCTenrBo ôoro npHBonHTt 30 Toro, mp ne HaKynneHHa ne Bpaacac HenpHGMHO. Eo i HMeHHHKH i niccaoBa Bh-ineHCtKoro 3aBHín,h BaroBHTi, ôapBHCTi, cokobhtí. MoBa HansBH^aH-ho 6aH3bKa no „npocToi". Bace Bna3yBaHO Ha Te, mo neä peTopnsM — Tpannuia nyxoBHoi aiTepaTypH peHecaHcy. KpiM yKpa'ÍHCBKHX
CyHaCHHKÍB,    BHUieHCBKHH    6aH3BKHH     noaBCBKHM     nHCBMeHHHKaM :
i Pcgbí, i BynKOBi, i CKap3Í. Aae neam Micna Haran.yiOTB MaSace npcaiBHo i nHcaHHa ^ecBKoro npoiecTaHTa TaBaa ^KaaaHCBKoro, me 6ijiBine mícitb, CTHaicra^rao cnopinHeHHX 3 TBopaMH KoMeHCBKoro. 3aaHinaGTBCH anme nHTaHHa, an Mir BnmeHCBKHO npn Soro noBrnô Heraiiii ycBoro MonepHoro, 30Kpeiwa cbítcbkoí HayKH, TaK nepeÔHa-THca nyxoM cBoro ^acy, TaK Ha6aH3Hraca np peTopn^Horo CTHaio peHecaHcy Ta pecpopMairií. Bo bíh caM roBopnxB niaKOM acHo: ,,A aaramo 30 bcím Ha bcím ocTaBHMO... Hi i'x HayKH. .. caymaÔMO! Hnace i'x xhtpocth Ha Hanie . .. noaepoBamc y^íHMca! . . Mh ace
24O
6yn.eM npen. OHHMa ix no eBaHrejiiio — npocTi, rjiyni, He3Jio6jiHBÍ! TIocHTb HaM cnacTH Hac caMHx!"
JHyx *iacy hí6h nepeMir BnmeHCbKoro — ako CTHJiicTa. Ajie bíh e fljifl nac oflHHM 3 HaHJiinniHX npHKJiaAÍB Toro, mp reHinjibmni
nHCbMCHHHK MOHCe nepepOCTH CBOK) CynaCHiCTb, OÖMeJKeHiCTb CTHJIK)
CBoro ^acy, cbíh BJiacHHH oÖMOKeHHÜ CBÍTorjiHA.    Bo nninmcTio
CBOrO CTHJIK), OpHfiHaJIbHiCTK), cnojiyneHHHM nepeOÖTHHCeHOCTH 3 JierKiCTK) BÍH HaÖJIHHCaGTbCH flO HaôJiinniHx B3ÍpnÍB ßapoKKOBoro CTHJHO   (AHB.  P03AÍJI V).
JS,. CaxHpa
1. HeMae cyMHÍBy, mp hcbcjihkhh caTHpHHHHÖ TBÍp d;ígí aoôh e 6araTo b *ioMy chmhtomom hobhx nacÍB. ľlpo ni hobí nacH roBopHTb i noro (popMa: cMÍjiHBa rpa pÍ3HHMH 3HaneHHHMH thx caMHx cjiíb, naponjÖHa nocTaTb CTapocBÍTCbKoro „KauiTejiHHa CMOJiencbKoro" My-CHTb pa30M i penpe3eHTyBaTH ineajra CTapnx nacÍB, i — neBHHM hhhom — nojieMÍ3yBaTH npoTH hhx, BHcyBaiOMH nepen om bck» íx Api6'H3KOBy, npoBÍHqiHJibHy 3apo3yMÍJiicTb. -Hkhh He MajiHÖ TBÍp cboím po3MÍpoM, hkí He JieTKOBajKHi jjpmú 3 ôoro AOTeniB, c a m h h ôoro ťaTyHOK BJKe cbíahchhh npo hkhhcb hobhh CTynÍHb „jiiTepaTypHOCTH".
GAHHa carapa, ino niSnuia ao Hac 3 16 ct. — ne HCBejíHKa „npo-MOBa" „KauiTejiHHa CMOJieHCbKoro MejieniKa", mp iľ hí6h BHrojiomeHo Ha cohmí 1589 poKy nepep KopojieM ^CnťMOHTOM III. IIlo na npoMOBa
— napon,ÍH, ne ahbhhm hhhom, He 3pa3y nOMÍTHJiH ô aocjiíahhkh („npo-MOBy" BHflaHo cno^aTKy hk icTopHHHy naiw'aTKy). 3míct íi aochtb npocTHÔ: npoMOBenb, rup „Ha reTaKHX'b sT^^j^axn, hhkojih He ôbiBajľb h 3Td KopojieMT> ero mhjioctík) hhkojih He 3ac"BnajľL", roBopHTb npo Bce, mo npHÔne ôoMy Ha pyMKy; ajie, rojiOBHe, Hananac Ha hobí nacn
— bíh, HÍMniB, mp íx yjnoÔHJiH hobí Kopojii, no „Kypeô rojiory3Hx", a;o „KOHeíi ApHťaHTOB", po roAHHHHKa, usp 3a ôoro JiaroAJKeHHH aobo-
AHTbCH nJiaTHTH MaÔJKe CTÍJIbKH, CKÍJIbKH KOHITyBaB hobhh TOAHHHHK
i t. a. HaTOMÍCTb BHXBajiac CTape . . .
2. JIÍTepaTypHa TexHÍKa „npoMOBH" BJiacHe HeMyApa: no-6ijio-pycbKH nncaTH ôyjio aBTopoBi, MaöyTb, He BaJKKO (3pa30K mh HaBejiH BJKe: „reTaKbrä", reTo", „reToro" i t. a-> »hhkojih", „HacMOTpbiycn", „MoyaKoivľb" i t. A-), He xyxte HcypHBca aBTop i Aoôopoin ByjibfapH3-
MÍb: i u1.0AO HÍMnÍB Ha KOpOJlÍBCbKÍH CJiyJKÔÍ, i inOAO BJiaCHHX 3eMJIH-
kíb, mp niAAaJiHca Hyncifi moaí, 6aJKaHHH MejieniKa Te caMe — „Aa KOJiH jkt» 6bi k reToro nop Ta KyjiaKOMT> bt> MopAy", ,,a kojih St. reTaKoro 6"bca KyjiaKOMT. bt> MopAy, 3a6biB-b 6bi Apyrbix MyrbiTbi"; HÍMenb a6o ôoro »cimca „noporHMT) iiHJKMOM'b (6Í3aMOM) BOHHeTTj",
24í
TaK CaMO H 3eMJIHKH, npHXHJIbHHKH MCflH -        „XOTb Hama KOCTKa, Ofl-
HaKO coÖanbHMt MHCOMt oöpocaa h BOHHerb". Hapemxi tjtt i mobhí rpamKH, nayTaHHH nyacHX caiß („nopiyraae hjih ípopTyraae"). 3pia,-Ka g pHMH („KopoaeBaan, hto Boeßon,aMH öbißaan").
mpn,o 3MÍcTy, to noTenn „npoMOBH" noöynoBaHi Ha HeBinnoBifl-hoctí 3MÍCTy „ceHTeHBjm" n,o (popMH — npoMOBH Ha cohmí: 3MÍCT Ha-piícaHb MejiemKa noBCHKn,eHHO-acHTTbOBHH, (popMa — 3MyinyBajia 5 cnonmaTHca aKHxocb no jiíthí HHx CKapr. HojíiTHHHa CKapra JiHffle oana — „hímhí" Ha cayacôi Kopoaa, Bce imne — TpmviaHHa „cayr-aaxiB", „KOHeH-n,pHraHTÍB", „roaory3HX Kypeö", KyniBaa ro-flHHHHKa, „appori cyKHť" m.o hochtb nam, — Bce ne ocoohctí cnpaBH RBopaH. I nan MeaeniKO, in,o cicapacHTbca i Ha Könen i Ha jihxíb-ko-hioxíb, i Ha ronnHHHK, i Ha n,opori cyKHi, amne noKa3ye, mo bíh c a m, nißnaiomiCH BnanBOßi morh yce ne npnÖHaB n,o CBoro noôyTy — i CKapacHTbca, OTace, BaacHe, Ha canioro ce6e.
CTapoBHHa, inp íi naH Meaemno BHXBaaae, Mae nonmHHHH xa-paKTep, — ne, nonepme, ,,npHMÍTHB" — „6e3 HoraBHHb, hk EepHapan-HH, ryaaan", hochhh copomcn „np kíctok"; nopyn u,boro — CTape aíHTTH 6yao cHTiine, amac HOBe, — ,,npncMaKÍB" He 3Haan; aae CTpaBH, inp nepeainye „naH KaniTeaaH" — He 3ai: rycKa 3 rpn6-KaMH, Kamna 3 nepanKOM, neniHKa 3 ijHÔyabKOK) a6o aacHHicoM, a ,,Ha npenmnHHG npcTaTKn" — „Kaina pnacoBaa 3 inacppaHOM". I Ky-Menne npoTHCTaBaeHHa „BeHrepcbKoro BHHa", inp fioro, MOBaaB, naB-Hime He 6yao, tíh „MaaMa3Íi" (MaaBa3ÍI), aKy „ckpomho niaan", — i Maai>Ba3Ía 6yaa He apineBa!
Ilopyn ijboro — ijiaKOM KapHKaTypHa caMOBneBHemcTb — no-■qHHaiOHH bír Toro BpaaceHHa, inp naH KaniTeaaH „hk no-noMOBOMy" BÖepeTbca, cnpaBaae Ha „Maaacomcy cbok>", ,,iik> HaTiniHTbca i Ha-CMOTpÍTb(ca) Ha MeHa He MoaceTb", — aac no 3ranKH npo Te, hk ,,He TiabKH b CrvioaeHCKy, aae i b Mo3npy" paanaHCb, ,,Koro 6 Myn-poro no sac Ha tot 3'*Í3n, BHÖpaTH" — i BHÔpaan nana MeaemKa, inp h npHraaye Kopoaeßi: ,,to TiabKH Bameö MHaocTH npnnoMHHaio, inp6 3aBcirRH, CKiabKH ceHaTopiß i namB JlHTOBCbKHx npn KopoHi noro MHaocTH 6yao, 6yB 6h ö a" ...
3. U.H niKaßa npiÔHHHKa 3 HKHxcb HaM Sanačně He3HanoMHX HBipcbKo-aiTepaTypHHx Kia, noKa3ye 3obcím mnioro HHTana, amac nHTani ycix thx TBopiB, inp 3aanmHaHca HaM Bin, nonepenHboľ enoxH, — peairiHHo-noBnaabHHx. Carapa 3aninae i npHBaTHe acHT-th CTapocBÍTCbKoro naHCTBa, — naH MeaemKO KiabKa pa3ÍB HaTaKae Ha MopaabHHÖ nin,ynan., Ha „aioÖHTeabny 6penHK>" naHCbKHx ,,6iao-acoHOK": i „HÍMen.b" „3 acoHKOio HainonTHßaeTb", i cayra-aax — „CKopo 3 ROMy TH, to bíh mobkom npHaacKaGTbCH np acoHKH", a6o —
2^2
„KaKTj acepe6en/b pacera kojio ntBOKt, KaKt nptiraHTb kojio ko-ôbijit; npbiHMH acb kt> HeMy n.BOXT> JIhtbhhobt, Ha cipaacb, 60 h caivľB ffBHKO He ynHjibHyeTTi", Hapenixi, i morh nopymyioTb epoTHHny
CKpOMHiCTb ... Iii HOTKH pOOJIHlb y KOHÍHOMy BHnaflKy HMOBÍpHHM,
m,o caTHpa HajiejKHXb j\o npHBaTHOi jiiiepaTypu, HKa, MaGyib, y H.i ^acH nonajia 3naxoaHTH cBoro HHTa^a čepen, naHÍB, — xpanimiH xa-K01 jiixepaxypii Í3 cxojkhmh MOTHBaMH, floxpHMajia aac no 19 ct.
U,e no neaKoi Mipii — riapajiejiH no caTHp 3axiflHboro penecaHcy Ha cepeňHbOBÍHHy KyjibTypy; jrauie MOBa TyT ifle He npo KyjibTypy nyxoBHy, íiK y cjiaBexHHx ,,JlHcxax tcmhhx aioneo", a npo cepeflHbo-bímhhh noßyx. „IIpoMOBy MejieniKa" cnncyBaHO me h b IT ex. (ajie BiflHocHTH i'i nocxaHHH no 17 ex. 6e3niflcxaBHo).
E. BipmyBaHHfl
1. IIo^axoK yKpaiHCbKoro BipniyBaHHii — 16 ct. Hcho, mo i n,o thx HaciB icHyBajia b Hac anacb HapoflHa nicHa, xoh nepninn 3annc yKpaiHCbKoi HapoňHoľ nicHi MaeMo JiHHie 3 npyroi nojioBHHH 16 ct. (1571 p. b rpaMaTHiii una BjiarocjiaBa). Ajie i'i (popMajibHHH xapaK-Tep floci He 3'acoBaHO. ni3HÍuia nicHa nepeöyßac sejiHKOio Mipoio nifl BnaHBOM MHCTenjbKHX BipuiiB 17-18 ct. HaHCTapiuii „Bipnii" b Eiöjiii CnopHHH B3araai BaaiKO Ha3BaTH BipuiaMn; b hhx neMae am neBHOi KiabKOCTH CKJianiß y panicy, (HanpiiKJian: 8, 12, 9, 7, 8, 8, 7, 9, 9, 11), am neBHoro nepryBamiH phmh, Ta ô caMa „pinna" — jiHine nyace 3a-rajibHe cnÍB3ByHHH (epHa :: ÖJiynna, caaBi :: noxBajii, Becejiiio :: Hay*ieHno i t. n..). 3b'h30k 3 nojibCbKHM Ta necbKHM BipnieM cyiuHÍB-HHit, 3b'h3kh 3 pHTMiKOK) n,epKOBHoro cnißy — HenocainHcem.
2. OcTpo3bKa niKOJia BHCTynae 3 BipinaMH HOBoro THny. Bipuii (r. CMOTpimbKoro) 3'aBaaiOTbca b Ei6jiii 1581 p. TojioBHa ix Bjiac-xHBicxb: pHMyBaHHa 3aBHCflH flBox cycinnix pan,kíb, nonacTH expoepin-Ha öyaoBa. Ajie phmh nonaexn jiHine „npH6jiH3Hi" (opyade :: óoacie, 060103y :: noSiny, jiecxH :: cnacxH i t. 3.), KijibKicTb CKJianiß y pan-Ky 3MÍHK)GTbca (Hanp., 13, 21, 15, 12. . .). Toro ac pony bhöiuob Ta-Koac b OcTpo3Í cneiíiajibHHH BipnioBaHHH flpyK, „XpoHOJioria" Ah-flpia Phmuií; xyx Manace npaBHjibHHtí 13-CKJiaflOBHH po3MÍp 3 n,e-sypoio no 7-My cKJiafli:
2KHflOBe cyxo nponijiH / HnpBOHoe Mope, KopMHji Bor i'x Ha nynra, / He 6hjio ím rope.
y HaHÔJiHacHHH *iac (30 1605 p.) b pÍ3HHx Bipniax Ha „mieOHOTH" (rep6n) Tom° öa^HMo xHTaHHa Miac iijhmh oôoMa TnnaMH — piBHO-cKaaflOBHx Ta HepiBHOCKJianoBHx BipniiB. Jlinme BHTpHMaHHH po3MÍp
243
y ji&bíbcbkhx BnnaHHax KijitKa poKÍB ni3ninie (BipnioBaHe npHBÍTaH-HH MHTponojihtobí Mhx. Poro3Í ,,npoc(poHÍMa" 1591 p.).
noxonjKeHHH yKpaÍHCi>KHx BÍpniÍB ÍHinoro, „Monepminoro" rany, inp HaöanacycTbca no nojibCbKoro Bipmy, h noci ne hchc Bo, 33a-GTbca, me np cepeniiHH 16 ct. HaaeacaB 3ÔipHHK 50-th nepeKaanemix, MaóyTb, 3 HÍMenbKoi mobh peairiiranx niceHb 3 npoTecTaHTCbKHM 3a-öapBaenaM. MoBa nboro 3ÔipHHKa XHTaGTbca míhí yKpaiHCbKoio Ta ôiaopycbKOK) (3a pHMaMH „i" — iHoai ,,e", íhohí BoaaHCbKHH BnnaB 3 50 niceHb ycboro micTb, a lenep 36ipHHK upň, 3naGTbca, 3a-THHyB. Bipmi moni MaiOTb pißHy KiabKÍCTb CKaanÍB y panny Ta npöpi pHMH. TaK nicHH npo BTiaeHHa XpncTa Mae cipoipn TaKoro rany:
IIpecToa oh cboh ocTaBHji, norHÔniHX hto6 H36aBHa, PoBHO Bory öoroTbip-b CBbiine npHceanaca b MHp ...
Aae nopyn uboro:
Cbht b acaex B03cnaeT, cBeT hoiuhio oôancTaeT, ma norHÖHeT, (4) Kkpa HBaaeTca (6)
I pHMH, flK 6aaHMO, He BHTpHMaHO. Aae ÍHOnjl i HeBHTpHMaHHH po3MÍp
He ncye BpaaceHHa niceHHoro xapaKTepy:
Xnaanra HaaHHaeM, (7) Bora npocaaBaaeM (6) 3a aapbi, aTO Mbi 6paan, (7) ox pyKH ero npcTaan (8)
JJ[aaÍ p03MÍp BHTpHMaHHH:
Oh nyiny ßaaronarao
h naoTb HaM naa npiarao,
Ty B"BpHO COXpaHHTH
Oh caM H3BoaHT 6nera (MaöyTb „ontra", b ceHci „BBaacaTH, cainKyBara")
Hhmcb HecnoniBaHHM g n,OBri (48 BipniiB, y iriaoMy noHan, 1,000 paniciB!) Ta pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ, cnpaMOBaHi npora npoTecTaHTÍB (,,apiaH") Bipmi, nncaHi, MaöyTb, necb Koao 1590 p., mo npöpe BHTpHMyiOTb po3MÍp i pHMy, HanpHKaaTi:
O, XpncTe npeÖaarHH, MHaocraB öynii!
CHaOK» TBOGK) OaiOHH TBOH aiOHH . . .
(7 CKJiaflíB) (8)
m
Po36iÖHHKy 3a Bipy paa 0TBep3aeui,
ÖJiynHHUb i MHTapeö 3 rpixoB OHHiuaeiii.
TOMy BCi BipHHl BeJIHMÍG flaHTe,
cjiaßy i noxBajiy Becejio cniBaoxe.
Iii Bipnii cßinnaTb npo xe, m,o neBHe HacjiinyBaHHH nojibCbKoi MeTpn-KH öyjio He xane BajKKe Ta npHBontijio no npcHTb npöpnx pe3yjibxa-tíb. MoHieMo npnnycKaxH, mo in Bipnii 6yjiH He ghhhí. Ta noKHin.0 íhuihx cynacHHx noniÖHOi hkocxh He 3HaeMo. Po3bhtok yKpamcbKo-ro BipuiyBaHHH HajieacHXb yace ijüikom 17-My cx. (nHB. po3niji V).
3. JlaBpeHxin 3H3amö y cboíh rpaiviaTHiri 1596 p. nonaB i Teo-piio Bipuiy, ajie aöcojnoxHO HeMOJKJiHBy xa HenpnaaxHy n.o yKpain-cbKoro Bipuiy: 60 i\h Teopia 36ynpBaHa Ha po3pi3HeHHi noBriix xa ko-poxKHX rojiocHHx (noBri e hí6h: h, t, ,,ot", h; KopoxKi: e, o, y; mo-
HCyXb ÔyXH i nOBrHMH i KOpOTKHMH: a, i, ,,k)C", „iiKHH,H"!). Ajie caM
aBTop niei hhbhoi xeopii He npxpHMyBaBCH il b cboíx BjiacHHx Bipiuax.
4. OnHonacHO 3 ijhmh cnpoÔaMH BipmyBaHHa nocxac hobhh ťa-xyHOK HapoflHOi nicHi: „nyMH". Ilefi hobhh K03an,bKHH enoc nijiKOM
BHXiCHHB CXapoyKpaiHCbKHH enOC, peiHXKH HKOrO 3aJIHHIHJIHCH JIHHie
b npo3aiHHHx nepeKasax a6o b (p o p m i Bipiny, ajie mobho 3MÍHeHÍ Ha pociňcbKiô TepHxopii. „JJiyMH" 3Í6paHÍ Ta 3anncaHÍ Bnepuie b 19 ex., ajie nonacxH npn UbOMy nepepoôjieHi a6o 3<pajibinoBaHÍ. „JXyMK" i noci ôaraxo b HOMy 3aran.KOBÍ. Bohh po3nan,aiOTbcji Ha nm rpynn: 3
„aHOHÍMHHMH" TepOHMH Ta 3 repOHMH, mO Ha3BaHÍ ÍMeHaMH. 3 pi3-
HHx 30 niceHb, mo HaM bí;o;omí, MoaceMo naTyBara Jinnie neatd, Kopnc-
TaiOHHCH  THMH  CäMHMH  MeTOnElMH,   HKHMH  flaTyCMO   TBOpH CTaporO
enocy. Ajie HaBÍTb 3 „nyivi", mo MaiOTb repoHMH bí;ek>mhx oci6, KÍJibKa TBopHTb HenepeMOJKHi TpynHonň naTyBaHiiio, 60 cxocyioTbCfl 30 no-nifi, mo MorjiH BiflôyBaxHCíi He ohhh pa3, TaKa g BinpMa nyMa npo MapycK) BorycjiaBKy, mo ,,noxypHHBuiHCb, noöycypMeHHBniHCb" y TypeiĺbKOMy nojioHi, Bce xí Ha BejíHKneHb 3BÍJibHHG „K03aKÍB, 6in.-hhx HeBOJibHHKiß" 3 HeBOJií. BejíHKa nyiwa npo Cainiiijia Kiinny, npo noro nepeMory y Ko3jiobí (g pÍ3HÍ BapiflHTH) : KiniKa — oco6a iexo-piiHHa, bíh BinoMHH míhí p. 1575-1602, ajie nemo b flyMi Haranyc npy-KOBane onoßinaHHH npo BTeny MocKOBCbKHX nojioHeHHX 1643 p., Ta k mo h TyT npn naxyBaHHi b npcjiin.HHKÍB nocTaiOTb cyMHÍBH. JXyMa. npo iBaHa KoHOBneHKa-ynoBH^eHKa Mac nyace 3arajibHHH, xoh ny-HOBo nepeKa3aHHH cioaceT npo 3arn6ejib repoa b 6ohx 3 TaTapaMH. MojKJiHBo, mo repoö — n,e onoexH30BaHHH XBHJioHeHKO, cynacHHtc Tym Ta OcxpaHHiň, mojkjihbo, mo n,e koiuobhh ynpBHHeHKo 3 70-hx poKÍB 17-ro ct. Tan caMo cyMHÍBHi h íhuií naxyBaHHH. „Ahohímhí" ,,n,yMH" (Hanp., yTena Tpbox QpaxÍB 3 030Ba, HeBÍJibHHi^bKHH njian, CMepTb Tpbox 6paTÍB nin, CaMapoio, nyMa npo 6ypio Ha HopHOMy Mopi
2^5
Tomp) ne aaiOTb híhkhx ninpTaB aaa aaTyBaHHa a6o niapTaBH Bace 3aHanTo HeneBHi, (b ayMi npo 6ypio 3ycTpiaaeMo no peai ím'h „OaeK-cia IIonoBHHa", mo Moace noTpannao cionn me 3 peniTKÍB ciapoxo enocy). Jlnine Teac HeicTopnaHHH ľaHnaca AHnnoep, 3naeTbca, Bica-3ye Ha noxonaceHHa jryMH npo Htoro Bace 3 nÍ3HÍniHx aaciß conjaab-Hoi öopoTtÖH b Meacax K03au|TBa. B 16 Bini me 6yaa b aHTOBCBKo-pycBKiä KyatTypHÍH ccpepi bíhomí cTapi „öararapi" BoaonHMHpcbKo-ro iíHKay: np Teac nonac neBHy ocHOBy naa naTysaHHa HOBoro enocy, mo niaKOM 3aMÍHHB co6ok> CTapnä. Moaceino BBaacaTH, mo no-aaTKH ,,nyM" npnnanaiOTb Ha 16 ct.
5. J4yMH — Hafl3BHaaÖHo CBoepinHHÖ enoc, enoc 6e3 Beannoro upHTpaabHoro repoa, enoc 3 TaaciHHSM 30 aHOHiMHOCTH. Bmíhhh ncH-xoaoriaHoi xapaKTepncTHKH b HbOMy nepeBHmyc i CTapnö yicpaiH-cbKHH i cepöcbKHÖ enoc: npcHTb 3rana,TH ÍHHHBÍn.yaabHy xapaKTepnc-THKy Tpbox ôpaTÍB, mo BTeicaH 3 030Ba, HacTpoi HeBiabHHKÍB y He-Boai, Mapycio BorycaaBKy i t. n,. HansBHaaime BpaaceHHa cnpaßaa-K»Tb i MaabOBHHai KapxHHH cTenoBoro KpaeBHny a6o Hopnoro Mopa, KapTHHH, naa hkhx yacHTo ayace CKynnx 3aco6iß.
6. 3oBHÍniHa (popMa „nyM" Teac opHrmaabHa: Bipni cicaanaeTb-ca 3 panKÍB HepißHoi npBacHHH, mo b npoinaeacHicTb np noniöHoi
(pOpMH HITyHHHX BÍpniÍB HOSpe pHTMÍ30BaHÍ J MOaCHa 3 HHM nOpiBHHTH
neani cnpoÖH Bipniiß 17 ct. (nHB. y po3nia V npo Knp. TpamcBiaioHa CTaBpoBen;bKoro). üoeraKa nyM Mac neaKi pncn noniÖHOCTH np cep6-cbKoro enocy, aae HeacHi niaaxH MoacanBoro BnaHBy; Moace 6yTH, mo TyT MaeMO cyTTGBy cxoacicTb TBopiB Toro caMoro raTyHicy. IIo-niöm ayMH i 30 roaociHb; np, 3naeTbca, 3araabHa pnca enocy (nop. pociöcbKHH enoc 3 pociöcbKHMH roaociHHaMH). JXyuia., hk i nicHa B3araai, 3aaio6KH BacHBac napaaeai3My Ta aHTHTeTHKH. Aae g h pH-ch cnen,HtpiaHi n,aa nyM: ne aacTHÍí yacHTOK non.BÍÔHHX CHHomMia-hhx BHpa3ÍB: floaoM-floaHHOK), KyMH-no6paTHMH, naaae-pHflaG, 6i-acHTb-niaöiraG, KBHaHTb-npoKBHaac, KaaHe-npoicaHHae, rpae-BHrpa-Bac i t. n.. YaioôaeHi eniTeTH: ôyimHH BÍTep, ôhctphíi kíhb, hchhh coKia, cHBa 303yaa, cipníi bobk. Fepoí 3ne6iabina yrpHMyiOTb cboi eniTeTH npoTaroM ycboro onoßinaHHa: „niBica-öpaHKa, Mapyca no-niBHa BorycaaBKa". — BacHTOK nppKOBHocaoB'hhcbkhx (popM Ta CKaaflHHx (xapaKTepncTHaHHx pa nppKOBHOcaoB'aHCbKoi mobh) caiß npHBOflHB npKoro 3 npcainHHKÍB np nyMKH npo „KHHacHe" noxoaaceHHa nyM; aae, MaôyTb, HaponHa MOBa 16 Ta 17 CTopia me Maaa neaici uppKOBHOcaoB'aHCbKi 3ano3HaeHHa, mo no3HHKaan anuie 3ro-aoM.
246
€j. IcTopHiHe Micije Jiii-epaiypH 16 ct.
1. Hk 6aHHM0, BejiHKOMy nanioHajibHOMy npo6yflJKeHHio KiHijH 16 ct. He BinnoBiflajiH piBHOBapTHi jiiTeparypHi i^iHHocTi. /Jihcho n;iHHe — iBaH BHineHCbKHH, ,,n.yMHn — He ctohtb m6n b TicHOMy
3B'fl3Ky 3 THMH HOBHMH nOBiBaMH, BnjIHBaMH, Te^iHMH, 111,0 npHHIHJIH
Ha yKpamy. IIojieMiKa 16 ct. He nynce bhcokoi jiiTeparypHoi' hjhhoc-th; jiHine Ha caMOMy KiHn,i enoxn ,,nepecTopora" ninHocHTb — jih-nie neHKi — fliHCHo ocHOBHi nHTaHHH, nepen, thm oSroBopioroTt a6o noGiim nHTaHHH (KajieHnap), ado epopMajibHi (nHTaHHH npo npaBO-MOJKHicTb oepecTeftcbKoro co6opy), yHiHTH Hana^aiOTbCH He Ha Ha-yny, a Ha o6pHn,HicTb npaBocjiaBHnx. XapaKTepncTHHHa pnca Bcieii MaiiHce jiiTepaTypn *iacy — „peTopHHHHft" i'i' xapaKTep, crajiicTHKa npoMOBH, -—- KpiM qeHTpajibHoi n,jiH enoxn nojieMiHHoi JiiTepaTypn, flo nboro caMoro rany HajieacHTb i caTHpn^HHH TBip „npoMOBa Mejiem-Ka". Bipmi He3rpa6m Ta b iHMajiifi nacTHHi KyjibTHByiOTb HeniKaBi raTyHKH (rep6oBHi Bipini). MoBHa pecpopMa (nepeKJianH BiHCbMa) 36aHKpoTyBajia: mobokd rjepKBH 3ajiHHiHjiacH H,epKOBHOcJi0B'HHCbKa. He MOJKHa HaBiTb BnnpaBnaTH yKpamcbicoro BiflponmeHHH thm, mp ne, mobjihb, no^aTKH. Ciapa yKpamcbKa jiiTepaTypa 11-12 ct. noica-3ajia, n^o ,,noHaTKH" MoacyTb 3po6hthch Bin,pa3y KyjibMmaniHHHM
nyHKTOM p03BHTKy.
2. noBHOBapTHi „nyMH" HajieHcaTb no   HapoflHoi cjiOBecHocTH,
ih.0 p03BHBaJiaCH  HKHMHCb BJiaCHHMH  HIJIHXaMH,  HaM  6jIHJKTie HCBi-
flOMHMH, GflHHe noBHOBapTHe, BejiHqe3Pie 3'HBHine nncaHoi JiiTepaTypn 16 CT. -        IBaH BHUieHCbKHH -        BHpic 3 HKOrOCb iHUIOro KOpiHHH,
amjK peniTa JiiTepaTypn: nonacTH 3 CBHTooTenbKoi JiiTepaTypn, no-nacTH, Ma6yxb, 3 HaponHoi CjiOBecHocTH Ta caMoro myxy yKpai'HCbKoi' mobh. Ineojiorin fioro — ineojiorin peaKn.il, ajie hhbhhm ihhom Bin, nici peaKnn Bie HKHMCb CBincHM 6ap;bopHM nyxoM! Ajie icTopHHHHH po3BHTOK npoHiiiOB i noB3 BnuieHCbKoro: 3aMicTb noBopoxy flO Bi-3aHTii, YKpama o6epHyjiacb o6jihh*ihm Ha 3axin,. Jlnine nenKi He-HHCJieHHi 3'aBHina JiiTepaTypn 17 Ta 18 Biny 3B'H3aHi Min,Ho 3 Tieio caMoio TpaflHnJGio, mo u BmneHCbKHH xoTiB noKJiacxn ,,bo rjiaBy yrjia" yKpai'HCbKoi KyjibTypn (3. KonncTeHCbKHH, n. BejiHHKOBCb-khh). Ajie icTopin npofimjia i noB3 hhx nyxoBHHX HacTynHHKiB Bh-uieHCbKoro. He, po3yMieTbcn, He 3MeHinyG fioro SHa^ieHHH Ta Bap-tocth fioro TBopiB. Ajie n,ijiHH 16 Bin 3ajiHHiaGTbCH fljiH Hac enoxoio, inp tjihSoko 3anan,aG b MHHyjie, rjinduie, amm. po3KBiT 11-13 biiub, rjiH6ine, amm CBOcpinHa i HaM 6araTo ne b HOMy Hyaca enoxa 6a-poKKa 17-18 BB.
V. BAPOKKO
A. mo TaKe jriTepaTypHe öapoKKO
1. CaMe noHHTTa JiiTepaTypHoro ôapoKKa bbíhhijio b Hayny jih-ine HeflaBHO, no nepmin cbítobíh bíhhí. ITohstth ,,6apoKKo" npHKJia-flajiH paHime Jinnie ro ccpepn njiacxH^iHHx MHCTenxB (apxiTeKTypn, CKyjn>nTypn, MajiapcTBa). Jlniue nÍ3HO noMÍTHjra, in,o h cthjib íhiuhx MHCTenjTB (My3HKa, JiiTepaTypa) Mae cnijibHi pncn Í3 CTHJieM mhc-TenrB nJiacTHTOHX. Ta ö n,oci HayKa He 3aKÍHHHJia aocjiiflaceHHa 6apoKKOBOi jiixepaxypH. HaÖMeHme 3po6jieHo b cjiob'hh; Jinnie nojibCbKa xa ^ectKa öapoKKOBa jiixepaxypa po3Mipno n.o6pe flocjii-HJKeHa. fljia ocBixjieHHH yKpamcbKo'i SapoKKOBoI JiiTepaTypa 3po6-jieHo jiHiue nepnii icpoKH, xo^ Maxepiaji 3i6paHo nonaciH Bace naBHO.
2. He Maio^H neBHoro norjiafly Ha yKpamcbKy öapoKKOBy jii-TepaTypy (17—18 ct.), cxapa yxpaiHCBKa icxopia Jiixepaxypn He Morjia noMÍXHXH b iľ cpopMi xa 3MÍcxi HiaKo'í BHyxpiiHiiboI grhocxh, xa BBaacajia nepe3 xe II ochobhí pncn npocxo 3a bhhb aKoict oco-6hctoI CBaBOJii, npnMXH, Hy;a;epHairTBa aBiopiß. He BBaacaio^h Ha BHpa3HHH xapaKiep cBixorjiafly öapoKKOBHx nHctMeHHHKÍB, cxapi icTopHKH yKpalHctKoI jiÍTepaTypH Ta KyjitTypn MipajiH ifleojioriHHHÍí 3MÍCT SapoKKOBOi jiiTepaTypH ManiTaßaMH BjiacHoro ^acy. ToMy h,k> jiiTepaTypy 3acy;a;HíyBajiH, sk „flajieny bír acHTTa", nyacy ÍHTepecaM Hapofly, ,,cxojiacTHHHy", HÍKOMy ne noTpiôny. A mpAo cpopMH, to n sacyflHcyBajiH, aK nepeoóxaaceHy noRHByriaHHMH Hy,n;epHairrBaMH, HefloJiaaHy, oesnopajmy h t. i. JXo mothbíb ntoro cyBoporo 3acy-flHceHHH npHGRHyBajioca w,e S Te, m,o MOBa yKpaÍHctKol 6apoKKOBoI jiiTepaxypH 3poôHjiaca nicjia mobhoí pecpopMH KoTjiapeBCbKoro „nepecTapijioio", apxamnoio, Ta 3H0By TaKH „HeHapoflHoio".
3. Xoh HayKa Bace RocarHyjia bcjihkoio Mipoio gahocth moflo xapaKTepncTHKH ôapoKKOBoro cthjiio b noro KOHKpeTHHx pncax, ajie naHye me HHMajia po36iacHÍcTb mpflo po3yMÍHHa ochobhhx, npoBifl-HHX mothbíb, ujo 3yMOBJiK)ioTi> xapaKTep ôapoKKOBoro cthjiio. Hle h noci syace posnoBcioflaceHe po3yMÍHHa 6apoKKOBo'í Kyjitiypn aK KyjitiypH KaTOjiHqtKo'í npoTHpecpopMan,ií. TaKe po3yMÍHHa npoxo-rhtb 6e3 yBarn noB3 xofi cpaKx, mo é npoxecTaHTCBKi KpaÍHH Ta
HapOflH p03BHHyjIH -        ÍHOfli ROCHTb ÖjiKCKy^y -        ÔapOKKOBy KyjlB-
2Jf8
Typy. Ha YKpami, hk noÖanHMo, npaBOCJiaBHi KOJia flajieKo ôíjibihoio MipoK) öpajiH ynacTB y tbopghhí ÔapoKKOBoi KyjitTypn, 30KpeMa jiÍTepaTypu, híjk KaTOJiHn,bKÍ. — Bate öjihjkhhh flo npaBfln norjiHR thx, XTo Bßanae b öapoKKOBiü KyjibTypi ,,CHHTe3y", cnoJiyneHHH KyjiBTyp cepeflHBOBinnfl („roTHKH") Ta peHecaHcy. Bo, niácHO, Kyjib-Typa öapoKKa, He bírmobjihiohhch Bifl flocnrHeHb enoxn peHecaHcy, noBepTacTbCH ßaraTO b noMy flo cepeflHtoßinHHx 3MÍCTy Ta (popMn; 3aMicTb npo3opoí rapMOHÍHHocTH peHecaHcy 3ycTpinaeMo b ßapoKKy TaKy caMy cKOMnjiiKOBaHy pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍCTB, hk y roTHHJ; 3aMÍcTb mojkjihboí npocTOTH peHecaHcy 3ycTpinaeMo b óapoKKy ycKjiaflHe-
HÍCTB   ťOTHKHJ   3aMÍCTb   aHTponon,eHTpH3My,   CTaBJíeHHH   JIIOflHHH B
neHTp yctoro b peHecaHci 3ycTpinaeivro b ßapoKKy BHpa3HHÖ noBO-
POT  flO   TeOH.eHTpH3My, flO   npHflijieHHH   HieHTpajIBHOrO   MÍCU.h 3H0By
BoroBi, hk y cepeflHbOBr-rai; 3aMÍCTb cbítcbkcto xapaKTepy KyjibTypH peHecaHcy, SannMo b nacH GapoKKa pejiirinHe 3a6apBjieHHH bcígí KyjibTypH — 3HOBy, hk y cepeflHbOBinni; 3aMÍCTb bh3boji6hhh jik> flHHH Bifl nyT c o híhubhhx Ta pejiiriÖHHx HopM, öannMo b ôapoKKy 3HOBy noMÍTHe npncHJieHHH pojii nepKBH h flepjKaBH. Ajie, hk ynce cKa3aHO, ÔapoKKo fle b noMy nepeOMae íi cnaflinHHy peHecaHcy:
30KpeMa BOHO IJlJIKOM npHHMae „BÍflpORHCeHHH" aHTHHHOi KyjibTypH J
BOHO, iHpnpaBfla, h,k> KyjiBTypy po3yMÍe maKine, amJK peHecaHc, Ta poÖHTb cnpoôy cnojiyHHTH, 3'eflHaTH aHTHHHicTb 3 xphcthhhctbom ; ßapoKKO He BiflMOBjineTBCH i Bifl Tiei yßarn, HKy peHecane 3BepHys Ha npHpofly; jinnie hh npnpofla g flJiH Hboro BajKjiHBa rojioBHe hk HiJiHX flo Bora; 6apoKKo He BiflKHflac HaBiTb i KyjibTy „chjibhoí jno-flHHH", jiHHie TaKy „BHiiry" jiioflHHy boho xone BHXOBaTH Ta h fliii-CHo BHxoByG fljiH cjiyJKÖH BoroBi. Ajie Te, m,o CBOGpiflHe flJia KyjibTypH, Ta 30KpeMa flJiH MHcrenTBa 6apoKKa, mo Haflac ßapoKKy äoro BJiacHoro ÍHflHBiflyajibHoro xapaKTepy, — n,e pyxjiHBicTb, „flHHa-
MÍ3M" 6apOKKa, b nJiaCTHHHOMy MHCTeiiTBi i^e — JIIO60B flO CKJiafl-
Hoi KpHBoi jiíhíí, b npoTHjie>KHicTb flo npocToI jiíhíí Ta rocTporo Kyiy hh niBKOjia ťoTHKH Ta peHecaHcy; b jiiTepaTypi Ta jkhttí — n,e noT-pe6a pyxy, 3míhh, MaHflpiBKH, Tparhmoro HanpyjKeHHH Ta KaTa-CTpo(pH, npncTpacTb flo cmíjihbhx KOMô"ÍHan,ÍH, flo aBaHTypn; b npn-pOfli ÖapOKKO 3HaXOflHTb He CTÍJIBKH CTaTHKy Ta rapMOHiio, hk HanpyjKeHHH, 6opoTb6y, pyx; a rojioBHe, ôapoKKo He jiHKacTbCH Haôpimy-ninioro ,,HaTypajii3My", 3o6pajKeHHH npnpoflH b ii cyBopnx, pi3KHX, nacTo HeecTeTHHHHx pncax, — nopyn 3o6pa>KeHHH HanpyaceHoro,
nOBHOrO JKHTTH,  3HaX0flHM0  B  ÔapOKKy  i HKeCb  3aKOXaHHH  B TeMÍ
CMepTH; öapoKKo He BBaacac 3a HaHBHine 3aBflaHHH MHCTeirrBa npo-6yflJKyBaTH cnoKiÖHe pejiiriime hh ecTeTH*rae nonyTTH, flJiH Htoro BaJKJiHBime 3BopymeHHH, po3oypxaHHH, cnjibHe BpajKeHHH. — 3 uhm
3MaraHHHM  p03B0pyUIHTH, CXBHJIIOBaTH,  3aHenOKOÍTH  JIIOflHHy 3b'h-
2JfO
3aHi roJioBHi pněn cTHJiicTH^Horo bmíhha ÖapoKKa, Zoro nparHeHHíi chjih, nepeôijibineHb, rinepöoji, ěoro KOxaHHa b napaROKci, Ta jik>-6ob ro HyflepHaiíBKoro, He3BiraaHHoro, „rpoTecKy", noro jiioôob ro aHTHTe3H Ta, MaöyTB, i fioro npncTpacTb ro bcjikkhx cpopM, ro ym-BepcajiBHocTH, ro BceoxonjiHBocTH. I3 cBOepiflHHMH pHcaMH öapoKKa 3B'fl3aHi ň tí He6e3neKH, mp 3arpoJKyiOTb ôapoKKOBiá KyjitTypi Ta 30KpeMa öapoKKOBOMy MHCTeirrBy: ne ^acoM HaRTo BejiHKa nepe-Bara 30BHÍuiHboro Hafl ynyipiniHiM, hhctb. neKopaTHBHÍCTi>, 3a hkok> 3HHKae a6o bírxorhtb Ha Rpyrníí njiHH rjiHÖiHHH ceHc Ta BHyTpini-híh 3Míct; m,e Heöesne^muie 3MaraHHa nepeßijiBHiHTH, nocHjiHTH BOHKe HanpyjKeHHH, BCHKy npoTHjiejKHicTB, yce Bpa3JiHBe, RHBHe,, ^yRHe, — ue npHBORHTb ÖapoKKo 30 HaflMipHoro 3aMHJiyBanHH b MHCTeu;BKÍH rpi, b MHCTeqbKHx, noeTHHHHx irpauiKax, y nyRepHaHTBi, b opHriHajiBHocTi, a to h opHťiHajibCTBi; TBopH SapoKKa ^lacTo nepe-BaHTajKeHi, nepeoÖTHHiem, nepenoBHeHi (popMajibHHMH ejieMeHTaMH; Hboiny cnpHHG i uiKOJia noeTHKH peHecaHcy, mp nepeflajia öapoKKy BCK) BHTOHHemcTb aHTHHHoro BMeHHH npo noeTHHHÍ cpopMH Ta noe-thhhí 3aco6n („TponH i (pirypn"). b neBHHX rajiy3HX jiiTepaTypn (Hanp., nponoBinb) MaGMo nepeßary ReKJiHMauii, TeaTpajibHicTb.
He TpeÔa, ORHa^ie, 3a6yBaTH, iqo öapoKKOBe mhctchtbo, Ta 6a-poKKOBa noe3ia 30KpeMa, npnsHa^eHi He rjih iHiuoro ^acy, a caMe rjih „jnoneS öapoKKa". HyjKHH rjih nac cthjib 6apoKKOBoi noe3ii,
HKHM Í MH MOJKeMO 3aXOnJIK>BaTHCH, hk BHTOHHeHHM, KOHCeKBeHTHHM Ta  P03KÍHIHHM,   6yB RJIH   „JIIORHHH  ÔapOKKa"  RÍHCHO 3BOpyUIJIHBHM,
3axonjiK)BaB ii, npoMOBjiHB ro u ecTeTH^moro nonyTTH, a nepe3 up ô no ii po3yMy Ta cepijH. JIk>6ob ro HaTypajii3My, ro 3o6pa>KeHHH
npHpODH  TaKOJK  Í  B  11   „HH3BKHX"   eJieMeHTaX,   RO   KOHKpeTHOrO, 3a
HKHM ÖapoKKo 3aBJKflH 6aHHjio RyxoBHe, öomecTBeHHe, ifleajibHe, npHBÍB öapoKKOBe mhctchtbo Ta noe3ÍK> i ro yBarn ro 3aHefl6aHoi roth HapoRHoi noe3Ü, ro (pojiKJiBopy. B noe3Ü öapoKKa MaGMo nep-
HIHBL nÍRXÍR RO  „HapORHOCTH". I ÔapOKKO 3HaHHIJIO JKHBHH ÍHTepeC
Ta CHMnaTiio cepeR HapoRy: He rhbho, mo HaR3BHHaHHO chjibhí BnjiHBH öapoKKa 3ajiHHiHjiHCH b yciii HapoflHiü noe3Ü Ta HapORHOMy MHCTeu;TBi Eßponn ň rocl
4. 3oKpeMa He Tpeöa 3MeHuiyBaTH 3HaneHHH enoxn öapoKKa rjih yKpai'hh. Lie 6yB hobhh po3KBÍT — nicjia ROBroro niRynafly — mhc-TeirrBa Ta KyjibTypn B3arajii. B icTopii HapoRiß enoxn po3KBÍTy MaiOTb He jiHHie cyio icTOpn^He 3HäHeHHH, bohh HaKjiaRaiOTB neß-HHÖ birÖhtok Ha BCK» Rajibuiy icTopiio Hapofly, (popMyioHH Hauio-HajiBHHÖ THn a6o 3ajiHinaiOHH Ha ROBrnö nac neBHi pncn b Ryxoß-híh (pÍ3ÍoHOMÍ"i HapoRy. TaK, 3Ra6TbcH, öyjio i 3 enoxoK) öapoKKa Ha
YKpai'Hi. BapOKKO 3aJIHHIHJI0 TyT CHJiy KOHCTpyKTHBHHX eJieMeHTlB,
hkí me 36ijibuiHB BHJiHB pOMaHTHKH, mo b öaraTbox pHcax cnopiR-
250
HeHa 3 öapoKKOM (rhb. npo ne b po3flijii VII). Po3yMÍGTbCíi, koh-
CTpyKTHBHÍ eJieMeHTH, HKÍ ÖapOKKO 3ajIHIUHJIO B yKpa'ÍHCbKÍH Kyjib-
Typi He Bei no3HTHBHÍ, 6araTo 3 hhx MOJKHa BBaJKaTH S 3a Hera-thbhí. Ajie KyjibTypa 6apoKKa He Majio cnpHHHHHjiacn flo 3(popMy-
BaHHH  yKpa'ÍHCbKOl   „iCTOpHHHOÍ ROJli".
5. Po3yMÍGTbca,   KyjibTypa   ôapoKKa  He  BHnepnyeTBca thmh
„CpOpMaJIbHHMH" pHCaMH, npo HKÍ MH rOBOpHJIH flOCi. Ajie flyXOBHHH
3MÍCT oKpeMHx icTopHHHHx enox 3BHnaHHo xapaKTepH3yc He JIHHie ORHa HKacb nyxoBHa TeniH, a KijibKa HanpHMÍB, mp rpynyioTbca KOJio RBOX nojiapHo npoTHJiejKHHx nyHKTÍB nyxoBHoro BcecBiiy. TaK i b enoxy SapoKKa: ohhhm 3 nojnociß 6yjia npnpona, npyrciM — Bor. Enoxa 6apoKKa, 3 onHoro 6oKy, — enoxa BejíHKoro po3KBÍTy npn-pofl03HaBCTBa Ta MaTeMaTHKH (60 ocHOBa nÍ3HaHHa npnpoHH njm jnoRHHH ßapoKKa — Mipa, hhcjio Ta Bara), a 3 npyroro 6oKy — enoxa po3KBÍTy 6oroejiOBÍi, enoxa cnpoÔ öorocjioBCbKHx CHHTe3, enoxa BejíHKoi pejiiriimoí bíhhh („TpHHHHTHJiiTHboí''), enoxa Bejra-KHX mícthkíb. JIioRHHa ßapoKKa a6o BTinae ho ycaMÍTHeHHH 3 cboIm BoroM, a6o, HaBnaKH, KnoacTbCH b Bnp nojiiTHHHoi 6opOTb6n (a no-jiÍTHKa ôapoKKa — nojiiTHKa ninpoKnx BcecBiraix njiíiHÍB Ta >Ka-HaHb), nepenjiHBac oKeaHH myKaionn hobhx kojiohíh, ÔepeTbca no njiíiHÍB nojiinníHTH cTaH ycboro jnoRCTBa, nn to nojiiTHHHOio,
TO I^epKOBHOK), HayKOBOK), MOBHOK) (npOGKTH UITyHHHX MOB) hh HKOIO
íhuiok) pe(popMOK>.
B ineajii oÔHHBa rjih jhohhhh ôapoKKa mojkjihbí hijihxh Benyib Ho tígí caMoi" MeTn: nepe3 „cbít" (npnpony, Haytcy, nojiiTHKy i t. H-) jiíOHHHa npnxoHHTb 3aBuie ho Toro caMoro — 30 Bora. Xto HaflTO HOBro 3ajinniHBCH y cbítí, toö ji h m e 3a6jiyicaB y HbOMy. Orace, HKinp KyjibTypa fOTHKH npHHHHnoBo pejiiriÖHa Ta Haßiib nepKOBHa, íikiijo KyjibTypa peHecaHcy npHHHHnoBo CBÍTCbKa (xoh 6h i"í tbo-pnjiH i nyxoBHi), KyjibTypa SapoKKa MycHTb Mara oohhbí — pejii-riŮHy Ta cBÍTCbKy cfpepn; ajie MOJKjiHBa — i peajibHo 3ycTpiHaeTbCH HepiHKo — öapoKKOBa KyjibTypa 3 bcjihkoio nepeBaroio a6o h bhk-jiiohhhm naHyBäHHHM pejiiriOHoi c(pepn. TaKy nepeBary 3ycTpÍHeMo HO peai h Ha y"Kpami.
B. JÜTepaTypHe öapoKKO Ha yKpaim
1. JliTepaTypHe GapoKKO Ha YKpaÍHi e 3'HBHineM 17—18 ct. Ba-
POKKO  b  CCpepi  nJiaCTHHHHX  MHCTei^tb   ÍHOHÍ  Ha3HBajIH ,,K03aHbKHM
ôapoKKOM". Be3 HOCTaTHboi nincTaBH: 60 K03aKH 3obcím He 6yjiH 6HHHOK) KyjibTypHo-nponyKTHBHOK) rpynoio Ha YKpami thx naciß. nie MeHuie niflCTaB Ha3HBaTH JliTepaTypHe ôapoKKo „K03aH,b-khm": yKpaiHCbKi nncbMeHHHKH thx aaciB ôyjiH rojioBHe He ko-
251
3&KH, a *ieHu,L Ta h cnoacHBa^i jiiTepaTypn jiea.Be hh OyjiH roJiOBHe K03aKH. Ajie yKpamcBKe SapoKKo He TaKe ymBepcajibHe 3'aBHiue, hk SapoKKo 3axofly. B HbOMy mh MaGMo BejiHKy nepeBary ejieMeHTiB HyxoBHHx Hafl cbItcbkhmh. Hie Sijibiny 3Hafi3eM0, MaSyTb, jinnie b ^texiB. CbItcbkhx ejieMeHTiB He 6paKye H,ijiKOM: MaGMO h csiTCbKy
JlipHKy, i HOBejIK), i -        xoh i JIHHie BHnaflKOBi -        CBiTCbKi eJieMeHTH
b ApaMi, HapeniTi MacMo CBiTCbKy xpoHiny, jihct, HayKOBHH TpaKTaT. Ajie „AyxoBHHH" ejieMeHT nepeBaacac b 3MicTi. 3obc1m 6paKye th-noBoro njia 6apoKKa npHpoa,o3HaB*ioro TpaKTaTy: eno^aTKy 6paKy-Bajio Micna (bhcokoi uikojih), mo njieKajia 6 neii raTyHOK jiiTepa-rypn, a ni3Hmie (b 18 ct.) yKpaiHHi-npHpo,ijo3HaBui 3HaimijiH rjih ce6e rpyHx jinnie b Hyauii (pociHCbKifi) HayKOBin jirrepaTypi.
2. Cbog h qyace cnojiynem b yKpaiHCbKift oapoKKOBiii jiixepa-Typi b He 30BciM SBH^aiiHHx cpopMax. yKpama, aK mh SannjiH, He Majia BHpa3H0i Ta xapaKTepncraqHoi peHecaHCOBo'i jiiTepaTypn. Ot-ace, npocHKaHHH cBiTCbKHx ejieMeHTiB 30 jiiTepaTypn, 30KpeMa 3Ha-
HOMCTBO 3 aHTHHHlCTIO, nO^aCTH HHIJIO BHte b MacH 6apoKKa Ta He
Majio xapaKTepy SopoTbdn, peBOjHoini" npoTH nepKOBHOi TpaaHuii. AHTHHHicTb npnxoflHjia Ha YKpainy, Bace nicjia npHMHpeHHa ii 3
XpHCTHaHCTBOM,   y  CpOpMaX  6apOKKOBOI, XpHCTHaHCbKO-MiTOJIOriHHOl
CHHTe3H: TOMy noMaJiy, ajie 6e3 onopy noHHHaeTbea po3noBCK>-RaceHHa BHCHTKy MiTOJiori^Hnx o6pa3iB: pejiiriftHa jiipHKa ctoitb nia oxopoHoio anTH^HHx ,,My3", npecBaia JXisa, cxac j^muoio", xpecT nopiBHK)K>Tb 3 TpH3y6oM HenTyHa, b MicraMHHx TpaKTarax 3'aBjia-K)Tbca „aMypH" Ta „KyniflOHH" i t. r. — BapoKKo npHHiujio 6e3 BejiHKoi JiiTeparypHoi' 6opoTb6H i npHHHHJioca, aK HOBa pocjiHHa Ha njiofliOHOMy rpyHTi. Gahhhh, Moace, xto Mir 6h SopoTnca npoTH 6apoKKa, iBaH BmueHCbKHH, caM y cboih JiiTepaTypmfi cpopMi 6yB SapoKKy ayace 6jiH3bKHft (rhb. Rani) Ta pa^uie cnpnaB noro ycni-
XOBi, CaMe CTHJieM CBOIX TBOpiB. BHHieHCbKHH JIHHie He npHHHHB 6h
cnojiyieHHa xpHcraaHCTBa 3 aHTHHHicTio, „cHHKpeTH3My".
3. Kojih noHHHaGTbca yKpai'HCbKe 6apoKKo? lie nnTaHHa CKJian,-He He jinnie a,Jia yKpama: 6apoKKO, no^aBHiHca b niBfleHHiii Eb-poni b nojioBHHi 16-ro BiKy, b aeaKHx Kpa'max jrauie noMajiy npo-OHBajioca Kpi3b Tpan,HH,iK> penecaHcy. Ha yKpami 3a nepmoro nncb-MeHHHKa, b aKoro Moama 3HaHTH pncn 6apoKKOBoro cthjiio, MoacHa BBaacaTH iBaHa BHmeHCbKoro: noro ROBri nepion,H, HaKynneHHa na-pajieai3MiB, cmijikbi aHTHTe3H, cTHJib npoMOBHa jiinme npopoKa, Mafiace HeifoioBipHe HaKynneHHa cpopMajibHHx npHKpac (mo y Hboro reHiajibHoro nncbMeHHHKa HiKOJiH He 3aKpHBaiOTb, He ycyBaiOTb 3 nojia yBarn 3MicTy) MorjiH 6 ro3bojihth HaM npHjiy^iHTH fioro TBopn flo jiixepaiypH SapoKKa, kojih 6 aacepejia noro CTHJiicTHKH He SyjiH 30BciM mini: uje cBaTe Hhcbmo Ta 0TB;i B;epKBH, HaftGijibme, Ma6yTb,
252
3jiaToycT. LUpnpaBna, BHiueHCbKHH, MaôyTb, 3HaB yace ôapoKKOBHH CTHJiB, — 3 nojiBCBKoi noaeMÍHHoí jiiTepaTypH Ta ne b noMy Mir noro íl HacjiinyBaTH. Ajie ineoaoria noro Teac 30BCÍM He öapoKKOBa: ne He nporpaMa cnoayneHHH híhhhx eaeMeHTÍB peHecaHcy 3i CTapoK) Tpannnieio, a nporpaMa noBHoro noBopoxy no hhctoi TpanHnii', Ajie n,ÍKaBHH npHKJian „ÖapoKKOBOCTH" BnineHCBKoro nepen. 6apoKKOM xapaKxepH3yG cnopinHemcTb ôapoKKa 3 yKpamcbKHM nyxoBHHM CTHJieM; Tan caMo xapaKxepHCTH^hhö g h ôapoKKOBHH xapaKxep n,e-
HKHX CXOpÍHOK nHIHHOrO ,,nÍ3HbOBÍ3aHXÍHCbKOro" CXHJ1K) rajiHnbKo-BOJIHHCbKOrO jiiTonncy.
JIíhchhh no^axoK ôapoKKa — ne Mejiexiä CMOxpHnbKHH, ne nponoBini xa no^acxH Bipmi Knpnaa TpaHKBijiioHa OraBpoBenbKoro, a noBHa nepeMora ôapoKKa — yTBopeHHH khíbcbkoi uikojih. Haft-GijibuiHMH KyjibTpHO-nojiiTHHHHMH ycnixaMH, hkí BiflirpajiH BejíHKy pojiio b icxopií yKpaÍHCbKoro ßapoKKOBoro nncbMeHcxBa, 6yan: Bin.-HOBJíeHHH npaBOCJiaBHo'i icpapxii' 1620 p. Ta 3acHyBaHHH khibcbkoi niKOjiH 1615 p. i ľi pedpopMH, npOBeneHi MornjioK) (1644 p.) Ta Ma3enoK) (1694 p.). I hobí iepapxH i npodpecopn AKaneMii 6yjiH rojioBHHMH penpe3eHTaHTaMH ôapoKKa. — BapoKKo, mo nonaaocs HKocb HenoMÍTHO, noMajiy, naHye Han3BHHaHHO noBro Ta TpHMaGTbca HaH3BHHaáHo BnepTo. Maáace BBecb 18 bík b yKpamcbKHx niKOJiax BHUíoro rany HaB^aiOTb ôapoKKOBo'i noeTHKH, Ta njieKaiOTb ôapoK-KOBy noe3ÍK>. B ochobí He BHXonHTb 3a Meaci Tpannnii (xoh nyace pimyHHH pecpopMaTop b oKpeMHx nHTaHHHx) ocTaHHiö Bejimcmi yKpaÍHCbKHií nncbMeHHHK enoxH ôapoKKa, Tp. CKOBopona. Ajie 3 h hm jiiTepaiypHe öapoKKO He npaceBpiao, a npropLno noBHHM no-jiyM'hm no kíhi;h Ta Bpa3 3racao. 3racjio pa30M 3 npnTaMaHHoio yKpaÍHCbKOMy ôapoKKy jiiTepaTypHoio moboio: Ha 3MÍHy npHHuuia MOBa HapoflHa.
OcTaHHiö nepion. ôapoKKa b neHKHX Kpainax yTBopHB BJiacHHH CTHJib, cTHab nÍ3Hboro ôapoKKa a6o „poKOKo". Ueii nBipcbKHH, aer-KHH, ťpan.io3HHH, aae pa30M i irpaniKOBHH, aerKOBaacHHH cthjib Ha yKpaiHi He po3BHHyBCH. Bo b čepeními 18-ro cropinqa Ha YicpaiHi He 6yao CBoro nBopa, naHH, mo Huian 3a Monpio, BeaHKoio Mipoio pycHCpiKyBaaHCfl, i annie necb naaeKo Ha niBHoni noHHHaB npn ajBopi mapnui GaH3aBeTH cKaaanaracb cTHJib yKpamcbKoro poKOKo, m,o 3HaÖHioB BHpa3 Ta no^acTH bíhtomíh Maöace anme b yicpaiHCbKin aipHD,i, nepepoÔKax Ta My3HHHHX oOpoÓKax HaponHHX niceHb Ta HeôaraTbox cnpoôax BaacHoI tbop^octh, 6e3 aiTeparypHHx npeTCH-cift Ta 3HaneHHH.
4. YKpaiHCbKe ôapoKKo, hk nÍ3HÍuie poMaHTHKa, 6yao enoxoio BacBOGHHH He anme cynacHoro, a i craporo: Ha3npraHaaH nporajrae 3a CToaiTTH; Tenep nonpHxon,iuiH Ha Yicpamy h HHcaeHHi nepeicaanH
253
jiÍTepaTypn, smy BjiacHe TpeSa Ha3BaTH cepen,HBOBÍHHoiot Ta HaBÍTi>
TBOpH OmÍB IjepKBH B HOBOMy MOBHOMy OHHry.  TaK 6yBaG 3aBJKn,H
b enoxH jíiTepaTypHoro po3KBhy; tslk nÍ3HÍme IIIeKcnipa npnHecjiH Ha YKpamy poMaHTHKa Ta peajiÍ3M. I hk Ha IIIeKcnipa hhbhjihcb OHHMa poMaHTHKH *ih peajiÍ3My, TaK, Ma6yTt„ cnpHHMajiH 3a *iacÍB ôapoKKa h TBopH cTapHx enox OHHMa Ta cepnpM 6apoKKa. Hayni ine Tpeôa po3BÍflaTH, hk jhohh yKpaÍHCBKoro öapoKKa hhbhjihch Ha TBopH c t a p h x MaciB, mo im npHHecjio ßapoKKO.
5. BapOKKO 3MÍHHJI0CH, p03BHBaJI0CH 3a p03MÍpH0 HeHOBrHH hslc
CBoro naHyßaHHH: Bin, nonaTKÍB 30 nnnmoro nÍ3HBoro 6apoKKa (mp
fliCTaJIO b pÍ3HHX KpaÍHaX HaBÍTB pÍ3HÍ Ha3BH, 3np6ijiBina 3a ÍMeHaMH rOJIOBHHX   npe3CTaBHHKÍB   HLOro   CTHJHO:   ,,rOHťopÍ3M", ,,MapÍHÍ3M",
,,npei;io3HHH cthjib" i t. 3.), b kíhhj. 30 poKOKo. Ha YKpami nen po3BHTOK He 6yB nyJKe pimyraM Ta pyjKe homíthhm. Jlecb nicjín 1680 poKy yKpaiHCBKa JiiTepaTypa nepeacnjia nepiop Ha33BHHaimo riHHiHoro, nepeoÖTHJKeHoro (popMajiBHHMH npHKpacaMH cthjiio (Hanp. I. BejiHHKOBCBKHH, CTetpaH ÜBopcbKHH), ajie He 6paKyBajio h ,,no-MipKOBaHHx" noeTÍB, a rojioBHe, nyxoBHi micbMeHHHKH jiHuie hk bhhhtok 30X03HTB 30 TaKoro JíiTepaTypHoro pa3HKajiÍ3My, na hkhh 3naTHÍ cbítcbkí noeTH. A noTÍM npHHiuoB nojiirnHHO 3yMoBjieHHH ninynan, mp pinito cnpnae jiiTepaTypnoMy paflHKajiÍ3M0BÍ.
3aTe noeTHKa yKpamcBKoro 6apoKKa 3Hajia pecpopMH, i to 30-
CHTB   paaHKaJIBHi,   B    KOHKpeTHHX    nHTaHHHX   noeTHKH. OflHy
3 HaHpanHKajibHiiHHx pedpopM y Teopii BipniyBaHHH 3poÔHB Ckobo-pofla: ajie BOHa He BCTHrjia mp npHinpnnTHCH, hk CKÍH*mjiacH i bch ôapoKKOBa JiiTepaTypa.
6. YKpaiHCBKe ÖapOKKO He 3HaC BCÍGÍ BeJIHKOÍ pÍ3HOMaHÍTHOCTH
jKaHpiB (ťaTyHKÍB) ßapoKKOBoi jiÍTepaTypn, 30KpeMa 6paKyc 6ara-Tbox cbítcbkhx. BaraTtoM HcaHpaM He naBajra po3BHHyrHCH oÔcTa-bhhh, a 30KpeMa HeMOHíjihbíctb npyKyBaTH n,i TBopn: TaK He 6yjio BejíHKoro poMaHy, — rjih po3noBCK>3JKeHHH nepenHcyBaHHHM bíh He Ha^aBaBCH. MaífoKe He ôyjio BejíHKoro enocy, HaBÍTB i nepeKJianm (npo bh'ímkh 3HBHCH najii), i bíh Mir 6h 3'hbhthch, hk6h ôyjia 3Mora 3pyKyBaTHCH. Orace, ^ajii MaeMo tobophth npo: 1) jiipHKy, 2) enoc, 3) noBicTb, 4) 3paMy, 5) nponoBinB, 6) xpoHÍKy, 7) TpaKxaT. Ream
ťaTyHKH BCe 3K p03BHHyjIHCH Han,3BHHaÍíH0 UIHpOKO.
BapoKKOBa JiiTepaTypa Ha YKpaiHi 3ajiHmaeTBCH mp neBHOio
MÍpOK> aHOHÍMHOK>,  XOK KÍJIBKÍCTB BÍ30MHX HaM  äBTOpÍB  BeJIHKa. G
6araTO aBTopiB, npo hkhx mh Hinoro, KpiM iMemi, He 3HacMo a6o 3HaGMo nyjKe Majio.
7. .ZJyHce n,maBa npoÔJieMa öapoKKoBoi yKpamcBKoi jiiTepaiypn g MOBa. BoHa TaK caMo 3ajiHmaGTBCH npHHn,nnoBo cjiob'hh-cbkok), hk i b nonepe3HÍH nepiofl. Ajie, Ha acajit, BOHa yBiôpaBiun
254
b ceöe BejiHKy kíjibkíctb ejieMeHTÍB HapoflHoi mobh, He nifljiaraa hí-
HKHM   n e B H H M   HOpMaM. TOMy MH 3yCTpŕqaGM0  BejIHKÍ yXHJIH TO
flO yKpa'ÍHCBKOÍ HapOflHOl MOBH, TO flO nOJIBCBKOÍ, TO -       JIHHie B 18 ct.
i TO piflKO - flO  pOCÍHCBKOl, ÍHOflí HaTOMÍCTB 36ÍJIBHiyGTBCH cthxíh
nepKOBHa. Mosa Bapiioe 3ajieatHo Bifl ťaTyHKy TBopy aôo HaBÍTB íioro oKpeMoi nacTHHH: b neBHHX cn,eHax flpaM Mosa HaSanacaeTBea flo HapoflHo'i; n,e HaöJinaceHHa noMÍTHMo i b acapTÍBJíHBHX nicHax;
HaOJIHÍKeHHÍI   flO   nOJIBCBKOÍ   MOBH   XapaKTepHCTHHHe   flJIfl TBOpÍB 3
HijiHxeTCBKHx kíji (nanp., ,,rep6oBHi Bipnii"). .HeaKi ^yaci yKpam-
CBKÍH MOBÍ CpOpMH 3pOÖHJIHCa KOHBeHI^ÍHHHMH, 6o yKpa'ÍHCBKÍ (pOpMH
3flaBajiHCíi He aochtb JiorÍHHHMH: Tan flyJKe ^acTÍ (popMH fliecjiÍB MHHyjioro nacy Ha nojiBCBKHH 3pa30K: „nncaaeM, nncaaecB" i t. n,.,
MaßyTB, nOIHHpHJIHCH, 60 3flaBaJ10Cfl, KOJIH 3aTpaTHJIHCH CTapi (popMH („nncajľB ecMB, nHcajľB ecn" i t. h.), HejiorÍHHHM Ta He aochtb
3p03yMÍjIHM yjKHBaHHH TÍG1 CaMOÍ tpOpMH „nHCaß" flJIH BCix TpBOX ocí6. riOfliÔHHX npHKJiafllB G KÍJIBKa. Ajie BÍfl n,epKOBHOCJIOB'HHCBKOÍ'
mobh MocKOBCBKoro THny yKpamcbKa MOBa BiflxoflHjia Bce flajii, TaK mp Bce HacTiniHMH CTaiOTB „nepeKJiaflH" 3 oflHÍGi mobh Ha flpyry Ta nepepoÔKH yKpaÍHCBKHX TBopiß irpn Ix flpyKy b Mockbí (mp 3ÍncyBajio fljia Hac HHMajio TBopiß Haruoí ôapoKKOBo'í jiiTepaTypH, mo ix jinuie b Mockbí flpyKOBaHo). IleBHe HaÖJinaceHHa flo pocificBKoi mobh BÍfl-6yBäGTBCH b 18-My ct., ajie np g HaôJiHaceHHH. .. pociöcBKoi mobh flo yKpaiHCBKoí: kíjibkíctb yKpaÍHHÍB cepefl nepeKJiafla^ÍB (Bace b 17 ct.) b ypaflax, Ha flyxoBHHx nocanax, a nÍ3HÍnie b yHÍBepcHTeTax 6yjia Tana SHa^na, mp yKpa'ÍHCBKÍ ejieMeHTH b bcjihkío kíjibkoctí
npHHHIJIH   flO   pOCÍHCBKOl   KaHHpjIHpÍHHO'í,   CyflOBOl,   IHKÍJIBH01 MOBH,
HapeuiTÍ flo HayKOBo'i TepMÍHOJiorii. Moace 6yB neBHHH ejieMeHT Ha-
HÍOHajIBHOÍ caMOOXOpOHH b TOMy, JHO KOTJIHpeBCBKHH UÍJIKOM BÍflMO-BHBCH BÍfl CTapOÍ (6apOKKOBO*Í) yKpaÍHCBKOl MOBHOl TpaflHIlíí, flO HKOl TaK Ha6jIH3HJiaCH pOCÍHCBKa MOBa,  Ta no^aB yTBOpeHHH HOBOl
jiiiepaTypHoi mobh Ha h,íjikom hobíh ochobí: Ha ochobí HapoflHoi mobh. íle 6yB KÍHeiiB yKpamcBKoi öapoKKOBoi JiiTepaTypH, mo Bace BÍflacHjia cbíh lac, i no^aTOK hoboí* yKpamcBKoi JiiTepaTypH.
B. BipmoBaHa noe3Ía
1. BipuioBaHy noe3iio cTapoyKpamcBKy 3a6yjiH, MaôyTB, tojiob-He Mepe3 „nepecTapijiicTB" mobh, a me öijiBine BÍpinoBoi (popMH. rio^ajioca BipniyBaHHH Ha YKpami, aK mh öa^HjiH (IV. E), 6e3no-cepeflHBo nepefl nonaTKOM ôapoKKOBoro nepiofly. Ilifl BnanBOM noaB-CBKoro Bipuiy, yKpamcBKHH npnôpaB y nacn öapoKKa „CHjiaoÍHHy" BipniOBy cpopMy, — phtm Bipuiy yTBopiOBaBca neBHoio KiaBKicTio CKjiafliB y paflKy, paflOK KÍmiaBca pHMOio, aK i b nojíHKÍB „acÍHo-
255
HOK)", ceÔTo 3 HarojiocoM Ha nepeRocTaHHbOMy cKaafli, jiHuie bhh-hhtkobo nonycKajiHca phmh „hojiobíhí", 3 HarojiocoM Ha ocTaH-HbOMy CKJiafli, xa naKTHjiiHHi", 3 HarojiocoM Ha TpeTbOMy Bin, kíhhh CKJiafli.
Ocb npHKJiafl cHJiHÔríHHX Bipuiiß Ha yaioôaeHy 6apoKKOBy Teaty eiuepTH — Bipini Ha norpeÖ (noxopon) CaraHRa*ffloro:
Kojkrhh, xto ch ypoRHB, MycHTB i yMepeTH,
JKaneH ch ho^obík cMepTH He MoaceTb onepexH. HeMaui Ha hk) ainapcxBa, HeMani i oöopomi;
3 CaMHX mapefi  3RHpaGTb CBÍTHHÍ ix KOpOHH,
He 60'iTbCH acoBHipcTBa, BKpyr ijapa ctohhóto 3 opyacieM i cxpiabóoio, ero BapxyioHÓro ...
}Khghi TaK, hko6hcb HirflH He míb yMepeTH,
Xonem bcí ôaraTCTBa Ha 3eMai noacepeTH,
B hím caaBH nopoacHefi Ha tom cbítí niyKacni, A ace MacHi BMepeTH, Ha to He naMHTaeui.
A60 íhhihíí Bipui Ha Ty caMy TeMy cp. KaeMeHTia:
yöorHH BMHpaiOHH hí b hím ne acaaicTb,
HÍHoro 60 ataaoBaTb, ace CKapôoB He mígtb.
BoraTHÍi ace He xoneTb 3 CKapöoM po3ayqnTH:
ťRH 6h moucho, Miř 6h ysecb CKapÔ b TpyHy bjiohchth.
Bo ťRH BaacTea, to bchomhhtb cbíh bhcokhh THTýji, i npen, KOHaHHGM MHoro 3 CKapôoM y3pHTb HiKaTýji,
I  MHOrOI^ÍHHHX  MHOro  bhchihhx CyKMaHÍB,
Í  CpiSpHHHX  Ha   CTOJiaX  CTOHIHHX R30aHÍB,
I y3pHTb, ace Maaaan acoHa npeR hhm xoRHTb, Taa ripm ro KpinKoro acaaio npHBORHTb...
Phrkh b CHaaÔi^HOMy Bipnii He 3aBHCRH MycHTb 6yTH ORHaKOBoi robhchhh; yKpaiHCBKi noera öapoKKa yTBopioKJTB 3 phrkíb pÍ3HOi
robhchhh   HaHpÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍHIÍ   CTpOCpHHanp.:
Cmotph, TíoaoBine, i yacacaöca, Kaacflož itorhhh CMepTH cnoRiBaßea, Xorhxb 60 TaHHO, Haraan,aGTb,
I Ria TBOix p03CMOTpHGTb,
KaK 6h th acHB.
He 3pHTb na npo3b6y am Ha Rapn. JTk th, HoaoBine, BÍ3bMyTb Ha Mapn,
256
MuHyTfe mhcjih i po3Konii, MaeTt HOCHTH MHorHG rpoini,
JJXo GCH 3ÖHpaB. yKpa'ÍHCbKÍ  noeTH  BJKHBaiOTb  KOJIO  150  pÍ3HHX CTpo(f>.
nopyn chjihoíhhhx BipiniB 3ycTpÍHeM0  íhorí  oíjimh Hapon,-
HHH BÍpni, noniÖHHH ho BÍpiIiy „nyM", 3 pHflKaMH HepÍBHOÍ' npBJKHHH.
IlepeBaíKHo Tanoro Bipniy BHCHBaB Khphjio TpaHKBijiioH OaBpo-Ben;t.KHH; 3ycTpinaeM0 noro moni fi nÍ3HÍine, me cb. JJmhtpo Tyn-Tajio nncaB TaKHM po3MÍpoM Bipnii „hjih BJiacHoro BJKHTKy". Ocí> npHKJiap; oöpoÖKH TeMH cMepTH y CraBpoBeiULKCTO:
JJfi MOÍ HHHÍ 3äMKH KOlUTOBHe MypOBaHHl
i najiaiíH moi CBirae i cjíÍHHe MajitoBamii, a niKaTyjiH, 3jiotom HaípacoBaHHi,
BÍ3HHKH  nifl  3JI0T0M HyrOBaHHl?
JJe moi npecBÍTjiHi 3JiaTOTKaHHHÍ' niara,
pnci, coöojie cjiíhhhí, KapMa3HHH i noporni niKapjiaTH?
Bnopa b noMy moím öhjio roime BecijiJiH, My3HKÍB irpaHHa, a cniBaKÍB BecejiOG cnÍBaHHíi,
í  Ha TpySaX MÍHHHX BHKpHKaHHH,
ckokí, TaHiri, Becejioe njiÄcaHHa; BHHa HajiHBaä, BHnHBafí, npoJiHBaS!
Ctojih moi koihtobhhmh cjiaaKHMH noKapMH noKpHTHi, toctí moi i npHírrejii nepcoHH 3HaMeHHTH*i A hhhí MeHe Bce npôpoe i Becejioe MHHyjio, cjiaBa i ÔaraTCTBo HaBÍKH ynjiHHyjio.
74e hhhí BomoBe ropaejiHBHi
í  MyHHTejlí  HeBHHHHX  3ji0cjihbhí ?
JJ^e c(t)porHi i CTpauiHHi reTbMaHOBe? HecnoflißaHe CMepTHHM MeneM nociaem i 6e3 naM'flTH bo tbmí hhhí saKjiioHeHi.
0 CMepTH cTpauiJiHBaa
1 HeacajiocjiHBaa!
Th, hko Kocap hhhí Hepo3cyn,hhh,
nin. Horn CBoi KJianem u,bít 6ap3o nynHHH,
MOJionocTH i KpacoTH JKajioBaTH He 3Haeui,
aHÍ  Ha  ghhhím  3  THX MHJIOCTH  He  MaGIH . . .
257
Bipini npyKyBajiHCH po3MipHo pinKo: ix nepenHcyBaaa aMaTO-pn, noöojKHi hh cbítcbkí. Ihohí yTBopiOBaaHca Bejinni pyKonncm
3ÖipKH.  yKpaiHCBKHH  BipiU  nOIUHpHBCH  He  JIHUie  np  KpaHHÍX MOK
yKpa'iHCBKoi 3eMJii, ajie npoÖHBca ň np nojiBCBKoro Ta 30 pociíi-CBKoro HHTaaa. — JJpyKosaHo anme HeBeaHKi 3ÖipKH, npHCBaaem HKHMCb ocoôaM a6o noniaM (Hanp., Ha norpeö CaraonaaHoro); Bate b kíhih 17-ro BÍKy apxTo He 3 ainuiHx noeTÍB BnnpyKyBaB BeaHKÍ 3ÔipKH BipiuiB; b 18-My cTopiaai nocTaB nyxoBHHH cnißaHHK „Eoro-raacHHK" — n,ÍKaBa npyKOBaHa 36ipKa yKpai'HCBKoi yHiaTCbKoi ny-
XOBHOÍ aipHKH.
BapoKKOBi nncbMeHHHKH aacTo npaMyBaan np n,HKaÍ3an,ii BipiuiB, np oô'eflHaHHa ix y neBHi rpynn, cnoayaeHi aKoiocb BHyTpini-HbOK) enmcTK), — onHa 3 HaHnÍ3HÍuiHX Ta HaSniKaBiuiHx 36ipoK „Can, 6oacecTBeHHbix irscHen" CKOBopon,H.
2. ^íyxoBHa nicna — HaôaHcaeHHiniHH raTyHOK yKpai'HCBKoi BipuiOBaHoi noe3Íi ôapoKKa. BoHa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHa: 3ycTpiaaeMo TyT i nicHi pÍ3flBaHÍ Ta BeaHKoniri, i ancaeHHi nicHi npo IIpecBHTy JXÍBy, i nicHi npo OKpeMi CBaTa, npo oKpeMi íkohh Ta ayneca, nicHi 30 ok-peMHx CBHTHx i t. n,. IIopyH TaKHx MoaHTOBHHx Ta rÍMHÍaHHX ni-ceHb, 3ycTpiaaeM0 ö cyö'eKTHBHy peairiÖHy aipHKy: nicHi „noKa-hhhí", nicHi npo CMepTb Ta CTpaniHHÔ cyn..
Craab flyxoBHoi nicHi nyace Bapiioe: bí^ riMHy hh ona np 6a-poKKOBO-ťpoTecKHoi, HamBnaponiäHoi nicHi 3 öaacaHHHM Haüöiabnioi opuríHaabHocTH Bupa3y aöo HaöanaceHHaM no HaponHoi nicHi. Ot 3pa3KH pi3HHx CTHaiß niceHb pí3hbhhhx:
BncpaiGMe rpane, roime Beceanca, IJapy caaBH MHae cBOMy noKaoHHca!
BiTaS, B;apy, HapoacneHiíí
i b acaex noaoacemH.
IIíbiíí, ryaHO, BnaaHe nicHi 3aaHHaHTe, BHCoaaSuiHM raacoM BľaHa npHBiTaíÍTe! BiTaíí, H,apy... i t. n.
Opa3 Bce CTBopiHHa np Tßopna cniniHca, GflHHOMy IlaHy cayuiHe noKaoHHca! BiTaíi, Uiapy... i t. h.
a6o (nepeicaan, CKOBoponn 3 aaTHHCbKoro):
O HOHb HOBa, flHBHa, aynHa, HCHiHinaa CBÍTaa noaynHa, Korfla ape3 MpaK TeMHiô, aepHiô
258
ÖJlHCHyB COHHH cbít HeBe^epHifi. BecejraxecH, hko 3 HaMii Bor!
TaM nifl BucpjmeMCbKHM rpanpM nacTyxH, nacyme cxanp,
BCix nepBÍG BÍCXb npHGMJIIOTL,
mo k HaM npHÖne XpncTOc Ha 3eMJiK>, npe3 aHťejiiB, hko 3 hemh Bor! ..
riopyn hhx on. 3HaHn,eMo cyTo 6apoKKOBÍ opHrmajibHi „BHBepTH":
CoßepixecH, bcí hojiobíkh, Ha xpiiOM(p hhhí, aHťejiiB jihkh, cniBaiome Becejio, BHCKaKyöxe HaBKOJio:
tob;, tod;, tob;, tob;, roH,, roxi, roii, ron,, ron.!
Bo HaM Mapin, Ribs. üpe^Hcxa, b yöoriö uioni 3ponHjia Xpncxa, KOxopoMy xoxb b 6ini rpaGxb TpHiibKO Ha nyni: ry, ry, ry, ry, ry, ry, ry, ry, ry!
raßpHjio cxapHÖ 3JIOBHB öapaHa, B3HBHIH Ha njieni, 3aHic po ľlaHa, Ha KOJiHJiy TiapyGTb i b Horn uijiycxb:
HMOK, HMOK, HMOK, ITMOK, HMOK, HMOK, IJMOK, HMOK!
Mapin JJiBa ch npHxyjiHGXb,
aÖH He 3Mep3JI0,  JJ^HXH BKpHBaCTb,
npHXHCKacxb, npHxyjiHGXb, nejiioriiKaMH oÖBHBacxb:
jik>, J1K), jih), jik>, jik), jih), jik), jik), jho!
A y ôHfljiHxoK oceji Í3 bojiom cxohjih b HCJiex, xyxajiH cnojioM, orpißajiH ^HXHXKO, HeBHHHOG HrHHXKO:
xy, xy, xy, xy, xy, xy, xy, xy, xy!
i x. p., 13 cxpocp, 3 hkhx KOJKHa xaK caMo nonHByriflHo „ÍHCTpyMeH-TOBaHa" (no peni, g noniOHi irpauiKH i b HiMeubKiii pi3nBHHÍH nicHi). A60 HKacb HaniBnaponin uíjikom HaponHoio moboio:
259
AHrejIH CBHTHl	A ôeperaMH
2Hecb aaiOTt 3HaTH,	KacbjíH jiaHaMH
6h huijih nacxHpi	bí3 nHBa Sonny
Bora BÍrara.	TOMy OTpOHKy.
CaBKa 3 Hkhmom,	uhjihii 3 MaKapoM
3 CBOIM nOÔpaTHMOM	npHHUiOB Í3 napoM,
CKopo npHÔirajiH,	npea, BoroM cTaJin
3apa3 3acnÍBajiH.	i KypKy naan.
Tyui Í3 Xomok)	Yci neKapi,
nOJlOHHHOK),	MOJIOJJji, cTapi,
a Orax 3 EopncoM	öiacyTt 3 opaai,
npHÖirjiH jricoM.	HecyTb KOJiani.
A MapKo jienoM	rpaÖ HCe TH MHJIO
npHÖir Í3 MenoM,	b nynKH, Kypnjio,
npy^Ko cTynaeTt	a th, MaTBÍK>,
i BCiX BÍTaGTB.	rpaň b acoaoMÍio!
He Tpe6a nHByBaraca, mo neaKÍ nicni CTajiH h;íjikom HapoaHHMH; ajie HaBÍTt i Bipnii BHCOKoro cthjiio bbíhhijih b penepTyap jiíphhkíb.
3. TeMaTHHHo m,e pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍuia CBÍTCbKa BipuioBaHa noe3Ía ôapoKKa. Tyr 3Haiín.eMo i 6jiH3i>Ky no peairiÖHoi* MeaaHxoaiíray jii-pHKy, i jiipHKy epoTHHHy (bío. MeaaHxoaÍHHOÍ 30 copoMiuBKoi) i no-
JlÍTH^Hy.
TeiaaTHKa MeaaHxoaÍHHOÍ aipHKH TpanHHÍHHa — ne „bíhhí" TeMH aipHKH: Tyra 3a macTHM, 3a Moaoa.icTio, cKaprn na npaio, — ÍHoaj ÍHAHBiflyaabHi hoth nepexoaaTb y (piaococpiaHy petpaeKciio. HaHxapaKTepHCTHHHinii pÍ3HÍ „nicm cbítobí":
A xto Ha cbítí 6e3 apai BpoaHTbca, ToMy cbít MapHe, xk koho, tohhtbch. JIÍTa Mapiie naHHyTb, hk öhctphi piKH, HacH Moaonií, hk 3 nomy noTÍKH. Bce to MapHe míhhgtb.
Jlinnie 6h ca 6nao mran He poanra. HiacjiH MÍ3epHOMy Ha čím cbítí híhth.
AabÖO,  BpOflHBHIHCa,  CKopo b 3eMJIÍ thhth,
HJpÖH 6e3floaLHOMy Ha cbítí He jkhth. Hexan acaaio He 6yae!
Efi, apae ac moh, ne th b toh aac 6naa, Koan Moa Mara MeHe nopoanaa?
260
KojiH 6 Mem Kpnaa opjiOBi'i míth, nojieTiB 6hm nojii CBOGi rjiJin,íth Ha nyacHi cTopoHH.
A6o:
... no cbítí öayicaio, oTpann He Maio, acaaio 3K Mm, acaaio, caM ace a He 3Haio,
m,0 nHHHTH MaK).
A6o:
Tpy^ho CHpOTHHIji Ha nyMÍHHi HCHTH . . .
A6o:
Xi6a Mem ras ÖyneTt innpaa po^HHa, caaceHB Ha UBHHTapi, BHcoKa Mornaa.
Ta ojíbíhhí HapiKaHHa Ha aioncbKy apaio:
O BcecycTHoro CBiTa MHMo iflyTb Hami aiTa,
Po3CTynÍTbca Bonn, ot 3eMai BCTyniTe, iohíctl Moao^ocTH Ko mhí npHBepHlTe!
Aae n,a MeaaHxoaia nepexonHTt i no (piaoco(piaHoí pe(pJieKciI: „rnacTÍG, ne th aoiBein?" nHTacTtca CKOBopona, Ta Mipicyc:
Po3npocTpH Bnaab B3op tbíh i po3yMHi ayaH
i Kment nocainHÍH noMHHan.
Bcix tboíx ríji b Kyro mítíj CTpiaa yayHHTt?
— aionHHa caMa BinnoBinHa 3a cboio noaw: cy6'GKTHBHa aipHKa BaHBaGTbca no peairiimoii. Aae 3aanmaGTi>cfl i (popMa ceHTeHn,iň Ta o6pa3ÍB, 6aH3tKHX no Haponnoi nicm, aK ot nicHH CKOBoponH:
CtOÍTB HBÍp Han BOnOK),
Bce KHBacTt roaoBoio, ÔyOHH BÍTpa noBÍBaioTb, pyKH aBopy aaMaioTb . .. Ha moat mchí 3aMHmaaTH, m;o b ceai ponHaa Mara? Hexaä y rax mo3ok pBeTtca, xTo BHcoKo b ropy nMeTtca. A a 6yny coôi thxo
KOpOTara ME7IHH BIK . . .
261
Tyr i nijiflx óapoKKOBoro jiipHKa n,o npHpo;nH:
He may b ropon, Sararaií. H. 6yjry b nojiax hchtb. Eyny bík míh KopoTaTH, Re thxo BpeMa óíjkhtb. O ay6paBa! o 3ejieHa! o Mara moa piníjá! b to6í 5KH3HB yBecejieHHa, b to6í noKiii, thiiihhs..
A6o:
O CejIHHCKÍH MHJIÍS, JHOShH MÍH nOKOK),
bchkoI ne^ajii jiHineHHHii!
O íctohhhkíb inyM, acypnainHx boroio,
o jiic TeMHHÍí, npoxjiaacneHHHH,
o niyMflmi Kyapi bojiocíb flpeBecHnx,
o Ha jiyKax 3ejieHb KpacHa,
o caMOTa — Mara paa,H jryu He6ecHHx
o cyMHa THxicTb yaíacHa ...
(n.e, npaBfla, nepeKJiaa, — Ckoboporh — 3 JiaraHCbKoro).
nopyn Hboro 3HaiiaeMo epora^Hy jiipHKy 3 TaK caMo TpaflHHiií-
hhmh MOTHBaMH'. TyT i nepUIC 3aKOXaHHH i OCBiiUHeHHH:
Híctb 60 b BepTorpafli TaKOBoro HBÍTa, KpacoToio, Ho6poTOH) epen. caMoro JíiTa...
A60:
3pHHi npe^iyflHo o^eHKaMH aac cepfleHtKO mjiís, nyma ropHxt, cepíne 6ojihtl, KpacHaa jrejiia.
A60:
JXa, h no caROHBKy a xoacy, Ha fi He Haxoacyca, a Ha Teče, moc cepne, rjiaacy, n,a íí He Harjiaaíyca.
Ajie jiK)6ob 3ycTpinae pÍ3HÍ nepeniKORH: noroBip —
Xto b ceKpeTi jiiooob thxo AepataTH He 6yn,e, tot nponafle 3a co6aKy, hk flÍ3HaK)Tb jnon,e.
a rojiOBHe — p03JiyKa:
pn6a 3 pnčoio i Ta ca 3JiyHaeTb, Moa cJiiHHa RaMa Mene noKHa,aeTb . ..
HopHHÍ" oih, HOpHHÍ 6pOBH,
ycTa caxapm, 3y6oHbKH nepjiOBi,
262
THHíeHBKO Bac CnOMHHaTH,
111,0 HejIB3fl 3 BäMII p03MOBJiaTH.
HaBÍTb HeBiflOMo, ne nepeôyBac KoxaHa:
O, po3KouiHaa BeHepa, ne hhhí o6nyem?
Bhxoahb a bcí nppoHceHBKH, BHTonTaB a bcí cTeaceHBKH,
He 3HaHHlOB a MHaeHBKOl,
ne xonnan HiacKH ei . . .
IIpHHiaH, Boace, neH&, qac, ronHHOHBKy Tyio, aneíi 6hm ne 3HaHuiOB niBqHHOHBKy cbokx IHp6 K3JK öiaBuie He TyacHTH,
rOaOBOHBKH He CyUIHTH, MOaOnHX  aÍT cboíx
MapHe He ryôHTH...
I po3noBCKWKeHHH MOTHB'. 3acHaaHHa bíctok Hepe3 nTaxiß:
Ilniny a aHCTOHKH, Ha scxin nocHaaio. Chbí roayöoHKH, Hexan mhí HiyKaiOTB Moaonoí niBXIHH0HKH>
b KOTOpOl HOpHÍ O^eHKH . . .
Ha 3ananHy cTpaHy nocjiaaeM ropanni, a Ha lor i cißep — opan, jiacxoBHHÍ.
InÍTB, b nnaHOCTH HiyKaÖTe,
a mhí BÍnoMÍcTB nasažÍTe ...
A6o:
A TH, opjie, öyaiOHH, b ^hctím noai ryaaKJHH, nonaö KpnaeiíB nonoMo^h, noaeTÍTH Ha bcí hohh MHaeHBKOl myKaiOHH.
I epoTHHHa aipHKa npHBonuTB nepe3 nopÍBHaHHa (Maßyrb, 3ano-3H*ieHi 3 CTapuioí HaponHoi nicHÍ) i aepe3 ohhch ototohhh, ne pos-BHBaGTBca poMaH, no aipHKH npHponn:
nonin raň pineHBKa
na HiyMHTB ÖHCTpeHBKa, pHÔa  no pHÖOHBKH, a a nO nÍBOHBKH.
268
I
I Tyr ôaaHMo Bapiaiíii Bin, cthjim HaponHo'i nicHi no tppa3eoaorii BHpa3Ho naHCBKoi* („BeHepa", „naMa" ň t. L).
Heinajiy yßary npncBaaye yicpaiHCbKa ôapoKKOBa aipHKa & no-aiTHHHHM nofliaM, Ha aKi 6yB TaKHH paemiH toä HecnoKÍHHHH aac. TyT i npocaaBaeHHa HattioHaaBHHx repoÍB: CaranflaaHoro —
HecMepTeaBHo'i caaBH hoctohhhh TeTtMaHe! tboh caaBa b MOBaaHHio mrnn He 30CTaHe,
noKH JJmnp 3 ^HiCTpOM MHOropHÔHHG naHHyTH
6yayTB, nora niaabHOCTH Tea; tboí canHyra.
TyT 3aoacHB 3anopo3CbKHH TeTbiviaH cboí kocth, rieTp KoHaineBHa, paHHHä b bíííhí pa BoabHocTH
OTHH3HH . . .
a6o XMeaBHHi^BKoro:
Eynb caaBeH bo bík, o Myace Í3ÔpaHHe, BiatHOCTH OTae, repoK) Bornane!
(CKOBopoaa).
MecTB Bory, xBaaa! Ha bíkh caaßa BiöctKy J-jHinpoBOMy. . . I TH, HnrnpHHe, mícto yKpanrae, He RieHinyio caasy Tenep b co6i Riaem, Koan oraanaeiu b pyKax 6yaaBy 3an,Horo EoraaHa, Mynporo reTBMaHa, noôporo Moaon,H,a XMeaBHHĽ(bKoro anrHpHHCBKoro, naBHoro 3anopoacn;a.
(3 aiTonncy Cpanaa).
Aae He MeHUie 6yao nin,CTaB Ha YKpaiHi íi naa „aaMeHTis", „naaaiß" Han noaiTHHHHMH Ta HainoHaatHHMH CKpyTaMH Ta He-macTaMH:
O Boace MÍS MHaOCTHBHH, Bei MaTKOIO Ha3HBaK>Tb,
B033pH Ha naaa míh peBHHBHH! a He bcí 3a MaTKy MaioTt;
ÍCe 6in,HHH.a gctb TaKaa, apyrnn xoae 3aryÓHTH;
HK a, Pocia Maaaa? b aoaoji bohh yTonHTH.
Oh, He chhh, oh, He niTH, xomyTt MeHe 3ary6HTHÍ JlaxoaioOui, aHxoaK>6h,i, tíí Moi, tu 3ry6Ľ[i. ..
Tpan,HH,íh npraiHcye reibMaHOBi Ma3eni rapHy nicHio „Oh 6ina, ôin,a aaöu;i He6o3i", m,o Mae yci pncH niTyaHoro noxonaceHHa. HaneBHe naaeacHTb Ma3eni nicHa „Bei noKoio mnpo nparHyTb":
261
3acaaBca, Eoace, yKpa'íhh, mp He BKyni MaeTB chhh!
Jlinme 6yjio He pohhth, macai b TaKHX öinax hchth! On, Bcix cTOpiH BoporyiOTB, oraeM, MeneM pymyiOTB ...
03MÍTeCH Bei 3a pyKH, He nonycTÍTb ropbKOH MyKH MaTiri cboíh 6ia&m TepniTn! HyTe BparoB, nyre 6hth! CaMonajiH HaÖyBanTe, ocTpHX Hiaöejib pioôyBaHTe, a 3a Bipy xoa yivipiTe i BOJibHOCTeä ôopoHÍTe!
Ute h „ocTaHHboMy 3anopo»cnpBÍ" Ahtohobí TojioBaTOMy npnnHcye Tpannina Bipui
„Eô roní HaM acypHTHca, nopa nepecTaTH",
3 npHBony nocejieHHH 3anopoacniB Han. KyôaHHio 1792 p.
yKpaÍHCbKi noeTH ocniByBajiH i oopoTBÔy 3 xaTapaMH, i xothh-CBKy BiÖHy, i oÔJiory BinHa . . . JJpaid 3 ii;hx Bipniiß po3pocTajiHCB 30 po3MÍpy HeBeaHKHx eninHHx noeM (hhb. naai F.).
3Haxo3HMo h íhuií THnn cbítcbkhx BipiHÍB: „Bnem" (Hanp„ npocaaBaeHHH Hayn Ta MHCTeuTB y KniBCBKOMy „GBxapHCTepiom" 1632 p.), JKapTÍBaHBi (Hanp„ ßipnii niKoaapiB) i t. n.. ^iHMajio e Bip-HiÍB-npHBÍTaHB a6o naHeripHHHHx (G. ILneTeHeuBKOMy, n. Mornai, reTBMaHaM). G Bipmi öaaanHHHoro THny, ceÖTo BipnioBam KopoTici onoBinaHHa; 3ÔipKa ix, HanpnKaaß, — BHnpyícyBaHHH 1705 p. „Aji-(paBÍT pH(pMaMH caojKeHHHH" IoaHa MaKCHMOBHaa, mp non.ae onoBi-
naHHH npo KapH 3a 3aOHHHH,   rpiXH Ta HenoÔOHCHÍCTB.
4. yaioöaem ôyan b aacn ôapoKKa „enirpaMH", kopotchbkí HaS6iabHie 2- aôo 4-pan.KOBÍ BipníHKH 3 rocTpHM noTenoM y 3míctí Ta rpoK) caiB, cnÍB3BynnaMH, noBxopeHHHMH caiß. JtyxoBHi Bipmi TaKoro rany (npocaaBaeHHa cbhthx) aacTo oo'eniryBaaH b nincaH no 12 Bipniiß: „Bíhuí". noTpanaaan enirpaMH HaBÍTB 30 öorocayac-60BHX KHHr, 30 „Tpioni IIbíthoí" 1631 p. Ocb npHKaan.:
Cpenfe YaHTeaeü cxaB'B Icycb HayaaeT.
B Cpeny npa3n,HHKOB, aKo ITocpeniiHK-b, aBJiaerb
265
(rpa 3 rraeM „cpea-"). ni3HÍine bíhuj nncaB cb. /Lm. TynTajio. Oct
3pa30K ÖOro TBOpHOCTH:
3aHaxaH 6e3 rpixa, o Eojkíh Mara,
môjho, flajKRB mí 6e3rpiniHo jkhtíg 3anaTH
(noBTopeHHa iihíb „sa^aT-" Ta „rpix-").
MaöcTpoM cbítcbkoí enirpaMH 6yB IßaH Bgjih^kobcbkhh, noji-TaBCBKHĚ npoTonon. Horo enirpaMH noTenm ra rocTpi:
Hlo GCTB cMepTb, nHTaGui mu. Ecjih 6hm 3HaB, yace
6hb 6h MepTBHM. Hk yMpy, npHÖnn b toö nac, npyace!
HoMy cyTb MyApinniic MyjKeBe, híjk jkohh? Bo 3 pe6pa 6e3M03Koro, He 3 tojiobh ohh.
A60 öijiBuia:
IHpcB 6o3BKoro no ce6e naH Xmíjib 3aKpnBaGTB,
60  CMHpeHHHX B03HOCHTB,   BHHeCJIHX CMHpHGTb.
Bhiijíg cyTb rojioBH Hafl bcí hjiohkh Tma,
a Horn Teac b hhskocth cMHpeHHi 30 3ÍJia.
Jle*L naH Xmíjib, tjra 30 Koro b roJiOBy BCTynaGTb, rojiOBy noHHJKacTb, Horn sannpacTb.
lie Han,3BHHaHH0 BJiyrai nepeKJian,n 3 cjiaBeraoro aHraiäcbKoro 6a-poKKOBoro enirpaMaTHKa JXík. OßeHa. Ajie BejiHHKOBCbKHH nncaB i BjiacHi enirpaMH. Teac syJKe BRajii:
UHniymeMy cthxh.
Tpyna cyinero b nHcami 3HaTH
ne MOHceTb, iate caM He bíctb nncara.
Mhhtb 6hth jierKo nneama njLno:
xpn nepcTa nnniyTb, a Bce Öojihtb tíjio.
JIliCTBHIia IaKOBJIH.
Cbít cen cHy gctb nonpöeH, a macra — npaÖHm:
BOCXORHTB Í HH3X0AHTB no HÍH MH03Í HHHÍ.
BejiHKy 36ipKy enirpaM (369), mnpninx, no 10 i Öijibine phrkíb 3ajiHniHB bíaomhh, He nyace BHuiKOJieHHn, ajie TajiaHOBHTHň Ta np-TenHHH, noeT, icpoMOHax Ejihmchtíh. TeMaTHKa noro enirpaM Haž-pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍrna: Tyx i noB^ajibm Bipmi, i Bipuii npo peMicHHKÍB Ta mnii npoťpecii (Hanp., My3HKH), i carapn^m, s, Hapeniii, Ha bchkí Ahbobhskhí xeMH, Hanp., „O KOTax" — ocb 3pa30K:
266
I3BHKJIH KOTH O^i XMypHTB, TJiaBH XOBaTB . , .
........Ha nem coöi noTaraiOTB,
a 3CK0HHBHIH i3 nenn no ropniKax HHKaiOTS.
A nOBHHHiCTB 6o KOTaM mhihh yaoßaaTH,
a ßijitm xaKHx, m,o bmIiotb 3 mhcok bocxumaTH,
a OCiÖHHH 3BHHaä ix  B CyflHa HaHHKaTH,
eacejiH xto 3a6yaeTB cyn,eH HaicpHBaTH. A GCTb TaKHi awne, mp toto He nöaioTB, GflHaKOJKe 3 Toro coöi BpenHTeaBHicTB MaioTB ... i t. n,.
A60 h noflHBHi b Bipinax icpoMOHaxa TBepnaceHHa:
KOTpHH, MOBHTB, HOaOßiK 2p6pe BHÜHBaGTB,
TeflH TaKOMy naH Bor Ha nHBO naßaGTB...
Die, npaBna, npHCjiiB'a („mobhtb"), ajie KjiHMeHTiH 3HaxonHTB y iihtti HaBiTb KopncTB „nyxoBHy":
... npöpe, rnn 3Tpoxa ropjio npoMOHHJio:
n,o jnofleH Bnpa3HiHie ßyneTB rjiarojiaTH,
i b ia;epKBi Ha Kpnnoci raaflnien 3acniBaTH.
3aniM, naHOBe, coöi 3appoBi öyBaÖTe,
a rftH jiH KoaBiK iihbo npöpe noTaraäTe.
A b roaoBi 3nppoBiii sce He nepeÖHpan,
fla BHieaaKHH HailHTOK 3aopoBHo BHnHBaii! .. i t. R.
B iHHioMy Bipnii Bm panHTB i My3HKaM:
Hexan ate 6e3 jiIhocth i My3HKH rpaiOTB i BeceaocTH aionaM MoaonHM npn,aBaiOTb. A HarpaBHiHca Hexafi Tpoxa S cnonHBaiOTfc fla no noBHiä CKnaHni ropiaKH BHiiHBaioTB.
ÜHcaB enirpaMH fi CKOBopon,a; b HBoro bohh 6e3 30BHinraix irpauiOK, KOpoxeHBKi, Maäace npHcaiB'a:
KoMy MeHBHie b acH3Hi Tpeöa, toh ßaHHcaa Bcix np He6a.
*
He To cKyneH, mp yöorroi, a TO, mo MceaaGTB MHoro.
#
JlyHHe MHi cyxap 3 Bonpio, Heacean caxap 3 öinpio.
267
J\o enirpaM HaaeacaTB nacTO i ,,Harpo6KH" (eniTacpii) tohio. Eni-rpaMH (HaBÍTL iiiai „Bíhh,í") BCTaBJiaaHca i b n,paMH i b npo3ar4HÍ TBopn (fliajiorn CKoBopoflH, yjiK)6jieHHH noBHajit.hhh TBÍp „^ionipa", jiítoiihch GpjiHHa xa BejiH^Ka i t. n.).
5. Ocoôjihbo b nacH öapoKKa 6yjiH yjiK>6jieHi „eMÔJieMaiHHHi" Bipnii. He HeBejiHKi enirpaMaxHHiti Bipnii no MaaioHKiB, „eMÔaeM", eeÔTo 3o6pajKeHb pe^eá, mo MaiOTB HKecB cHMBojirme SHanemia. ÜKOBopofla noflaB y cboTx xBopax irjay Teopiio eMÖJiejviaxHKH: „cxapi Myflpeiii MajiH cbok> BJiacHy MOBy, bohh 3MajiB0ByBaaH cboi nyMKH o6pa3aMH, hí6h caoBaMH. H.i o6pa3H 6yjiH ťpiryPH HeöecHHx xa 3eM-CHX CTBopiHb. HanpHKJiafl, coHue BH3Hanaao npaBny, KÍJiBH,e ... —
BÍHHiCTb . . . , rOJiyÔ -        COpOMJIHBiCTB, Óycejl -        nOÔOJKHiCTb ... ".
Ha Skupami 6yjia BifloMa eMÔJieMaxHHHa aŕrepaTypa 3axony. .ZJeiiio 3 Heí nepeicjianajin (bíaomí 36ipKH: aaTHHCBKy hímh,h Tyro, ecnaHCBKy CaaBenpn). EMöaeMaTHHHHä opHrÍHaaBHHÍí 3oipHHK „Heina ieponojiiTHKa" nacTO nepenpyKOByBaBca. Ocb npHKJiann ßip-iiiíb 3 Hboro:
Xothä Tocnofla ícthhho aioÔHTH,
bo cxpaci rocnonm noTiHHca xonHTH.
Ciio 6o jiioÖob CTpax rocnoneHB pohhtb,
ano bítp njiaMeH 3 yraia Í3BonHxi>
(Ha MaaiOHKy BoroHB, iho noro po3flMyxye Bixep).
npOCXpaHHO  MOpe   CHJTBHÍ  ÍMaTB BOJIHH,
Maana píkh He TaKO noBOJiBHi,
b Kami i cix híctb, He flBHacyTBca boah, i CMHpeHia TaKOBH cyTt naonn
(Ha MaaioHKy Mope, pinna Ta cKaaHKa 3 Bofloio; nyMKa Ta caMa, mo b HHTOBaHOMy BÍpuii „Ctoítb HBip" CKOBopoflH). HncaB eMÖaeiwaTHH-Hi Bipnii h npoKonoBHH. H,íjihh ihíkji i'x bíh 36HpaBCH BHfläTH b na-m'htb MHTponojíHTa BapaaaMa HcHHCBKoro. Oct npHKaann:
Bei piKH isnanaaa Maane ÔHBaioTB,
ho, TeKyme nyrB n°BrHH> Bonn yMHoacaioTt.
nofloÖHi i BapaaaM yneHia paflH
npeSne cTpaHH amorie i MHorie rpanH.
I TaKO, on OTMecTBa naaene CTpaHCTBya, 3iao ce6e yMHoacn npeMynpocTH CTpya
(3MajitoBaHa Maaa 6yTH, Ma6yTB, pinna, mo 36ijiBHiyeTBca, bíhtí-KaiOHH Bin; RJKepeaa).
268
Cii nmy HBjíflioTt, BHflaTb 60 xyaaa, —
B03H0CATB, i flojiy HH3xonHTb npyraa. I Ho6pon,ÍTejiB jiioöhtl ToejKne Mipnao,
3ÍJ10  60  aeCTHa  BO  BCÍM,  CMHpHGTBCH 3íji0.
Ce JKe 60 bo BapjiaaMi i3paAHe hbhch:
aecTeH 60 6i naae bcíx, naae bcíx cMHpnca.
(3MajitoBaHi RiajiH 6yTH Tepe3H).
BiflMiHOK) eMÖJieMaTHHHoro Bipnia 6yB Bipin „repöoBHHÖ", Han,-3BHHaiiHO yjiK>6jieHHH Ha ynpami (Bace b 16 ct.), 30KpeMa npn npHCBHHeHHHx KHHJKOK. Y TaKOMy BÍpuii Tpeöa öyao flaTH noacHeH-Ha AO Toro MaaiOHKy, inp 6yB b repöi ocoöh, aKy Tpeöa öyao npocaa-bhth. Oct ypHBOK Bipiny Ha repö Mornan:
. . . jj^Ba Meai b cnpaBax pnuepcbKHx cMiaicTb noKa3yioTb;
anaia 3 xpecTOM ßipy xpHCTHHHCBKyio 3HaMeHyiOTB. B tím AOMy innpaa noöoatmcTb oÖHTacTb,
a caaBa HecMepTeabHaa HaßiKH oÖHBaeTt.
6. 7-ly>Ke THnoßi Aaa noe3Ü öapoKKa BipnioBi irpauiKH. I ix 3Ha-HeHHa He Tpeöa iťHopyBaTn: ne BHaB, BHpa3 neBHoro cyBepeHHoro BipTyo3Horo BoaoAÍHHa BipineM. TaKi irpaniKH Ayace aioönan yicpa-íhcbkí noeTH. OAHa 3 HaHpo3noBCioAaceHiinHx cpopM öyB „aKpocTHx": nepnii aiTepn KoacHoro paflKa aöo kohíhoi cxpocpH, hkiho Ix anraTH niApafl, noAaioTb ím'h aBTopa. Ocb kopotkhh anpocTHX cb. JjMHTpa TynTaaa (aacraHa: 7JIMITPI):
Ztapyö mhí Teöe, XpHCTa, b cepu! BcirAa hthth, l3Boai> bo mhí oÖHTaTH, öaar mhí aBaaöca, MHororpiniHHM, HeflocTOÔHHM He B03rHyuiaHca! I3ae3e b 6oaÍ3Hi atHBOT míô öe3 Teöe, Bora; Th mhí KpinocTb i 3Apaßie i caaBa MHora. Paflyioca a3 o Teöi i Beceaioca, I Toöok) no BCa bíkh, Boace míh, xBaaioca.
iHOfli fleam aÍTepn BÍpma nncaHo aöo flpyKOBaHo BeaHKHM inpHCpTOM; Koan nj aiTepn aHTaan OKpeMo, to flicTaBaan ím'h aB-Topa; aöo Tpeöa öyao niflpaxyBaTH ancaoBe 3HaaeHHa arrep (aKe BOHH Maan b caoB'aHCbKÍfí aöernj), inpö flicTaTH piK, Koan HanncaHo BÍpma. lie „KaöaaicTHHHi" Bipmi. Oct npHKaafl 3 Toro caMoro cb. ^1m. Tynraaa:
IacE b Pym ÍHOrAa npeoöpa30BaHHa, Mara eOTBopmoro HAc bcíX 3fli HanHcamia, JtymeBHo I Mncalio Ty KHnacKy nPHMÍTe, CAmí e BHHMaioníe, I npyriiM npoHTÍTe.
269
(IepoMOHax JXÍMÍTpH Caßin).
Haö6ijii>uiHM MaöcTpoM (pirypHoro Bipiny 6yB BejiH^KOBCbKHH.
CbOG  Ím'h   BÍH   yxHTpHGTbCH   BMÍCTHTH b   HaHpÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍIUHX Bip-
niHKax, Oct npHKJiaflH (*iHTaTH xpeöa oKpeMo bojihkí JíiTepn):
I3 HecCteflAHHa oTua bocíhebih hhctď, BEJIHHaio 3 MaxKOio th BceCjiaflKIH Xpncxe!
a6o:
H O cMepTH nAMHTaö,
h Ha cyfth 6yff> nyTKHH. BEJIbmH Hac ßtacHT-b cKOpo,
B 6f>ry Cbohm-b npy^KHH,
a6o HaBÍTb y 3B0p0TH0My nopHAKy (cJioBa: „HacTpon HaBnaK in*-
HOÔpy" -        paflHTb HHTäTH B 3BopOTHOMy nOpHflKy nHCaHi HepBOHOK)
i;HHo6poio JiiTepa):
HAcTpOH HaBcnaKT> iranoopy, ecjiH yraflaeint,
ropniHH Kto 3 Cnxt, BOjiKt> HH JIEBt>, to MeHe no3Haenrc>.
3AaGTbca, KOJKHe cjiobo bíh mojkô yMicTHTH b Bipín; TaK bíh, BeJIH-KHH uiaHyBajibHHK CB. Aíbh, yMimyc ím'h „Mapin" b t. SB. „JieoHÍH-cbkí Bipnii":
MAth ôjiara, PH3a flpara, ilace Hac KpbieT, MAjioAyniHbix, PH30HyjKHbix, Hko pyHO, rpŤ>eT.
HoMy HajieoKHTb „paKOBHH Bipm", HKoro phrkh Moncna HHTaiH b 060X HanpHMax:
AHHa nHTa mh, h Mara naHHa,
AHHa flap h MHT» ct>Hb MHpa AaHHa. AHHa mh MaTH H Ta mh MaHHa.
ToBopHTb, o^eBHAHO, HpecBHTa Ztfßa npo cboio Marip, cb. AHHy.
BejiH^KOBCbKHH HanHcaB i HaüjimniHH „ajKpaBHTHHH" Bipín, HKoro cjiOBa no^HHaiOTbCH oAHe 3a oahhm 3 Jiŕrep cjioB'HHCbKoro ajnpaBHTy:
A3 6jiar bct»x rjiyÖHHa,
^t>Ba e AHHa. ÍKhbot 3a*iax 3BaHbiM,
Icyca H36paHHbiM,
KOTpÍH JIHDAe MHOKD
Ha 06T.A noKOK) PaficKa coÔnpaeT,
270
TyHe ynpeacnaeT.
yMHe <í>eHHKC XpHCTe,
Orqe napio HHCTe, IIIecTByô menpoTaMH, MaTepe MoatöaMH.
(RBa ,,y" Ta nBa „o", 60 b n,epKOBHOMy aa(paBHTÍ 6yjio no ppi cpopara jíiTep naa nnx 3ByKÍB).
BejiHHKOBCbKOMy HajiejKHTb i 3ara3KOBHH Bipm:
Co cmt> 6oroMi> neacji Hon HacT> CT ÖJirocTH 6yne.
— 3aMÍCTt ninKpecjieHHx JíiTep ipeöa HirraTH ix Ha3Bn b cjiob'ähcb-kíh a6exrr,i („ťpndpiHHHH Bipni"), xoni Bipm neö BHnanaxHMe TaK:
Co Cjiobom BoroMTj npöpo ecTb jkhbott,, aioan,
Hami» OHt noKon, Hact Cjiobo TBepn.o öjiiocth Sype.
riHcajiHCfl me Bipmi 3 „jiyHoio" — noBTopeHHHM ocTaHHix cKJianiß Bipniy, ib;o naBaao hí6h BinnoBinb. Ihohí Bipuii nncajiH Ta npyKy-BajiH, íik neBHy cpirypy: xpecT, niBMicaub, aSne, napKy i t. n.
B TaKHx irpaniKax BHHBaaaaca HHCTa panicTb 3 BÍpTyo3Horo BipniOBoro bmíhhh, 3 BipuioBoi dpopMH. 3míct He 3aBacn,H rpaB Be-jiHKy pojiio. He3p03yMÍjio, HOMy ni3HÍini icTopHKH JíiTepaTypH Ha-nanaan Ha dpirypm Bipnii xa cyßopo 3aeyn,HjiH, Hanp., iepoMOHaxa KjiHMeHTia, mp nonaB ,,Paxy6y npeBaM po3hhm" b Tpbox CTpocpax, ■— nepma „cancpiHoio cTpotpoio" (3 pHnKH no 12 CKJian,íb, 4-hh 8 CKaaniß):
JJiyÖHHa, TpaÖHHa, PaÖHHa, BepÖHHa, CocHHHa, KjieHHHa, TepnnHa, BnniHHHa, Síjivma, MajiHHa, KajiHHa, B'a3HHa, JIo3HHa, By3HHa, B3HHa . ..
BeaHKy yBary neaKi noera npnniaaiOTb eBcpomi. MaöcTpi eB(poHií — BeaHHKoBCbKHÔ Ta CB. /jMHTpo. 3pa3K0M eBipom^Hoi apc-KOHaaocTH e aHOHÍMHHO niaaor aionnHH 3 BoroM npo „BÍpy Ta ai-aa", cnpaMOBaHHH, oneBHaHo, npoTH npoxecTaHxiB. B HbOMy noBTo-pioioxtcH OKpeMi caoBa Ta CKaaan xaK, rnp yiBopioiOTb HKycb 3By-KOBy M03aiKy. Hanp.,
Bipa i npöponiTeab cyrb xo nBoe Kpnaa, na flBOix xix Bca bhchtb cnaceHia cnaa. He Moacexb gtihhm KpnaoM nxnna noHecxnca, HeB03MoacHO caMoK) Bipoio cnacxHca ... I Bipa KpacHa b aijiex, He KpacHo 6e3 ßipn pjjio, i Bipa 6e3 aiji He KpacHa 6e3 Mipn.
271
B nepniHx hothpbox paaKax noBTopioioTbCfl oKpeivri 3ByKH, HaBO-d;hmo ix 3a pannaMii:
BÍp-fl-3-flB-KpHJI h-RB-BC-B-C-c-C-C He-M05K-KpHJI-n-n-ct-c He-MOHÍ-h-C-Bip-CII-CT
B o;box ocTaHHix — noBTopeHHH cjiíb (niaicpecjiem b tckctí),
7. JXo BipnioBOi (popMH noeTH SapoKKa CTaBHjiHCíi ayace yBanc-Ho. Xo*i HaM m0jk6 ô He noaoöaTHCH Ix MOBa, ajie, nepenHTyioHH Ix TBopH, MH 3Haxop;HMo Mafiace 3aBjKRH yBary po (popMajifcHHx npoöJieM Bipmy. 3 nacoM HaBnaHHH „noeTHKH" b nyxoBHHX niKOJiax npnBejio ao Toro, mo yKpaiHCBKi noeTH aoöpe onaHyBajiH cpopMy. Topi „^iojio-bíhí" phmh MaôJKe 3HHKaK)tb. 3axe ay>Ke cmíjihbo BJKHBaioTB „nepe-hocíb", nepexoay peneHHH 3 oaHoro pnaica ao apyroro (nop. BHme b enirpaMi BejiHHKOBCBKoro npo cMepTb). PHMa CTas ôaraTinoio, He-oxone pHMywTb oanaKOBi cpopMH cjiíb (3Haem :: Maeni, aapycTB :: njjiyGTB, öeperaMH :: jiaHaMH), no mojkhoctí nacxo BJKHBaKm, pi3-HHx rpaMaTHHHHx (popM (pHMa „HerpaMarcraHa", Hanp., 3aMHinjiH-TH :: Mara, yjfce :: apy^e, 6yae :: Jiioae i t. a-)- Bipni nepe3 ne cnpaBJíHG BpaJKeHHH BÍjiBHÍmoro xa jiermoro.
B nojiOBHHi 18 ct. CnoBopoaa poÔHTb aajibuiy pedpopMy: bíh
3aBOaHTB HK pÍBHOnpaBHÍ „HOJIOBÍHÍ pHMH"   (3 HaroJIOCOM Ha OCTaH-
HBOMy cKJiaai), ujo aaBHime npnnycKajiHCH Jinme hk bhímok. Bíh nnnie nijii Bipmi 3 pHMaara: TBoeô :: ceô, otoíjkhtb jkhtb, jkh-bot :: poa, nenaTB :: öjiaropaTB i t. a- B yKpaÍHCBKÍH mobí Tani Phmh aiScHo ay>Ke npnpoani, i b hobíh JiiTepaTypi bcí Ix yjKHBaiOTB.
CnoBopoaa 3aBÍB aajii „HenoBHi phmh", a© 3aKÍHHeHHH Tpoxn BiaMÍHHi oane Bia oaHoro: cyBopn :: TepHOBHÔ, HHBax :: HejKHBa, xpecT :: nepcTB i t. n. I nn pecpopMa BianoBiaaG ayxoBi mobh: HenoBHi phmh oaHa 3 rojioBHHx npHKpac Bipmy HleBHeHKa (nona-tok „KaTepHHH": hchbrh :: cepaeHBKo, roBopHTB :: rope, noKpn-xa :: noTyjKHTH, BrapaG :: cniBaiOTB, njiane :: 6aHHB).
riÍ3HÍnie   noeTH   BJKHBaiOTB   yce   pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍUIHX CTpO(pÍHHHX
<popM. TyT Ha nepnioMy míchíí ctohtb „KäHTn" b apaMax. He 3aao-
BOJIBHHIOHHCB pHMaMH Ha KÍHU.hx paaKÍB, no^HHaiOTB pHMyBaTH Ta-
KOJK cepeaHHH pnaKÍB. Ot npHKJiaan TaKHx „yHyTpinmix phm":
Ü3BH TB01 cypoBH/ — to Mos nenaTB, BÍHeiíB mhí tbíh TepHOBHÔ/ — cjiaBH ßjiaroflaTb, tbíh ceô noHOCHHH xpecT — ce mhí xBajia i necTb, 0 Iicyce!
272
(CKOBopona; TyT Taicoac HenoBHi i hojiobíhí phmh). a6o:
HncTa nTHiía, /roay6Hn,a/, TaKOB HpaB ímígtb: 6yne mícto, /n,e hchhcto/, Tamo He nonicTb ...
(KoHHCbKHH, nop. in,e b naparpa(pi 3 Bipni 3 Gpanaa). I BHyTpiniHi Phmh jih)6hb IIIeBHeHKo:
He nm hohí / Kapi oni.. .
hí pOHHHH, / hí XaTHHH . . .
3MajiK>Bajia, / He cxoBajia ...
BipniOBa TexHiKa yicpamcbKoro öapoKKa noKa3ye yßary noeTiß ôapoKKa n,o (popMajiBHHx npoÔJieM Ta BejiHKy npaijio Han, BipmeM.
T. E no c
1. BejiHKHH enoc, aHi npo30BHH, am BipmoBaHHH, Ha yicpami
He p03BHHyBCH.  ToJIOBHe,  3  RBOX npHHHH'.   ßapOKKO  He BHTBOpHJIO
Ha yKpami neBHoi kjihch noeTiß, neBHoro Kojia, aice BBaacaao 6 noe3ÍK> 3a cbog noKJiHKaHHH. IlHCbMeHHHKH 6yjiH, ajie e^HHa Moac-jiHBa npotpeciima nHCbMeHHHnbica npana 6yaa npaija n,yxoBHHx nHCbMeHHHKiß. Cbítcbkí nncajiH jinme 3 ßiabHoro 6aacaHHa. JXo Toro He 6yao 3Mom npyKyBaTH bcjikkhx tbopíb CBÍTCbfcoro xapaKTepy. I ije nyate nepeimconnao po3bhtkobí eninHoi arrepaTypn. Bce ac KijibKa tbopíb 3 eniaHHM 3a6apBjieHHHM MaeMo.
2. 36eperaaca b pyíconncy noaoBHHa nepeicaany „BH3BoaeHoro GpycajiHMy" Tacco. Moaoia ranám, ino Ha mo noejviy pamiboro 6a-poKKa nepeKJiaflani rhbhjihch hk Ha noßnaabHHH TBip. nepeicaaneHo noeMy, hk 3naeTbCH, (öinopycbKHMH?) aemjaMH-ymHTaMH. nepeicaan 3po6jieHo He 3 iTajiiácbKoro opHrÍHany, a 3 nojibCbKoro nepeicaany n. KoxaHOBCbKoro. nepeicjian, nocHTb BaacKHÖ; He MaiOHH jierKOCTH opnriHaay Ta nonbCbKoro nepefcaany, bíh Bce >k íhorí flocHTb npöpe nepenae xapaKTep eniaHoro cthjiki, a caine mnpoKi nopiBHHHHa („p03BHHeHÍ MeTacpopn"), Ha hkí, hk noöa^iHMo, 3BepHyjia yßary h yKpaiHCBKa Teopia noe3Í'i. Ocb npHKnafln:
ApťiaaaH. .. noöiace acHBOT cbíh Ha niaHiry nocTaBHTH,
HRO Í MeCK BO naHCbKHH CTaHHi ypOflHBHH,
Gro ace tohíio Ky 6paHi oKopMaaiOTb,
Erna ace ca oh ypBeTb, öiacHTb HeBCTarnHBHH
Ha ciHoacaTi íjih ne cTana nacaiOTb.
273
BHHecjiHM KapKOM TpaceTB, a y rycToň rpnBH ILneTeHHG koch co BÍTpaMH irpaK)Tb, nicoK b ÖHCTpoM 6iry KonHTaMH MemeTb, I pjKeTB rjiacoM BejiiiM, i ho3Aphmh npHiueTb.
A6o Teac THnoBHii RjiH. enocy orníc paHKy:
.ZlnxaiomeMy BÍTpy 3apn, bcím JKejiaHHOH, TaH OT CTpaH boctohhhx panpCTHo 3HBjiHine, iMirome Ha TpaBi bohhocth poacaHHH Braeín?, íjk bcím bohk> cjianicy icnymaine,
HJo  3PHIH, BCHKHH boih flBJíeHCH ÔHTb OTBaaCHHH,
Groace rjiac Tpyö cjianKHX k TOMy B036yaín,aine, uocjiiacne BCH THMnaHH rjiac cbíh H3HCHHHia.
B to BpeMH BCe MHOHíeCTBO boh CH OnOJIHHHia.
(CTpodpa nepeKJiany — t. 3b. ,,oKTaBa"). Hk öa^HMo, jienBe mh MorjiH 6 ôararo cnonÍBaTHCH bíh, nepeKJiany cBÍTCbKoro enocy, 3po6-jieHoro nHCBMeHHHKOM, m;o 3bhk no nncaHHH nponoBineö Ta np bjkht-Ky BancKoi cjiob'hhhíhhh. IlepeKJian. ne 6yB BHnaHHH, xa bíh B3arajii He 3HaHnioB, 3naGTtcH, po3noBCK>nHceHHH. — Cnpoôy HeBejiHKoro icTopHHHoro enocy (BynHHCbKoro-HcKOJibna npo HHrapHHCbKy bíh-Hy 1678 p.) 3axoBaB HaM „jiiTonnc" BejiHHKa (jihb. najii). JXemá
iCTOpHHHÍ BÍpnii TeíK MOJKHa HK Ha ix HOCHTb BeJIHKHH p03MÍp BBa-
HíaTH 3a npHKJiafl icTopHHHoro enocy. Ajie Ha BejíHKHH enoc yKpam-cbKa ÔapoKKOBa icTopmma noe3ÍH He cnpoMoryiaen.
3. 3aTe MacMo KÍJibKa 3pa3KÍB nyxoBHoro enocy. BapoKKo 3i CBOiM noBOpoTOM flo pejiirii bhtbophjio BcionH 3pa3KH nyxoBHoro enocy, pÍ3HÍ „XpHCTmnH" Toinp. B nbOMy m, nanpaMi Sne BipinoBa-HHH nepecniB khhto ByTTH Ta GBaHrejii'i MaTCpin, hkí HaBÍTb BnnaB npyKOM, npHCBHTHBuiH ix Ma3eni, 1697 p. i'x aBTop CaMÍHJio Mok-piGBHH. Ta noro npaiji Henpcjiin.>KeHÍ, a np HeťaTHBHHx cyniB CTapnx npcjiin.HHKÍB Tpeôa CTaBHTHCH cKenTHHHo: bohh B3arajii He bmíjih ijíhhth noe3ÍI ßapoKKa. — Hiön (xo^ i MajieHbKa) cnpoöa nyxoBHoro enocy e ä BipmoBaHHH AnoKajiincnc, BHnaHHH, Ha acajib, jinnie b ypHBKax. JXo „BHeHoro" a6o nHnaKTH^Horo enocy HajiejKaTb i Tam (HenocjiinaieHi ojihskhb) TBopn, hk I. MaKCHMOBH^a „Eoroponnne JXíbo" (23 000 panKÍB!) Ta Soro jk „Ocmb ôaaJKeHCTB" (6 000 pnn.-kíb) . HeťaTHBHe cTaBJíeHHH no noro BipinÍB n o k h híhhm He o6-ťpyHTOBaHe.
JXo „HHnaKTHHHoro" (noBnaaBHoro) enocy HajieacaTb inp imni TBopH 18 ct. Be3yMOBHo 3a 3pa30K „AHsaKTH^Horo enocy" rpeßa BBaacaTH i ohhh 3 neBHo HaM bíhpmhx TBopiB „K03aKa Kjihmobcl-Koro" — „O npaBocynnio, npaBfli i 6on.pocTÍ". np n.HnaKTHHHHH,
274
po3MipHO HeBejiHKHH (902 Bipiua) enoc, TpoxH He3BHqaÖHoro xapaK-Tepy, nHcaHHÍi 1724 p., oneBHnHO, rjih n,apH IleTpa I-ro. Tßip Kjih-MOBCbKoro He „naHeripHK", a noB^aHHH napeBi. TnnoBi rjix enocy
(rHB, flaJli 3pa3KH 3 noeTHKH CKOBOpO^h)   HeBeJIHKÍ MaJIIOHKH-MeTa-
cpopn:
Hko nec, eraa 6yaeTB KaMeHeM H3BjieHHHH,
He 3a HJIOBÍKOM ÍMttCe KaMÍHB tot BepjKeHHHH,
ho 3a KaMeHeM 6íjkhtb, KaMÍHB yrpH3aeT&:
ceMy Ha BjiacTB rpH3ym,HHCH noaoÖHHH ÖHBacTB.
BjiacHe noBHajiBHi pa^KH HaraayioTB ae^HM enirpaMH, TaK caMO rpaiOHH cjioBaMH cnijiBHoro nHa:
IíapcBKaa gctb ayina npaBRa; hko ace 6o tíjto
6e3 nynii HefliSCTBeHHO, MepTBO gctb i thhjio,
TaKo n.ap 6e3 npaBflH gctb MepTBHii, HefliíícTBeHHHH,
ame i MHHTBCfl B JKHBHX o6pa30M HBJíeHHHH otbhí TÍJia, HO BHyTp CHH GCTB TpynOM COrHHJIHH
híctb b hím ayini npaBRH, jieaíHTB b rpoôi 3tjiíjihh.
MaJieHBKHH BipHI „O CMHpeHHl BHCOHaHIHHx"   (yCBOrO 160 pflflKiB)
Teat Tpeôa npn ji y hhth ro Toro caMoro ťaTyHKy.
.ZIpyrHH aBTop g cb. Ioacacp TopjieHKO, EiJiropoac&KHÍi cnncKon, aBTop CBOGpiRHoro enocy „EpaHB ^ecHHX ceRMH aoopoaiTejieíí 3 cea-MH rpixaMH cMepTHHMH" (1737). He noeMa 3 BCTynoM Ta enijioroM y BOCBMH nicHax (kojio 1000 Bipniiß). IIoeMa nncaHa pí3hhmh po3-
MÍpaMH U.epKOBHOCJIOB'HHCBKOK) MOBOK) 3 nOMÍTHHMH eJieMeHTaMH yKpaiHCBKOl JieKCHKH   (jiaHHyjKOK,  nOÖOJKHOCTB,  aoniKyjiHTB, Kopo-
roB, oÖMeaceHHH, BTiKaTH, toiho), ajie, nocKijiBKH cb. Ioacacp noaae
CHMBOJirtffli   KapTHHH   6hTB,   3yCTpÍHaGM0   TyT   í   MORepHy BÍHCBKOBy
jieKCHKy (SaTajiBHOH, uijieM, apMaTa i t. r.). Ocb npHKJiaa Í3 chm-bojiíhhoi KapTHHH öhtbh:
Haiania ace ctpoIthcb TaK: 3 bohckom or BOCTOKa CTa JloöpoaiTejib BejiBMH MyacecTBOM BHCoKa,
a Bpa3i 03 3anaaa 3íjio MHorojnoRm,
oöane MajioayuiHi i ko 6pam TpyaHi.
JloßpoaixejiB TpHMae npoMOBy ao cboíx bo'íhíb:
BOJKaB JIIOÖBH, OrHB JIIOÔOBHHH
BepaíH b 0603 Ton rpixoBHHii. Th, nocHHKy, jierKHií bok),
BÍ3MH KpOTOCTB 30 c060k>.
yaapiTe i cnajiire,
'275
spára b neneji oopaTÍTe!
Bor 3 BEMH, KpinKHH b 6paHi,
ce BaM xpecT b 3ainHTy naHrnS.
Bo Bo3i B03MaraÖTe,
Bpara nooiatnafiTe!
BaraTo mothbíb i enÍ3oaÍB g BapiaHxaMH bíhcbkobhx onoBinaHB. Bío-pyn HBoro — Tpa3Hn,ÍHHa cHMBoaiKa peairnmoi jiÍTepaTypn: xpecT — „yRHi^a", Ha HKy Bor BaoBHB anaBoaa, toiho; KpiM Toro, th-noBo öapoKKOBi MeTacpopn — Hanp., nyxoBHi „KaneaBMaficTpH" bío-
CBKOBOl My3HKH. B T€KCT yCTaBaeHO jihcth  (aHCT npoponiTeaeo ap
Bora, jiHCT XpncTa, nncaHHÖ loaHOM BorocjioBOM i t. n,.). KpiM „nooponÍTeJieň" Ta rpixiB, BHCTynaioTB i íhihí nepcoHÍ(pÍKOBaHÍ no-
HHTTH   (MoJÍHTBa TOinp). BeCB p03BHT0K híí nOB'H3aHHH 3 CBHTaMH
npoTaroM pony. Cb. Ioacacp, m;o 3a cBianeHHaM CKOBoponn 6yB asia-TopoM yKpaiHCBKOi HaponHoi nicHi, 3 tpoaKJiBopy b cboíh noeMi He
CKOpHCTaBCfl.
4. Ta yKpamcbKa noeTHKa, po3yMÍGTBca, 3BepTajia yBary Ha enoc: enoc onHa 3 ochobhhx (popM ôapoKKOBoí noe3Íi. Ajie HHTaan enÍHHi TBopH aHTHHHocTH Ta 3axin,HBoro öapoKKa Ha yKpaiHi b Jia-thhcbkhx opnrÍHaaax. MaeMo, onHane, cnpoôn nepeKjiany ypHBKÍB, MaÖyTB, HK 3pa3KÍB npn HaBHaHHi. Ocb hk CKOBopoaa nepenae eni^m
IHHpOKi nopiBHHHHH 3   „EHeiHH" :   ORHH  3   TpOHHUÍB  HaTpanjIHG He-
cnofliBaHo Ha BoporiB:
Octobóíb i nipBaBCH B^pyr Ha3an, c cjioBaMH,
Tan KaK xTo míjk TepHieM HeB3HaHafi HoraMH HacTynHTB 3mík>, i Bapyr 36ain,HeTB, onöiraa,
A BOHa 3JIHTBCa, 3 HROM HIHKJ ninHHMaa.
BiôcBKOBa cyTHHKa nopiBHioeTBca 3 ôypeio:
TaK Kor^a 36ia*aTBca BiTpn noBHOMOHHo,
BypHHM BHxpoM 3 3anan,a, lora i boctohhoh
GropoHH, TpimaTB aicH, BonaTB B03HeceHHÍ
BoaHH, i 3 necKOM pByTBca BHcnpB MicTa 6e3neHHÍ.
BiflryKH eniHHoro CTHaio 3ycTpinaeMo ÍHon,i i b spaMax. Aae Ha cyi^iaBHHH cbítcbkhh enoc yicpamcBKe öapoKKO He cnpoMoraoca. 3pa3KH cTaporo eni^Horo CTHaio 3HaHaeMO n,aaeKo nÍ3HÍme b nepe-Knanax ToMepa b 19 ct. a6o b nepecnißi ,TIaHa Taneyina" PnaB-cbKoro.
T. IIOBÍCTb
1. npo3aiHHa aiTepaTypa yKpa'ÍHCBKoro 6apoKKa HansBHHaiÍHO HinpoKa. I TyT MH He 3ycTpÍHeMo BeaHKOi „eniHHo'i" onoBÍn,aaBHo"i
276
JiiTepaTypH; poMaH y BJiacHOMy 3HaneHHi uboro cjioBa, hk nmpoKe onoBiflaHHíi, ranoBe rjih. öapoKtca, He 3HaHuiOB Ha yKpaim rpyHTy. ITpHHHHH riboro — tí caMi, inp i y BipuioBaHoro enocy. Ajie nyJKe po3noBCK)flJKeHÍ íhuií rann onoBiflaJibHo'i JiiTepaTypH. }KHByTb i najii Tpannniimi rann niei JiiTepaTypH: HacaMnepefl „Hama" cbhthx Ta anoKpH(pH. I tí ü tí He npocTo nepenHcyiOTbca 3i cTapnx flíKepeji, a h nepepoöJiioioTbCH, nepenyciM mobho, a TpoxH i cthjiícth*iho. Tpeôa CKa3aTH, m.0 iia nepepoöna 3HHinye fleaid cBoepinm pněn CTapoi JiiTepaTypH. CTapi ,,jkhtíh" flocarjiH neBHo'i tohkocth ncHXOJioriHHoi
XapaKTepHCTHKH,  XOH  i  30BCÍM ÍHHIHMH  3aCo6aMH,   aHÍJK „nCHXOJIO-
ri^hhh poMaH" 19 BÍKy. ließ ncHXOJiorÍ3M 30bcím 3áHHKac b 6a-
pOKKOBOMy OnOBÍflaHHi, 3HHKaG BÍH í 3 jkhtíh. AnOKpHípH BÍflXOaHTb
najii Bifl B3ÍpiiÍB Ta nonacra Teac HaöanacaiOTbCH no rany JiiTepaTypH ÖapoKKOBHx onoBiflaHb. HaHBHSHaHHÍHioio oöpoÖKoio CTaporo MaTepÍHJiy flyxoBHoro onoBÍflaHHa (jkhtíh) 6yjiH cjiaBH03BÍCHi 12 BejiHKHx tomíb „HeTiö-MHHeH" CB. ^MHTpa TynTajia: íx Jiŕrepa-TypHa BapTicTb He nifljiarae cyMHÍBy, ix öapoKKOBHÖ xapaKTep Bna-flae b oni (Ta 3'acoByeTbca nonacra i bhchtkom 3axiflHÍx flacepea); ix Mosa, Ha acajib, npn nÍ3HÍuioMy flpyny 3ÍncyTa pociácbKoio ,,ko-peKTOK»". ^yxoBHe onoBÍflaHHa npo nyfleca Maao Tanoac iiÍKaBHx penpe3eHTaHTÍB, m. íh. Mornjiy Ta TaaaTOBCbKoro.
3anHCH MornaH 6yjra niflroTOBOio KHHrn, hio in He noniacraao noöaHHTH cBÍTy; Ta oflHaKOBo TyT mh 3HafioMHMoca 3 tcxhíkoio onoBÍflaHHa, flocHTb acHBOK), 3 3MaraHHHM flo nonyjiapH3aiii'i: Mornaa noflae nacTO flo piflmoro caoBa „bhcokoi" mobh, an napaaeaio, npoc-Te, HapoflHe. Hanp., ,,aceaT>30K0Bii,a... aôie caiocapb", ,,3eMHyio or-pafly, ce ecTb BaaT>", „flByiwb nacaivrb opjioOHbnvťb, ce ecTb 3era-poBbiMi." (Bin, „3erap" — roflHHHHK), „jiobhh, hxt> ace HapnijaiOTb ceBpyKH", „Ha HocHJiax — Mapaxij", „Cb3name nnpra, ce ecTb 6aui-hh". OnoBinaHHa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ: nopyq onoßiflaHb npo nyneca, — iie CTapHH ťaTyHOK ynpaiHCbKoi JiiTepaTypH (ahb. po3flijiH I. Ta u. — „OnoBinaHHH"), — Maeiwo Tyx acaxjiHBÍ icTopii „MOflepHoro THny", Hanp., hk enncKon XoaMCbKHH /Iíohícíh 36HpyäcbKHH Ha no-pafly HaKJiyHÍB poÖHB cnpoôy BHJiiKyBaraca bír CMepraoI xopoön, HaMacTHBUiHca Kpoß'io cBoro Kyxapa-xaon^HKa, cepup HKoro bíh me HaKa3aB cneKTH Ta „aKH 3BÍp i3'ane". rapm KopoTeHbKi onoBÍflaHHa b cthjií naTepHKÍB (ahb. po3fliji II. T. Ta EKCKypc I, B, a, 2), repoH KÍJibKox TaKHX onoBinaHb — o. JleoHTÍo KapnoBHH (nop. npo Hboro flaai: „IIponoBiflb", 3): bíh híkojih He bhxoahb 3 Keaii (KpÍM hk np iiepKBH), He MaiOHH b pyKax „KaencHnpn" (nicKOBoro ro-flHHHHKa), a ne po6HB, mo6 naM'aTara, mo He Tpeöa 3ajiHmara am roflHHH 6e3 fliaa (Tpeôa, po3yMÍGTbca, flyinara npo „nyxoBHe ni.no" — nyxoBHy 6opoTb6y). Toä caMHÖ 0Ten.b Ka3aB: „Hkiuo Ha 6iay
277
TKaHHHy Bnafle h HaÖMeHina Kpananna HopHHJia, to ii 3pa3y no-
MÍTHO,  a Ha HOpHÍH - Í 6íjimhoí He nÍ3HaTH i   TaK,   hkih,0  toh, xto
Mae ^HCTe cyMjiiHHA, Bnafte y MajiHH rpix, to, cxaMeHyBHiHca, no-KaGTbca; a xto Mae He*racTe (cyMjiiHHa), ne Moace ni3HaTH, inp BnaB, a TOMy He aerKo i noainuiHTBca". Bíh caMe 6yB npHÖwHH-kom *iacToro npH^acTa: ak toh, xto HaöanacaGTbca ro coHaniHoro CBiTaa, 6aHHTB Ha co6i HopHicTb i HaHMeHHiHx naaM, Tan noMinae ö toh, xto nacTO npHHamaGTbca, CBoi rpixH. — Toro >k THny ono-BiflaHHa npo nycTeaBHHKa, Ha HKoro Hanaan P03ôíhhhkh Ta no6a-
hhjih, AK BÍH, MOaaHHCb, nÍRHOCHBCA b nOBÍTpA . . .
2. Illoflo CTHaicTHHHoro oßpoÖaeHHA, to yKpamcBKi GapoKKOBi
nOBÍCTÍ  flaaeKÍ  BÍA  nO^aCTH  BÍpTy03H0Í  BHTOHHeHOCTH 6apOKKOBHX
BipniiB. njpHaööiabHie 3ycTpineMO b noBicTax rcakhh ROTenHHH 3BopoT, oKpeMe Ro6pe 3(popMyabOBaHe pe^eHHA Tom;o. Bo Bara 6a-poKKOBoro onoBiflaHHA aeacHTb He b tpopMi, a b 3Míctí. ,,3míct" upö, roaoBHe, — po3bhtok cioaceTy, ijiitaBi Ta Hanpyacem cHTyauil, koh-cpaiKTH Ta i'x po3B*A3aHHA *, B3araai „xía noRiô". OKpeMi nocTaTi (ak lie, irpaBna, 6yao 3Ae6iabinoro Bace i b CTapiö nOBÍCTÍ) u,ÍKaBÍ Raa aBTopa Ta Raa wrana anuie nocTiatKH, nocKiabKH bohh g, TaK 6h mobhth, maxoBHMH (pirypaMH b Hanpyacemii Ta 3anayTaHÍä rpi, AKy HHMH Be^e Bor, „floaa", ReMOHi^Hi cnan, — y rpi, AKy Aoöpe CKoMOÍHyBäTH i g 3äBaaHHAM aBTopa aöo nepepoöHHKa cTaporo TBopy. — lie He 3HaHHTb, mp öapoKKOBa noßicTb He Mae BHyTpim-HBoro 3MÍCTy. BoHa nacTo miabHO 3b'a3aHa 3 BceoxonaHBHM peai-tíhhhm acHTTAM Ta noRac neBHy „Mopaab" a6oac — b oKpeMHx Micuax — ceHTeHi^ii Ta u,iai MopaaÍ3aTopcbKÍ hh (piaococpyíoHi ok-peMi onoBiflaHHA (i TyT MaeMO Bace CTapy TpaflHHÍío). CyTo aBaH-TypHa, i^iaKOM „cBÍTCbKa" noßicTb He BCTHraa Ha yicpaim nrapoKO po3BHHyTHCA. HaBÍTb y cyri cboíh cbítcbkí, Ka3K0BÍ noBicTi 3Ae6iab-Hia Bce ac HaB'A3aHi 30 akoicb peairiOHOi Mopaai a6o, npHHaiiMHi, ro TpaAHH,iÔHoro ÍMeHH CBATOrO.
JXo pern — caMOCTÍHHa npauA yKpaiHCbKHX aBTopiß y uboMy raTyHKy öapoKKOBoi aiTepaTypn — HeBeaHKa. Mafiace BHKaio^Ho MaGMo 3acB0GHHH cTapHx a6o HOBHX nyacHx noBicTeíí: BnaHB 3axoAy 6yB y 6apoKKOBÍíi noBÍCTi b ycix caoB'AHCbKHx HapofliB RyJKe cnab-HHH, i jiHHie pociAHH (ujo b íhhihx raay3AX öapoKKOBoi* aiiepaiypn oman 3a yKpaiHB;amh Ta noaAKaMH) Ta no^acra nexn yTBopnan AKycb caMOCTÍHHy 3MÍctom Ta xapaKTepoM aiTepaTypy noBicTH.
3. BeaHKy KiabKicTb öiabuinx Ta MeHHinx onoBiflaHb, bía mí-HÍATK)pHoi* aHeKAOTH AO noBÍCTH 3 ^HcaeHHHMH aBaHTypaMH, Aaan yKpaiHCbKÍH jiiTepaTypi nepeKaaRH cepeflHbOBi*iHHx 3ÖipOK onoßi-Ram>: „BeaHKoro 3epaaaa" Ta „Phmcbkhx icTopiô".
278
„BejiHKe 3epn;ajio" ooiÔMajio b HaSniHpniHx pea,aKn,iax MaSace 2000 OKpeMHX onoBÍRaHL, Hepes nojiBCBKy jiiTepaTypy, mp Majia HpyKOBaHi BHRaHHH 3epn;ajia, boho npHHHijio #o yKpaiHCBKoi. ,Ue-hkí 3 MamnpiBHHx aHeKROT 3epnajia öyjra Bate bíhomí Ha YKpami
3 ÍH1HHX RJKepeJI, BÍ3aHTÍHCbKHX 3ÖipOK JKHTÍH   (T. 3B.  „ITpOJIOriB").
BaraTO öyjio h 30bcím hobhx. YKpaiHctKi nepeKJia^H no^aBajiH jih-iue BHÔip 3 BejiHHe3Horo MaTepiajry 3epnajia (30 273 nnceji). Ajie h neä BHÖip noflaBaB HaíipÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍHiHH MaTepisji pÍ3HHM jiiTepa-TypHHM ccpepaM, Bin, nponoBiai (n,e HaBoaHJiH noBHajiBHi onoBi-flaHHH, hko „npHKJiaflH") n,o Hapojraoi Ka3KH. 3yCTpinaGMo b 3ep-najii, Hanp., onoBÍn,aHHa npo HapiBHHino, aKy no CMepTi ii nopra 3a6pajiH Ro neKJia (3pa30K rjia TorojieBoro „Bin"), a6o npo BnepTy aciHKy, mo cnepe^ajiaca 3 hojiobíkom, hh ,,noKomeHe" hh „nocTpn--aceHe" i t. 3. ,31o peni Ha yKpami ôpajín moni „npHKJianH" i He 3 yicpaiHCBKoro HenoBHoro nepeKJiany 3epnajia, a npocTo 3 jiaxHH-cbKOro opnťiHajiy aôo nojiBCBKoro nepeKJiany.
Eíjibih cbítcbkhh xapaKTep MaiOTt „Phmcbkí icTopii", Teac ce-
pe£hi>OBÍHHHH 30ÍpHHK OnOBÍn,aHB,  B HKOMy ix 3HaXORHMO  150. Ha
y"Kpa'íhí xeac 3ycTpinaGM0 He noBHi nepeKJian,h „icTopiň", a BHÖipKH hh nepeKJiaRH xa nepepoÔKH OKpeMHX onoBi^aHt. I xyx ocHOBa — nojibCbKHH nepeKJiaa,. Tyx MaGMO icxopiio npo nany rpnropia, mp He Mac mnoro cnijiBHoro 3 ríhchíctio, a non,aG xpHcraaHCBKy 06-poÔKy aHTHHHo'i icTopiľ Ea,ina, mo onpyacHBca 3 BjiacHoio MaTÍp'10. BejíHKa aBaHxypHa noßicxt g onoBißaHHa npo „AnojiOHia Tnp-CBKoro": ne cKJiaflm npnroRH flBox KOxamjiB, hkhx po3JiynyG apjia Ta aici no noBrax MaHnpiBKax xa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHX npnrojiax 3hob 3y-CTpinaiOTbca.
4. AßaHTypHe onoßinaHHa CBÍTCBKoro xapaKTepy innoBe rjih enoxH ßapoKKa, xoh caMi onoBi^aHHa nacTO aajieKO CTapini.
Ha YKpaiHi bíromí CTaJiH neaid KJiacHHHi aBaHTypm onoBi-jiaHHa. JXo hhx HajieacHTb, Hanp., icTopia „neTpa 3ojiotí kjiiohí" — ne onoBírahhä npo KOxamjiB, npOBäHCBKoro rpacpa nexpa Ta Kopo-jiiBHy MarejiBOHy (Ha YKpami MaťHjieHa), mp 3ÔepiraioTB bíphíctb orhh ORHOMy y noBrax Ta CKJiaa.HHX npHro^ax, inp po3JiyHaiOTB íx. H,e aBaHTypHe onoBÍn,aHHa jranapcBKoro Tuny. He npcarHyjia Be-jíHKoro po3noBCK)flaceHHa jranapCBKa Ka3Ka npo BoBy KOpojieBHHa, ajie 6yjia Bifloina h Bona (rhb. P033ÍJ1 IV, B, 3). Mohcjihbo, mo 6yjiH BiflOMi h mini KJiacHHHi onoBÍRaHHa Toro ac rany (Mejno3HHa,
BpyHI(BÍK) .
TpoxH iHHiy BiflMiny aBaHTypHoro onoBÍRaHHa MaGMo b no-bíctí npo n,icapa OTTOHa, — n;e icTopia hcbkhho 3acyRaceHoi aciHKH i^icapa Ta ií CHHÍB-6jiH3HaT, hkhx Mara 3ary6Hjia. ^Iíth Ta 6aTBKH no HHCJieHHHX npHroRax 3ycTpi*iaioTBca 3HOBy. — ÜOfliÖHHH cioaíeT
279
Mae ň noßicTL npo rpa<pHHK> AjibTßopcpCbKy, b6hth 11 3 12 CHHÍB-6JIH3HÍIT, mo Bona noponnjia. Ajie fllTeÖ BpaTOBaHO,
Ta BOHH nÍ3HÍUie 3HOBy 3'iIBJIHIOTbCfl B 6aTí>KÍB.
3míct aBaHTypHoro onoBin.aHHH HeMOHCjiHBO nepen.aTH cthcjio. Tepoi MaäHce 3obcím He cxapaKTepH30BaHÍ. Becb iHTepec TBopy b HeenofliBaHHx 3BopoTax nii: BTpanem nJTH 3Haxon,HTbCH, 3ary6jiem — »CHByTb, BejíHKHH rpiuiHHK rpHropiH CTae cbhthm Ta nanoio i T. n,. JIionHHi öapoKKa nonpßajioca H,e HanpyjfceHHH, HecnoniBamcTb 3míh, yci nepHneTií, m,o 6yjiH Bjiacne xapaKTepncTHHHi ô naa jkhtth tíg'í
pyXJIHBOÍ flOÖH.
5. 3obcím íhhihh xapaKTep MaiOTb noBicTi „(piaococpinm" a6o „iaeoaorinHi'': neä ťaTyHOK 3Hajia Bate i CTapa yicparnCbKa JiiTepa-Typa. HaHCJiaBHinia noBÍCTb nboro THny „BapaaaM Ta Hoaca(p" ap-jKHJia na Yicpalm h ho aaciß öapoKKa Ta, n,icTaBHiH niflHOBjíeHHä MOBHHÖ oaar, HaBÍTb 6yjia BHnjpyKyBaHa b 17 ct. (JIhb. EKCKypc I, T. 6. 7). — iHHia noBÍCTb Hboro caMoro THny — „Icxopia ceMH Myn-pen;íb" (,ohb. y IV po3nijri) — Teat npjKHJia 3,0 ôapoKKa Ta ň nepe-jKHjia ňoro. — HoBa e noBÍCTb npo annapa Ta CMepTb: ne a,iaaor Miac jinn;apeM Ta cMepTio (nepeKaan, 3 jiaTHHCbKo'i); i po3MOBa i xin. nonjií KmnaiOTbca nepeMoroio cMepTH. Ty caMy ayMKy npo Map-
HÍCTb jkhtth mr6mo í b HpyriH nOBÍCTÍ, nHCaHÍÔ np03OIO,  b p03MOBÍ
HCHTTH Ta CMepTH. B o6ox TBopax MacMo Ty caMy, xapaKTepnc-THHHy naa nacy, nyMKy, aicy 30 peai 3ycTpinaeMo i b nncaeHHHX BipnioBaHHx TBopax nacy: ,,noaoBÍne" (roBopHTb CMepTb y cyne-penin 3 jiHijapeM) „He nnuiHan ecMb,... He KpacHan, a BejibMH CHJibHaH, MOJioflHX i CTapHX, Öarainx i BÔornx 3a piBHo bcíx no-Ônpaio; cnoMHH co6i noaoßiae, ot AaaMa i 30 cero nHe kíjibko 6hjio napeö, KHH3eö, naipiapxiB, MHTponoJíHTÍB, öarainx i yöorox jnoneü, cxapHx i MojioflHX, to ji bcíx noôpaaa; ... nap AaeKcaHnep, ace Han. bcímh KpojieBaB, to s i Toro B3HJia ... Si acaaHoro öaraTCTBa He 3ÖHpaio, am KpacHoro oh,íhhh, 3aHea<e HeMHjiocTHBa ecMb i HÍKOMy nacy HanajiiH He oflKaaaaio... ". „Maem cicapön bcjihkhi, aae 3 C060K) He 3a6epeni, TijibKO enimyio Kouiyjiio . . . ". — Ineoaorinm onosinaHHa 3ycTpÍHeMo i b 3ÖipKax 3epn,aaa Ta Phmcbkhx icTopiö.
6. JIk npHKJiaji HaHcaaBHÍnioro repoa CMepTb HasoaHTb OaeK-caHflpa MaKe^oHCbKoro. I bíh 6yB repoeM CTapnx BiÉcbKOBHx ono-BiflaHb (flHB. I nacTHHy), inp nonpHxoHHjiH me b CTapy yKpamy. „OjieKcaH^pia" npaíHaa S 30 naciB öapoKKa, 30 kíhu,h m*x aaciB. I TyT MacMo i MOBHy i cTHjiicTHHHy Mon,epHÍ3anÍK>. KnÍBCbKi aacH
3HajIH „BÍHCbKOBy" OjieKCaH^pÍK), ÔapOKKO   (nia BnjIHBOM CBOIX 3a-
xinnix a,acepea) Han.ae noBicTi mníoro xapaKTepy. Ta BJiacne „Ojietc-caH,npÍH" — uß MOHce „HannoBHinia" noBÍCTb, mo 3Hae ôapoKKo: TyT cnojrynem pÍ3HÍ THnn, — xon BificbKOBi ejieMeHTH He TaKi chjibhí,
280
ak y cTapift „OjieKcaHRpií", ajie bohh g, Ta ro hhx npneRHyiOTBca i jran,apcBKÍ, i aBaHTypHi, i iReojiorinm, i HaBÍTt xphcthhhcbkí ejie-MeHTH. „TaK BejitMH míhho a OKpyTHo 6hjio iio6httg, ace ca coime
3aTMÍJIO,  He XOTHHH B3rjIflSaTL  Ha OHOG  BeJIHKOG bhjihttg KpOBH",
„pyniHjioca bíhcbko TaK míiiho i chjibho, aac 3eMJia CToraajia i Rpn-jKajia", — n,e me b cthjií CTapo'i bíhcbkoboí" noßicTH. Ajie OjieKcaH-Rep Bate He tíjibkh nepeMoacmra repoá. JXo /lapia, nepcBKoro n,apa bíh nfflie: „Bím, ťRnac bcí b kojií npyTKOM cpopTymi oöijyeMo, nacTO-Kpor 3 öaraTCTBa bo yöoacecTBo, 3 BeceJiia b CMyTOK, 3 bhcokocth b HH3KÍCTB, i TyRH i CMRH nepeMÍHaGMO... h 3anpaBRy GCTeM CMepTejibHHH. A TaK RO Te6e ÍRy, hko 3 CMepTejiBHHM tojiobíkom BajiHHTb... MaGMO b nÍ3HÍo „OjieKcaHRpii" i iiiKaBi RiajiorH, noBHi íhorí RpajvraTH3My, i jihcth pÍ3Horo 3MÍcTy. He rhbho, mp ua BejiHKa noBicTB (aKy Moace MoacHa 6yjio 6 HasBara h poMaHOM) BHKJiHKájia ÍHTepec y wraniB naeiß öapoKKa.
7. JlHHie BHIMKOBÍ MOTHBH epOTHHHÍ, XOH epoTHKa pÍ3Horo THny He nyaca öapoKKOBiö yKpamcbKia noßicTi (rhb. § 3 Ta 4). Bace 6e3 romíhikh aBaHTypHHX mothbíb, 3ycTpinaGM0 epoTHKy b nepepoöjie-híh BipuieM 3 „XüeKaMepoHa" BoKKanno noßicTi npo TaHKpeRa, ľmc-KapRa Ta CirÍ3MyHRy (,HeKaMepoH, IV, 1, 3a nojiBCBKHM nepeKJia-ROM ricpoHÍMa MopniTHHa): npHHH,eca Ciri3MyHRa noKoxajiaca 3 TBicKapROM, RBopaHHHOM He3HaHHoro poRy; ii" öaTBKO, npHHH, Tamt-peR noKapaB TBÍCKapRa Ha CMepTB; Ciri3MyHRa OTpyiJiaca; KOXäH-niB, oRHane, Ha npoxaHHH Cir"Í3MyHRH, noxoBaHo pa30M, — neBHa npHMHpjiHBa Hora b Tparmma iCTopii. yKpaÍHCBKa nepepoÖKa no-cjiaÖHjia aKpa3 epoTHHHi ejieMeHTH. Aae yKpamcBKHH aBTop bmíg onHcyBäTH ncHxojiorÍHHi nepeacHBaHHA, xoh i HaRae ím eniHHHMH nopÍBHaHHaMH 3obcím iHHioro xaparepy, amat bohh MaioTB y Bok-Ka^Mo. Ocb npHKJiaR — rnian TaHKpeRa, m,o ROBÍRaBca npo ciaepTb
CÍťÍ3MyHRH:
Bhrh ac oTenB CMepTB aBHy RiuepH cboih mhjiíh,
He njiaKaB, ho pHRaB no tíh btící niJiiá,
Ha ceôe i Ha Ronip cbok> Hapmaa,
i ReHb tot čbíh HemacHHH ripKO npoKJiHHaa.
Akh npH MeaHRpoBHx ôperax jieÔeRb Ôinifi,
TaK acaaicHO Han řWepio njiaKaB OTenb mhjiíh.
Jleöeflt rjiacoM njianeBHHM kphhhtb, B03RHxaa,
i KpmiaMH ÖHCTpHl BORH po3ÔHBaa,
no6TB nicHb nenajiBHy rjiacoM yMHJieHHHM ...
8. XapaKTepHCTHHHi rjih SapoKKa ReivroHOJioriHHi noßicTi. JSß-MOHOJioria nyace po3BHHyjiaca Ha 3axoRÍ b nacH peHecaHcy. neBHa rapMOHÍHHicTB CBÍTorjiHRy cepeRHBOBÍHHfl He BHKjiHKájia TaKoí yBara
281
np neMOHiHHHx cHJi, ak po3ipBaHa mijk pejiineio Ta „cbitom KyjiB-Typa peHecaHcy Ta ôapOKKa. B n.i nacH, hk BÍnpMo, BHpocjia urna-bíctb 30 „Marií", nouiHpioBajiHCfl nponpcH npora BinBOM.
3míct fleMOHOJiori^HHX noBicreö He hobhh. OcHOBna ix TeMa HajiejKHTb mp CTapiô acKera^HiH jiiTepaTypi: ne bmíhhh npMOHÍH-hhx chji npH bchkhx oöcTaBHHax niCTara jiionHHy 30 cboIx pyK. U.SI TeMa po3po6jiK>BajiacH b cTapnx „jkhtíhx", xenep BOHa nepe-
xoohtb Í p.o CBÍTCBKOÍ nOBÍCTH. Mh BJKe no3HaíÍ0MHJIHCH 3 onoßi-flaHHHM npO HapÍBHHH,K), HKy HOpTH no 11 CMepTÍ AlCTaJIH HaBÍTB 3
HepKBH Ta 3a6pajiH 3 coôoio 30 neKJia (nHB. Bjnnp — npo 3epna.no). ZÜOBiflyeMOCH 3 ÍHUioí noBicTH npo jinnapH, BeJiHKoro rpiniHHKa, mp 3BaJKHBCH oflHoro nacy noKaHTHCH: cBampHHK, mo BHMaraB Bin; HBoro cnonaTKy poKÍB Ta MicaniB KaHTTH, 3roHHBCH HapeuiTi o6m6jkhthch Ha MOJiHTBax npoTHroM jiHine on,HÍeí hohí b uepKBi. Ajie hhaboji He xotíb BHnycTHTH 3 cBoix pyK TaKoi noJKHBH' fioro cjiyrn cnpoöy-BajiH nepepBaTH nonyTy jiHuapn, to JiHKaiOHH fioro nojKejKeio, to 3'hbjihk)hhch ho HBoro b nocTaTi fioro cecTpn, jkíhkh Ta fliTefi, to HapeuiTi y BHrjin^i cBHmpHHKa caMoro. Ajie HÍKOMy ne Bn,aJiocH npn-
MyCHTH JIHUapH  3ajlHUIHTH UppKBy,   „Ta  CnOBinHHK  HOro p03B'H3aB
on; ycix rpixiß". — 3ycTpinaeMo fi onoBinaHHH npo MyKH rpiuiHHKÍB Ha TOMy cbítí: cbhihphhkobí fioro rpiniHa MaTH onoBin,ae npo cboI MyKH (TeMa, inp nepefiinjia i 30 HaponHoí Ka3KH — „BaÖycH Ha TOMy cbítí"). — Po3yMÍGTBCH, BÍnoMÍ icTopü npo 3annc nymi nop-tobí; TaK 3poÖHB, inp6 n;icTaTH yjiiooJieHy n.ÍB^HHy 3a JKÍHKy, řepou onHoro 3 yKpaÍHCBKHX onoBÍnaHB, Ejianifi, sKoro Bin. cTpaniHoí npn-
CarH 3BÍJIBHHB BaCHJIB BeaHKHH. -        3HaXOflHM0 HaBÍTB onoBinaHHH,
inp Bace naponiiiHO 3o6pajKye Bipy b nopTÍB Ta íx CHJiy: ne icTopia npo XHTpy JKÍHKy, mp oßnypHJia TpBox Mojionnx Jiionefi; o6n.ypHJia BOHa íx, cKopHCTaBuiHCH 3 íx BÍpu b nynpea.
9. 3HaxonHMo Ha yKpami i neHKi íhuií rann noBicTefi. Ajie fi THX npHKJian.ÍB, inp mh HaBejiH, MOJKe hochtb, inp6 noKa3aTH, HKe SHa^eHHH Mana noBÍCTB *iacÍB ßaporaca, xoh: Bona S ßyjia, nopÍBHHHO
3 ÍHHIHMH raTyHKaMH JlÍTepaTypH, MajIO p03BHHeHa. JXO yKpaÍHCBKOÍ
jiÍTepaTypn npHHUijiH HHCJieHHÍ kjihchhhí cioJKeTH, mp nÍ3HÍme bbíh-hijih np HaponHoí noe3Íí, ho Ka3KH Ta jiereHflH. HnMajio 3 hhx bh-KopncTaHo i ni3HiniHMH noeTaMH. .ZJochtb ninpoKO nepnaB 3i CTapoí CKapÖHHi^i JlÍTepaTypH «rpamco, mo KopncTyBaBCH TaKOJK i HaficTa-piuioio yKpaiHCBKOK) jíiTepaTypoK) (Hanp., „Mifi Í3Maparn.").
JXjix nÍ3HÍnioro onoBinaHHH 6apoKKOBa noBÍCTB 6e3nocepen.hbo Majia HeßaraTo 3HaneHHH. Ajie nepe3 napo/my noe3Íio, BOHa BroiH-Baaa, Hanp., i Ha poMaHTHHHe yKpamcBKe onoBinaHHH.
282
JI. TeaTp
1. TeaTp npcflr/HyB 3a aaciB ßapoKKa BejiHKoro po3BHTKy. 3 IIIeKcnipoM Ta BejiHKHMH ecnaHCBKHMH Ta <ppaHDjy3bKHMH ApaMaTyp-raMH up 6yB npyraH cbítobhh po3kbít Teaxpy mean rpenii. Ajie He jiHHie BH3HaHHÍ MaficTpi cnemaHOi jiiTepaTypH MajiH 3a aaciB 6a-poKKa BejíHKHÔ ycnix. BapoKKo 3 öoro jikdöob'kj ho BCBoro MajiBOB-HHHoro Ta neKopaTHBHoro, no naTOcy Ta HanpyaceHHH, Koxajioca b po3KÍuiHHx TeaTpajiBHHx BHCTaBax Ta fleKujmanií aKTopiß, xoa 6h n'ecH i 6yjiH He nyace bhcokoi hkocth.
Ha yKpami TeaTp 3'hbhbch b h,í aacH, a caMe nin. bhjihbom nojibcbKoro Ta jiaTHHCbKoro TeaTpy. Ha 3axoni npn noaaTKax Te-aTpy ctohjih neBHi cepenHbOBiam Haponni Ta nepKOBHi TpajxHnii. Ha ynpami nepKOBHHx TpannniH HanesHe, a HaponHHx Manace Ha-neBHe He 6yao. OTjKe, yKpaiHCbKHH TeaTp híjikom noxoHHTb 3 6a-poKKOBoi npaMH. BejiHKOK) Mipoio 3 TeaTpy G3yiTCbKHx nncia, mo flocarayB HHMajio'i MHCTeubKoi bhcohhhh; ajie He Tpe6a 3a6yBaTH h npo MOJKJiHBi BnjiHBH TeaTpy npoTecTaHTCBKoro, 6o h npoTecTaHTH MajiH ľukíjibhhh TeaTp Ta nncajiH HHcaeHHi n'ecH (3ranaeMo arane ihkíjibhí rpH KoareHCbKoro).
J^paMa Ta noaaTKH KOMen.ii HaaeacaTb no HaHTHnoßiinHX r"a-TyHKÍB yKpaiHCBKOi ôapoKKOBoi JiiTepaTypH. B n,iS raay3i aBTopn npai^iOBajiH 3a ayacHMH 3pa3KaMH, ajie npainoBaan caMOCTiOHO. MaJio Toro — yKpaiHCbKHH öapoKKOBira TeaTp Maß aHMaanö BnjiHß no3a MejKaMH YKpalHH: b Mockbí Ta Ha BajiKaHax.
2. y ate BHHieHCBKHH HanaaaGTBCfi Ha akícb „KOMenľi", ajie, MOJKjiHBO, bíh nyMae npH nboMy JiHHie npo TeaTpaabHHH cthjib npo-noBini. nepiui cnpoÖH yKpai'HCbKoro TeaTpy Moryna 6yTH jiaTHHCBKi Ta nojibCBKi, Ta no Toro npH3Haaem naa By3bKHX paMOK niKijibHoi BHCTaßH. Ajie He3a6apoM TeaTp nepepic Meaci ihkojih Ta licHoro Kojia yHHiß, yHHTejiiß Ta 6aTBKÍB. nepnii apyKH MaeMo 3 noaaTKy 17-ro ctojiítth. He Bipnii naMBH BepHHHH 3 1616 p. Ajie n,e jinnie fliajior npo PÍ3nBO XpncTOBe, jinme neKaaMania, BJiacHe, 6e3 nil. XüpyrHH RpyK „XpHCToc nacxoH" 1630 p. nonaG Bace 3apon,KOBy n'c-cy, 3 fliHOBHMH 6í6jiíôhhmh ocoôaMH, xoa i neKjiíiMyjoTb, ajie ne-KJiflMaiiiH ix y>Ke npcHTb cyÔ'cKTHBHo 3a6apBJieHa (roaoBHe, 3bo-pyuiJiHBHH „jiJiMeHT MaTKH 36aBHTeJieBoi", TeMa, mo II po3po6aaa Ha yKpami Bace Knpnao TypiBCbKHÔ). JJjonaHo n,o nieí naciimoí 3apoflKOBOi n'GCH iue HeTeaTpajibHHH n.iaaor Ha BocKpeceHHa XpHC-TOBe. Ajie cnpaBJKHÄ n'eca g Bace ,(Po3mhuijihhhg o Mynj XpncTa" H. BoBKOBHHa, BHflpyKyBaHa 1631 p. Xoa nia npoxonHTb 3a cijeHoio Ta npo Hei po3noBÍnaK>Tb „bíchhkh", aae Ha cnem nepeöyßaioTfe „no6oJKHÍ nyini", mo atBaßo peaťyioTb Ha onoBÍn,aHHa bíchhkíb; no-
283
6o5KHÍ ayini HaBÍTb noHacTH cxapaKTepH30BaHi ÍHnHBÍnyajn>ho, hk ot ,,Majiim oipoK":
A H, MajIHH OTpOK GCMb, He MOry MOBHTH,
He Mory — yBH mhí ! — ycx moí'x otbophth ...
G TyT 3HOBy „njiaH ITpeHHCTOl IlaHHH"  3í 3BOpyniJIHBHMH „JIHMeH-
TaMH":
Ybh!   tä>KKafl CKOpÖb MH OÖTOHHJia,
OTxjiaHb oKpyTHHx cMyTKÍB norjioTHJia, o6íhhiji0 MeHe rjiyöoKoe Mope, TipKOG rope.
K)jk mos pa^icTb, K))K npe^ ycTynycTb, JIiOTaa Tyra jiioTe oôHHMyGTb, Moh k>jk pen, kok yxixa onxonHTb,
B 3eMJIK> 3aXOflHTb  (i T. n..).
MeHui TeaTpajibHoro b npnaHHX i no uboro apy^y Bipmax Ha Boc-KpeceHHH. — MaGMo n,iiiJiorríHÍ Bipuii Ha Pí3Jtbo i b „ľlepjii MHoro-iiiHHOMy" K. Tp. CTaBpoBeiĺbKoro Ta pÍ3HÍ najibiiii híjií Ta ypHBKOBi TeKCTH aifljioriß.
3. YKpaiHCbKa flpaMa 3Hajia KijibKa ochobhhx thhíb. Ilepe-
rjIHHbMO 11 3a líHMH TlfliaMH.
yjiKtôjiem 6yjiH BHCTaBH pÍ3pBHHÍ. 36eperjiacH no Hauioro na-cy m. íh. pÍ3HBHHa flpaMa cb. ^MHTpa Tyixrajia. II'Gcy noMHHaioTb Ta 3aKÍHHyK>Tb chmbojiíhhí cnenH, íiKHHCb „npojior", ne BHCTynaiOTb „HaTypa jnoncbKa", „OrviHjibHa Hanin", „JIkjöob", „<E>opTyHa", „CMepTb", „3eMjia", ,,He6o" „BpaJKna", „Uhkjiohh". riontöHa jk CHMBOJiiHHa ciieHa h 3aKÍHHyG fcpaMy. H,e hí6h „MÍCTepiíi", m,o po3-KpHBac ceHC rojioBHOi nií. A roJiOBHa nia noßac nepeôir pÍ3nBHHHx nonm 3 noraany cnoaaxKy „nacTHpiß", noTÍM ,,3bÍ3p;ohotíb" — ,,u,a-piß", HapeiHTi Ipona Ta Soro nßopy, nicaa hímoí cneHH „yöicHia oTpo^iaT", raana^i ôa^man Ta nyjiH „naan Paxijii", 3aKÍHayBaaa npaiay CMepTb Ipona Ta ôoro neKeabm MyKH.
iHflHBipyajibHo cxapaKTepH30BaHo xiôa TijibKH Ipona, ajie neaKi
OCOÔH flOÔpe XapaKTepH30BaHÍ MOBOIO Ta 3MÍCT0M p03MOB  hko „th-
nn": TaK „ceHaTopn" Ipona, „nacrapi", 3 HaponHo 3a6apBaeHoio rvro-bok> Ta TeMaMH nisaory. IIopyH mpäMaTHHHHx MOHoaoriB (Ipona b neKJii, PaxHJii) MacMo jkhbí p03MOBH (nacTHpiß, Ipona 3 „ceHa-TopaMH"). Cij;eHH nepepHßac cniß Ta HaBÍTb TaHiji (upn nBopi Ipona). IpoflOBi b o^HOMy 3 Soro MOHoaoriB ßinnoBinaG „jiyHa". BncTaBae-Ha Majia 6yra n'cca 3 pÍ3HHMH TeaTpajibHHMH ecpeKTaMH (nHB. § 9).
28Jf
Iffiiii 5 BinoMHx HaM (noMacTH 3 ypHBKÍB aöo jinnie nporpaiw) pi3flBHHHx flpaM 30yaoBaHi b ijiaoMy 3a tígbd caMOK) cxeMOK), Jiraue 3 3HaHHHMH BapianiaMH b po3noaiai MaTepiaJiy: íhorí Manace 3HH-Kae BJiacHe pÍ3flBHHa nacrana a6o 3HHKaiOTi> „nacrapi", Bapiioe 3MÍCT npojiory Ta enijiory i t. a-
4. iHaKine 36yaoBam BeanKoani apaMH. Jlnine b hbox 3 hhx (bí-Homo TaKHx apaM 3 12) rpaioTb noMÍTHÍnry pojiio peajiLHi noaii, CTpajKflaHHH Ta BocKpeceHHH XpHCTa, b neíiKHX jiHiiie bkhochti, Ha cueHy 3Hapfln.n,h MyK XpncTOBUx. 3ae6iabina — ne MicTepii, fle no-RaiOTbca OKpeMi cn,eHH 3 ycie'i cbhtoI iCTopii, mp MaiOTb 3a TeMy rpixonafliHHH Ta BHKynjieHHa jhoij;hhh; nopyn h,hx cupn cTOHTb po3-MOBH chmbojiíhhhx nocTaTeö, cepea hkhx 3ycTpinaeM0 xpncTHHH-CbKi Ta íhorí aHTHHHi eneMenra b cpaHTacTHHHHx cnojijmeHHHX : „HaTypa JiioncbKa", „MnaoCTb npeaBÍHHaa", „Fhíb Bojkhh", „Mhjio-cepafl", necHOTH Ta rpixH nopyn njboro EpiHHiI a6o HepoH.. . Xoh nacTHHa 3MÍCTy Mae cyTO noBHanbmiH xapaKTep He öpaicye jkhbhx cnpH, ae BHCTynaiOTb HKicb cynacm nocTaTÍ (bícím „ryjiHK"), hch-bí i Mariace 6íój1íhhí cnpHH (cpapaoH Ta Moôceo, anocma IleTpo Ta jkhrh), HapeniTi enemi, b hkhx Ha cnem caM JIionHnep (xapaKTe-pHCTHHHHH „repoií" ôapoKKOBo! arrepaTypn). I b u,hx MicTepiax xia n.ii nepepHBaiOTb cniBH („KaHTH") Ta yaioôaem apaMaranm moho-jicth, „naani" (BoroMaTepi, Ileipa, mo bíhpíkch Bia XpncTa, „Ilpn-
PORH JHOaCbKOl" TOIHp).
OcTopoHb cToiTb npocTO 36yaoBaHe „CaoBO o 36ypeHHK> neKaa" 3 raaHHHHH. TJia BiaôyBaeTbCH b nenai, Ta npo noaii Ha 3eMai (po3n'aTTa Ta CMepTb XpHCTOBa) po3noBÍnaK)Tb JIionnnepoBi „bíchhkh", noKH He 3'aBaaeTbca XpacToe Ta He pyÖHye nenaa. Ha-poRHa MOBa, Bipui, mp cKHaacTbca Ha Bipui HapoHHHX nyM (rhb. Binue V, B, 1), Ta aoTenmcTb acHBHX po3MOB HaranyiOTb HapoflHi cnemi (,,nacTnpÍB'') y pÍ3flBaHHx apaMax.
5. OKpeMy rpyny yTBopioiOTb apaMH npo cbhthx. 36eperanca apaMH npo naTpiapxa Hocnna, npo cb. OaeKcia, npo cb. KaTepnHy, npo „ycnÍHHa Boropoanni" cb. J-jMHTpa TynTaaa. Bohh Tpoxn Bifl-míhhí: nepmi ipn — ríhchí apaMara^Hi 3o6paaceHHH noflin, ocTaHHa HaôanacyeTbca 30 Tnny MicTepifi. JJpaMa npo Hocnna ayace schbo, aae ymncaiOHH „HeMopaabHHx" cneH, 3o6paacyc icTopiio 3 aciHKOK) neHTeíppia; npaMa npo KaTepnHy b aeaKHX MOMeHTax noBHa Hanpy-aceHHa, aae HarmcaHa ayace cnoabOHÍ30BaHOK> mobokd. .UpaMa npo OaeKcia HaaeacHTb 30 Hanainninx yKpamcbKHx ôapoKKOBHX apaM. BoHa noaae bck> u;ÍKaBy icTopiio OaeKcia, m;o btík 3 aoMy nepea BaacHHM oapysíeHHaM; noBepHyBinnca aoaoMy, acHB poKaMH hk ny-acHHeiíb y 6aTbKÍB Ta BiaKpnBca ím anme b roanHy CMepra. JJ^paMa Mae aincHO apaMaTHHHHÍí po3bhtok híí. MoBa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHa, Ta b
285
niHpoKHX HaponHHx cneHax (cejiHHH, cjiysKHHKH) 6jiH3bKa flo Ha-poflHoí. OpnriHajibHi (npo3amHÍ) „njiani" ßaTbKa, MaTepi Ta Hape-HeHoI OjieKcin; fliH noHHHacTbCH KopoTKoio po3MOBoio HHrojiiB Ta saKiH^ycTBca anoTeo30K> OjieKcifl, nio „TiniHTbCH Ha Heöecn no-cpefln aHreji".
6. MaGMO h KijiBKa flpaM xapaKTepy „MopajiŕreTiB". He tuji ajieropHHHHX n'cc, ajie ajieropH3M He noBHHeH y hhx 3obcím 3a-KpHBaTH peajibHHH 3míct: y hhx MoacyTb BHCTynaTH peajitm no-CTaTi, HK „rann" mh penpe3eHTaHTH neBHHX tihiíb: „öaraTifi Ta JIa3ap", „ôjiyflHHH chh" 3BHHaOHÍ nocTaTÍ TaKHx n'cc. Ha YKpami IX BlflOMO KlJILKa. ,,y^K EICHEL JI Í3MÍHa" — oöpoÖKa cioHceTy npo 6a-raTÍH Ta JIa3apn; „TpareflOKOMenia" Bwrejra CKOBoponn BapjiaaMa JIaHi,eBCbKoro npo Haropofly 3a floöpi flijia; fioMy hc Hajieatajia ÍHma „TpareflOKOMeflia", npncBííHeHa 6opoTb6i n,epKBH 3 hhhbojiom, ypHB-
KH HKOl 3aXOBaB hem CKOBOpOfla;  „BoCKpeCeHHH MepTBHX" Tp. Ko-
HHCbKoro; ho iiboro jk rany HajieacaTb „Cnip flymi 3 tíjiom" (pÍ3HÍ oôpoÔKH; g TaKOJK nÍ3HÍnia HeKpanieBHHa). „YacacHaa Í3MÍHa" no-HHHacTbCH npoJioraMH 3 ajieropHHHHMH nocTaTHMH tiíhobhx oci6. no hhx npnxoHHTb híh — ne pojiíi „nHpoJiioôiTH", flKOMy HaranyG npo HeneBHicTb noro 3eMHoro rnacTH to „JiHMeHT" IoBa, in,o 3'hbjih-GTbGH HOMy yßi chí, to öiflaK JIa3ap. I nnpojnoöeub i JIa3ap yMH-paiOTb. Jlnnie enÍ3onpM g TyT cynepe^ina mďk tíjiom Ta flymeio nnpo-jik)6ii1h. „Cyfl Bohchh" nocHJiac fioro Ha MyKH, skhmh ň KranacTbca HpaMa. EnijioroM g „njian npaBocjiaBHoí n,epKBH" Hafl flOJieio impo-
jik)6n,fl.
Hen Tnn flpaMH Monce HaSjínsKaTnca flo pÍ3Hnx íhuiiix. „y^cac-Haíi Í3MÍHa" g Henoramm npHKJiafl MopajíiTeTy 3 jkhboio flpaMaTira-
HOK> flÍGK). iHUli flpaMH UbOľO THny Ha6jIHJKaH)TbCH ÍHOfli flO MÍCTe-pÍH, ÍHOfli flO flÍHJIOrÍB.
7. He ÖpaKyBajio b yKpaiHCbKiii jiiTepaTypi & ijíjikom CBÍTCbKHX flpaM: n,e flpaMH íctophhhí. Tpn 3 hhx 3 yicpaÍHCbKoí icTopií, oflHa 3 pHMCbKOÍ, OflHa 3 CepOCbKOÍ. nifl Ha3B0K> „<í>otíh" r. LHepoaubKHH 1749 p. oöpoÖHB TeMy 6opoTb6n npaBocjiaBHnx 3 KaTOJíHKaMH (yK-pamni Ta noJíHKn). M. Ko3a*fflHCbKHn b „BjiaroyTpoöii MapKa Ab-pejim" cnojiyHHB icTopHMHy flpaMy 3 naHeripHKOM napniii Gjinca-BeTi. Bíh caMe 3a nacy nepeôyBaHHa b Cepôii" 1733 p. HanncaB flpaMy npo „Ypouia n'flToro", ocTaHHboro cepöcbKoro ijapa, — n,e RpaMa Tnny xpoHÍKH, ino noflac BaíKJiHBi momchth cepöcbKoi icTopií 3 12—18 ct. (ßiflOMa jiHine b nÍ3HÍniÍH cepčcbKut nepepoöiii). Haö-HiKaBinii HaöcTapimi flpaMH 3 yKpamcbKoI icTopií: „BoJioflHMHp" Teo(paHa npoKonoBuna Ta „Mhjioctb Eojkíh" HeBiflOMoro aBTopa.
„BoJioflHMHp" — flpaMa npo BojioflHMnpa BejíHKoro, 3 äkhm, hk noro — nojiiTH^Horo, oneBHflHo — HamaflKa Ta cnaflKOGMiíH,
286
ripoKonoBHM nopiBHioG reTBMaHa Ma3eny. no^HHacTbca npaMa 3 3a-HenoKOGHHh JKepiiiB ^KepHBOjia, Kypo'ina Ta niapa, hkí ajcTaan BicTKy 3 neKaa, mo BoaonHMHp 3ÖHpaGTbca xphcthth KhIb. 2KepH-Bia 3a flonoMoroK» 3anx nyxiB xo^e oBoaoaÍTH BoaonHMHpoM, oTpy-ÍBI11H Soro nyxoM po3nycTH (aiionHCHHH mothb). BoaonHMHp bh-cayxye rpeubKoro „(piaoco<pa", mp po3noBin,aG fioMy 3míct xpncTH-HHCbKo'i Bipn, ia Soro cynepeHKy 3 OKepHBoaoM, panirrbca 3 ciraaMH BopncoM Ta FaiöoM Ta b noBroMy MOHoao3i, nicaa XHTaHb, BHpimye
npHHHHTH XpHCTHHHCTBO. InpaÍB 3HHHryK>Tb. Ha CHeHy BHXORHTb aJX
AHRpiô, i 3a^HTye eniaor, b aKOMy npoKonoBira cnoayHHB npopou,-TBa npo naabiuy npaK> KncBa (nepniHx cbhthx, TaTapcbKy HaBaay toiho) Ta naHeripHKH reTbMaHOBi Ma3eni, ToniuiHbOMy MHTponoaH-tobí HcHHCbKOMy Ta KHÍBCbKiä AKaneMÜ'. — JXin npaMH He nyace MCHBa, cnaa n — b npopnx MOHoaorax Ta aoTenHOMy carnpHraHOMy 3o6paaceHHK) acepnÍB, b hkhx raaaani Moran ni3HaTH i cy*iacHÍ ím THnH npaBocaaBHoro n,yxoBeHCTBa.
Hump ,,BoaoAHMHpa" npHCBaneHO nepmoMy BH3Ha^H0My eni-30ROBÍ b icTopii YicpaiHH, „MnaocTb Boacia" npHCBaneHa npyroMy BHflaTHOMy MOiaeHToBi — XMeabHH^qHHi. .ZLpaMy noHHHae aaMeHT XMeabHHiibKoro Hap; npaeio YKpaÍHH:
EreS, caaBH Haniea ynanpK nocainHiii! Horo, b cbítí HCHBym, npacHB K03aK ôírhhh! JIoK03aKyBaaHca i mh nin, aaxaMH; Horo HaM He niaaiOTb aaxH 13 auiHaMH! HecTb i caaBy Hauiy híboihp oôpamaiOTb, K03aiibK0G noTpeÖHTb iM'a noMHinaaiOTb ...
TeibMaH piniae no^aTH 6opoTb6y npoTH noaaKiB:
KpaHHiö an nornöeai eqe BHraanaTH
ôyneM? ..........
.. . TaTapH, TypKH i hímh.í ßyBaan
He crpaiHHi — i aaxH an yacacHi HaM cTaan?
Korna Hiaôaa npn Hac gctb, He 30bcím nponaaa MHoroiMeHHTaa OHaa noxBaaa Haina.........
He OTo6paaH Gine aaxH HaM ociaTKa: HCHB Bor, i He yMepaa Ko3aHbKaa MaTKa.
AnojiaoH i My3H npopoKyiOTb nornöeab noJiaiüB. XMeabHHHbKHH TpHMaG nepen, K03aKaMH noBry npoMOBy; öoMy BianoBiaaG kouiobhh:
287
Bin,aeM, h ke bcím hem ynpaiHa Mara! Xto ac He noxomeTb noMoin,i noRara nornöaioiniH Mami, 6hb 6h toh TBepfliiiin,HH Han KaMeHB, Han, jibBa 6hb 6h TaKOBHH jiiotíhuíhh ! Mh bcí, hk npeacfle 6hjih, 6e3 bchkoh ormobh, TaK i HaSnane Tenep cayacnra totobí, 6yneMo ceöe i MaTKy Haniy öopohhth, ame HaM i yMepTH, 6yfleM jihxíb 6hth!
YKpama npoxae nonc-Mora y Bora. .Zlajii noRacTbca anoTeo3a XMejit-HHUBKoro no noBopoTi 3 bíhhh: noro BiTaioTb ríth, K03aKH; bíh bír-noBÍRac ROBroK) npoMOBoio. U'ccy saKÍH^ye noRHKa yKpaÍHH Boroßi Ta naHeripH^Hi 3raRKH npo IleTpa II Ta reTBMaHa /laHHJia Anoc-TOJia, HapeuiTi noxBaabHim xop XMejiBHHn,BKOMy.
SÍK 6aHHMO,  yKpaiHCBKa npaMa 3 pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍCTK> CBOÍX THnÍB
3RaTHa 6yjia 3aROBoabHHTH pÍ3HopÍRHÍ iHTepecn Ta cMaKH. HaBiTb — i noTpeöy b KOMeflii.
8. KoMeflia 3'aBaHGTbca Ha yKpaim nepnie b paMKax 6apoKKO-BHx RpaM. Ilopyn niflHeceHHX mothbíb 3ycTpinaeMo Bace b a,iaaorax OKpeMi Micna „aerKoro" aöo ryMopncTHHHoro xapaKTepy. TaK yneHb MipKye:
JX&ň ace, XpncTe BOCKpecnnm, in.o6 pocaa KponHBa! Otto to öyaeTb Moa ronHHa inacaHBa! Okphh ace, IlaHe mohchhh, i aicH ancTKaMH, moon mh b hhx ryaaan co6i 3 TeaaTKaMH, 60 Bace ca mhhí niKoaa 6ap3o Í36pHa,Haa, a hk y TypMi tcmhíh MeHe nocannaa.
A Koan 6 to KponHBa, to 6 ca a i cxoBaB
i, xo^i 6h m'h niyKaB nHK, b KpomiBi 6 a He nöaB. . .
OKpeMi ci^eHH b pÍ3HHX THnax apaM híôh cneniaabHo npH3HaneHÍ Raa BMňneHHH ryMopHCTHHHoro eaeMeHTy. riopyn ÍRHaiHHHX „nacTHpiß" /ÍMHTpa TynTaaa, 3ycTpinaGM0 ô ijiaKOM ryMopnc-thhhhx: rpixonaRÍHHa onncyiOTb „nacTHpi" b onHOMy ypHBKy pi3-
RBHHOi RpaMH TaK I
. . . He po3acoBaB Boacero caoBa npuiHHpa,
na BTOKMHB Becb po3yM B Moaoniini,
i BKycHB togh, 111,0 He Beaiß Bor, KHcaHni...
ET-eTo hk HanoraHHTb ÍHorRi KiniKa b cTpaBy,
to aac nacoKOK) BMHGTbca, hk tob^yTb iihkom 06 jiaBy___
288
J
JJja OT Häpo6jiB xajienH, mp 3a ORHy KHcarmio 3anep BciM jikjrhm flo paa rpaHinno.
ryMOpHCTHHHHX  HOT  HaÖyBaiOTb  iHOfli  H  HIJIKOM  b  cyTi cepäo3Hi
cneHH Ta nocTari, hk ot TTioi^Hnep y „CjiobI o 36ypeHHi neKaa":
JI K> u; h (p e p  (flo cayr mobhtb i KoporoB coöi BeaHTb flara):
........IlHJibHo CTepeaciTe
I b pyKax cboix opyacie Miirao aepaÜTe!
A hk ho Bac npmiHyTb, rpi3H0 oflnoBiflanTe
I nae^HMa nBepi mIhho ninnHpaäTe!
I Gcaa 6h ca aainaB, aHroaiß 3a6nBaHTe!
Hexan oh TyT He ineTb! HiKOMy He (poabiyHTe.
Bo mnoro TyT.
no HeMy He 6yTb.
Koan oh Eoadö chh, Hexan coöi b He6i chhhtb, A BOiOBäTH ca 3 HaMH i neKaoM Hexafi He i'fleTb. Koan oh Boacift chh,
H He 3HaiO, 3 HKHX ifleTb CIOHa npHHHH.
He MaeTb oh ho Hac acaflHo'i cnpaBH! t      I He Moacy po3yMiTH, mp to 3a „nap caaBH".
Cyro ryMopHCTHHHHn „KOMeniHHHH" xapaKTep MaiOTb „im-ep-MeHÜ'", HeBeaHKi cnpHKH, mo i*x rpaan noMiac aKTaMH npaMH. 3y-CTpiaaeMO yKpamcbKi iHTepinenii b höhkhx noabCbKHX npaMax, hk ot yace b npaMi fl. r"äBaTobhha 3 1619 p. („npoflaß KOTa b MiniKy" Ta „HanainniHH coh" — ni3Hime BinoMi hk HapoHHi aHeKHora). Zip oKpeMHX npHHan iHTepaioniö Haaeacaaa MHoroMOBHicTb: b hhx 3'HBaHK)TbCH yKpai'Hni, öiaopycH, noaaKH, nnraHH i t. fl. Moace HafimKaBimi iHTepMeflii' 3 pi3HBHHoi Ta BeaHKOHHboi' npaMH M. JJpB-raaeBCbKoro. Bohh nonacTH He anine aHeKHOTH, a hk up g b KOMe-hü", cnpaMOBaHi npoTH neBHHX 3'aBHin, mh ociö: npoTH acTpoaoriß, npoTH noaHKiß, hkhm aBTop 3aKHnae noaiTHHHy 3apo3yMiaicTb Ta coi^iaabHHH thIt, MocKaaiB, „nHBopi3iB", aBTop bhcmIiog i ceaaH. CHTyanii rjisi KOMenii KaacHHHi: noMHaKH, Henopo3yMiHHH, KpaniJK, o6HypeHHH, cßapKH Ta 6iÖKH Toinp. Moßa i'x 6aH3bKa ho HapoHHOi, nonacra: HaßiTb ByabrapHa. MaeMO iHTepMenn i b npaMi KoHHCbKoro.
ycaMOCTiHHIOGTbCH eaeMeHT IHTepMeHift y pi3HHX ryMOpHCTHHHHX flinaorax (hk ot „naan" HeHniB-n'aHHnb), HKi oHHane He npn-3HaHaaHca ho TeaTpaabHHx BHCTaB, a annie ho HHiaHHH. Aae iHTepMeflii' 6e3yMOBHo BnaHHyan na aaabKOBHH yKpai'HCbKHH TeaTp, TaK 3BaHHH „BepTen", mp floacHB A° HaniHx naciB. B ni3HiinHH nepion — yace no3a MeacaMH 6apoKKa — HacaiflyBaB iHTepMeflii HeKpame-bhh (hhb. po3flia VI); caiHH BnanBy iHTepMeniä a6o 3aaeacHoro
289
Bia HHX „sepTeny" bíomíthmo b ryMopncTHHHOMy yitpamcbKOMy ono-BiaaHHi 19 BÍKy Ta b „yKpaiHCbKiö uikojií" b pociöctKiö jiiTepaTypi {ToroJib Ta íh.).
9. TexHWHe bmíhhh aBTopiB SapoKKOBoi apaMH ayJKe HeoaHa-KOBe. He 3a6ynbMo, hjo BejiHKa KÍJibKicTb apaM BTpaneHa, aeaici Bace 3a HaniHx naciß; ie, mo ao Hac aiônijio, e noaacTH BanaaKOBe.
B KOÍKHOMy pa3Í nOMÍTHMO neBHKH P03BHTOK BÍa ITpOCTOl AeK-
aaMairii oci6, mp BHCTynaiOTb Ha cuem oana n o p y h oahígi, ao
CnpaBHCHÍX aí^OrÍB, p03M0B 3 penjlÍKaMH Ta pyXOM ayMKH. Ha30BHÍ H6 BHHBJIÍIGTbCÍI bhcc B TOMy, IH.0 penjlÍKH pOÔJIKTbCH KOpOTIHHMH Ta
HaBÍTb He 3anoBHK>iOTb uiaoro paaKa. Ocb npHKJiaan:
B e 3 y m i e:
KaKO ch BaM MHHTb, 3Py3Í ?
TpixH:
JJjocTOÄHa 6CTb CMepra!
B o í h h:
^locTOHHa aöie oa pyK Hanrax yMepra!
A6o:
M Hp:
Xto bh GCTe; oaKyay npHTeKocTe címo? B o ji a:
A3 — BOJia.
P 03JTM:
A3 ace — po3yM, n,a Te6e y3pHMo.
A6o:
/Iíoktht: Hlo to, o TyHeaaui?
e 6 p a k I:
HeceM rnnoMeHa
MepTBa.
JX i o k t h t: 3HaTb, 3 n'aHCTBa yatpe?
3K e 6 p a k H:
Bcero ya3BaeHHa
06pÍTOXOM.
290
fliOKTHT:
HeciTe jk i b THoi 3arpe6ÍTe!
I ne me noaacra po3MOBH ajieropiraHHX nocTaTÍB (3 „Mynpocra npefl-bíhhoi"). 3obcím jkhbí P03MOBH „nacrapiß", cejiHH, Ipona 3 noro ceHaTopaMH, HcepniB („BojionHMHp") i t. n.. Haä-nimne BnaroTbCH
flÍHJIOrH,   KOJIH   b   hhx   BHHBJIHGTbCH   yjlK)6jieHa   ÔapOKKOM „aHTH-
TeTHKa", npoTHBeHCTBo syMOK a6o oci6.
He Majie bmíhhä 3ycTpinaGM0 i b MOHOJiorax. CnpaBHCHiä npa-
MaTHHHHH MOHOJIOr MaGMO TaM, ne fliUQBa OCOÔa rOBOpHTb 3 CO60K)
aôo „nonpaBjíHG ceôe" — npôpi npHKJianH nboro — MOHOJiorn XMejibHHUbKoro a6o BojionHMHpa, mp BaraGTbca míjk noraHCTBOM
Ta  XpHCTHHHCTBOM.   MoBa   MOHOJIOrÍB   6yBaG   TeHC   JKHBa, p03MOBHa
(hhb. Brnne npHKJiann hhcjichhhx nepeHOcÍB y npoMOBax 3 „Mh-jiocth B0JK01"). JJyxie yjiioßjieHHH ran MOHOJioriB — „jiHMeHTH" a6o „njia^i". Ocb ypnBKn 3 njiany an. neTpa:
O jiioTe mhí o rope! ne nHecb oôpanrycH?
I KaMO nifiny i k KOMy rpiniHHÖ npnropHycH? 3a6jiynHx on. nyra nHecb icraHHa bo bíkh,
noHeJKe oTBeproxcji TBopnn i BJianHKH.
O ropn! noKpnÔTe mh, na BHyTp Bac npeôyny;
Cxpax HHecb HeyKporaMiä oöiÖMeTb mh Bciony. O nafljbTe Ha mh, mojihíí, KaMeHHHÍ ctíhh;
ZlpeBeca mh ôiraiOTb, a3 He ÍMaM cíhh;
B03HyX MH OÖJIHHaGTb. l3JIÍHTeCH pÍKH!
JX& niöny. HicMb hoctoíh jkhth 3 hojiobíkh OTBeproxcH — cro ace TBepflb, B03n,yx h Mope TpenemyTb, KÍHnH 3eMjii, o rope mhí, rope! ..
Hopyn n.paMaTHHHHx MOHOJioriB —- MaGMO MOHOJiora-npoMOBH, HK OT npoMOBa XMejibHHnbKoro („MnjioCTb Bojkíh"), b nmoMy 36y-flOBaHa Ha nporacTaBJieHHi 3ajiÍ30 — 30J10T0:
2KejiÍ3o Hoope BancTe, i Han. 3jiaT0. 3jiaTo 60 noTeMHÍGTb 6e3 Hero, hk ÔJiaTo. Hto 3naT0 i hto cpiôpo JiHxaM nojib30Bajio, kojihkíg jk ôoraTCTBa JKejiÍ3o noôpajio? 3 cpiÖHHX noJiyMHC otijí Hanii He ínajra: i 3 30JIOTHX nyrapiB ohh He nnsajra,
0 3fcejii3i CTapajiHCb, HcejiÍ3o jiioôhjih,
1 BejíHKy tím co6i cjiaBy noponHjra. ohhx nyreM in.ÍTe, ohhx nonpaHcaHTe,
291
cjiaBH ima, ÖoraiCTBa bh 3a hhhto Maŕŕre. He too cjiaBeH, KOToproi MHoro aiwrb cTaRa, ho iace MHornx BpariB cboix maeTb 30 ana: CeMy grhho tokmo HíejIÍ30 robjiígtb, a 3JiaT0 íjih CpiÖpO HHHTOHCe yMiGTb.
Ha nocjiiROK rjiarojno: caMH He Kynyirre: jiyna, CTpijiKH, MyuiKeTa i niaôai roiabHyHTe! KynjiHMH 60 060B'H3aH HCHTeHCbKHMH boih,
iinem cero BecbMa TaKOB He roctoíh.
I RÍTeÔ CBOIX,  CKOpO OTnpaBJIHTB HayKH,
ro cefi ace ooynaiiTe K03anbKoi uiTyKH. TaKO TBopa, Bpaacii noTpeTe HaBÍTH: paROCTb ciio Ha MHori yRepacnre jiíth .. .*
IIh TOO  CTHJIb  „pOSBHHeHOi CeHTeHHU*",  IUO  HaHÖijIbHI  MOJKe bíro-
mhh 3 IHeKcnipoBHx RpaM. YaioöaeHHH Tim MOHOJiory g MOHOJior „3 JiyHOK)", m.0, nOBTOpiOIOHH OCTaHHÍ CJTOBa ríhoboí ocoôh, hí6h m BÍRnoBÍRaG.
He Mane bmíhhh noKa3yK>Tb Reani aBTopn i b TexHiiii onosi-RaHHH npo Te, inp poÔHTbca no3a cijeHoio: npo n,e po3noBÍRaK»Tb „bíchhkh". Hanp., y „CaoBi o 3óypeHHio neKaa" npnoiraiOTb ro neKaa „bíchhkh" — nopra Ta rohochtb HronnnepoBi, mo poÖHTbca Ha 3eMai: XpncTa 3acyRaceHO, bíh noMep, BocKpec . .. Bírhobírho ro Hboro MÍHaGTbca HacTpiíi JIionHnepa.
PiflKa ÍHRHBÍRyaabHa xapaKTepncTHKa oció (Ipofl, oKpeMi nac-THpi y TynTaaa, acepni y npoKonoBH^a). HacTinie xapaKTepncTHKa „TrnioBa" — amne THnoM anijapa 3aamuHBca hebÍtb XMeabimubKHH.
nopyn 3BHMaOHHx eaeMeHTÍB RpaMH MaGMo b híh *nicaeHHÍ cniBH, „Kanin", (popMoK) 6aH3bKÍ Ro riMHmHHx RyxoBHHX BipmiB; aimie Ix CTpoípiHHi cxeMH íhorí KyRH CKaaRHimi. TaKoio caMOK) npHKpacoK) g i npoaorH Ta eniaorn; Koan bohh MaiOTb xapaKTep XBaan, bohh HaraRyiOTb „repöoBHi Bipmi" (ôyBaiOTb y RpaMi i ríh-chí „repöoBHi Bipmi"). 3ycTpmacMo i „eMÖaeMaTHHHi Bipmi" (Ha-b'a3aHÍ, Hanp., ro 3HapaRRa MyK XpncTOBHx), a6o enirpaMH (n,iai „bíhhí", inp ^HiaioTb c a, Koan Ha cn,em 3'aBaaiOTbca 3Hapaflfla hh MaaiOHKH MyK, po3n'aTTa Ta cMepra Xphctobhx).
Mh öa^Han Bace, HKa pÍ3H0MaHÍTHa MOBa RpaMH, — ne 3aae-acHTb nonacTH bír CMaKy aBTopiB Ta „ihkojih", nonacTH bír xapaK-Tepy oKpeMHx cn,eH.
*) MOBa TyT OCTiJIbKH 6jIH3bKa AO HapoflHOi, mo H, KpÍM 3BHHaÖH0l MOAep- ^
Hisauu npaBonHcy (ahb. npuM.. Ha no^aTKy po3AÍJiy IV), 3aMiHHK> b bíaiiobíahhx mícijhx „o" Ta „e" Ha „i".
292
TaK caMO pÍ3HOMaHÍTHa ôyaa S onem^ma nocxaBa npaM. lie na-xaHHH Bace BJiacHe BHxoflHxb no3a Me>Ki jiixepaxypn. Ajie HeMoac-
JIHBO OU.ÍHHXH ÖapOKKOBi flpaMH, He B3HBHIH H.0 yBarH BCÍGÍ CKJiafl-
Hoi ii BHCxaBH. Cn,eHa cicaanacxbca 3 Tptox noBepxiB: neKJia, 3eMJii Ta He6a. Xon rix h irpoxonnaa 3neôiabinoro Ha 3eMjii, ajie 6yjiH ciieHH, mo nepeBOflHjiH fliio no neKJia (xaM My^HBca Ipon a6o „raipo-jnoôenb"), aôo no He6a (xaM xíhihbch „yôorHô JIa3ap", xaM 3'hbjih-jihch HHrojiH). Ilea noniji naßaB mojkjihbíctb Iponoßi „ynanaxH b nponacib" aôo HHroaaM kh íhuihm niöoBHM ocoôaM ,,bo3hochthch Ha Heôo". CnemHHi ecpeicxn ôyjra ^HCJieHHi: „neôo mojihíí, rpoM, rpan.. . naG"> a^o „rpoMH 6'iOTb" HHxacMo b peMapKax. KpiM cni-bíb, MaGMo HaBixb xamii — npH nBopi Ipona, aôo xaKi ecpeicxn, hk IlHKJionH, 111,0 Í3 cniBOM Kywxb Ha cnem (Maôyxb „nin 3eMaeio", b hhjkhboMy noBepci), aôo ,,3Jioôa", mp „npnxoflHXb Ha jikjxím 3míí". ^acxi ôyjin npouecii, — Hanp., aHroaiß, mp HecjiH 3Hapann*i MyK XpncioBHx aôo repÔH. ByBajiH & hímí ciiphh: hk ot ,,3phmog" jinnie ,,yÔHGHHG oxpoHaT" y BncpjieGMi xoinp.
Mh Bace 3ranyBajiH, aice 3HaneHHH Majia npaMa rjíh cynacHH-kíb. He xpeôa 3aôyBaTH ň xoro, inp ni3HÍma xpanmiia yjcpaiHCbicoro xeaxpy, MaôyTb, nyxoBHO 3B'a3aHa 3 po3irBÍxoM ôapoKKOBoi npaMH. no3a MeacaMH yKpai'HH bhjihb yicparncbKoi npaMH ÔyB BejiHHH3HHH b Mockbí xa no bcííí Poctí aac no flaaeicoro CnÔipy. PocinetKa jiixe-paxypa 18 Biicy Beanicoio Mipoio 3aaeacHXb Bin yKpaÍHctKoí xpann-iiii, ôaraTo b HOMy Bin npaMH. 3ranyßajiH mh Bate i npo BnanB yicpa-ÍHCbKoi npaMH Ha BaJiKaHax (nnB. § 7).
E. IIponoBiflb
1. nponoBint, mo BHxonnxb y Hanii nni no3a Meaci „rapHoi ai-xepaTypn", inp Haaeaíaaa no Hei b nacn ÔapoKKa. Maao xoro, np 6yB onHH 3 HaHBaaíaHBiniHx xa HafiyaioôaeHiHiHx JiixepaTypHHx faTyH-kíb. Ta THnH nponoBifli Ôyan jxyxze pÍ3H0MaHÍxHÍ; xapaKTepncxHHHi nJia ÔapoKKa xpn xnnn, mp h eoôi po3nanaioxbCH Ha npiÔHiuii „nin-THim"; iie nponoßiflb, inp HaB'a3yGibca 6e3nocepenHto no cb. nncb-Ma, nponoBinb MopaabHa xa nponoßini> naHeripH*ma, noxBajibHa. Po3yMÍexbca, cyxb nponoBiflH He jimne b ii xeMi, a i b cpopMi. 4>op-Ma ôapoKKOBoi nponoBini HaôanacaGibca no tp°PMH íhhihx jiixepa-xypHHx ťaxyHKÍB. I nponoBinHHK Maß Ha MeTi Bpa3HXH cjiyxana, BnapHiH no noro po3yMy aôo nonyxTio, — np noxpiÔHe ôyao i Rjia xoro, inpô po3BopyniHXH yBary, i rjis. xoro, nioô ino yßary yxpn-MaiH: cjiyxan y u,i HecnoKiÔHi nacn 6yB 3aHaxnn íhhihmh, Henpp-kobhhmh ÍHxepecaMH, Maß yace nocHXb ninpoKy ccpepy cBixcbKoro
293
hchtth, mo He nepeßyBaJia nia KOHTpojieio nepKBH. Hhm 3'acoBy-€Tbca JI1060B npoBÍ3HHKÍB öapoKKa 30 opHťmaabHoro, Bpaacaioaoro, 30 e(peKTÍB Ta „ceHcanní''. IIÍ3He ôapoKKO BHpoönao HaBÍTb neBHHH. Tun npTenHoi, rocTpocaÍBHOÍ, napaaoKcaabHoi nponoBiai (3a ÍTaaio-CbKOK) n Ha3BOK) „KOHHeTO-nponoBinb"),
Manace bcí ni (popMn nponoBiai npHnman i Ha yKpamy, ajie icTopHKH jiiiepaTypH He pa3 3aKHaaan nponoBÍaHHKaM xe, mp bohh nponoBiflyBaJiH niaKOM y ayci CBoro nacy! YKpaiHCbKi nponoBÍa-hhkh, hk i 3axinHÍ, He bcí oflHoro THny. Hp 3'acoByeTbca He anuie
IX OCOÖHCTHMH CHMnaTÍHMH,  aae h THM  OTOaeHHHM,  b  HKOMy BOHH
BHXoByBajiHca Ta npainoBaan: BaacKo BHMaraTH Bin, nponoBinHHKa floÖH po3KBÍTy SapoKKa, mpô bíh TpHMaBca aÍTepaTypHHx HopM CTa-pHX aacÍB — a 30BCÍM HeMoacaHBo, moô bíh 3anoBoabHaB c Man 19 an 20 BÍKy! BaacKO BHMaraTH bíjj nponoBinHHKa, mp npoMOBjíflB naa neHHÍB, mpo bíh Hananas Ha ceaaHCbKe a6o naHCbKe nnanTBo; mp Baacne BHMaraTH BÍa nponoBinHHKa, inp nponoBiayßaB npn reTbMaH-CbKOMy a6o napcbKOMy asopi, inp6 bíh roBopHB npo xhôh b hchttí HiHpoKHX Mac. Hanripme nicTaßaaocH npxenHOMy OetpaHOBi Hßop-CbKOMy, mo nponoBinyBaB y cTHai „KOHaeTo"; hk jierKo öaaHTH, 3aKHflH HOMy e 3 noraaay ôoro aacy 30BCÍM HecnpaBenaHBi.
YKpaiHCbKa jiiTepaTypa Mae BeaHKy npyKOBaHy aŕrepaTypy npo-noBiaen. Ha acaab, 6araTO 3 hhx apyKOBaHo b Mockbí, Ta MOBa Ix CHjibHo no3MÍHK)BaHa pociöcbKHMH KopeKTopaMH. Aae BÍnoMo i a°-CHTb nHcaHHX nponoBinea thx caMHx nponoBÍaHHKÍB, BHapyKyBaHHX hájikom nonpaBHo. Me He MoaceMO po3raaaaTH sciei pÍ3HOMaHÍTHOCTH thhíb nponoBiai Ta bcíx Ix cTHaicTHaHHX npHKMeT.
2. JXo noaaTKÍB ÖapoKKOBoi nponoBiai HaaeacaTb nponoBiai Kh-pnaa TpaHKBiaioHa OraBpoBenbKoro „YaHTeabHoe eBaHťeaie" (1619, nepeapyKOBano 1696).
CaMa Ha3Ba noKa3ye, inp nponoBiai n,i HaB'a3yiOTbca BeaHKOK) MÍpoK) a° CB. nncbMa. Aae 6e3nocepeaHÍô 3b'h3ok 3 nncbMOM no-caaöaeHO thm, mo nponoBiai npHCBaaem CBaTaM Ta ,,yroaHHKaM". Mosa aocHTb BHCOKa, caoß'aHCbKa. npo HaaeacmcTb aBTopa ao ho-bhx naciß cßia^aTb, KpÍM 3raaKH npH „apiaH" Ta „KaabBÍHÍB", aeaKÍ inrraTH 3 „ayacHx" aBTopÍB (aaTHHCbKHx) Ta me aeam peTopnaHÍ npHKpacH, hk BHKaHKH Ta 3BepTaHHa ao CBaTHX aK ao npncyTHÍx oci6 3 3anHTaHHHMH Ta HaBÍTb 3aKH3aMH ľ „O, neTpe! mo TBopnui? Taiace hhhí TBoe ohog aep30BeHÍe?" Ihuií nponoBiai CTaBpoBenb-Koro, npH3Haaem rjisi aHTaHHa, 3HaxoaHMo b Soro ,,nepai MHoro-nÍHHOMy" (1646, 1690). — nponoBiflb Ha cMepTb o. JI. KapnoBnaa, mo BHroaocHB MeaeTÍž Cmotphi^bkhh 1620 p., noKa3ye, mo Bace Toai 6yan íhhií HanpaMH b nponoBiai: Cmotphubkhh Bpaacae cay-xaaÍB TBepaJKeHHÄM, mo e iiianx n'aTb pÍ3HHx <popM híhtth Ta
2H
CMepTH   (1.  JKHBOT npupOHCeHHH Ta  CMepTb npHpOJKeHHÍI,   2. JKHBOT
jiacKH Ta cMepTb rpixa, 3. hchbot 3mhcjiíb Ta cMepTb uhot, 4. hchbot
JKHTefiCBKHO Ta CMepTB Í3CTynJieHHH -        eKCTa3H, b HK1Ö npaBeflHHKH,
cnoayayioaHCb 3 BoroM, „caMÍM co6i He ÖyBaiOTb npHTOMHHMH" Ta 5. JKHBOT cJiaBH i CMepTB reemm — b a,pyroMy jkhttí), Ta npHKJia-aae neu noaia no jkhtth noKirraoro o. JleoHTia. B nponoBÍa,i, inp b oKpeMHx aacTHHax g naHeripHKoM, a b Kmni mojihtboio, 3HaHneMO HHCJieHHi cnÍB3ByHHH (aaÍTepan,ii: „no6oatHe noatHanô"), phmh („Hanapn... i ocMOTpn", ,,3MoraGHi... 3aacHBaeHi") noMÍTHO pht-MÍ30BaHy MOBy. B;i pncH Bate naioTb BinayTH cthjib nÍ3HÍuioi 6a-poKKOBoi nponoBinj.
3. OcHOBonojioHCHHKOM öapoKKOBoi Teopií nponoBiai Ha Yitpa-ihí 6yB i. TajiaTOBCBKHH (xoH yate b nponoBifli rieTpa MornjiH 1632 poKy 3ycTpiaaGMO po3bhhchhh nÍ3HÍH cthjib), hk> bh^aB „Kjiioh po-3yMÍHÍH" (1659, 1663 Ta 1665) Ta TeopeTHHHy „Hayny, ajiböo cno-ci6 3jicoKeHHH Kasamíi" (1659, 1660 i t. n,. 3 HHMajiHMH flonoBHeH-hhmh). Bíh nonac nopann no BHÔopy TeMH (inp6 „noBaÔHTH aronen no cjryxaHHíť'!) i, xoa HaB'fl3yc cboio Hayity no Tpaannii cb. othíb BiepKBH Ta BHMarae opTonpitcaabHocTH 3MÍcTy, ajie BHMarac, 3rin,Ho 3 myxoM aacy, ,,npono3Hn.ÍH... Mynpnx Ta ahbhhx, aacOM Becejinx, aacoM cMyTHHX, KOTpi aioneň 6ap3o oxoHHMH ap CJiyxaHHH MHHHTb". KpiM MaTepiHJiy 3 otuíb nepKBH, bíh BHMarae BJKHBarii „ricTopiö i xpoHHK", KHHr ,,o 3BÍpax, nTaxax, ranax, pn6ax, nepesax, 3Íaaax,
KaMÍHHHX i p03Ma'ÍTHX BOnax" Ta ,,Ka3aHb p03MaiTHX Ka3H0flÍlB Te-
nepiuiHboro Biity". JJpchtb npocTa 3a TajiHTOBCBKHM cxeMa no6y-
3OBH npOnOBifli  HanOBHK)GTBCH  B HOrO  BJiaCHHX nponOBÍflHX pÍ3H0-
MaHÍTHHM MaTepijuioM, m,o BJKHBaGTBca a6o aK npHKJianH (ícto-
pHHHÍ Ta ÍHHli OnOBinaHHH), a6o flJIH pÍ3HOpÍAHOľ MeTacpopHKH, nJIH PÍ3HHX nopiBHHHB.   Mh Bate  3HaGM0  XapaKTep  TaKHX nopÍBHHHb Í3
eMÖJieMaTHHHHx BipuiiB. rajiíiTOBCbKHH nopÍBHKDG, Hanp., CTapuH Ta Hobhh 3anoBÍTH 3 oöoMa 6iryHaMH ne6a. Maáace bcí thtih HayKOBHx TBopiB, npo hkí bíh roBopHTb, bíh fliôcHO BjKHBaG i b CBoíx npono-BÍflHX. JJpHKi nponoBÍni bíh 6yn.yc 3a aoriaHHMH cxeMaMH. Bíh h,h-
TyG  HHCJieHHHX aHTHHHHX  Ta  HOBÍTHÍX  3aXÍflHÍX  aBTOpÍB. PÍ3H0Ma-
híthí h BinryKH Ha nonii cyaacHocTH: noro 30KpeMa HenoKoiTb „bíô-Ha noMOBaa" — bíh míjk íhuihm po3noBÍnae 6aíÍKy: „GaHoro opaa nocTpiaeHo CTpiaoio, a ťnH no3pÍB opea Ha Ty cTpijiy, no6aaHB Ha híh nepa opjii'f, i noaaB mobhth: He acajib mhí, ace MeHe 6'GTb tóg pepeBo i aceaÍ3o, aae acaab mhí, ate moí ac nepa opaii opaa ô'iotb MeHe" (ufi ii;HTaTa 3 ApncTocpaHa).
4. J-JaaeKo cKaa^HiniHÔ CTHab cyaacHHKa ľaaaTOBCbKoro Ah-TOHÍa PaflHBHaoBCbKoro (noro 36ipKH Ka3aHb „OropopoK Mapií Bo-ropopHiíi" (1676), ra „Bmeiib XpHCTOB" (1688), Ta pyKonncHi npo-
295
noBÍRÍ), b HKoro npoTe ORHoaacHO 3ycTpinaeMo noMÍTHe HaßjiH-jKeHHfl ro cynacHocTH Ta ro HapoRHoi JíiTepaTypH. IIponoBini iioro noaacTH 3a6apBjieHÍ Mopajiícthhho . PaRHBHaoBCbKHÖ yacHBae hhc-JI6HHHX „npHKJian,ÍB" Í3 „Phmcbkhx icTopiö" Ta „3epnajia", 3 „Bap-jiaaMa Ta loacatpa", 3 nonbCbKHx Ratepea Ta, 3RaeTbca, HaBÍTi> 3 ,„HeKaMepoHa" (X, 1). Tímc-Ba Raa PaRHBHaoBCbKoro ryMopucTHH-Ha ,,MORepHÍ3aD;ifl" CTapoBHHH: „MooceS, reTbMaH Jiiony l3paíjn>-
CbKOrO,   XOTHHH   BÍHCbKO   CBOG . . .    IIOJIKaMH   pyiIIHTH, yiHHKOBaBHIH
OHoe, a BRapHBinn b 6yôHH, TpyÖH, HanepeR Ka3aB nÍRHecTH 3HanoK nojiKa", IoaH BorocjioB „ceicperap He6a", IoaH XpecTHTenb — „Map-majioK Tocnofla" i t. r. Bíh nacTo roBopnib npo „repÔH Ta KJieS-horh" cbhthx: „cbhthh apxHCTparar Mnxaíji, iac b ohíh BaaeHHiô nepniiíí b neôi 3 JIiouHCpepoM noTpeöi HaöyB Menein 3bhth3Ctbe, npeTo... RaH (öoMy) 3a rep6 Men". 3ycTpmaGMo b Hboro HHcaeHHÍ npHnoBÍRKH, nonacTH nepeKJiaReHi 3 jiaTHHH, nonacTH HapoRHi: „HKOG oríhhhh, TaKOG i noiiiaHOBaHHa", „icKpa jiHxaa... i nojie bh-HcnraGTB i caMa iiotím raHeTb", „TOHyHHH xsaTaeTbca fi Mena", ,,ncy « ÖHTOMy TiabKH noKajKH khô, aat 3apa3 yTÍKacTt", „cMÍabinaa...
6a6a 3a ctíhoio, HeJKean panapb b nojii", ,,y CHpoTH TorRi npa3HHK, KOjiH KomyjiH 6iaaa", „hkhh naH, TaKHÔ i KpaM", „rojiim po3óoio He 6oiTbca" i t. r. (HHCJieHHi npHnoBÍRKH TaKOJK y Bipmax iep.
KjIHMeHTÍa). PaRHBHJIOBCbKHH aiOOHTb RpaMaTHHHÍ CUeHH, RÍHJIOrH:
J^iBa Mapia po3MOBaaG 3 HHroaoM; PaRHBHaoBCbKHÔ nirrae caM ce6e Ta BÍRnoBÍRaG; bíh cTaBHTb nHTaHHH Ta po6nrb 3aKHRH cBaTHM 1 „Ax, AnoCToaoBe! TaKaa ac to Bania npoTHBKO XpHCTy CnacHTeaeBÍ, yHHTeaeßi BauioMy, MHaocTb! TaKaa BÍpmcTb, ace b HeinacTio i 3aÍM pa3i bcí ero ocTaBycTe! O IleTpe! Re OHaa tboh oôíthhhh: TocnoRH, 3 T060K) roTOB i b TeMHmno i Ha CMepTb íth, KoaH loac ca noHHHaeni 3aiÍHpaTH TocnoRa cBoero ? Reac, í>omo, OHaa TBoa oRBara ...?... He Bei MOBHan: TocnoRH, ce me ocTaBHXOM bch i Bcaifl Teöe íroxom? neMy 7K Tenep He ifleTe 3a ynrreaeM cboim? nemy Gro caMoro ocTa-ByGTe b pynax HenpnaTeabCbKHX?". — PaRHBHaoBCbKHfi aioÖHTb KapTHHHÍCTb: bíh onHcyG ypoHHCTe npHBÍTaHHa Tpoini aHroaaMH aôo 3ycTpÍH XpHCTa y He6i i t. r. Bíh aioÖHTb cHMBoaÍKy Ta eMÖae-MaTHKy, aae nopyn Hboro flyace aacTO BÍRryKyGTbca Ha cynacmcTb: Hai];ioHaabHÍ Ta couiaabHi hoth b öoro MopaaicTHHHiö nponoBÍRÍ pacHÍ. Bíh 3BepTaGTbca ro ko33Kíb : „nprnioMHÍTe ceöi cbo'íx cTapo-RaBHÍx npeRKÍB, reTbMaHÍB, noaKOBHHKÍB, cothhkíb, ocayaÍB i íh-
IHHX MOaORDjÍB ROÖpHX, 3anopoaíD;ÍB, HK 3 THM noräHHHOM OTBaaíHe
MopeM i noaeM BaabHHan.... hko íx MHoro Ha naany Kaaan, aico MHoro b HeBoaio ôpaan!", bíh BÍRryKyGTbca Ha noRÍI pyimi; „LUp to HHHaTb ôoraTHi i CHabHHÍ, Trh to aHXBaMH, to noôopaMH THH<-khmh, to no3BaMH yôoniiHx i noRaiöiHHX HaR ceôe aioReS CTHCKa-
296
k>tb? Hko ph6h BejiHKÍG MeHLiiiHx pnöoK noacnpaiOTb". „BimeceTb Bor Koro Ha CTapruHHCTBO, oônapnTb MynpicTbio, niaaxeTHicTbio, 6a-raTCTBH, to yace ca nonaoiny HOJiOßiKy He mhhhtl öpaTOM, ajie roc-noflHHOM". „Gcan aeemuHHa €CTb 6araxaa, — oHa neaaaKy öyaHTb np poÖoTH. .. Ccjih 3acb yöoraa, MycHTb öiaHaa BCTaTH, a, ocTaBHB-HiH b noMy RHTJi cbog, niÖTH,... ae 6h (Morjia) ocMa^oK hkhö 3a-
pOÖHTH aabÖO BHnpoCHTH y KOrO Ha noaíHBÍHHH CBoe".
5. Hafl jiocHTb npocTHM CTHjieM PanHBHjioBCbKoro ninHocHTbca nHHiHHH cTHab nÍ3Hboro 6apoKKa: nponoBÍn.i JIa3apH BapaHOBH^a („Me*i ayxoBHHH" (1666, 1686) Ta „Tpy6n cjiOBec nponoBinHHx" (1674, 1679)), CB. ^MHTpa TynTajia Ta OrecpaHa ÜBopcbKoro (npy-KOBaHi nÍ3HÍnie).
ÍÍMHTpo TynTajio, mpnpaBna annie nonaB cbokd nponoBißHirnb-Ky niaabHicTb b nnniHOMy CHMBoai^HOMy craai. B nponoBÍa,í Ha no-xopoH Ih. I"i3eaa (1685) bíh nopiBHioG ľi3eaa no CTOBna Coaoiwo-HOBa xpaMy, a Cojtomohíb xpaM np ľleHepcbKoro MaHacTHpa. Ilo-piBHHHHH bíh npoBOHHTb y bcíx npTaaax. IIÍ3HÍuie ooro nponoBifli He TaKi ÔaraTi Ha CHMBOJiÍKy, ajie nacTO noBHi n,paMaTH3My: npo-noBinHHK Maß 6yra Mafiace aKTopoM, mp6 npöpe npo^nraTH noBri po3MOBH, Hanp., AßpaaMa 3 BoroM; nponoBinHHK po3MObjihg 3 an. rieTpoM Ta IlaBJíoM, 3 IoaHOM BorocaoBOM, 3 /JaBHROM, Ta BHnpaB-jihg noro ncajiTHp, Í3 cayxanaMH; noro nponoBini 36ynpBaHÍ 3 noB-rnx nepiofliß, 3 mhcjighhhmh napaaeaHMH Ta aHTHTe3aMH. EynoBa (KOMno3HiTÍa) cKaanHa: e noBri pann 3anHTaHb, Ha hkí BinnoBina-lOTb oKpeiai ^acTHHH nponoBifli; íhoh.í uiTy^Ha CHMBoaiKa (Hanp., npo pÍ3HÍ chmbojiíhhí 3HaHeHHH Bonn, any cb. TjMHTpo nponOHyc cayxanaM „bmícto bohkh naa aneTHTy"; a6o npo CHMBoaiHHe 3Ha-qeHHH pi3HHX nepes, mp 3 hhx 3a anoKpHtprmoio Tpanmrieio 3po6-aeHHH 6yB xpecT XpncTa -— KHnapncoBe, KejrpOBe, „rpimKOBe"; npo pÍ3HÍ BHRH xaiôa). iHoni ninpoKi KapraHH, Hanp., TpannninHa b 6a-poKKOBin aiTepaTypi KapTHHa acHTTa aK Mopa, any 3ycTpÍHeM0 i b CKOBoponn. A60 CHMBoai^He BHTOBManeHHa iMem AnaM, aK ,,MÍKpo-KOCMoca" — „Maaoro BcecBŕry", Up 3pa3y pac aBTopoßi nponoBÍn.i naaH ií öyaoBH.
Cb. JJlMHTpo aro6HTb Bpa3HTH cayxaniB HHMCb He3BHHaHHHM: MOTiepHHMH o6pa3aMH b BHKaani 6i6aÍHHoro TeKCTy, aHTHHHHMH aHeKHOTaMH; cepen, n,iaaorÍB 3ycTpinaGMO b ohhíh nponoBÍn,i po3-MOBy nponoBiflHHKa 3 MepTBHMH. Hk i b cBoi'x Bipmax (hhb. Y, B), bíh 3aaio6KH BaíHBaG caiB, mp aaiiepyíOTb a6o 3BynaTb noniÖHo on.-He no oflHoro; Hanp., „npHnainaöca HacTi nami Tocnopm", „nacame CBiraia i CBHHCbKOK) nHineio nHTaniaca", ,,BÍTpy i BoaHaM BocTaB-niHM", „o 3JiaTOCJioBe, 3JiaToraaroaHBe, 3jiaroycre HoaHHe, 3JiaTH-
mh TBOÍMH yCTaMH . , ,      HepíflKO MOBa CHHTaKCHHHO pHTMÍ30BaHa.
297
Ajie cb. ZImhtpo b CBoíx nponoBinax BMie nop;aTH h noöpe 3(pop-MyjibOBam 6orocjiOBCbKÍ a6o MopaabHi nyMKH. HJe načrime 3ycTpi-naeMO rapm Ta 3BopyniJiHBÍ KapTHHH, ocBÍTjieHi m'hkhm ryMopoM: Tana KapTHHa HaponJKeHHH XpncTOBoro, y BepTeni „Bce nione cbh-tíí", „KpyroM CHJiH neöecHHi KOHnepTH BocniBaiOTb, a xopoM ynpaB-jiHGTB CB. apxaHreji raBpHÍa, 6ia TaKTy HeyBanaiomoio i b 3hmí jiHjieeio". Ajie cbsthh Mir i Bnapirra cboimh nponoBiflHMH no cep-nax: bíh nepen o™a napa IleTpa 3MajnoBaB KapTHHy ôemceTy „napa Ipona" 3 y^iacTio noraHCbKHx öoriß, BeHepn, Baxyca Ta Map-ca, HaTflKaio^h Ha 3bhhkh Ta 3äHHTTH napa. 3BopyinjiHBa i Haô-jiimna íioro nponoßinb, mo nara^ye bíhomhh coh CkoBoponn: „nap-CTBO HeÔecHe" npHHinjio Ha 3eMJiio, ajie Tail boho He 3HaxoHHTb coôi mícuh: b napcBKiií „coKpoBmnHHni-. . . y3pijio .. . MHoraa ôaraTCTBa HenpaBe^HaH, coöpaHHaa op rpaôaema, on. o6in i cab03 aionci>KHx"; niiujio boho no KynniB, Ta noßannao oÔMaH, 6pexHio; niinno b „npn-Ka3H", TaM „cynin MHpnaa cjiOBeca raaroaeTb, a Hyuia ero noMHin-jiHGTb 3ao"; nimao Ha BecejiHH 6eHKeT, aae bíh 3aKÍHHyGTbca cBap-KOK); nimao b nepKBy, nooannao TaM HeyBary, HenoöoacHicTb, He jiHuie b Hapofly, aae ô y CBHmeHHKÍB; niinno TOfli n,apcTBo HeöecHe Ha ceao, noöa^HJio 6ina.KÍB, roaoflHHx, 3aeyflH{eHHx cyflOM, njiaiy-*ihx, „BosnHxaroiHHx", — ,jto bhhä, HeôecHOG n,apcTBo bo3Jik)6hjio na eejii míhth: .. . cez noKiíi míh, 33i Bceaioca". TaKHx nepaHH yKpaiHCBKoro irponoBiflHHnbKoro bmíhhh y cb. JXmwrpa. g KiabKa. Aae h Tyr öanHMo TimoBHH öapOKKOBini CTHab: BHKÍHHeHicTb cpop-mh, noBTopeHHH, napaaeai, aHTHTe3H, „peTopnicy" i öaacaHHH Bpa-3HTH cayxana opnriHaabHHM dpopMyaiOBaHHHM nyMKH. lie Bce CTHab ^KOHHeTo". Ha nponoBijiax ^MHTpa öannMO Hanaimne, mp ne 6a-
pOKKOBe BÖpaHHH  He nOBHHHe  3aKpHBaTH raHÔHHH 3MÍCTy  Ta 3BO-
pyniaHBOCTH o6pa3ÍB i nyMOK.
6. HaHBH3HaaHÍniHH npeflCTaBHHK nnniHoi öapoKKOBoi nponoßi-,hí — CTecpaH ílBopcbKHH. HßopcbKOMy HaaeacHTb onna 3 HHcaeHHHX yKpaiHCbkhx ÔapoKKOBHX ,,ni'ÍTHK", „PeTopOTHa pyna", ne 3HafineMo .flecHTKH (59) THX „TponiB Ta dpiryp", mo íx yacHBaB 3aaio6KH i eaM aBTop (ho peni, ni npHKpacn caMi 3obcím He noxonaTb 3 naciB 6a-poKKa, a HaaeacaTb wp aHTHHHÍH noeTHU,i). ZJíhcho, nponoßini HBop-■cbKoro „nepeoÖTHHcem" npHKpacaMH. HponoBini fioro 36ynoBam nacTO Ha po3BHHeHHx MeTadpopax. TaK nponoßinb npo cb. MHKoaaa 36yAOBaHa Ha nopiBHHHHi ůoro 3 oaTapeM nepicoBHHM. Hbopcbkhh p03rjiHHac oaTapi, m,o 3ranyioTbCH b nncbMi; MaTepiaa, 3 HKoro 3po6jieHÍ ni oaTapi, Mae CHMBoainHe 3HaneHHH: 3oaoTO CHMBoaÍ3yc ,aK>6oB, Minb — „rpoMoraacHicTb", „HerHiione aepeBo" — HHCTOTy, KaMÍHb — MyacHicTb Ta TepniHHfl, 3eMaa — „CMHpeHne". Yci chm-BoaH npHKaaHaK)TbCH ho híhtth cb. MHKoaaa. B íhuihx BHnaflKax
298
nopiBHHHHfl ROCHTB HecnonÍBam: cb. ,Z(ÍBa a6o 12 anocTOJiiß nopiß-
HJOIOTBCH 3Í 3HaKaMH 30RÍHKa,  cb. JXyX 3 bhhom toiho. ÍÍBOpCBKHH
yjKHBae i OKpeMHX nopißHaHB, npHKJianiß (nacTo aHTHHHHx), 3anH-TaHb Ta fliHJioriB, bíh jiioöhtb rpy cjiíb (nado JiaTHHCBKy), cniß-3BynHfl („Heraiioiuee hctjiíhhoh hhctoth nepeBo", „MHCJieHHaa Mac-jiHHa"), pHMH (BKopeHHTH i BineiiHTH, 3aKJiK)HeHHHH :: HacanaceH-hhh), Ta HaBÍTB BCTaBjíJiG b nponoBinB 3ne6ijiBma hBopanKOBÍ Bipuii. ByflOBa noro penem. 6a3yeTBca Ha napajiejiÍ3MÍ hh aHTHTe3ax („Th ipyacnacinca, a mh TpynaMH tboimh noHHBacM. Th Ha CMepTB ycTpeM-jiaGinca, a mh tím on CMepTH cboôohhí. Th Majio cnmuH, a mh 6e3COH-HHHeio TBoeio BHCHnjiaGMCH. .. " i t. n-)- JTk)6htb bíh i HanÍBryMO-Phcthhhí nopÍBHHHHH'. ,,rep6 armja" — „npHBHJiea 3 caMofi Kamje-jiapii" HeôecBKOH", „Hoíi gctb nepBHM anMHpajioM i BonHoro nyTH Í3'flBHTejieM. O Hog! o npecjiaBHHH aflMHpajie! O kojihkog ÍMaMH B03AaTH ÖJiaronapeme 3a tbog 03 Bora naHHoe MacTepcTBO. . ."; no Bora bíh 3BepTaGTBca: „O anTHKapio HeöecHHÖ, kojib ^HBHa y Teóa ajixHMÍa, kojib nynecHa y Teôa amreKa, KOTopaa i caMHc ann b jií-KapcTBa npeTBopHGTB i caMyro jiBBOByio jiiotíctb b cjianicTB npo-
MÍHHCTB  Í  CaMyK) ÍKOBH  MaHHOK)  TBOpHTB*'.  3MÍCT  nopÍBHaHB HaCTO
TpaflHĽtiHHHH — acHTTa g Mope: „Hlo gctb rpiiHHHK, ame He Mope HopHOG, 6e33aKOHÍG OHopHijiOG, jma i MÍpi rpixaM He ÍMymec, rop-RHM BoaHeHÍGM HMameeca, BirpaMH nyxoB 3jio6h KOJieÖJieMOG, ro-picTB i cjiamcTB rpixoBHyio b co6i coflepacamec, khtob ancBKHX no-raoiHaioiinix npeicnojiHeHoc". „njiOByiHHM HÍKorfla b Kopaôjii Kyn-ilflM npeôoraTHM, HaiíneTB CTpaniHaa 6ypa, HaHHyTB bojihh o ko-paÔJiB HiTypMyBaTH, CTpax Ha bcíx bcjihk, norpa3HOBeHÍG KopaÖJia 6jih3bko, CMepTB Tyr npen o^HMa. .. ". — Ha acajiB, nponoßini HßopcBKoro BH^aHo b Mockbí Ta no3MÍHK)BaHo MOBy i BHÔpaHo nepe-BaaíHo naHeripHHHi öoro nponoßini. THM^acoM Hbopcbkhh 3HaHiuoB i rjiíí u,apa neTpa nopiBHaHHH, nofliÔHe no nopiBHHHHa, wp Soro bhchb cb. ,H,MHTpo: ue 6eHKeT BajiTacapiß! npaßna, ue Micu,e npo-noBiflH HßopCBKHH BHKHHyB, KOJiH roBopHB nponoBinB, HKa MaG TeMy nofliÖHy no nponoßini cb. ,ZjMHTpa o ijapcTBi neSecHÍM: nponoBiHHHK HiyKaG npaBßH ,Ta mne ii He 3HaxoHHTB: „Xotíb a 11 myKaTH Ty, b Mockbí, a Mem nexTO CKa3aB, mo 3najieKa MHHyjia ropon, 3HaTH, m.o öoajiaca a6o KHyTa, aôo njiaxn, aôo KaTopra".
B KoacHOMy pa3i, nponoBinB HBopcBKoro penpe3eHTye hjih Hac neBHHH cthjib ÔapoKKOBoI nponoßini Ta g b CBOGMy poni nyJKe Maíi-CTepna.
7. neBHHä onip nnniHa ôapoKKOBa nponoBinB 3Haämjia b íh-moro npencTaBHHKa ÔapoKKOBoI nponoBifli, y TeocpaHa npoKono-BH^ia. Bíh 6yB npoTH mTyHHOi cxeMaTH3aD;ií, npoTH TeaTpajiBHocTH nponoBÍnHHu;BKoro cthjiio. Ha atajiB, fioro nponoBini, m,o BHnaHÍ,
299
BHÖpaHi ohhoöihho: ne Bee naHeripHKH üeTpoBi I. Bíh BHMaraB noBHajiBHoro 3MicTy, ajie oíjibuiíctb fioro nponoBiflefi, mo Haivr ßi-noMa, B3arajii He Mae pejiiriZHoro 3MÍCTy: ne BJiacHe hojiíthhhí
npOMOBH, Ajie Í B HHX 3HaÖneM0 paCHe BJKHBaHHH BCix peTOpHHHHX
npHKpac, bohh BHMaraWTB Bin, nponoBinHHKa TaKOJK TeaTpajibHoro acecTy Ta neKJiHManJHHOí bhmobh. Binpi3HHiOTbCfi bohh Bin, npono-Bin,eÄ HanpjiMy HBopctKoro rojiOBHe 3acjia6jieHHfiM MeTacpopHKH Ta
CHMBOJIÍKH.
nie npocTiHii Ta 3míctom i TeMaTHKOio 3ne6ijibina cyTo peni-riöm nponoBini CKpoMHiuioro yicpalHCbKoro nponoßinHHKa TaBpHjia ByjKHHCbKoro, inp MaiOTB 3HaaeHHH fljiH icTopii yKpaiHCBKoi npono-ßin,i rojiOBHe aepe3 Te, mp BHnaHo ix n.o6pe 3 pyKonncy 3 3Öepe-
JKeHHHM BJiaCTHBOCTeH mobh.
Maöace HeBipoMi (3a KijibKOMa BHHjrneaMH) nponoBifli C. To-HopcBKoro, yjHOÖJieHoro nponoßinHHKa npn flßopi n,apHu,i GjracaßeTH. Bohh u;ÍKaBÍ ö thm, mp aBTop Ix nepeöyBaB nip HHMajiHM bhjihbom 3axinHix, HÍMenbKHx mícthhhhx Tenia.
3acjia6jieHHfl rnniiHocTH 3ycTpinaeMo i b nponoßinax Kohhcb-Koro.
JXo apyroi noJiOBHHH 18 CTopinnji HajieacaTb i hbí nponoBini-
BHKJianH  CKOBOpOflH:   B hhx  BÍH,   hk  y  BCTyTIHHX  aKaneMÍHHHX bh-
KJianax, HaMÍTHB ochobh CBoro MicTHHHoro CBÍTorjifin.y. Ajie npn Bciö {pijiococpÍHHocTÍ ix 3MÍCTy (popMa ix me TpanHiiiinia SapoKKo-Ba: aBTop xone Bpa3HTH cjiyxaniB, inp6 hbm npHBepHyTH Ix yßary np cboIx nyMOK. Ocb HK nqnaß bíh nepmy nponoBint-BHKJian,: „Becb MHp cnHTB, Ta me He TaK cnirrb, íik o npaßenHHKy cKa3aH0: aiue na-npTb, He po36ieTbca ... CnnTb, tjihooko, npoTHrayBinHCb ... A Ha-CTaBHHKH, nacyiHHÍ l3pai'jiíi, He tíjibko He npoöyjKHBaioTb, ho me norjiaacHBaiOTb: cim, ne ôíhch, Micne xoponioe, noro onacaTHca. . JXpyry nponoBinb, ne bíh HaMinae cbok> nyMKy npo „oSoaceHHii", no-HHHae 3 KapTHHH napeMHoro myKaHHa npaBnH, XpHCTa b ycboMy cbítí : „He cmhcjihm, ne icKaTb. . . MHorni imyrb Gro b ghhho-HanajibCTBinx KecapH AßrycTa, bo BpeMeHax THBepieBHx... Hbctb 3flT>! MHornl BOJionaTbCH no GpycajiHMax, no HopnaHax, no Bntp-jiHGMax, no KapMHJiax, no 4>aBOpax; HioxaiOTb míjk GßcppaTaMH i TnrpaMH. .. Hbctb snfe, wBCTb! MHornl iinyTb Gro bo bhcokhx MHp-CKHX aecTax, bo BejiHKOJiinHHx noMax, bo nepeMomHjibHHx CTOJiax. .. MHornl imyTb, 3ÍBaa, no Bcerojiy6ÍM 3bí3hohochím cbo^í, no coHmo, no Jiym, no bcím KonepHHKOBHM MHpaM... IinyTB b noBrnx MOJieH-HHx, b nocTax, b CBHineHHHecbKHx oßpnnax... imyTb b neHbrax, b ctojiíthím 3nppoB'i, b njioTCbKÍM BocKpeceHHi... Hbctb sni!" CTHjiicTHKa CkoBopoflHHCbKHX nponoßinefi Tpaniin,ÍHHO ôapoKKOBa: MacMo TyT 3BepTaHHfl no cjiyxaniß, njajiorH, ryMopncTHHHi 3BopoTH
300
(nHB. y BHm,eHaBe,HeHHX om-aTax), cHMBOJiiKy, me CMijiHBiruy Ta me
Bpa3JIHBÍUiy  ßJIH  CJiyxaniB,   HÍ5K   CHMBOJliKa  ÍHIHHX nponOBiHHHKiB,
3ycTpÍHaeMo aHTHTe3H Ta napaflOKCH.
Tan yKpai'HCbKa nponoBint 3ajiHiiiajiaca MaůjKe 200 poKÍB y Me-jKax öapoKKOBOi Tpannnii. B 19 dopili nponoBiflb BHOniJia no3a MeHci KpacHo'í jiiTepaTypH. Ii biijihbh Ha jiiTepaTypy TOMy míhí-MajibHi. JliTepaTypHo-icTopHHHa Hayxa me nyJKe Majio 3poÔHJia RJia. ii nocjimJKeHHH. CKapÖH yKpaiHCBKoi 6apoKKOBoi nponoBifli — cpop-BiajitHi Ta HyxoBi — me neKaiOTb Ha yBary Hauioro noKOJiiHHH.
G. IcTopHMHa JiľrepaTypa
1. TaK caMe, hk i nponoBint, icTopiorpacpia nacis ôapoKKa me HajiejKHTB no KpacHoi JiiTepaTypH. MoHce jiHiue eyTo xpohícthhhí TBopn MaiOTB míny (pyHKH.no, amac cyTo jiiiepaTypHy. B kojkhomy pa3i me 1670 p. rycTHHCbKHfi icpoMOHax Mnxaojio JIochubkhh y ne-penMOBi ho xpoHÍKH Mir 3ranaTH ToMepa hk nonepenHHKa npan,i xpo-híctíb 17 ct., mpnpaBHa, Toiviepa He JiHuie hk noeTa, a h hk naTpioTa.
^[oÔpHM CBÍHHeHHHM npO BapTÍCTb Ta 3HaneHHH ßapOKKOBOl ho6h
b infi rajiy3i e Bace caMHH cpaKT, mo icTopHHHa npann ôyjia íhtchchb-Ha, mo kíjibkíctb íctophhhhx TBopiß pi3Horo rany ôyjia HHMajia Ta mo b mix TBopax iiaeMo MaÖHce 3aBHie neBHHä HanioHajibHHH cbí-
TOrjIHH.  lHOHÍ HeÖ HaniOHaJIbHHH  CBÍTOrjIHH p03njIHBaGTbCH  b cjio-
b'hhcbkíh, íhohí b npaBocjiaBHiö ineojiorii', ajie 6e3 Htoro He oôxo-Hhtbch, 3HaGTbCH, aHi onHH icTopHHHHH TBÍp yKpaiHCbKoro ôapoKKa.
JlexKi TBopn me HaB'H3yioTLCH ho CTapo'í jiiTonncHoi Tpannuii: Ha ríonaTKy CTopimn (kojio p. 1621) nepenncaHO InaTiBCbKHÔ jiíto-nnc (t. 3B. IIoroniHCbKHH cnHcoK), ajie me 1670 p. b rycTHHCbKOMy MaHacTHpi nocTac t. 3b. ,,rycthhcbkhh JiiTonnc", mo 6jih3bkhh h° CTaporo JiiTonncHoro Tnny. npoTHroM Emy nocTaioTb mhcjichhí xpohíkh, flinpii Ta 3anHCKH (neHKi BTpaneHo). He öyneMo Ha hhx 3y-
nHHHTHCH. H,ÍKaBÍ flJIH Hac bohh JIHHie nOHaCTH,  nOCKÍJIBKH B HHX
BÍHOHBajiHCH jiiTepaTypHHÖ cMaK Ta ineojiorin nacy. KpiM cyTo ícto-pHHHHx 3anHcoK, Tpeóa 3ranaTH me aBToôiorpacpiio, HKa po3BHBaGTb-
CH Ha TJli He CTÍJIbKH nOJlÍTHHHHX, CKÍJIbKH UepKOBHHX noniä Ta HÍKa-
Ba THM, mo nonaG neBHy xapaKTepncTHKy cyö'GKTHBHoro po3BHTKy aBTopa. íle — ni^pi*011! ATaHacin 3>HjiHnoBHHa (kojio 1645 p.). Teac opHriHajibHHH THH 3anHC0K penpe3eHTyG nonopoJK B. rpnropoBHHa-BapcbKoro no cbhthx 3eMjinx (nepen 1745 p.). ÍIkih,o npHGHHacMo me KijibKa HinpiÍB Ta 3anHCOK, mo cneniHJibHo npHCBH^em He ícto-pHHHHM noflÍHM B3arajii, a nepeacHBaHHHM OKpeMo'í ocoôh, to no6a-1HMO, mo neö 3a nacÍB 6apoKKa yjiioôJieHHH JKaHp aBToôiorpacpií, Ha
301
YKpaim He flyace po3noBCK)fla{eHHH: up 3H0By 3B'asaHe 3 3aHaflT0 homíthhm nyxoBHHM 3a6apBjieHSM ocBmeHHx kíji Ha YKpami Ta 3i cjiaÖKicTio cyTO JiixepaTypHnx cbítcbkhx iHTepeciß.
2. JliTepaTypHy oöpoÖKy flicTaan KÍJiBKa HaHCJiaBmniHx TBopiB, mp 3ByTBeH „JíiTonncaMH", ajie bía THny jíiTonncy ayiKe Biflxnaa-
lOTBCH. nepiHHH 3 HHX G JIÍTOnHC „CaMOBHflHH" (hKOIP Ím'h h flOCÍ 3 neBHÍCTK) BCTaHOBHTH He BflaaOCa) . BÍH OĎÍHMaG HaCH AO 1702 p.,
ajie nepnia öoro oöpoÖKa nocTajia neBHo fleet nicjiH 1672 p. Ta np-xoAHjia jiHHie flo 1674 p. JJpcHTb MajibOBHHHHH CTHJib aBxopa 3 rap-HHMH onncäMH Ta íhoaí flOCHTb HanpyaceHHM ApaMaTH3M0M onoBÍAaH-
hh, 3 AOCHTb npOCTOBD MOBOKD, 6jIH3bKOK) AO HapOflHOl (3yCTpiaaGM0
npHnoBiAKH), e, BJiacHe, arrepaTypHoio MacKoio: aBTop He JiHHie floö-pe 3axoBaB 3a Heio cbok> oco6y, — TaK iup Ii He 3'acoBaHo ň floci,
ajie 3aKpHB ÍCTOpHHHO-enÍHHHM CTHJieM TaKOaC i b eCTBi AOCHTb TeH-fleHHJĽHHHH BHKJiaA nOfllH 3  noraafly MOHapxiHHO-UIJIHXeTCbKOrO. —•
Ocb npHKJiaA mobh CaMOBHflira: „I TaK HapoA nocnojiHTHH na YKpami, nocjiHHiaBHiH o 3HeceHHK> bíhcbk KopoHHHx i reTbMamB, 3apa3 noaaanca KynHTH b nojiKH He tíjibko tíg, KOTopic K03aKaMH ÔHBajiH, ajie XTO i HiflH K03au;TBa He 3HaB . . . Ha tot aae Tyra BeaHKaa aiOfleM BCHKOro CTany 3HaTHHM önjia, i HapyraHHa oa nocnojiHTHx aiofleô, a HaHÖijIbHie OA ryjIbTHHCTBa, TO GCTb oa 6poBapHHKÍB, bhhhhkíb, MorHjibHHKÍB, ĎyAHHKÍB, HaÔMHTÍB, nacTyxiB" . . .
3. He 3aKpHBac cBoro oöanana Ta cboíx TeHflpHinS hía MacKOK) 06'GKTHBHoro JiÍTonHCĽ;a aBTop Apyroro BHAaTHoro icTopnaHoro tbo-py, TpHropiö rpaÖ'amca. Xoa nncaB bíh nicaa 1709 p. Ta noaHHaG CBoro icTopiio YKpaiHH aa< Bifl caMHx II noaaTKiß, npoTe rojioBHa noro TeMa — XMeabrnmaHHa — GflHHa aacTHHa, mo jiiTepaTypno flo-cKOHaao oöpoßaeHa, Ta noaacTH me fleam cTopiHKH, npncBaaeHi oco-6aM an nofliaM, flo hkhx aBTop Mae cHMnariio a6o iHTepec. Tpaö'aHKa KopHCTyBaBca He anme yKpamcbKHMH flacepeaaMH, a ô noabCbKoio (noabCbKoio Ta aaTHHCbKoio MOBaMH) aiTepaTypoio Ta 3axiflHÍMH nncbMeHHHKaMH (nycpeHfloptp) i He 3aMOBayc nboro cpaKTy. Cth-aicTHHHo Tpaö'aHKa nocepeflHbo Ta 6e3nocepeflHbo fifle 3a ifleaaoM
6apOKKOBOrO icTOpnaHOrO CTHaiO -        pHMCbKHMH iCTOpHKaMH, 30Kpe-
Ma JIíbígm. Mosa Tpaö'aHKH HaaeacHTb flo „BHiupro" CTHaio, amac MOBa CaMOBHflu;a.
4. HaHBH3HaHHmiHH Ta HaňoiabmHH TBip TpeTboro „aiTonncHa" yKpai'HCbKoro ôapoKKa, CaMiůaa BeanaKa; aacTHHH noro, mpnpaBfla, BTpaaem, TaK iup „JliTonnc" iíoro floxoflHTb flo 1700 p., xoa aBTop, 3flaGTbca, aobíb ňoro flo 1720 p. BeanaKO HaBÍTb po3BHBac b ne-peflMOBax flo 1-ro Ta 2-ro tomíb JíiTonncy fleaKi ochobh CBoro ícto-pHHHoro CBÍToraafly Ta cbog'í icTopnaHOi „MeTOfloaorii". JJacepeaa BeaHHKa He Memu pi3HOMaHÍTHÍ, ama< Ppaô'aHKOBi (TaK caMo ny-
302
(peHnppcp, 3 noeľiB Tacco), a biijihb cthjiícthkh phmcbkhx íctophkíb y Hfeoro me 6iaBUiHH, amac y Tpaö'iiHKH. BeannKo BKaanaG b ycTa CBoi'x repoiB KOpoTKi aöo aoBri npoMOBH, CKaanem Ha 3pa30K npoMOB
y TBOpaX JiaTHHCbKHX ÍCTOpHKÍB. CtHJIB. BeJIH^Ka nOCHTB CHJIbHO 3MÍ-
HioGTbca 3ajie»CHo Bin, npenMeiy fioro TpaKTyBamia: Moaoia roBopn-TH npo pÍ3HÍ HiapH fioro cTHJiio, — „bhcokhh" cthjib, mo HaranyG CTHjit yKpaiHCBKOi öapoKKOBoi nponoßini, 3ycTpinaGMo b npoMOBax, b naTeTH^HHX Micnax „JliTonHcy"; TaM, ne BeanaKO bhcjiobjiiog BJiacHi noraann, cthjib naaeno npocTiniHfi; me npocriniHH, ajie ö noeTHHHiniHH bíh TaM, ne BejiHHKo nonae onncn nonifi. IJa pi3HO-MaHÍTHÍCTi> cthjiio Haranyc CTapi yKpaiHCLKi JiiTonncH. TaK caMO, hk CTapi yKpaiHCbKi JliTOnHCH g hkhmhcb 3ÖipKaMH, eHDiHKJioneaiHMH CTapo'i (BejiHKOK) MipoK) BTpaaeHoi) jiiTepaTypH, TaK caMo g i b Be-annKa: bíh nonae TyT nneaeHHi Bipmi bíhpmhx (I. BeanaKOBCBKoro) Ta HeßifloMHx noeriß, 3ne6iaBinoro icTopnani Ta nojiiranHi, bíh Ha-B03HTB naHeripHKH Ta Harpoôm Hannen (eniTacpi'i) Tomo. Tßip Be-JiHHKa HacaMnepen, naa HBoro caMoro He tíjibkh JíiTepaTypHHŮ, a h
icTOpH^HHÖ, TOMy 3yCTpÍnaGM0 TyT i nOKyMeHTH Ta BHÔipKH 3 n.ace-
peji, nepeKa3H íhiuhx Tomo. —
Ocb MejiíiHxojiiHHHH onHc y BejiHHKa YKpaiHH no pyini:
,,riorjiHHyBniH . . ., bhhíx npocTpaHHHi ToroöonHHi ytcpal-Ho-MajiopociHCBKHi noaa i po3aeraHi AojiHHH, jiích i OÔniHpKHÍ canose i KpacHHi n,y6paBH, piKH, cTaBH, o3epa, 3anycTÍjiH'i, mxom, TpocTieM i nenoTpeÓHOio jiHnHHOK) 3apocniHÍ. . . Upen bíhhoio XMejiBHHnjBKoro ÖHCTB am BTopaa 3eMaa oÖiTOBäHHaa, MenoM i MJieKOM KHnamaa. Bh^íx a<e k TOMy Ha pÍ3HHX TaM Micn,ax MHoro KOCTeä aeaoBiaecBKHX, cyxnx i Harnx, TiaBKo He6o no-KpoB ceöi ÍMymHX i peKOx b yMi —■ kto cyTB chh?" A ocb 3pa30K onoBÍmaHHH:
Bíhcbko CipKa "„pyniHao Bropy /Jmnpa 30 Ciai cbogi, Ma-
K)HH MHOHíeCTBO BCHKOl 3ap6HaÍ KpHMCBKOl, i HCHpy TaTapCBKO-ro 3 XpHCTÍHHäMH b HCBOJIl KpHMCBKOl ÔyBHIHMH TpHHaanjHTH th-CHa.  OTflajIHBIUHCH TeflH CipKO 30 BciM BÍHCBKOM i KOpHCTbMH
03 KpHMy y MHJiB KiaBKona^maTB, i CTaHyBinn HirnHcB b npn-jihhhom Micu;y Ha nonac noaynHeBHH, bcjiíb ohhhm K03aKaM no npcxaTKy Kami BapHTH, aceôn naa hhx i naa acnpy Morao cTa-TH oho'í, a npyrHM BeaiB acnp HanBOG po3ayaHTH, xphctíhh oci6-Ho, a öicypMan ocíóho"; aacTHHa xpncTHaH noôaaíaaa noBep-HyTHCa no KpHMy: ,,Onny cthbuih renn ohhx aioneS 30 Kpn-My", CipKO, ,,B3onienniH Ha Mornay TaM ÖHBinyio, cMOTpiß Ha hhx noTiaB, noKiaB He CTaao Ix bhhho; a rnn yBHn.íb Ix Henpe-míhhog b KpHM ycTpeMaeHHG, Torna 3apa3 racaai K03aKaM mo-
303
jionHM BejiiB Ha kíhl bcícth, í nprHaBiira bcíx ... Ha rojiOBy bh-6hth i BHpyöaTH". „Majio 3acb noronHBiuH, i caM CipKO Ha kohä bcíb i CKOHHB TynH, ne ero opnonaHu, coBepniaBca CKyTKOM. .., Ho MepTBHX TpyniB bhmobhb Tamil cjiOBa: HpocTiTe Hac, oparia, a caMi cniTe TyT no cTpamHoro cyny TocnonHíi, HeacejiH ôHCTe míjih b KpHMy Memny öicypManaMH po3MHOHcaTHCH Ha Hauii xpHCTÍHHCbKHl MOJioneubKHi TOJiOBH, a Ha CBOK) BÍKHyio 6e3 xpe-meHHH nornöejib".
B nijioMy jiítohhc BejiHHKa nae HaM Han3BHnaHHO H,ÍKaBy Kap-THHy iHTepeciB, cthjiio, nepejKHBaHHH Ta nyMaHHH JiíonHHH yKpaiH-cbKoro ôapoKKa. IHpno Hboro bíh (MeHine — Tpaô'HHKa) 3aMÍHae HaM opnriHajibHe yKpamcbKe noBicxapcTBo, h Ke 3a aacis ÔapoKKa,
JIK MH ÔaHHJIH, MajIO p03BHHyjIOCH.
5. He SpaKyBaJio nopya „JIítohhcíb" i cnpoö íctophhhoí CHHTe3H, ceÔTo cnpoô icTopii YKpamH hk HayKOBoro TpaKTaTy. CyTO JiiTepaTypHe 3HaaeHHfi 3 hhx MaiOTb He bcí.
1672 p. Teonociö CatpOHOBHH, khíbcbkhh npo(pecop, CKJiaB „KpoÔHHKy 3 jiÍToroiCH,ÍB CTaponaBHix", a caMe CTapoyKpamcBKHX Ta nojitcLKHx. I1h „KpoÖHHKa", xoa JiiTepaTypHe bmíhhh II aBTopa He-BejíHKe, Mae neBHy jiiTepaTypHy MeTy: mcpopMainio bcíx, ,,xto po-Hhbcíi b npaBocjiaBHiö Bipi", npo po3bhtok YKpaÍHH, ih,o npHBÍB ii no cynacHoro Ii ciaHy. — JJ[ajieKo nepeBHiuye nocKOHajiicTio jiiTe-paTypHo'i oöpoÖKH npau.10 CaípOHOBHna „CHHoncHc" (npHnncyBaHo paHinie Ih. ri3ejieBÍ), mp 3'hbhbch 1674 p. Ta BHíe 1678 Ta 1680 p. 6yB nepeBHnaHHH Ta nepeBHnaBaBca mp moHaHMeHiue 25 pa3ÍB (me 1861 p.). IcTopiK) TyT nonaHo nepeBaacHO yKpaÍHCbKy, pocificbKa no-nacTtCH jiHuie hk neBHe nonoBHeHHH 3arajn>Ho'i KapTHHH Ta 3 BejiH-KHMH nporajiHHaMH. B nyci „cjiOB'HHocpijibCTBa" Ta icTopHHHoro ym-Bepcajii3My öapoKKa icTopia cjiob'hh noHHHacTbca me 3 aHTHHHOCTH, aBTop nonac (cpaHTacTHHHi) eTHMOJiorii icfopnnHHx ímch Ta Ha3B, y3rjiHnHK)g cjioB'HHCBKe noraHCTBO Ta HaponHi cTaponaBHi 3BHnai. — Hlo b Khgbí cBinoMO 3MarajracH nonaTH icTOpnmiy cHHTe3y yKpa-
lHCbKOl iCTOpil, nOBOnHTb TOO (paKT, IHP h nÍ3HÍHie, 1682 p., 6yB CKJia-neHHH  (KoxaHOBCBKHM)     naJIbHIHH    TBÍp,    „OÔHIHpHHH CHHOnCHC",
HKHH, mpnpaBňa, 3ajiHuiHBCH jiHHie BejíHKOK) 3ÔipKoio MaTepiajiy.
6. Ta icTopHMHa CHHTe3a, mp cnpaBni nonae 3 HairioHajibHoro norjiany cyuijibHy KapTHHy yKpaiHCbKoi* icTopii, HajieacHTb yace no noöapoKKOBoi enoxn: ne cjiaBH03BÍCHa „IcTopia Pyciß", mo hobohhtb BHKJian fl,o 1769 p. Xon nepenMOBa no „IcTopil" 3Be ľi „JIítohhcom", hkhh bíbch 3 CTapHx naciß, ajie híjikom hcho, mp He g TBip He ctíjibkh
iCTOpH^HHÖ, CKÍJIbKH HaHÍOHajIbHO-nOJIÍTHHHHH Ta jiiTepaTypHHH. Ab-
TopoM ii b CTapi nacH BBajKajiH T. KoHHCbKoro, hkhh híôh nepenaB 30h
iľ Tp. IIojieTHiti, nÍ3HÍuie — caMoro ľlojierHKy, ajie nocraB n,e& TBip, Tpeôa RyMaTH, Bace Ha nonaTicy 19 ct. 3 imniaTHBH yKpamcbKHx naT-pioTÍB, in,o BHKopHCTajiH öapoKKOßy icTopHHHy Tpannijiio, mo6 06-ťpyHTysaTH noarrnam BHMora yicpaiHnm npoTH pociöctKoro ypany. Abtop „IcTopľi Pyciß" nocjiinpBHO po3BHBae nyMKy, inp II HaMineHo Bace b nonepeamn yicpaincbKin íctophhhíh aiTepaxypi, a caiwe, mo nottiTHHHO-HaHioHaji&Ha Ta KyabTypHa icTopia yicpamn Mae cbok> BjiacHy Tpannniio 3 HancTapiinnx naciB. 3 nboro noraany ocBÍTjieHO
i  aHTOBCbKHH   Ta   nOJIbCbKHH   nepionn   yKpaiHCLKOl   iCTOpľi: MOJKHa
CKä3aTH, mo ne b Hom.y HanioHaabHa iHTymiji aBTopa npnseaa fioro AO npaBHJIbHOrO 3p03yMÍHHH icTopHHHoro MHHyjioro. IleHTpaabHHMH nocTaTHMH yKpamcBKoi icTopľi e naa aBTopa X.MejibHHi^i>KHÍi Ta Ma-3ena (xoh npo ocTaHHboro bíh i roBopHTb flyace oöepeacHo). Cbo'í no-jiíthhhí ayMKH Ta ineaan aBTop yicaanae b npoMOBn (Hanp., Xivieab-HHH,bKOro Ta IIojiyöoTKa), ancra (HaanBanica hh J-JoponieHíca), bí-A03BH (Ma3eiiH), cyan HyacnHn,ÍB npo YKpaiHy Ta yicpamnÍB (rycTaB Anpabťp, Kapao XII). y Taícnx Micnax aBTop bhhbjihg ceöe nncb-MeHHHKOM HHMajioi CHjiH BHpa3y, a b eniHHHX nacTHHax nonae npn-icaann CBoro bmíhhh onoBinara. Fojiobhhm 3aBnaHHaM icTOpnaHoro onoBinaHHH e xyT 3o6pa3HTH HanioHaabHnň Ta pejiiriHHnn thít noaa-kíb, a noTÍM Mockbh. He 3HaTn, hh Hen.ocTaTHboio o6po6icoio, hh 6a-jKaHHHM aBTopa BHKJíHKaTH b HHTaaa BpaaceHHH, mo TBip áoro nin-chhh „aiTonnc", caia. noacHHTH HeapcTaraio CKOMnoHOBamcTb n,i-aoro, Tan mo OKpeMi, no^acTn HeBaacnHBi enÍ3on,H 3aaHninanca 6e3 neBHoro 3B'a3Ky 3 n,ianM. MoBa „IcTopii Pyciß" Bace Ha po3nppiacaci Miac pociöcbKOKj aiTepaTypHOK) Ta yicpalncbicoio: yicpaiHCbici eaeineH-th BimanKoBi. Tßip MoacHa mobho npnay^HTn 30 „yicpamcbicoí uiko-jih" b poeiöcbKin aiTepaTypi, BepniKOM po3BHTKy aKo'i 6yan nÍ3HÍnie nncaHHa Toroaa. 3b'a3KH 3 CTnaicraKOio ÖapoKKOBoI yicpamcbicoi icTopiorpacpi'i npcnTb cnabHi, aae cTHab 3araaoM HaöanacacTbca no ,,Kaacnn;H3My" (ahb. po3nia VI-hS) .
7. HanioHajibHe 3HaaeHHa ßapoKKOBo'i icTopiorpatpii 6e3cyMHÍB-He. He MeHine i atiepaiypHe: Bca yicpaÍHCbKa icTopnaHa noe3Ía Ta SeaeTpncTHKa KopncTaeTbca hk aacepeaaMH ôapoKKOBHMH icTopio-rpacpaMn: IHeBaemco 6yn,ye „raňflaMaKÍB" Ha „IcTopií Pyciß", Ky-aiin y „"^opHin pani" Ha rpaö'HHni Tomo. HeMae cyMHÍBy, mo 6araTo BaacaTb i tí TBopn yicpaiHCbKoi ßapoKKOBo'i icTopiorpacpií, mo nncaHi noabCbKoio a6o aaTHHCbKoio moboio; Haž6iabnie — nncannô noab-cbKOio moboio Ta noabCbKH opiGHTOBaram aiTonnc Gpanna; tek caMe 3acayroByiOTb yBarn ň bíhomoctí npo yicpamy b nyacnx aire-paTypax, mo Beannoio Mipoio noxonaTb 3 yKpamcbKHx n,acepea. 06-poÖHTn n;eíí MaTepiaa 3 noraaay icxopnaHo-aiTepaTypHoro — mp saBAaHHH MaäöyTHbro.
805
JK. TpaKTaT
1. BejiHKOio MipoK) BzxonHTb no3a paMKH jíiTepaTypH 6apoKKo-Biiŕí TpaKTaT. y HHMajiiä nacTHHi bíh nncaHHH jiaTHHCbKoio moboio. JXo TpaKTaTiB öapoKKa HaaeacHTb BejiHKa kíjibkícti, nin.pyHHHKÍB kh-lBCBKOi aKafleMii Ta íhuihx (npaBocjiaBHHx Ta h KaTOJinnbKHx) ihkíji. ^jih icTopii jiiTepaTypn MaiOTb BejiHKe 3HaneHHa ninjpyHHHKH noeTH-KH, mo non,aiOTb Teopiio thx jiÍTepaTypHHx (popM, hkhx npaKTHKy MaGMo b TBopax öapoKKOBoro KpacHoro   nncbMeHCTBa. Teoaorinm
TBOpH JiaTHHCbKOK) mobok> MaiOTb   (flK, Hanp., GflHHHH flOCi BejIHKHH
TpaKTaT npo ocHOBHy florMaTH^Hy pi3HHiiK> KaTOJiHii;bKoi Ta npaBo-cjiaBHOi aorMaTHKH, „noxonaceHHa cb. .ZIyxa" AflaMa 3epHÍKaBa a6o niflpyHHHK npaBocjiaBHoi n,orMaTHKH T. npoKonoBHna) nonacTH ä noci HayKOBe 3Ha^eHHa. 3acjiyroByiOTb Ha yßary MOB03HaBMi npani yKpaiHCbKoro ôapoKKa (rpaMaTHKa Mejieria CMOTpniibKoro, cjiobhhk riaMBH BepHHflH). BapoKKOBHH TpaKTaT Mac 3aBJKflH neBHy Kpacny jiiTepaTypHy (popMy, noHHHaionH Bace 3i CKJianHHx Ha3B. TaK 6a-
POKKO CTHJliCTHHHO OipOpMJIIOBajIO HaBÍTb HayKOBe npHJiaflfla (pÍ3HH-
He HH acTpoHOMi^He. Ta HaH6e3nocepen,HÍme flo KpacHoI jiiTepaTypn HajieacaTb TBopn, nncam cjiOB'aHo-yKpai'HCbKoio moboio: bohh 3BepTaiOTbCH no HinpoKoro KOJia HKTamB Ta MaĚace 3aBacflH nocifla-
K)Tb HlKaBe CTHJliCTHKHe OCpOpMJieHHa. Mh MOJKeMO TyT 3BepnyTHca
jiHine no KijibKox 3pa3KÍB yKpaiHCbKoro öapoKKOBoro TpaKTaiy.
2. Xtajii icHyc nojieMmHHH TpaKTaT (flHB. po3niJi IV). Horo CTHJib noMajiy CTaG CKJianminHM, BHKJian AyMOK BinxoflHTb nacTo Ha flpyrHH njiHH, a Ha nepmoMy — noTen, jiaŮKa Ta mnioro xapaKTepy SBopoTH no noHyiTH Ta BOJii, a He n,o po3yMy ^HTana. HaäxapaKTe-Phcthhhíhihh TBip nboro CKJiannoro eMOiiioHajibHoro CTHjiio — ,,Tpe-hoc" Mejieria CMOTpnnbKoro (nojibCbKoio moboio). lie „jihmcht" yK-KpaiHCbKoI iiepKBH, HKa ň BHKJiaflac, hk npaBflHBa Mara, apryMeHTH npoTH ymi Ta 3a npaBocjiaBHy Bipy. Bace TaKa paMKa BHKJiany — ÔapoKKOBa. B nepniHX nBox po3fliaax CMOTpniibKOMy BflacTbca Ha-cainyBaHHaM HapoflHoi (popMH roaociHb, pHTMÍ3an,ieio mobh, HHcaeH-HHMH noBTopeHHHMH Ta cnÍB3ByH^aMH flocarayTH CHjiH BpaaceHHH'. „rope MeHi 6inHÍä, / rope HemacHio, / ax — 3 ycix 6okíb orpa6oBa-híh, / .. . pyKH b Kafiflanax, / apMo Ha hihi, / nyTa Ha Horax, / jiaH-inor Ha Kpnacax, / Men Han tojioboio ooocíhhhh, / Bona nin HoraMH rjiHÖOKa, / oroHb no 6oKax HeBracHMHH / . . .". „npeKpacHa a 6yaa nepen yciMa, / aioöa ň MHjia, / rapHa, hk 3opa paHHa Ha cxofli, / KpacHa, HK Micaiib, / BHsna^Ha, aK comie, / onnHa^raa y MaTepi cbo-gI . . .". „Bei MeHe onöirjra, / bcí noropnHjra, / poflH*ii moi flaaeKO Bin, MeHe, / npHHTeai moi HenpnaTejiaMH CTajiH ..." (HepeKaan M. Tpy-meBCbKoro). nepcom<pÍKOBaHa npaBocjiaBHa   n,epKBa   nepeainyc tí
306
MHCJieHHi KHH3ÍBCBKÍ Ta HBOpHHCBKi pOflH, IU.0 3ajIHUIHJIH npaBOCJiaB-
Hy Bipy, nepefinijiH na KaTOJiHirH3M, ajie hh He me nacTinie no „api-hh": i Te h Te npHBonn.no no p,eHan;ioHajii3aD;ii! IlepKOB 3BepTaGTtcH
RO CHHÍB CBOIX Í3 3aKJIHK0M HO BÍpHOCTH. Beet Hefi „JiaMeHT" - aJK
22 CTopiHKH; jíiTepaTypHo oöpoöJieHi fi cyTo 6orocjioBCBKÍ nacTHHH, npHKpauieHi TeKCTaMH, a iHoni nirraTaMH 3 noeTis (m. íh. ueipap-
KH)  í T. fl. CMOTpHUjBKHH He 3aKÍHHHB CBOGl niHJIKHOCTH HK nOJieMÍCT
,,TpeHocoM" Ta npoBanHB najii nojieMÍKy ,,3 npyroro 60ny" i ni3HÍnie, hk yJKe nepenuiOB Ha ymio. J_Io BH3Ha^HHx TBopiB nojieMÍKH (Te>K 3 060X 6okíb) HajiencaTb me nncaHHH K. CaKOBH^a Ta HanncaHHH íioMy y BÍnnoBÍnb (Moace Morajioio) npaBocjiaBHHH „JIítoc". y jii-TepaTyphhx nacTHHax ôíjibhiocth uhx TBopiB Ta caMa óapoKKOBa nnuiHicTb Ta HecTpHMamcTb y BHpa3ax, noTenax i Hananax. Haä-BHSHa^HiuiHH Tßip yeiei nojieMÍKH — „IIajiÍHon.ÍH" 3ax. KonncTeHCbKO-ro (nncaHa 1620-1 p.). Ochobhhh 3míct TBopy — npaBflHBa Ta cep-ňo3Ha öorocjioBCBKa nojieMÍKa. Ajie BOHa npHKpameHa thm cemhm
ÔapOKKOBHM naTOCOM, BHKpHKaMH, 3BOpOTaMH, HOTenaMH, HpHnOBifl-
KaMH, naHeripHKaMH (OcTpo3bKOMy) Ta — 6e3yMOBHO aBTopoM ny->Ke o6po6jieHOK) — npoMOBoio TepôypTa Ha BapiuaBCbKOMy coíimí.
3. Majia yKpamcbKa jiiTepaTypa i cyTo-HayKOBi TpaKTäTH. IUe b caMHx no^aTKax cthjiícthkh öapoKKa ctoitb „3epna.no SorocjioBia" KHDHJia TpaHKBÍJiioHa CTaBpoBentKoro (1618, 1635 Ta íh.). „B tíh KHH3Í.. . noKJianajiocH npocTHH H3HK i cjiOBeHCbKHH..." KHHra no-nac BHKJiaR 6orocjioBCbKoi HayKH npo Bora, npo cbít y fioro hoth-
pbOX   p033ÍJiaX   (HeBHRHMHH-HHrOJIbCbKHH,   BHflHMHH,   JIIOnCBKHH Ta
cbít 3Jia — HopTÍB), HapeniTÍ npo „^OTnpe ocTaHHÍx peni jiiorhhh" (cMepTb, ocTamfi cyn., pan Ta neKJio). Cthjil rochtb npocTHH, BHKJian, He nepeoÖTJiJKeHHH jiiTepaTypHHMH npHKpacaMH. — CHCTeiwy ,,mo-paJiBHoi ôorocjioBii" nonaB Ih. Tisejib y khh3Í ,,Mnp 3 BoroM hojio-BiKy" (1661 Ta 1678) : ne, BJiacHe, ninpy^HHK njiH'CBHmeHHKÍB npn cnoßini. I TyT BHKjian, npocTnň (xom KHH>KKy nncaHO Bace b nacn po3KBÍTy óapoKKOBoro cTHJiio). B KHH3Í cHJia noöyTOBoro MaTepiHJiy, ajie äBTop Jinnie npHHarinHo bhpohhtb HaponHe cjiobo ra ne Kopnc-
TyGTBCH HapORHOK) CJIOBeCHÍCTK), — IIÍKaBÍ, XO*i i „XaOTH^HÍ" TpaKTäTH MaeMo HaBÍTb 3 3aKapnarra 3-nin. nepa o. Mnxanjia AHn.pe.njia, n.e cnpoÔH ôapoKKOBoí nonyjrapHo-HayKOBoi (6orocjioBCbKo'í) po3-bíhkh.
4. B;ÍKaBy cTopÍHKy 3 icTopiií yKpamcbKoro TpaKTaTy yTBopioioTb npani TaBpnjia J-IoMenbKoro, — 3 fioro ^HCJieHHHx np03a'räHHx tbo-piB BHRpyKyBaHo KÍJibKa („ITyTb k bíhhoctí" cto pokíb nicjia fioro HanncaHHH — 1784 p., b pycHcpÍKOBamfi (popMÍ; nBa íhuií TpaKTäTH BHRaHi HayKOBo Bace b 20 ct.). IIÍKaBÍ bohh He ctíjibkh 3míctom, —
307
3MÍCT ÍX 30CHTB TpaflHLliHHHH MepHeiIbKH-aCKeTHHHHH. Ajie MOBa IX
Hap,3BHHaHHo naaeKO ßinöirac Bin. H.epKOBHocaoB'aHiii.HHH i, nocKijit-kh ne g uiaKOM „npocTa MOBa", to MOJKe npaBHTb naa Hac sa HanKpa-ihhö 3pa30K mobh ocBineHoro cycniabCTBa thx nacÍB, kíhh.h 17 ct. (TBopH T-ÍOMenbKoro micam 3ne6iabina míjk 1680-90 pp.)- Ilncane
fljia HeHI^ÍB  „O  B03BaHHK) HO 3aK0Hy Í  O  HOCKOHaaOCTH BHieflHIHX
b Hero", 3ÔynpBaHe rapHo, cHCTeMaTHHHO (3 *í.acTHHH b 20 po3ni-aax), aae híhk, KpÍM HeHHcaeHHHX 6í6jiíhhhx tckctíb He Haranye ijepKOBHOi mobh; HaBÍTt i^HTaTH 3 othíb r^epKBH nncaHo tígio caMoio moboio, mo h Baacm MÍpKyBaHHH aBTopa. Ot hk bíh 3BepTaGTBCH no ,,3aKOHHHKÍB'': ,,Bo b He6i He thx KopoHyiOTb, KOTopHi HaHHHaiOTb, ajie
thx, KOTOpHl aHC RO CMepTH BHTpHBaiOTb. GlHe B nHCbMÍ ÔOJKOM TOG
03HaHMyGTb, iac rocnony Bory HirnH He nonoßaGTbca rjiynHH i He-BÍpHHH o6ít ... Ajie mp ropuiaa, ace 6e3HecTHG Bory npiraocHTb i kphb-ny HHHHTb, noHeBaac, y^HHHBUiH o6ít i BHKOHäBHin npncary, He 3a-xoByiOTb, HKO npHCTOiTb; Ha TaKOBHX enycKaGTb Bor ayK rHÍBy cbo-cro...". „O nocjiyuiaHHi" ranac JJoMeubKHH: „YBaat, im 3aKOH gctb cjiHHHHH i nopornS BepTorpan., nopanKH i ycTaBH cyxb menuma npe-Bec b HeM, KOTopne inenHB caM Chh Boäíh ... CTepenn Tóro BepTO-rpana gctb cBHToe nocayiuaHHG, KOTOpOG KoacnoMy poSothhkobí yKa-3yGTb, 1140 MaGTb hhhhth . . . Til, KOTopnii onaTpyioTb npeBeca i me-niHHH, to GCTb 3axoByiOTb nopanpK i ycTaBH, cyTb 6ap30 mehhmk rocnony iHcycy XpncTy. Aae Ha HenocjiyniHHa, KOTopnc ncyiOTb bhhhh-uk> cro, hko MOHcexb aacKaBe Ha hhx 3pira? . ." — Ue np BCboro ni-KaBHH npiwaan, naa xapaKTepncTHKH BÍncyraocTH, xoh 6h hkoí mob-hoi HopMH naa pÍ3HHx ařrepaTypHHx ťaryHKiB. Ile 6e3yMOBH0 36a-ranyG mobhí mojkjihboctí Koamoro ťaTyHKy, aae nepeniKonacaG bh-poöaeHHK) MOBHo-CTHaicTHHHOi Tpan.HH.il b KoaíHOMy MOBHOMy mapi.
5. IleBHHH po3KBÍT nepeacHB TpaKTaT Ha npHKmni 6apoKKOBoi enoxH — b TBÖpax Tp. CKOBoponn. CkoBopofli HaaeaíHTb íhihhh TpaKTaT MopaabHoi 6orocaoBÍ'í „HanaabHaa nßepb ko xpHCTHHHCbKO-My flo6poHpaBÍio", nncaHHH yace Raa CBÍTCbKHX ^HTaniB. BaacHe ne
KOHCneKT BHKaanÍB CKOBOpOHH: 3yCTpÍHaGM0 TyT i CHCTeMaTHMHHÍÍ P03BHTOK i aCpOpHCTHHHHH BHKaafl HyMOK. OShRBÍ (pOpMH 3H0By CnO-
aynaiOTbca b niaaorax CKOBoponn, npncBaneHHX BHKaanpBÍ noro MicTHHHoro, TeopeTHMHoro Ta MopaabHoro cBÍToraany. CKOBopona KoxaGTbca 30KpeMa b aHTHTe3ax Ta noBTopemiax. ,,B n,bOMy n,iaoMy cbítí 6any a nBa cbíth ... Cbít bhtihhh Ta hcbhrhkh, acHBHÔ Ta MepT-bhh, nianä Ta po3naflaHBHH. Ileä g pH3a, a tok — riao. Ilea — tíhb, a Ton — RepeBo. . . OTace, cbít y cbítí g to bí^híctb y Tamm, acHTTH y cMepri, npoôyfl y chí, cBÍTao y tbmí, y 6pexHÍ npaBRa, b nenaai pa-nicTb, b ofl^ai Haflia" (míh nepeKaan.). A60: „Cbít n;eH g Beamte mo-
308
pe . .. Ha utoMy maaxy 3ycTpiaaK)Tb Hac KaM'hhí CKeai Ta CKejib-kh; Ha ocTpoBax — CHpeHH, b raySHHax — khth, y noBÍTpi — bítph,
XBHaiOBaHHH yCIOflH; BÍfl KaMeHÍB ■— HITOBXaHHS, Bip, CHpeH — 3Be-fleHHH,  Bifl KHTÍB - 3arjIHTaHHH,    Bifl   BiTpÍB - IipOTHBJlSHHH, BÍfl
xbhjib — noTonjieHHH.. ." nopya hhx hí6h 3obhíhihíx npHKpac
TBOpH CKOBOpOflH nOBHÍ rapHHX nOpÍBHHHB, KOpOTeHBKHX Ta pOSBHHeHHX. BÍH p03nOBÍflaG flOCHTb flOBri icTopii, HKÍ nOTÍM CHMBO-
aiHHo BHTOBMaaye, bíh HaBOflHTB i KopoTiui 6afiKH (bíh i HanncaB MHMajio npo3aiaHHx 6aůoK), flo hkhx floflae annie KopoTiny „mo-paab", bíh HaBOflHTB i OKpeMi nopiBHaHHa: „Bor e nofliÓHHH noBHo-My (poHTaHOBi, mo HanoBHioG pÍ3HÍ nocyflHHH 3a ix bmíctom. Hafl (poH-TaHOM Hannc: HepiBHa yciM píbhíctb. JLmoTbca 3 pÍ3HHX pypoK pi3ni tokh b pÍ3Hi nocyflHHH, mo Koao cpOHTaHy ctohtb. MeHiua nocyflHHa Mae MeHHie, aae b TOMy g 6íjibujíh piBHa, mo TaK caMe g noBHa": „Bci... oóflapoBaHHH (jibdahhh) , inp g TaKi pÍ3HÍ, hhhhtb toh caMHH JJyx cbhthů . . . y My3HHH0My opráni Te caMe noBÍTpa BHKaHKac pÍ3HÍ rojiocH aepe3 pÍ3Hi pypKH". KoxaeTbca CnoBopofla i b rapMomi mo-bh. BHKaafl iíoro noBHHH cnÍB3Bya: „hochmhm HOCHTtca i flepacHMHM flepacHTbca", „MoaBHTB bcímh MoaBaMn", „BÍTpeHo Beceaic", „6e33a-kohíh 6e3flHa", „cbít i cobít", „Mope MHpa". nopya nboro 3ycTpiaaGM0 Phmh: „6iaca i HaSiaca", „aero aceaaTb, a aero yóiraTb", 30KpeMa pHMoBaHi a<popH3MH: „xto bo mp BaioSHBca, tot b to i npeo6pa3HB-ca", „3 npHpofloio acHTb i 3 BoroM 6htb". Bifl nboro Bace 6e3nocepefl-híh nepexifl flo fioro enirpaM (flHB. a. 4). MoBa aacTO pHTMÍ30BaHa.
6. HiKaBa ř fliaaoriHHa cpopMa tbopíb CKopoBOflH. Ha acaab, TpeSa BH3HaTH, mp BOHa BeaHKOK) MipoK) annie cyTO 3obhíhihji npn-Kpaca, mp He 3aHBaGTBca opramaHo 3i 3míctom tbopíb. Jlnine 3piflKa yaacHHKH fliaaory xapaKTepH30BaHÍ iHflHBiflyaabHO, aae mofli aBTop, Ma6yrb, 3a6yBac npo ix ocoóhctíctb Ta bohh b flaabmoMy xofli fliaaory rpaiOTb iHiny poaK), amac flOTH. 3anHTaHHa, mp ix CTaBaaTb yaachhkh, BaacHe, He flonoMaraíOTb po3bhtkobí flyMKH. JJyMKa po3nofli-aaGTbca Miac yaacHHKaMH fliaaory aBTopoM. KyflH nÍKaBÍnii fliaaorn TeotpaHa npoKonoBHaa, mp nncaB i íhhií TpaKTaTH (oSrpyHTyBaHHH pocificbKoro a6coaiOTH3My b „npaBfli Boai MOHapnieň" Ta „J-JyxoB-HOMy peťaaMeHTi" — oÓHflBa TBopn nÍKaBÍ BacHTKOM MOflepHHX npaB-hhhhx Teopiá: PoSca, rponja Ta íh.). J-JiaaorH npoKonoBHaa „p03-roBop flepeBOfliaa 3 KynnpM" Ta „Po3roBop rpaacflaHHHa 3 ceaaHHHOM Ta niBueM uppkobhhm", rop npHCBaaem nHTaHHaM peairÍHHHM (nep-hihh npo 3HaaeHHa nppKBH, Apyrnn npo 3HaaeHHa flyxoBHoi ocbíth) noaacTH 36yflOBaHÍ hko fliaaorn Hafl3BHaaHH0 Bflaao, xifl po3MOBH npnpoflHHH, flyMKa oahígí ocooh B'aaceTbca ao flyMKH flpyroi, oco6h inofli, HaBÍTb y mobí, cxapaKTepH30BaHÍ hk ÍHflHBiflyyMH.
309
7. /JiiuiorinHa (popata He ôyjia b yicpaiHCbKiö jirrepaTypi HOBa: 30KpeMa Tpe6a 3ranaTH THnoBHÖ TeMoio niHJioriaHHH TpanxaT ,,Khh-ra o catepTi" 1626 p., mo b cpopMi po3MOBH nonac HaHHcaxjiHBÍmi KapTHHH ,,ocTaHHix peneň jiBDflHHH": cMepTH, ocTaHHboro cyny, neic-jia — xa npcHTb KopoxKo — paio. Ocb xnnoBa npoMOBa imrojia ho jiiohhhh : „Tbog xijio. .. BJKe xenep, 6in,HHH nojioBÍae, cJiaöic, a no Majioi xBHJii i onepeB'flHie; . . . npHHcaHHa cepna HacTynye, nepcn saHMyTbCfl, nyjibCH BcxaHyxb, oni Mrjioio 3aHn,yTb, h3hk yMOBKHe, ropjio oxpnniG, 3y6n noaopmiOTb i Bei HJieHH, hk KaMÍHb 3TBepniioTb i noojiiflHyTb. /],OKTopH Te6e oncTyn'jiTb, jiiicapCTBa He noMoryTb, OTenb, i Mara, i oparia, i npnaTeni Bace xeöe He nopHTyioTb, noTpaBH acanHoi i nHBa np6pH'i KonrcyBaTH He 6ynem, 3 míciih Ha MÍcn.e, 3 aiac-Ka Ha jiíjkko nepeHocHTH ie6e 6ya,yTb, ôyneín xotíth mo mobhth, ajie H3HK cJiyjKHTH He 6yne, cxoaeni B3apxHyTH, ajie nepcH He np-nycTHTb, 6yaeni xotíth 3 npnaTeaaMH po3mobhthch, aae He bo3mo-aceni; BHyTpeHOCTÍ 6yne rapaaica neKTH, a 3bhí xaan, i nÍT 3hmhhh, 3HaK ne(peKTÍB TÍJiecHHX Ha toÔ'h ch noicaace; npHHTejii npn toôí Ôynyrb ctohth, a th ix bhhíth He Ôyneín, 6y«yTb 3 toôok) mobhth, a th ix cjiHinaTH He ôyneín, ßynyrb Hap; t06010 njiaKaTH, ajie to6í HÍHoro He noMoryTb, öynyTb th HanoMHHaTH, a th Toro po3yMÍTH He 6ynein; a no tím, Korna on Te6e CMpoa, 3axon,HTH 6yne, mac npeacae yMpem, bcí Te6e ocTaBjiHTb". — íle acicpaBHH npnicaan, ranoBoro ÖapOKKOBoro ,,HaTypajiÍ3My" Ta po3BHHeHHa onmGi 3 yaioöaeHHX TCM öapoKKa.
3 nojioBHHH 18-ro CTopiaaa TpaKTara yKpamcbKHx aBTopÍB no-Majiy nonaaa nncaTHca 3ne6ijibiHa b pocÍHCbKÍH mobí. Ix TpeSa 6paTH AO yBara npn BHKJiani icTopii yKpai'HcbKOi nyMKH, 30 yicpamcbicoi jií-TepaTypH bohh Bace He HaaeacaTb.
3. yKpaiÍHCbKa öapoKKOBa JirrepaTypa Ha tjií JiiTepaTypH cbítoboí
1. Be3cyMHÍBHHH po3KBÍT yicpamcbicoi JiiTepaTypH b aacn 6apoK-Ka nocTaBHB 11 b tíchí 3b'h3kh 3 JiÍTepaTypoK) cbítoboio: jiÍTepaTypa, inp nepeacHBac nepioa, ninHeceHHa, MycHTb 3aBHca,H aepnara 3 cbítoboí JiiTepaTypH HKHaHuinpnie. 3 npyroro 6oKy, MoacHa Ôyjio neicaTH BnjiHBy yKpai'HCbKoi aÍTepaiypn Ha cyciniß: i TaicHÔ BnjiHB, Ta nn-MajiHÍi, g, xoa i HanpHMOsaHHH bíh jiHuie 30 HaöÖJiHÄCHHx cycinÍB.
2. Mh BJKe ßanHjiH, mp b yicparncbKÍo öapoKKOBifi Jiixepaiypi g neBHa nepeBara ayxoBHHX ejieMeHTÍB. Grace, 3HaňoMCTBo 3 3axinHboio jiÍTepaTypoK) Ta KopHCTaHHH Heio TpoxH onHoôinHe. Ajie He opaicyc i aeaicoro 3HaiiOMCTBa 3 arrepaTypoio cbítcbkoio (nop. 3aBBarn npo enoc, noBÍCTb). IleBHHH MaTepiaa naiOTb npaMi 3ran,KH npo 3axin,HÍx
310
aBTopiß: ajie nHiyBaHHH npnponHe anme b nojieMiHHiö Ta HayKOBiö jiiTepaTypi. ^aabniHH MaTepiaji naiOTb HaM onncn 6i6aioTeK ynpa-ÍHCbKHX yneHHX Ta n,íhhíb (3ne6inbiua n,yxoBHHx: MornaH, CaaBH-HeuBKoro, Ct. ÜBopctKoro, ITpoKonoBHHa, ff,u. Tymaaa, A. Man,íg-BHHa, aae ň npo cbítcbkhx MaeMo RexKim MaTepiaa: nop. 3ran.KH b 3anncKax H. MapKOBH^a, XaHeHKa). AHTHHHa aiTepaTypa 6yaa bí-HOMa npöpe, Haňôiatnie aaraHCBKa; oTniB n,epKBH (cxinmx 3ne6iab-nia b aaTHHCBKHX nepeicaanax; Ta CTaBpoBenbKHH HaBÍTb roBopnB, KonncTeHCbKHH inoHaHMeHine HHTaB no-rpen,bKH) 3Haan Hoope; aae 3ycTpinaGMo i 3ranKH npo aHTHHHHX (piaococpiB; cxoaacTHKa cepen-HbOBi^a 6yaa npöpe sinoMa b KaTonHULKHx Koaax, aae h npencTaB-hhkh HeopTop,oKcaabHHx Tenin; HaimiKaBinie 3HaöoMCTBo 3 MHcae-HHKaMH peHecancy (MaKÍHBeaai, IIíko ne aa MipaHnpaa, T. üaeTOH, M. Ky3aHCbKHH, IJaôapeaaa, üeTpo PaMyc. JJjacopnaHo BpyHo, Kap-HaH, Epa3M, Arpina HeTecraÖMCbKnä, BoneH, Bißec), a ine öiabiue, po3yMÍGTbca, öapoKKa (BeKOH, Kenaep, AabCTen, .ZJeKapT, JlboK, To6c, rponiä, KoMeHCbKHH, Moace ö Cnmo3a). JIXe innpine 6yao 3Ha-HOMCTBO 3 peairiÜHOK) aiTepaTypoM, m;o Mac He Maae 3HaHeHHa naa KpacHo'i jiiTepaTypH (Hanp., HyxoBHa nicHH, TBopn mícthkíb Toinp).
3. üepeKaaniB 6yao nyJKe Mano. Aae ne 3BHHaÖHa pnca Kyab-TypH öapoKKo: BOHa BeanKOio Mipoio npH3HaHeHa naa nyxoBHHX Ta CBÍTCbKHx BHníHx BepcTB. IlepeKJianiB 3 aaTHHH He Tpeöa 6yao, 60 ni Koaa 11 3Haan; nje MeHine 6yao norpeÖH b nepeKaanaHHi 3 nojib-CbKoi. OTHce, 3ycTpiHaGMo Jiňme b „hhhíhhx" ccpepax aiTepaTypn (noßicTb, npH3HaneHa i naa Hapony, Bipnia) nepeKaann 3 aaTHHH (nop. BHme npo BejiHHKOBCbKoro, mo nepeitaanaB aHrniScbKoro enirpaMaTHCTa OßeHa, CitoBopony, m,o nepeKnanaß Beprinia, Oßinia, ropaqia, Ta HOBoaaTHHCbKHx noeTÍB MypeTa Ta Poniia i t. n,-), 3 noabCbKoi (noBicTi — hhb. BHine, Bipuii), nemo i 3 necbKoi; 6yan HaBÍTb nepemianH HÍMeu,bKHx nyxoBHHx niceHb (C. TonppcbKoro). Aae noMHHaaHca cnpoÔH ä cepäo3HiniHx nepeKaaniß: np hhx Haae-aca.Tb nepenyciM nepeKaann-nepepoÖKH CKOBoponH 3 IlayTapxa, U,i-u,e])OHa. ZüaaeKO n,ÍKaBÍme 6yao 6 ycTaHOBHTH HacainyBaHHH nyacnx aBTopiß (nop. npo BoKKaano b po3fliai npo noßicTb), aae naa nboro me 3po6aeHo nyace Maao. XapaKTepncTnaHo, mo nponoßinHHKH nac-To UHTyioTb nepeßaacHo aaTHHCbKy CTapy Ta HOBy aiTepaTypy Ta Ha-13ÍTB poôaaTb aaTHHCbKOK) moboio cboí n,Hcno3Hn,ii (ÜBopcbKHH, By-aíHHCbKHii). Aae npo KopncTaHHH aaTHHCbKOK) CTapoio Ta hobok) ai-TepaTypoK) MaGMo noKH Maao MaTepiaay. JXyme xapaKTepncTH^me cßinaeHHH npo 03HaôoMaeHHÍCTb yKpamnis 3 HOBoaaTHHCbKOK» aiTepaTypoK) pae piaabHicTb yKpamcbKHx nepeKaa^aniB y Poci'i: iix Tipan;iOBaao TaM HHMaao, bohh nepeKaaan cothí tbopíb, HHMaaa i'x nacTHHa — ne tboph aaTHHCbKoi* aiTepaTypn 17 CTopinna.
311
4. BnjiHB yKpaiHCbKOi ařrepaTypn Ha pociöcbKy b 17 ct. Be-jiHHe3HHH Ta ny^ce 3HaaHHÖ me b 18-OMy. Mh Bace 3ranyBaaa He on-Horo yKpamujfl (Hanp., nponoBinHHKH), nparpoBaB y Pocii. Ta nepe3 yKpamcBKe nocepenHHirxBo npHxoniijiH aacTo b Pociio h tbo-pH 3axiaHBoi Ta nojiBCBKOÍ jiÍTepaTypa, Hanp., noBicTÍ (inpnpaBna, íiKpa3 b noBÍCTi pociHHH b aacH 6apoKica pajiH nemo CBOcpiflHe). Aae yKpamni npHHecjin 30 Pocii B3arajii Bneprue neBHi jíiTepaTypHÍ ra-TyHKH, Hanp., Bipni i flpaaiy; npeflCTaBHHK khibcbkoi uikojih (6íjio-pyc) CHMeoH IIojion;bkhh ohchbhb 3obcím yace 3aBMepjiy pocificBKy nponoBiflb, — Ta noro HacTynHHKH 6yan 3ne6iabiua yicpalHiii. j-lyace BH3HanHa 6yaa poaa yRpamnÍB b pocíhcbkíh HayKOBiit jíiTepa-Typi, xoa TBopn (6orocjiOBCbKÍ) yKpaiHn;íb i 3ycTpiaaanca ne pa3 3 3a6opoHaMH Ta nepecainyßaHHaMH. UjicaBO, m,o HaBÍTb öorocaoBCb-Ka jíiTepaTypa „cTapoBipiB" CKaanaGTbca BeaHKOio Mipoio 3 yicpaiHCb-KHx TBopiB. — B niaoMy pocÍHCBKa aiTepaTypa 17 Blity BnraanaG b neBHHH aac Ta b neBHHx aacTHHax hk hkhhcb „cpiaiaa" yicpaiH-CBK01 jiixepaTypH. TJyace bcjihkhh, xoh mchlu noMÍTHHH, BnjiHB ynpa-ihuíb Ha pocincBKy aiTepaTypy 18 cTopiaaa: ohhh 3 11 ocHOBonoaoac-hhkíb A, KaHTeMip ■— y Tpannnii yicpalHCbKoro cnaaoiaHoro ßipiny; BnaHB yKpaiHCBKoro ßipiny cnabHHH (thm öiabine, m,o „Bipni" aciiBe b Mockbí m,e npcHTb noBro napaaeaBHO 3 hobhmh tohíhhhmh ,,cth-xaMH"). KijibKicTb nepeKJiaflaaiB-yKpaiHiiiB (čepen hhx Tp. Iloae-THKa) BejiHKa, Beanica h KiabKicTb nayKOBHx nHCbMeHHHKÍB-yKpam-n;íb, in,o BHpo6aiOK)Tb aHMaaoio Mipoio pocižcbicy TepMÍHoaoriio. Yk-paÍHCbKi noeTH, mp nninyTb no-pociScbKH, 3anpoBanatyioTb no po-ciiicbKoi aiTepaTypH noaacTH b hobhx tpopMax TpaflnniOHi mothbh yKpaiHCbKoi aipHKH (HafiBH3HaaHÍHii 3 hhx BornaHOBHa, KanHÍCT, mp nepeKaanaB no peai CKOBopony, — BHXOBaHiji yicpamcbKoro 6a-poKKOBoro CTHaio, aae nnniyTb yace b nycí hobofo ,,KaacHiní3My''). yKpaÍHenb, ne b aoMy cnopinHeHHH 3i cboim 3eMaaK0M CKOBoponoio, CeMeH TaMaaia rpaG roaoBHy poaio b po3BHTKy pocincbKoi mícthkh 18 ct. nie 6iabiuHH biijihb opTonoKcaabHoro Ilalcia BeanaKOBCbKO-ro (nHB. naai 6). ;
5. y noabCbKÍH aiTepaTypi yicpamcbKa Teaia Bace 3 nocHTB naß-híx aaciB yTBopnaa neBHy „yKpamcbKy niKoay", He annie b 19-My Bin,i. Tpeôa BH3HaTH, mo icHyBaHHa ,,yKpai*HCBKoi uiKoan" He Moace 6yTH nyace npHGMHHM HanioMy HaijioHaabHOMy noayrTK), — 60 icHyBaHHa niei niKoan CBinanTb npo neBHi He 6e3ťpyHT0BHi npeieHcii noaaKiß Ha yKpamcbKy KyabTypHy ccpepy Ta npo BinnaHB caaÔKHX Han;ioHaabHo yKpa'ÍHCbkhx raicbMeHHHKiB no noabCbKoi ccpepn. Yk-pai'HCbKa TeMaTHKa b noabCbKiö aiTepaTypi CBinanTb, po3yMÍGTca, TaKoac i npo neBHy BHCOTy ,,noTeHn,iaabHo'i eHeprii" yicpamcbKoi
312
Kyjií/rypH, hj,o, Ha acajiB, ÍH03Í 3HaxonHjia 3jih ce6e bhx13 jinnie Ha nyjKOMy ťpyHTi.
,Hochtb 3ra?iaTH HaHBHsaTHirni TBopn, hkí MOíKHa BiflHecTH 30 „yKpalHCbKo'í ihkojih" nojiBCBKoi jmepaTypn b nacH öapoKKa. BjKe b Bipniax nepuioro npeflcraBHHKa nojiBCBKoI ôapoKKOBo'i jiipHKH, M. CeMn-IlIajKHHCBKoro (BMep 1581) 3ycTpinaGMo HjHTaTy 3 yKpaÍHCBKOl híchí. JlaTHHCBKi BÍpHii na T6MH yKpamcBKoro JKHTTfl „Roxolania" KjiBOHOBH^ía (1584), b 17 ct. ix nacjiiayiOTB Táni nepjiHHH nojiBCBKoi noe3Íi HK „Cgjihhkí" (Iahjiíí) III. UlHMOHOBH^a (1614 Ta 1628), noTÍM TBopn 6paTÍB 3hmopobhhíb: „Pokcojihhkí to gctb pycKG naHHH" (1654) Ta ,,Cgjihhkí hobc pycKG" (1663, nncam pamnie). HapeniTi — BjKe 3raflaHÍ yKpaiHCBKi ÍHTepMeflií b hojibcbkíh 3paMÍ TaBaTOBH^ia, jiíto-nnc GpjiH^ia, 1110 3 nojiBCBKOio mobom cnojiynac i nojiBCBKi norjiHBH, HapeniTi npienm nojiBCBKi Bipmi .ZJaHHjia BpaTKOBCBKoro (1697), yKpaÍHCBKoro HiJifixTHHa, 1110 HaBÍTB HajioJKHB y cjiyjKÖi YKpaiHi ro-jioBOK). Ajie neň cnncoK 6yB 6h Ha33BH*iaHH0 flOBrnn, hk6h mh bh-hhcjijijih TBopn He nepmoi BapTOCTH a6o BHnaflKOBi yKpamcBKi ejie-
MeHTH b TBOpaX nOJIBCBKOK) moboio j  CHJia yKpa'ÍHCBKHX MOTHBÍB g B
sipniax BHflaTHoro noeTa öapoKKa, B. IIoroii.BKoro (1625-1696), 36a-raTHJiH yKpai'HCBKi ejieMeHTH nojiBCBKOi noe3ÍI i yKpaiHCBKi noera Ta nncBMeHHHKH, 60 KHCJieHHi nojiBCBKi Bipuii ApyKyBaB i JIa3ap Bapa-
hobhh, nOJIBCBKÍ nponOBÍjli MaGMO i Bifl ripOKOnOBHHa, HHCJieHHl tbo-
pH nojieMÍHHo'i jiixepaTypn 3pyKOBaHo nojiBCBKOio moboio, Ta h hhc-jieHHi TBopn npaBocjiaBHHx, iHOfli íí napajiejiBHO 3 cjiob'hhcbkhm BHflaHHHM (HaBÍTB BHnaHHji nenepcBKoI JlaBpn). ILIe ôijiBine 3Haň-
ihjih 6 MH, HKÔH nOHajIH HiyKaTH 3pÍÓHHX yKpaiHCBKHX MOTHBÍB y
nojiBCBKÍH jiÍTepaTypi: xyT mh 3HaHiHJiH 6 i HHCJieHHÍ BÍflroMOHH yKpaiHCBKoí nicHÍ, (Hanp., cjiaBH03BÍCHy „KyjiHHy"), i He MeHin *mc-
JieHHÍ mothbh yKpaÍHCBKOl ÍCTOpÍÍ B noeMaX Ta b nOJIBCBKHX xpoHi-
Kax ÔapoKKa. Hip neperjiH^y TaKoro icTopHKH jíiTepaiypn He 3po-6hjih, — BejiHKa HecnpaBep;jiHBÍcTB 3.0 yKpaÍHCBKOl ôapoKKOBOi jíiTe-paTypH. BaraTo yKpamiiiB kphgtbch i míjk „hojibcbkhmh" aBTopaMH
JiaTHHCBKHX TBOpiB (flHB. EKCKypC II).
6. IIomíthhh BnjiHB yKpaÍHCBKoro ÔapoKKa i Ha nÍBnenHOMy 3a-xofli, Ha BajiKaHax. celilo mh BJKe 3ra3yBajiH (n,paMy Ko3aHHHCBKO-ro Ta íioro 3Íhjibhíctb míjk cepÔaMH). T. CTecpaHOBHiq-BeHH,jioBHn: (18 ct.) HacjiinyG JI. BapaHOBH^a. Bejin^esHe 3Ha*ieHHH Majia 3jih niBfleHHHx cjiob'hh rpaMaTHKa MejieTia CMOTpHiiBKoro, mp, nepeapy-KOBaHa b cep6ÍB 1755 p., 3poÔHjiaca ochobok) H,epK0BHOcji0B'HHÍ30Ba-Hoi cepöcBKoi MOBH Ta npoTOTHnoM kíjibkox cepöcBKHx rpaMaTHK ajK 30 rronaTKy 19 ct. y ôojirap BOHa caMe Jinrjia b ocHOBy cnpo6n
Ha6jIH3HTH 6oJirapCBKy MOBy 30 h,epKOBHOCJIOB'.HHCBKOl tohio. — B
313
\
PyMymi ojkhbhb iiepKOBHe jkhtth chh yřcpamcbicoro noexa IßaHa BejiOTKOBCbKoro, „CTapeiib" naiciô, hkhh yTBopHB TaM iriay nncb-MeHHHiibKy niKOJiy Ta aicoro cJiOß'aHCbKa oßpoÖKa ,„ZIo6potojiío6hh" Majia BejíHKe snaneHHa b ycix npaßocjiaßHHX cjiob'hh (HaiÍMeHrue Ha yrcpami). — MaeMo ň jiaTHHCbKy inHjiiio HeßiapMoro aßTopa 3 1658 p., mo onHcye jkhth yKpamcLKHx ^aoaHÍB y TaTpax (MaöyTb, KOJio ITonpafly). ^ajibnii po3HiyKH b jiaTHHCbKin jirrepaTypi Cjio-ßaq^HHH, MaÖyTb, He 3aaHinaTbca 6e3 Hacaiaiciß. Ha CjioBaHHHHi, b TpHaßi 6yB HaH3axin,HiniHH ocepenoK yKpamcbKoi öapoKKOBo'i jiiTe-paTypn (ne npcain,aceHo!). Hie aajii Ha ľJaxin, (aac n,o Ahtjiíi Ta Ec-nami) xarayaH HHcaeHHi yicpamcbici cnysei — CTyaeHTH 3axinHix HiKia (HanpniciHiii noon öapoKKo — b 18 ct. yKpai'Heiib noaeTHKa Ha-ßiTb npoGpecopyßaB y Kiai, a iBaH XMeabHHnbKHH BHKJiaaaB hk flo-DjeHT (pijiococpiio b KeHÍťc6ep3Í), mp apaicHMH cboimh npanaMH cnpH-HHHHanca h n,o 36araneHHa — xoh i HesHa^Horo — 3axiflHÍx HayKO-bhx airepaTyp; aaaeico ^KaBiinmí i'x BnaHB Ha piflHOMy rpyHTi (dhb. BHiiie § 2). B Taaae b HiMe^HHHi KopoTKHň nac (Koao 1735 p.) ApyKyBaanca nepeKaanH HiMeHBKHX öorocaoBCbKHx TBopiß Ta ay-xoBHHx niceHb C. Toappcbicoro na THnoBy ôapoKKOBy caoB'aHO-yicpa-
lHCbKy MOBy.
7. HapeuiTÍ, GapoKKOBa aiTeparypa — 3oicpeMa Bipni Ta apaMa — ayace cnpnHHHHaaca 30 po3BHTKy HapoßHoi noe3Íi. BapoKKO ôyjio y iiiaoMy cbítí 3 iiboro noraaay ayace nainHe. He Kaacynn Bace npo HaniBMÍTHqHHx aßTopiß (Mapyca HypaiBHa) HapoflHHx niceHb 3 na-ciß öapoKKa, MoaceMO icoHicpeTHo 6anHTH, aic HapoflHa nicHa nepen-MaG eaeMeHTH CTHaicTHKH öapoKKOßoi ßipim, xon 3 apyroro Sony, öapoKKo caMo Mae neBHHÖ Haxna no HaponHoi noe3ii i nepnac 3 11 CKap6HHn;i 3aco6n Bace TOMy, nip onHa 3 nmHocTen noe3Íi* n,Jia 6a-poKKOBoro aBTopa g ii pÍ3Ho6apBHÍcTb: onHy 3 6apB i nac HaponHa Tpaaniíia. Mh HaBMHCHe Bace 3ynHHaanca Ha BacHTKy npnnoBinKH, aae no3a MeacaMH Toro, inp ßace cica3aHe, 3HaHaeMo npHnoßiaKH b ycix nponoBiaHHKiB 6apoKKa, b ycix „aiTonncax", nacTO b Bipmi; xapaKTepncTHHHO, nio ni npnnoBinKH nonacTH nepeicaanpHO 3 aaTH-hh, nonacTH yTBopeHo caMHMH aBTopaMH, nonacTH b3hto 3 ycT Ha-poay. TaK caMo nopyq BipniiB, nncaHHx 3a cxeMaMH öapOKKOBOi noeTHKH, 3ycTpinaGMo Bipmi, nio cnpaBaaiOTb BpaaceHHa flKHXocb „MOHTaaciß" 3 HapoflHHx niceHb. Ta h uja Tesia me HeflocTarabo c poöaeHa flocaiaaceHHaM.
8. Po3yMÍGTbca, HeMac icropHHHHX enox, mp bhpoöhjih 6 xon 6h S b Meacax annie oamei Kpamn aöo Hapop;y, g^HHy, onHocTaiiHy iaeoaoriio. HaßnaKH, 3ae6iaBma acHTTa nyxoBHoi cniabHOTH Säe maaxoM o^HOHacHoro po3BHTKy noaapHO-npoTHaeacHHx iaeoaoriö. Aae 3 TaKoro Bifl^aaeHoro nyHKTy noraa^y, skhm g Hama cynacmcTb
3U
cynpoTH öapoKKa, mojkjihbo npoannxH b najieicoMy MHHyjiOMy 17-18 bíkíb neBHi b c i m xeniaM Toro nacy cniabm pncn. Mh npo hhx yace roBopnan (V, A Ta B), Aae niaKpecanMo HaHBaacaHBinie mp h xyx. Ineoaoria yKpai'HCbKoro öapoKKa, 3aaHuiaio<fflCH b cxapoyKpaiHCbKiä xpHCTHHHCLKiH xpaflHííii, b Ton caMHH nac BônpaG b ceôe fleani eae-MeHTH aHTHHHoí Kyabxypn (nepe3 óapoKKOBy cHHxe3y xpHCxnaHCXBa 3 aHTHHHicTHj) Ta 3HäHHÍ eaeMeHTH 3axin,HB0i KyabTypn. ĽUpnpaBaa, i 3 aHTHHHOCTH i 3 EßponH 17 BÍKy Ha yKpami npHÖHaTo aHHie
0 k p e m i eaeMeHTH: roaoBHe, neBHHÖ ecxexHHHHii ineaa Ta nepe-KOHaHHa b caMocTÍHHOMy 30 neaKoi Mipn 3Ha*ieHHi ecxexHHHHX uíh-HOCTen, 3 onHoro 6oKy, i aeaKi eaeMeHTH noaixHtmo-Han,ioHaabHoi inpoaorii öapoKKa, 3 npyroro 6oKy. EcTeTHKa 6apoKKa míuho npnine-nnaa Ha yKpami nepeKOHaHHa b uíhhocxí rapHoí (popMH: caMoexiime naeKaHHH dpopMaabHHx niHHoexeS — roaoBHe b BipnioBamn noe3ÍI — Ta BHeceHHH (popMaatHHx npnKpac y bcí cdpepn aixepaxypn, HaBixb
1 tí, ae roaoBHa Bara jieacnxb na 3míctí (nponoBiab, „aixomjc", xpaK-TaT), Bnane HaM Hanöiabine b om, Koan mh nopiBHacMo yKpa'ÍHCbKy ßapoKKOBy aixepaxypy 3 xoroaaCHoio aixepaxypoio Mockbh. Iloai-THHHO-Hau.ioHaai.Ha ineoaoria 6e3yMOBHO 3aKpinnaa b ninpoKHx ko-jiax ineio HaiiioHaatHOi caMocxiímocxH yKpai'HCbKoro Hapony xa cnpnaaa BHpoôaeHHK) neBHoro repomHo-annapcbKoro ineaay noai-xh^Horo niana, hk 6h neô ineaa He 6yB naaeKHÍí bír cyBOpol niöcHoc-th. Moama i b xoMy i b xoMy 3np6yxKy ineoaorií yKpai'HCbKoro 6apoK-Ka BÔaaaxH Ôaraxo bír'gmhhx pne. Aae HeMaG cyMHÍBy, mp ni oönnBa SfloôyTKH Biflirpaan HHMaay poaio b nyxoBHOMy hchxtí yKpamn e 19 ct. 3oKpeMa, bohh yTpnMyBaan yKpamiiiB noBrnô ^ac bíh. npHHHHTxa aöcTpaKTHO-yToni^iHHX ineoaoriii Ta enpnaan yTpHMaHHio aiiepaTyp-ho'í Ta HaiíioHaabHoi xpannnii' b HaH6e3HanÍHHÍnii nacn xa b HaôcKpyT-híhihx oÔcxaBHHax. HuMaae 3Ha^eHHa Maan fi xi iniabHiini 3b'h3kh, b hkí cxaaa YKpaiHa 3 ^aeiß ôapoKKa 3 3axin,HbOK> Kyabxypoio. XpHcxnaHCbKa Kyabxypa yKpai'HCbKoro öapoKKa BHiBopnaa xa 3a-Kpinnaa neBHHn nrapniHň noraan. Ha „sobhíiuhg" b peairiímin xa ö Han;ioHaabHÍH cepepi; „3obhíuihí" pnen He 3naBaaHca Bace xaKHMH BaacaHBHMH, sm np BBaacaB, Hanp., IßaH BnnieHCbKHH xa ö ôaraxo 3 noro cynacHHKiB; xhm c&mhm 3arocTpHBca noraan, y „BHyxpiuiHG". 3H0By ROCHTb KHHyxH noraan, Ha loronacHy cycinHio MocKBy, nipô noôaHHXH 3HaqeHHa nboro 3np6yxKy: Ha yKpami 6yB aôcoaioxHO HeMoacaHBHH pocíhcbkhh „pacKoa" xa ,,cxapo6pa,imecxBo". MoacHa roBopnxH npo xe, inp ßapoKKO, 3acBo'ÍBmH eaeMeHxn 3axinHbo'i Kyab-xypH, cnpnaao neBHOMy aerKOBaacHOMy cxaBaeHHio np xpHcxnaHCb-K01 xpaÄHii;ii. Aae He xpeöa 3a6yBaxH ô xoro, mp b äoro Meacax cxaan MoacaHBHMH xam* nopjBHacHHKH, hk cb. Ioacacp Topaemco, cb. JJ[MHxpo
315
TyriTajio, cb. Ihho KeH tíh IpicyTCbKnä aöo TaKHÖ My^eHHK inei hk ApceHiß MaiíÍGBHH.
3raflaBuiH ocTaHHi lMeHa, mh nifliHinan & flo xapafCTepncTHKH ecTBa yKpaiHCBKo'i öapoKKOBoi KyjibTypn, hk KyjibTypn xpHcraaHCb-Ko'i. rio3a MejKaMH öorocaoBÜ mh He 3HaöfleM0 b yicparacbKOMy jiiTe-paTypHOMy öapoKKy ímsh, mo MajiH 6 3HaneHHH h noci: nopyn 60-rocjiOBCbKHX TBopiB cb. 7_IMHTpa TynTajia Tpeöa nocTaBHTH nepe-ayciM AflaMa 3epHÍKasa (ahb. )K. I) Ta „.ZIoopoToaiooHG" Ilaicia Be-jiHHKOBCbKoro (3. 6). MaGMO 3 Toro ^acy anme GflHHy cnpoöy (piao-cocpi^iHo-ôorocaoBCbKoi CHHTe3H, ana, xoh y fleTaaax i He opHrmaab-Ha, aae b niaoMy g caMOCTiíiHoio TBopnoio Komjennieio, mp ii 3Ha^ieH-hh nepexoflHTb 3a paMKH noro ^acy. Up CHCTeMa CKOBopoflH. lipo hk> CHCTeMy He Micnp tobophth TyT. He MoaceMo 3ynHHHTHca TyT i Ha fleaKHx HayKOBHx flpiomnrax, aae BaaiaHBHx flocaraeHHax (Bace 3 18 Biicy). Aae 3raflKa npo Hanöinbini ifleoaorinm flocaraeHHH yic-pai'HCbKoro öapoKKa HaaeacHTb flo xapaKTepncTHKH fioro arrepaTyp-
HOl TBOpHOCTH.
9. Hloap HaH;ioHaabHoi BapTOCTH öapoKKOBOi JiiTepaTy-pn, to, po3yMÍGTbca, BOHa He npHHHiaa flo BacHTKy HapoflHoi mobh; aae aiTepaTypHa MOBa He MycHTb 6yra o6oB'a3KOBO 6aH3bica flo HapoflHoi, i öapoKKo finiao neBHHM MoacaHBHM inaaxoM po3BHTKy, aKoro HenpHnaTHicTb BHHBHaaca annie b KiHni 18 cTopŕraa, Koan 3 Meac HapoHHoi GflHOCTH noMaay nonaan bhxoahth bhih,í BepcTBH yicpam-cbKoro Hapofly Ta noaiTHHHHÖ thít BHMaraB ,paflHicaabHoro" Kpn-TepiK) HapoflHoi CBÍ30MOCTH: TaKHM panjncaabHHM KpHTepÍGM i cTaaa HapoflHa MOBa. Thm nacoM y 17-18 ct. TaKoro KpHTepiio me He 6yao Tpe6a. Aae 6yao 6 Tpe6a, hk y KoacHiž mobí, neBHoi HopMaaÍ3an,i] MOBHO-CTHabOBoi Ta opTorpaipi^moi. JJyxoBHa uiKoaa He cnpoMoraa-ca Ha KepiBHHíľTBo Ha n,bOMy noai: npaBonncHoi HopMaaÍ3auii He Biflôyaoca, — nonacTH, MoacaHBo, i nepe3 3b'h3Kh 3 íhhihmh cxiflHbo-caoB'aHCbKHMH HapoflaMH, Bifl HKHX, Hanp., 3aMÍHa „fe" Ha „i" i t. n. yKpai'HCbKy MOBy piiny*ie 6h Biflflianaa. PpaMäTHHHa HopMaaÍ3an,íh BiflÖyaaca annie flaa nepKOBHocaoB'aHCbKoi mobh (rojioBHe rpaMa-THKa MeaeTÍa CMOTpnnbKoro). HKorocb po3B'a3aHHH nnraHHa npo B3aGMHHH MOBHoro pÍBHH Ta CTHaicTHHHoi cpyHKnii He ßiflöyaoca B3a-raai. Hi^oro He Morao öyra npnpoflHiinoro, aHiac, Hanp., BHMip nep-KOBHOcaoß'aHmH3HH mobh ,,BHcoTOK)" 3aBflaHb TBopy (öorocayacöo-Ba KHHra, peairiHHHÖ TpaicTaT, HayKOBHH TBip, „bhcokhh" enoc i t. h. — ,,flo HH3y" 3 yce ôiabinoio aomíhikoio mobh HapoflHoi), a6o bhch-tok HapoflHoi mobh anme b neBHHx ťaTyHKax (enirpaMa, Saíma, KOMeflia Tomp). Taice HopMyBaHHa (npaBfla, nÍ3HÍnie) nůncoM cbí-flOMo Ta naaHOMipHO 6yao 3po6aeHe b pocíhcbkíh aiTepaTypi (i, ahb-
316
HHM HHHOM, HH He mn, biijihbom t e o p 1 i yKpamcbKoro nOXOnjKeH-hh), MeHiu njiHHOMipHO, ajie hochtb nocJiiflOBHo boho 3cpopMyBajio ôapoKKOBy necbKy jiiTepaTypHo-MOBHy Tpajraniio (n,e 6yjio nHTaHHH npo po3non,iji cpyHKnifi ôijibin apxaiHHOi Ta Monepmmoi mobh) ; hjiíi yKpaiHCLKoI mobh uboro He BiaôyjiocH. ToMy MacMo TaKi npHKJian,H, hk pejiiriÔHi TpaKTaTH raBpnjia ZJoMeiĺbKoro — 3 MmiMajibHHM
yjKHTKOM IíepKOBHOCJIOB'flHCBKOl mobh," TO My MaGMO Maríme cyTO-nep-
KOBHocjioB'HHCbKi enirpaMH (Hanp., ^MHTpa TynTajia Ta, 3n,aGTbCH, Toro caMoro .ZJoMenbKoro; Bnanae b om HepÍBHOMipmcTb mobh enir-paM BejiHHKOBCbKoro). TaKe HopMyBaHHa, 3BHHaÔHo, chjilho 3míhh-jio 6 i HajibHiHÍí po3bhtok yKpaiHCBKOi JiiTepaTypHo'í mobh . . . Ajie Ha Jiiniue      Ha ripnie, npo u,e He Bapro radara.
UJoho ,,BÍncTajiocTH", ,,By3tKocTHM Ta „HeHaponHocTH" TeMara-kh óapoKKOBo'i yKpamcbKoí JiiTepaTypH, to ni 3aKHRH 6a3yiOTbCH na Henopo3yMÍHHHX: TeMaTHKa yitparncbKoi ôapoKKOBo'í JiiTepaTypH — 3a HeBejíHKHMH BHHHTKaMH — TaKa caMa, hk TeMaTHKa cbítoboi 6a-
pOKKOBOl   JiiTepaTypH.'   BÍn,XHJieHHfl   3'aCOByiOTbCH   CKpyTHHM CTaHO-
BHin,eM yKpamcbKoro Hapony, mp He ho3bojihjio Ha ,,po3KÍui" yTBO-peHHa BjiacHo'i kjihch jiiTepaTopiB. yKpa'ma BTpanajia cbo'íx jiiiepa-TypHHx npaii,ÍBHHKÍB, mo ôhijih npan,iOBaTH Ha nyjKOMy nojii, TaKOJK i nepe3 3arajibHy TeHn,eHuiio 6apoKKOBo'i JiioflHHH pp nyxoBoro MaH-n,pÍBHHn,TBa (Haô6ijibHiHH npencTaBHHK HÍMen,bKoro 6apoKKa Jlsiňô-híu, nepeBajKHy ôijibniicTb cbo'íx tbopíb HanncaB JiaTHHCbKoio a6o ... cppaHiry3bK0io moboio). „BTpaTHJio" Ix He yKpa'ÍHCbKe 6apoKKO, mo
npH CnpHHTJIHBOMy nOJlÍTHHHOMy CTaHÍ, p03yMÍGTbCfl, HHrajio 6h He
3pycH(pÍKOBaHÍ npn BHnaHHÍ a6o noJibCbKi TBopn cb. ^MHTpa Tyn-xajia, HBopcbKoro a6o BapaHOBHna, a íx yKpamcbKi penaKnií a6o xoh nepeKJiann, — a 19-hô bík, rnp ňoro KOHenmcTb icTopHHHoro po3BHTKy npHBejia np 3aHen,6aHHH TaKo'i nÍKaBoi Ta — np neBHo'i Mipn — 6jiHCKyHoí ctopíhkh MHHyjioro, hk yKpamcbKe ÔapOKKO.
Ha nyxoBHi Ta Han,ioHajn>Hi u,íhhoctí yKpamcbKoro ÔapoKKa mh B>Ke BKa3yBajiH He pa3. ,3p hhx i^mHocTeH hcmohcjihbo Ta He Tpe6a noBepTaTHCH, ajie mojkjihbo Ta noTpi6HO ix ,,aKTyajii3yBaTH", 3po6HTH KopncHHMH Ta njiinHHMH fljiH Hanioi cynacHocTH Ta kjih. MafiôyTHboro.
e k c k y p c n
JIITEPATyPA JIATHHCBKOK) MOBOH)
1. 3 16-18 ct. nocTaG yicpaiHCbKa JiiTepaTypa JiaTHHCbKoio mo-bok). MoBa na 6yjia MiacHaponHoio moboio ocbíth, b IIojiBin,i TaKoat MOBOK) KaHuejiflpii i ihkojih. B kíhiií 16 ct. yKpaiHCBKa niKOJia (30K-peMa JlbBÍBCbKa ôpaTCbKa)   opiGHTyBajiaca na HaBnaiiHa rpenbKOi
MOBH. yHHKHyTH BHCHTKy JiaTHHCbKOl He 6yjIO TOflí MOHCJIHBO, Í BHCe
OcTpo3bKa, noTÍM KniBCbKa hikojih nonajiH BHKJianH JiaTHHCbKOl MOBH Ta JiaTHHCbKoio moboio. 3 naciB IleTpa MornjiH n,e cTajio Hop-mok), a rpenbKa MOBa Biflinnijia na n,pyrHH njiaH.
ÜHCaHHa JiaTHHCBKOK) MOBOK) 6yjIO nOTpeÖOK) B 6orOCJIOBCBKÍII
nojieMiui. I flincHO, Bace b 16 ct. noHHHacTbca uieper TBopiB, nnca-HHX yKpa'ÍHu;aMH JiaTHHCBKOK) moboio. Eíjibihíctb ix, mpnpaBna, He HajieacHTB 30 KpacHoro nncBMeHCTBa b ByacnoMy ceHci cJiOBa, ajie B3HTH ho yBarn nro JiaraHCBKy jiiTepaTypy 6yjio 6 KopncHO i rjix
nOBHOro BHaCHeHHH 3MÍCTy Ta TeHHeHIlifi TBOpÍB yKpaiHCBKOK) MOBOK),
a me BaacjiHBiuie rjih. BHacHeHHa h^epeji ra xapaKTepy yKpaÍH-
CBKOl CTHJlicTHKH.
OnnaKOBo BaacjiHBHH i toh cpaKT, qo ocBineHa, xoh 6h i hochtb noBepxoBO jiiofliiHa MycHJia b hikojií npoHTH nepe3 HHTaHHH jiaTHH-cbkhx aBTopiß — „noraHCbKHx", cTapoxpHCTHHHCBKHX Ta cynacHHx. JXjih BHHiKoaeHHa cTHaio HaööijiBHiy pojiio BinirpaBajiH UiijepoH Ta Epa3M, TBopH Ix 3aMOBaaaHca Rn.x uiKijiBHoro BacHTKy b BejíHKiň
KÍJIBKOCTÍ.
2. Orjiany yKpaÍHCBKo'í jiiTepaTypn JiaTHHCBKOK) moboio me He-Mac, HeMae HaBÍTB hkhxocb ninroTOBHHX npauB Ha n,io TeMy. OTHce, MH MycHMo oÔMeacHTHca Jiňme Ha 3arajiBHHx BKa3ÍBKax.
Bace b 16 ct. 3ycTpinaeMO yKpamiyß čepen npencTaBHHKÍB nojib-CBKHx npoTecTaHTCbKHX ceKT, a b kíhhí BÍKy cepen ymaTCBKHx nHCB-MeHHKÍB. 3oKpeMa ÔJiHCKyHHH npoTecTaHTCBKHH nyöJiinncT, CTaHic-aaB OacexoBCBKHH (1513-1566) g 3a BjiacHHM BH3HäHHaM „Gente Ro-xolani" i nncaB cbog ím'h no jiaTHHi „Orichovius" Ta ine 3 nonaTKOM „Ruthenus". BKa3yBaH0 Ha CHMnaTii 3eMJiaKa IsaHa BnineHCBKoro, MapiniHa KpoBÍHBKoro (1501-1573) ho npaBocjiaBHOi nepKBH, Onn-HHJiHca OKpeMi npencTaBHHKH yKpa'ÍHCBKo'í nijiaxTH h cepen Taöopy
318
panHKajibHHX npoTecTaHTÍB, ,,eon,ÍHÍflH" a6o „apiaH" i B3ajm fleaKy y^acTb y peairiimiH noaeMÍiji nacy.
3. Bijibni ÍHTeHCHBHa aÍTepaTypna fliaabmcTb jiaTHHCBKoio mo-
BOK) p03BHBaGTBCfl  B 17 Ta  18  ct.  BHKJiaflH JiaTHHCBKOIO mobok) b
Khíbcbkíh AKafleMií, nÍ3HÍnie b íhiuhx bhcokhx niKOJiax (Ilepeac-jiaBCBKa CeMÍHapia, XapKiBCbKHH KoaeťiiOM) npHBOflHTb flo CKJianaH-hji jiaTHHCbKHX pyKonncHHx niflpy^HHKÍB: nepenyciM 3ycTpmaGM0 b apxiBax niflpyHHHKH noeTHKH, (piaococpii Ta 6orocaoBÍi. Maňace Bifl KOJKHoro npocpecopa nnx npeflMeriB 3aaHnniaHca Táni jiaTHHCbKi 3anHCKH, mp b Biflnncax noTpanjifljiH ň flajieico Ha niBHiH Ta cxifl, 60 b 18 ct. ix KJianH b ocHOBy HaB^aHHH b ceMÍHapiax no bcíh Pocifi-cbkíh flepJKafii. 3 niflpyHHHKÍB noeTHKH BHflpyKyBaHo nÍ3HÍrue, Hanp., „IIoeTHKy" npoKonoBHHia (De arte poetica. 1786) HeTHnoBy fljia 6a-poKKa (flHB. V. E. 7). 3 TpaKTaTiB 6orocaoBCbKHx BHflpyKyBaHo b HiMeHHHHi 4 tomh 1782-1784 6orocjioBÍi IIpoKonoBHHa. Dia KHHra flecaTKH poKÍB BacHBaaaca hk ninpyHHHK no yKpamcBKHX Ta pociň-cbKHX npaBocaaBHHX ceMÍHapiax. BnániaH flpyKOM i oKpeMi TpaKTa-th: „KaMeHb Btepbi" HBopcbKoro (1728), 36ipKa CTaTTeii IIpoKono-BH^ia ,,Miscellanea sacra" (1745), Ta HaHiíÍHHÍniHH 3 ycix 6orocaoBCb-khx TpaKTaTiB Kn'ÍBCbKoi niKoan: ,,De processione Spiritus Sancti" Afla-Ma 3epHÍKaBa (hímu;h 3 noxoflaceHHH, BHflaHO 1773 p.). npnirncyBa-Ho ITpoKonoBH^eBi i npHHaiíMHi nacTHHH BiflnoBifli Ha aHTHnpoTec-TaHTCbKHH „KaMÍHb" HBopcbKoro, HKy BHflaB nifl cboím ím'hm gh-cbKHH npocpecop Byflfleyc. n,i 6orocaoBCbKÍ npanj 6yan flo 20 ct. oc-hoboío 3HanoMCTBa 3axiflHÍx 6orocaoBÍB 3 npaBocaaBHOK) 6orocaoBÍ-6k>. HnMaao yHÍHTCbKHX TpaKTaTiB nncaHO yKpamiiaMH; TaK caino íi flemp 3 „apiaHCbKoi" aiTepaTypn, nonaCTH Bace 3a KopflOHaMH IIoaB-m,i, Ha BHraaHHi. HapeniTi, b yropcbKOMy ymBepcHTeTi b caoBanbKÍíí TpHaBi (flo 1777 p., Koan áoro nepeHeceHo flo IleniTy) BZKaaflajio KiabKa 3aKapnaTCbKHX yKpamniB, Bifl hkhx arnnHaHca h flpyKOBam
TBOpH.
HeflocTaTHbO noKHinp flOcaiflaceHO niflpyHHHKH noeTHKH (iup Miac íhuihm noflaioTb i caoB'aHCbKHH MaTepiaa npHKaaflÍB), 30bcím He flo-caiflaceHO niflpyHHHKH (piaococpii, 3 hkhx BHflpyKOBaHo 1752 p. „Uni-'* versae matheseos brevis institutio" TpHaBCbKoro npocpecopa AHTOHa PeBHUbKoro.
Bace flaa niflpyHHHKÍB noeTHKH yKpaiHCbKÍ aBTopn nnniyTb aa-thhcbkí Bipmi. Aae nnmyTb ix i He3aaeacHo bía nboro. HBopcbKOMy najieacHTb míhc íhuihm rapHa eaeria — npomaHHa 3 cbogio 6i6aio-TeKOK), IIpoKonoBHHeBi — noxBaaa MÍcry KncBy, KiabKa aaTHHCbKHx BÍpmÍB 3aanniHaoca Bifl CKOBopoflH.
319
HapeniTi, Mafiace Bei iihclmöhhhkh pÍ3HHX HanpHMÍB jihhihjih
HHMajIO JiaTHHCBKHX jihctíb, nOHaCTH BHHaHHX (Hanp., 150 JiaTHHCB-
khx jihctíb CKOBoponn), hkí b flyci ôapoKKOBoí Tpannnii ji i t e p a-TypHo odpopMjieHÍ i TOMy MoncyTb Tem 6yTH híhhhmh n,JKepe-jiaMH 3jih flocjiiflHceHHH noeTHKH Toro *iacy Ta inec-Jiorii h ocbíth aB-
TOpÍB jihctíb. HaBÍTb í b JIHCTaX cjiob'HHCbKHMH MOBaMH 3yCTpÍHaGMO
jiaTHHCbKÍ ycTynn, unraTH a6o oKpeMi dpopMyjibOBaHHH, 30KpeMa hk-mp aBTopH noTpeöyBajiH TepMÍHOJiorÍHHoro BHpa3y äjih CBoeľ nyM-
KH. KpÍM TOro JiaTHHCbKÍ ypHBKH, UHTaTH, nOCHJiaHHH Ô Hiíjlí njIHHH
nponoBineii 3Haxon,HMo b cjioß'HHCbKHx nponoBÍRHx yKpamcbKHx
npOnOBÍflHHKÍB.
Becb Bjcíl MaTepÍHji Hesocjiin.JKeHo Ta HaBÍTb me He 3Í6paHO np-KynH.
E K C K y P C III
JIITEPATyPA „HAUIOHAJILHOrO BIJJPOJJJKEHHJI"
1. JIÍTepaTypHi Ta B3arajii íctophhhí enoxu BaacKo noHHHaTH neBHoio aaToio. rionaTOK hoboí yKpamcbKoí arrepaTypn Bce ac 3bh-naSHo flaTyiOTb poKOM 1798, poKOM BHXOAy b cbít „Ehcíah" Kot-jiapeBCBKoro. Hio aaTy BCTaHOBjíe-HO 3 iiobhhm npaBOM: bhxía „EHe'i-Ah" 6yB noaaTKOM yacHTKy h a p o a h o I yKpaÍHCbKoľ mobh hk jiiTepaTypHoí mobh. 3anpoBanHteHHíi mchbo'í Hapo^Hoi mobh AO jiiTepaTypH 3obcím He o6oB'a3KOBe; cepeA caoB'HH 3 TaKOio no-cjiíaobhíctk), hk b yKpa'ÍHu;ÍB npHÔHHTo HapoAHy MOBy 3a aÍTepa-TypHy jiHine y caoBÍHHÍB Ta ôiaopycÍB. Ha yicpalm hh 3MÍHa jii-TepaTypHoi* mobh 6yaa 3B'a3aHa 3 po3bhtkom Hau,ioHaabHoi cbíao-mocth, aae HanioHaabHHH pyx hk TaKHH nonaBca b hobhx (popMax JiHine KiatKa flecaTHaÍTb nÍ3HÍnie. HoBa aÍTepaTypHa MOBa, hh Ha-poAHa hh HeHapoAHa, He MycHTb 6yra 3b'a3aHa 3 hobow Hanio-HaabHoio cbíaomíctk). Aae Ha yiípami Táraní 3b'h30K BCTaHOBHBca, i nÍ3HÍnii noKoaÍHHa BBaacaan MOBHy pecpopMy KoTaapeBCbKoro no-naTKOM hoboí' aoöh Han,ioHaabHoro acHTTH. Hk noßaHHMo, He nja-Kom cnpaBeAJiHBO.
2. nCHXOaorÍHHHH 3b'a30K, IHO BCTaHOBHBCH Miaí HapOAHOK) MO-BOK) HK OCHOBOK) aÍTepaTypHOÍ MOBH Ta Hai^iOHaabHOK) CBÍAOMÍCTK),
MEB neBHÍ JIÍTepaTypHi HacaÍAKH. roaoBHHM HacaiflKOM 6yao Te, mo Bca aÍTepaTypa HapoAHOK) moboio aobto 6yaa 3b'a3aHa flaa cbíaomocth Hau;ioHaabHHx KÍa b neBHy cahíctb. naToc HauioHaab-
HOro  BÍApOAJKeHHa  3aKpHBaB  flaa  aBTOpÍB,   HHTaHÍB  i  HaBÍTb Kpn-
thkíb i pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍcTb aÍTepaTypHoro cMaKy, i po3xoA>KeHHa b CBÍToraaAÍ oKpeMHx aBTopÍB Ta aÍTepaTypmix Tenio. b toö nac, hk aÍTepaTypa cBÍTOBa b 19 ct. 3Hae pÍ3Ko 3(popMOBaHÍ Ta BÍflOKpeM-aeHÍ oAHa bía oaho'í Tenii, mp noHHHaioTb nacTo cbog icHyBaHHa HaBÍTb 3 nyoaiKann aÍTepaTypHHX „MamcpecTÍB", b yKpaiHCbKoro nHCbMeHHHKa Ta HHTana Maäace ao kíhijh BÍKy He 6yao BHpoöae-Horo noayTTa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHocTH aÍTepaTypHHX cTHaÍB Ta iAeoaoriä. nonacTH Bce CTapuie nncbMeHCTBo HapoAHOK) moboio npocTo npira-MaaH, nonacTH nepeTOBMaayBaan ôoro b Ayci cboíx noraaAÍB: TaK nÍ3HÍuiHH HapoAoaioÖHHH peaaÍ3M BÍAiuyKysaB CTapaHHO HapoAO-
321
jik>6hí ejieMeHTH He jnnue y KoTnapeBCbKoro, a h ryjiaKa-ApTeMOB-cbKoro Ta ä y íhihhx CTapiuHx HHCbMeHHHKiB, a npeacTaBHHKH noMip-KOBaHHx norjisfliB HaBMHCHe „3a6yBaaH" npo coniaabHim Ta noJii-
thhhhh paflHKaJlÍ3M HleBneHKa i  t. fl.
3. Ajie ne jinme HHTani Ta kphthkh He noayBaan pÍ3Him,i ai-
TepaTypHHX HanpHMÍB Mini yKpaiHCbKHMH KHCbMeHHHKaMH 19 BÍKy.
ľ[hx pÍ3HHHb noaacra, aiöcHo, He ßyjio: He öyao TOMy, mo jiiTe-paTypa, HKa hobok> mobok) nonaaaca ,,3H0By", jinuie noMaay, po6-aaan „nepini KpoKH", po3ainaaaca, po3naaaaaca Ha Teai'i, ■— ah-(pepeHB;ík)Baaacfl. /Jo toto nncbMeHHHK nÍ3HÍiuoro nacy, 3 hobhmh aiTepaTypHHMH noraaaaMH, nonyBaB y KoacHOMy CTapOMy nncbMeH-hhkobí, mp nncaB HapoaHoio mobok), ne Bopora a6o cynepHHKa, a coK)3HHKa, 3 hkhm iforo oďeanye b neBHy ayxoBy niaicTb yace BacHTOK Tiel caMoi aiTepaTypHo'i mobh. Yci imcbMeHHHKH, He 3Ba-acaiOHH Ha pÍ3HHino ix coniaabHoro CTaHOBHH^a, noraaaiß, cranio ö t. 3., nonyBaan ce6e naeHaMH tígí caMo'i HanioHaabHo-iaeoaoriH-Hoi poaHHH. lie, po3yMieTbca, 6yaa iaio3ia. Aae n,a iaio3ÍH npHBO-nHaa ao Toro, mo nÍ3HÍ nncbMeHHHKH, 6e3 yBarn ao BaacHoro aiTepaTypHoro noraaay, HacaiaysaaH CTapninx nncbMeHHHKiB. TaKe HacaiayBaHHa cnpnaao neBHÍH CTarHaH.il aiTepaiypHHx (popM, a nonacra h nepeniKOHJKaao maHBiayaabHOMy po3bhtkobí oKpeMHX nHCBMeHHHKÍB. JliTepaTypna TBopnicTb nÍ3HÍuiHx HaciB HaB'a3yBa-aaca nacTo ao TBopiB, BH3HanHHx y po3BHTKy HanioHanbHo'i aiTepa-Typn, aae nepecTapianx (popMaabHo („KOTaapeBiiniHa", naeKaHHH 6aÖKH i t. a-)-
4. HapoaHa MOBa hoboi aiTepaTypn npHBeaa ř ao Toro, m° yKpaiHCbKa aiTepaTypa 3aHaaT0 aoßro 3aTpHMyeTbca Koao Toro aJKepeaa, 3 aKoro HOBa arrepaTypHa MOBa Mycnaa nepnara, — Koao aJKepeaa HapoaHoi' noe3ii. TeMaraKa Ta (ppa3eoaoria aiTepaTypn ne-pe3 B;e noaacTH 3ByacyBaaHca ra 3H0By TaKH 3aTpHMyBaanca b cbog-
My p03BHTKy.
Aae 3ByaceHHa TeMaraKH aiTepaTypn Maao me ö iHuiy npn-HHHy. Hapoana MOBa CTaaa aiiepaTypHoio He anuie 3 npocTo'f npHM-XH KoTaapeBCbKoro Ta fioro nocaiaoBHHKÍB. PeanbHoio ochobok) uboro 6yB toh cpaKT, mo Ha YKpaiHi neBHi KyaKrypno aKTHBHi Bep-CTBH HanpHKmni 18 ct. aeHaijioHaaisyBaaHCH: 30KpeMa BHin,a inaax-Ta Ta BHmi Koaa ayxoBeHCTBa. 3aBaaHHaM yKpamcbKoro Han,io-HaabHoro pyxy npoTaroM ycboro 19 ct. 6yao BHTBopeHHa BaacHHX KyabTypHo-npoBiaHHX Kia. IIpocTe BiaTBopeHHa, „pereHepania" BTpaneHHX BepcTB He Baaaaca; npoßiaHy poaio nepeHHaan íhuií
BepCTBH,   HaHOBO   BHTBOpeHÍ.   BTpaTHBUIH  npOBÍaHÍ   BepCTBH HaHpH-
kíhhí 18 ct., yKpai'HCbKa Haiýa 3poÖHaaca Haijieio „HenoBHOio". ,tHenoBHOK)" CTaaa i aiTepaTypa (auß. aaai).  Becb ceHc i 3MÍct
322
yKpaÍHCbKoro HaiiioHajiBHoro pyxy npoTaroM 19 ct. CKJiaflaBca 3 „flonoBHeHHa" HanioHajiBHoro opraHÍ3My 30 neBHoro KyjiBTypno-caMocTiÖHoro CTaHy. íle Hejierne 3aBn,aHHH b ccpepi jiiTepaTypn no-jiarajio míjk íhiiihm y TOMy, m;o6 yiBopHTH noBHy CHCTeiny jiiTepa-TypHHX cpopM. Uje apBro He BnaBaaoca, thm ôijiBine, qo Ha nepe-hikohí cTOfljiH pÍ3HÍ cycnijiBHi Ta nojiÍTHHHi nponecH. JliTepaTypa íhojií flpcarajia niei MeTH, ajie no tí m 3H0By npHXon,HJia 306a nifl-ynany. TojioBHe: „HenoBHa" JliTepaTypa He Morjia 3anoBOJiBHirra noTpeö caMoro KyjiBTypHo-npoBiftHoro mapy. BirrBopeHHH caiao-íhobíjibho'í jiiTepaTypH BflaJioca jmnie yicpaiHCBKiH Moflepmií jiiTe-paTypi 3 11 pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍCTK) jiiTepaTypHHx ťaTyHKiB Ta Tenin. Ajie Tyr Ha nepeniKOfli CTajia nojiiTHKa, — pocíhcbkhh ßijiBmoBHUBKHH ypan HaBMHCHe yTpHMyc HanioHajiBHi JiiTepaTypH, KpiM pociöcBKoi, Ha piBHi „HenoBHHx" jiiTepaTyp.
5. IIa xapaKTepHCTHKa njjioi JiiTepaTypH 19 BÍKy hk JiiTepaTypH ,,Han,ioHajii>Horo BiaponaceHHa", a6o me jiinme JiiTepaTypH „HanioHajiBHoro npoôyn,aceHHa", npHBon,htb Hac no neBHHX bhchob-kíb inpmo Hamoro najiBinoro BHKJiaay, HenpcTaTHBo nHcpepemjiHO-BaHa 3a HanpaMaMH jirrepaTypa Moate 6yTH jimne nonacTH i yMOB-Ho noflijieHa Ha po3n,ijiH 3a JiiTepaTypHHMH TeniaMn; yicpaiHCBKa JliTepaTypa 19 ct. Mae hochtb BHflaTHHx nHCBMeHHHKÍB 3 HeBHpa3-hhm jiiTepaTypHHM oôjihhhhm: poMaHTHKÍB, mp HacjiinyioTt cpopMH a6o cthjib KJiaCHD;H3My, peajiicTÍB, akí tbopatb y Tpaßimn poMaH-thkh, a to h nepeÖMaiOTB neBHi eJieMeHTH kjihchhhoí noeTHKH. /Jeani Tenií, penpe3eHT0BaHÍ b íhhihx jiiTepaTypax, Ha Yiípami 30B-cím He po3BHHyaHca. A 30 Toro yicpaiHCBKa JliTepaTypa onHHHjiaca, BTpanaiOHH nacaMH BJiacHe oöjihhha, nin, piiuy^HM BnjiHBOM JiiTepaTypH chjibhhx cycinm; me He Tan 6h h ihkoahjio (60 i pociScBKa i nojiBCBKa JiiTepaTypH nepeacHBajiH nepion, po3KBÍTy), aKÔH nj ny-aci biijihbh He BinipBajiH yKpa'ÍHCBKo'í JiiTepaTypH bíh mnpmoi ccpepn JiiTepaTypH cbítoboí Ta aKÔH ni bhjihbh 3aBac3H 6yjiH moöpe nepe-TpaBjíem Ta TBopno nepepoÔJiem b 3B'a3Ky 3 noTpeôaMH Ta 3aBn,aH-hhmh BjiacHoro acHTTa. OTace, HaM y n,ajiBinoMy n;oBen,eTBCH iHOfli jimue „yMOBHo" po3noa,ÍJiATH neBHi 3'HBHma 3a JiiTepaTypHHMH npHHimnaMH nonijry Ta bhxojihth 3i ccpepn yKpaÍHCBKoi JiiTepaTypH Ha nyace nojie, He sasacnn njiiaHe.
3MÍHaeTBca BHKJian. i b minoMy BÍn,HoineHHÍ: noHHHaiOHH 3 po-MaHTHKH a po3noflijiaK) MaTepiaji He 3a JiiTepaTypHHMH raryH-KaMH, a 3a aBTopaMH. Hacn poMaHTHKH Ha Yicpami piniyne 3mí-hkdiotb ncHxojioriio aBTopis Ta BiflHomeHHa aBTopa 30 TBopy: jiionHHa b TaKin Mipi cToiTB y neHTpi yBarn pOMaHTHHHOrO cbíto-raany, mp TBopn caMi 3aBacn,H roBopaTB npo ix njöcHoro a6o cpiK-THBHoro ( y BHna^Kax nceBn,ohímhocth a6o cnpoöax tobophth b
323
iiaem „HanpcoöoBoro" aBTopa — „Ko63apji" toiikj) aBTopa. Orapi HacH Mäjin HHCJieHHi nceBflOHÍMHi, aHOHÍMHÍ, aöo „nceBfloenirpa-(pi^Hi" (npnnHcyBaHi aBTopoM íhiuíh ocoöi — 3ranaHMo, Hanp., Bip-
Uli aßO „ICTOpilO Pyciß")   TBOpH.  3 ^aCÍB pOMaHTHKH KOJKeH aBTop
Mac BjiacHy jiixepaTypHy öiorpadpiK) (jimne jiixepaTypHi 6io-rpacbii niKaBHTHMyTb Hac y niô khh3Í). Torny 3 UBoro nacy BJKe He-M05KJIHBO po3pHBaTH TBopHÍCTt OKpeMoro aBTopa, yMimaiOHH äoro
TBOpH B pÍ3HHX BlflnijiaX KHHTH.
IV. KJIHCHUILIM
A. JĽTepaTypHHH KJiacHUH3ivi
1. üepexia Bifl ôapoKKa flo KJiHCHirH3My b cbítobíh jiiTepaTypi 6yB oflHHM 3 THX THTioBHx nepexoflis Bifl aiiepaTypn „BajKKO npn-KpanieHoro", „aMiuiicpiKOBaHoro" cthjik) (ahb. „BcTyn"), uio Ix icTopia JiiTepaTypH nepeaíHBaaa nac Bifl nacy. Ha yicpami TaKiiö nepexifl nepeacHBaaa Bace JiiTepaTypa no 13 ct., ajie TOfli iie Öyjio 3'HBHm,e 3B'a3aHe 3 neBHHM jiiTepaTypHHM niflynaflOM. Tenep ne 6yjia noBHa ono3Hiiia CTHaeßi ôapoKKa. Ha 3axofli n,e Öyjia Mafiace jiiTepaTypHa peBoaiorria. B ochobí ii aeacaaa 3MÍHa JiiTepaTypHoro CMaKy Ta aiTepaTypHHx ineajiiB. 3aMÍcTt TBopiB, mo Mann Ha mctí SBopyníHTH, 3ÔyflHTH HHTana, BHKJíHKaTH cHJibHe BpaJKeHHH opnii-HajibHÍCTio ôyflOBH Ta MHCTeiitKHX 3aco6ÍB TBopy, 3aiiÍKaBHTH noro
hobhmh Ta rJIHÔOKHMH flyMKaMH a6o nOflaTH CTapi B HOBÍH, He3BH-
HaÔHiH cpopMi, nio Majia cnpaBJííiTH BpaaceHHH „BiabHoi", po3Íp-EaHoi, noBCTaiOTb hobí aiTepaTypm ifleajiH. Tenep yace He iiíhhtb
i   flHHaMÍHHOCTH   ÔapOKKa.   npeflCTaBHHKH   HOBOrO   CTHaK) CBiflOMO
nparHyTí) HaHeK3aKTHÍmoro BHCJiOBy flyMKH, acHoro cpopMyaio-BaHHH, npo3opocTH noßyflOBH; b iiiaoMy TBip Mae BpaaceHHH cno-kíhhoí rapMOHii. Ha nepninô njiHH BHcyBaeTbca ifleaji KpacH. He hobíctis Ta opnťiHaabHicTb, a Tpaflnn;ÍHHa KaHOHÍHHÍCTb no^HHae iiíhhthch 3HOBy, a „HesyrapHe", nio rpae TaKy pojiio b JiiTepaTypi ôapoKKa, aôo ycyBaeTbCH 30bcím, a6o rpae moíkjihbo HaÖMeHiny pojno. He — neBHHH noBopoT flo ifleaJiiß peHecaHCy.
Ha Yicpaim neŘ cthjib 3'hbhbch b CBoepiflHiíí cpopMi. npaBfla, — i Tyr MOJKHä roBopHTH npo ono3iniiio flo ôapoKKa, ajie iih ono-3HIIÍH 3 neBHHX npHHHH He 3HaHUiaa HiaKoro Biflnopy (ahb. flajii). A caMHÍí HOBHH, „KJiHCHaHHH" CTHjib He 3HaHHioB fljiH ce6e TaKoro niHpoKoro nojiH, hk Ha 3axofli aöo b achkhx caoß'aHCbKHx HapofliB.
yKpai'HCbKHH  KJIHCHHH3m  ÖyB  CaaÖKHH  Ta  MaaO BHpa3HHÍÍ.
2. KaacHi;H3M noBepTaBca flo ecTeTH^hhx ifleaaiß aHTH^HocTH. yaBaeHHa npo iii ifleaan, po3yMÍeTbca, 6yao cbog BaacHe, mp b fliöcHoCTi anuie KopncTaaoca neBHHMH, He 3aBacflH npaBHabHo bh-TOBManeHHMH, eaeMeHTaMH aHTHHHoi ecTeTHKH, mpô 30yflyBaTH CBOK) BaacHy ecTeTH^ray CHCTeMy. ToMy Moace íí MoacHa 6yao 6
325
Ha3BaTH „KJIHCHITH3M"  ,,nCeBflOKJIfICHB;H3MOM",  HK IB3 pOÖHJIH fleHKÍ
icTopHKH jiiTeparypH 19 Ta nonaTKy 20 BÍKy. Ajie uen BHpa3 „nceB-
npKJIHCHHH3M"  tojjí  BJKHBaJIH H.íjikom  HeíCTOpHHHO,   SajKaiOHH nin,-
KpecjiHTH HeBAajiicTb, HenoKJianmcTb, MajiOBapTHicTb jiiTepaTypH niei xenii: u,e 6yjio HeraTHBHe cTaBJieHHH 30 neBHo'i JiiTepaTypHoi Tenii, nopiÔHe n,o CTaBjieHHH thx caMHx nacÍB no JiiTepaTypH 6a-poKKa. OTHce, Jiinine h,ígí HeicTopHHHoi Ta HecnpaBenjiHBoi Ha3Bn ,,n c e b n, o kjihchh,h3m" He BíKHBaTH.*
3. JIÍTepaTypHa Teopia kjischľ;H3My npmiMajia — hk kjihch-HHCTaM 3flaBajiocb, h,íjikom — KaHOHH JiiTepaTypHoi Teopii aHTira-hocth. Ochobhhm ecTeTHMHHM ineajiOM CTajia 3HOBy „Kpaca", 310 hkoí, npaBna, npHGHHyBajiaCH me „BejiHHHÍcTb". Ochobhoio TeHneH-
iiígk) 6yjIO BHKOHaHHH yCÍGÍ CHCT6MH npnroiciB, hkí hí6h HopMyBajiH me aHTHMHy noe3Íio (ropaiíiä), a b njiicHOCTi 6yjiH HaHOBO BHpoô-jiem TeopeTHKaMH KJiHCHHH3My (Hanp., ByaJiBo). Iii npnnHCH, hk ycHKi TexHÍHHi npnnHCH b ccpepi MHCTeirxBa, CTaBHjiH aBTopaM neBHÍ, MOHce HaBÍTb „tíchí" paMKH, ajie 3obcím He nepeniKOflHcajiH ix bíjib-híh TBopnocTi b MejKax hhx paMOK, a HaBÍTb 3HaaHO ii BJiermy-BäJiH. He ôyneMo TyT 3ynHHHTHCH Ha n,ÍH chctcmí npHnnciB. BoHa He ôyjia cyxa Ta TicHa: HacainyiOHH aHTHHHi 3pa3KH, 303bojihjih i jiipH3M, yflijiHJiH neBHe Micu,e i naTocoßi ii ryMopoBi Ta HaBÍTb „noeTHHHOMy 6e3Jian.nro". Kojih Han3BHaaHHo BHcoKa onÍHKa „Be-jiHHHoro" npHBojiHjia po toto, mo BejíHKy pojiio rpajín íctophhhí mothbh, ijapi Ta repoľ — aHTHHHÍ a6o h HauioHajibHi, to Bce jk nopya Hboro noeTHKa KJiHCHHH3My 3HaHHijia Micue i hjih ryMopy Ta caTHpn, fljiH npocToi jHOflHHH Ta HaBÍTb fljiH 11 MOBH, hjih cyaac-HOCTH Ta ii noTpeô. mpnpaBna, 3o6paHceHHH y kjihchhhctíb bcíx inax c(pep 3naBajiocH HacTynHHM hokojiíhhhm HenpHponHHM, ajie u,e 6yjia cnpaBa jiÍTepaTypHoro cMany. Han3BHHaHHy CKOMnjiÍKOBa-HicTb, nepeoÖTHHcemcTb neTajiHMH, nepenoBHemcTb cpopMajibHHMH npHKpacaMH TBopÍB nÍ3Hboro ôapoKKa kjihchhh3m piniyne BinKHnaB. Horo ineaJiOM ôyjia npocTOTa, hchíctb Ta npo3opicTb noÔynpBH.
CncTeMa noeTHKH KJiHCHu,H3My 3Hajia neBHÍ Tpan,HH,íhhí jiiTepa-TypHÍ tpopMH, mo bcí HaB'H3yBajiHCH no aHTHHHoi TpanHH.il; Teopin jiÍTepaTypHHX raTyHKÍB ôyjia fleTaJiBHo po3po6jieHa: apaMa, ceÓTO Tparepin Ta KOMepin, enoc — BejíHKa BÍpnioBaHa enonen, nopya
HHX pOMaH  Ta  ÍHHli  np03a'íhhí   CpOpMH,   JlipHKa   3   HHCJieHHHMH ťa-
TyHKaMH:   03a,  carapa,  öaÖKa,  jiíphhhhS  jihct,  in,HJiÍH, ejierin,
*) Mh 6y^eMo roBopHTH npo „kjihchhh3m" Ta ,,kjihchh,hctíe" ; MCOKHa 6yjio 6 BJKHBaTH cjioBa „kjihchkh", ajie mh xo^eMO ycynyTH mohcjihbícti> 3mí-uiyBäHHH 3 CJiOBOM „kjihchk" b jHiHOMy 3HaieHHÍ — nHCbMeHKHK, mo Hajie-
JKHTB  Pfl   HeBeJIHKOrO   KOJia  Haň6ÍJII>HIHX   (MOBJIHB   „KJIHCHIIHHX") nHCbMeHHHKÍB
flaHoro Hapofly,
326
enirpaMa, i t. n.. JXjih kojkhcto 3 imx ťaTymcÍB 6yjiH neBHÍ Hop-MH, mono 3MÍCTy Ta inpn,o (popMH. Hkiijo hkhmhcb thtiobhmh (popMaMH KJiHCHB;H3My nÍ3HÍine 3naBaaHca enonea, Tparen,ia Ta 03a -— to ne nonacTH noMHJiKa íctophmhoí nepcneKTHBH, 60 kjihchhhsm nonaB HaĚJiiímii 3a hobhx aacÍB 3pa3KH i TaKHx ťaTyHKÍB, hk ko-Menm, 6aĚKa, caTnpa. Hrano nÍ3HÍnie 3a thiiobhx repo'ÍB TBopÍB kjih-CHHH3My BBaJKajiH napÍB Ta niBoorÍB, to i ne noMHJiKa, — KaacHUH3M 3HaöuioB MÍcn,e i naa npocToi alonHHH b Meacax neBHHx ťaTyHKÍB — Bace 3raaaHHx KOMenn, 6aSKH, carapn, noaacra i inHai'i Ta Jiipinffloro jiHCTa, nonacTH i npo30Boro enocy. B n,nx ocTamdx ra/ryHKax He 6paKyBajio  h  ÍHTepecy 30  cyaacHOCTH,  oTace  3aKiinH nepeBarn
B KJIHCHH.H3MÍ ÍCTOpil Ta aÖCTpaKTHHX T6M He HÍaKOM CnpaBenjIHBÍ. Ajie B nopÍBHflHHi 3 p03n0flÍJI0M TeMaTHKH B JlÍTepaTypi nOKJIHCHH-
híh pÍ3HHn,a 6yjia ayace BejíHKa. HaBÍTb i naa mobh npocToi jno-hhhh b JlÍTepaTypi KaacnnH3My He ÔpaKyBajio mích,h; ajie 3hob TaKH b Meacax neBHHx ťaTyHKÍB, 30KpeMa 6aiiKH Ta n,eaKHx npyro-panHHX ťaTyHKÍB.
4. HKpa3 n,i „mchui BaacaHBÍ" ťaTyHKH Haôyan b yKpamcbKOMy KaacHi^H3MÍ Han3BHHaHHoi Barn, He Ôyan ťaTyHKH TpaBecTÜnri; Ha yKpaÍHi ine ú Tenep, MaôyTb, ninuie 3HaöoMi nHTaaaM, híjk n,eÍHne, 60 npeACTaBHHKOM nnx ťaTyHKÍB e míhc íhhihm „nepeanubOBaHa" „EHei'na" KoTaapeBCbKoro. I ,,TpaBectíhhí'' (popMH HaB'a3yBaaHca a, o aHTHHHoi Tpan.Hin'í, nepenycÍM no nceBnproMepÍBCbKOi „Bíhhh MHuieíi 3 aíaôaMH" a6o TaKHx tbopíb, hk napon,iÖHa anoTeo3a ím-nepaTopa KaaBn,ia, HanncaHa CeHeKOK). „TpaBecTÍHHHH" acaHp ic-HyBaB npoTaroM yciei icTopii eBponeöcbKOi arrepaTypn. B HbOMy 30KpeMa 3Haxon,Hno naa ce6e bhxíh, npnponHe CTpeMaÍHHH aionHim
He   3aB5Kn.H   3anHIHaTHCH   CepH03H0K>   B   MHCTenTBÍ,   MaTH   B HbOMy
HKycb ccpepy, ne np3BoaeHa aernicTb, 3a6aBKa, 6e3nocepenHa Bece-aicTb. Byajibo xotíb y cboí'h chctcmí noeTHKH oÔMeacHTH MoacaH-boctí TpaBecTÍHHoro acaHpy, n,03BonHBuiH anuie b Meacax „repolHHO-
KOMÍHHOl noeMH" „HH3bKÍ" MOTHBH 3Í CípepH nOBCHKaeHHOrO aCHTTH
Ta repo'ÍB 3 thx KÍa cycniabCTBa, mo He 3acayroByioTb Ha arrepa-TypHe ocBÍTaeHHa, — aae 3 thm, iho CTHab, MOBHe Ta craaicTHaHe oípopMaeHHH noeMH Mycnao BnoBHÍ BÍnnoBÍnaTH KaHOHOBÍ KaacHa-H01 noeTHKH. Aae BHMorn Byaabo ninrpHMam npHKaanoM ííoro Baac-ho'í repoiaHo-KOMÍaHoi noeMH „Haaoö", ne yTpHMaanca. .ZJecb Ha Meacax noeTHKH KaacHnH3My 3aaHUiHBca i CTapnô THn ,,TpaBecTÍH-hoi" noeMH, ceÔTo noeMH, mo po3po6aioBaaa „bhcokí" tcmh b ,,HH3b-khx" mobí Ta CTHai. TaKÍ noeMH óyBaan b ycix aiTepaTypax Kaacn-i^H3My. B yKpaiHCbKÍH — 3 TaKoi noeMH noaaBca hobhh nepion, ai-TepaTypHoro po3BHTKy.
327
5. JIÍTepaTypHa Teopia — He eniraa cnaa, mp BH3HaaaG coöoio jíiTepaTypy neBHo'i enoxH. JlixepaTypHa npaKTHKa 3aaeacnTb i Bia, ifleojiorii' CBoro nacy i Bia, con,iaabHOi CTpyKTypa cycnijitCTBa. ne-pion, KJiHCHii;H3My 6yB no sein Manace Eßponi nepion,OM t. 3b. „npo-CBÍneHoro a6cojnoTH3My". JliTepaTypa HaßyBae b 3b'a3Ky 3 iiieio nojíiTHHHOK) (popMOK) cnen,ncpÍHHO „flBipcBKoro" xapaKTepy: u,en xapaKTep MaiOTb aiTepaTypm TBopn He jiňme b noaiTnannx ijeHT-pax, 3a6apBJieHHH jíiTepaTypHHX mrepeciB bhiuhx kíji nepenacTbca HaBÍTt> np jíiTepaTypHoí npoBirajii. B yiípaiHCbřdn aÍTepaTypi, hk noöaHHMO, 3a6apBjieHHH ne Maao noMirae.
He GflHHa namBHa, aae Han6ijii»ni BnjinBOBa iaeoaoria nepioa,y jíiTepaTypHoro KaacHnn3My g „npocBinemcTb". npenpTaBHHKH „npo-CBineHOCTH" nepeKOHaHi b TOMy, mp ochobhhh, HanBHiinin bhhb aion,-cbKoro n,yxy, ocHOBHa icTopnHHa cnaa g ,,po3yM". Ipan;ioHaabHÍ cnan, Bce Te b acHTTi aionnHH, cycninbCTBa Ta b icTopn*raoMy npo-npci, noro He Moacna oöYpyHTyBaTH po3yMOM, aianp He BÍn,KHn,aGTbca ijiaKOM, to b KoacHOMy pa3i HenpcTaTHbo öepeTbca 3,0 yßarn npen.-
CTaBHHKaMH npOCBÍHeHOCTH.  JXo  hhx  BOHa  CTaBHTBCa  3 CKenCHCOM,
xoaonpM Ta npe3npcTB0M. JXo TaKnx ccpep, hkí npocBinemcTb iťHo-pyc a6o Henpn,ÍHK>e, HaaeacaTb b gctbí CBOGMy „ipan,ioHaabHÍ" no-HyßaHHa aionnmi, He3po3yMÍai 3Binai Ta Tpan,iniii, inp "ix npocßi-HeHicTb hk „3a6o6oHn", nepecynn, BÍn,Knn,aG. npocBinemcTb He po3y-míg ôaraTO nenoro b peairiÖHOMy acHTTi, 30KpeMa eaeMeHTÍB nonyT-TGB01 noöoacHocTH, He po3yMÍG HaiíioHaabHoro nonyBaHHa a6o noro pai;ioHaabHO nepeTOBManye, He h,íhhti> HaponHnx 3BiroaÍB Ta CTa-poBHHH, nocKiatKH tí i tí He g n,iaKOM ,,po3yMHÍ". Ccpepy noôoac-HOCTH npocBÍHeHÍCTb 3Byacye Ta nonacTH 3aMÍHK)G peairiio Mopaab-híctio, HanjoHaabHe noayTTH DjiaKOM 3aMhnoe nppacaBHHM Ta anHac-thhhhm, 3BHHai uiHHTb anuie, nocKiabKH BOHH cBianaTb npo nep-BicHy „HeBHHHicTb" npocToi" aioflnHH, icTopn^my CTapoBHHy npnií-MaG He b TOMy, mo b híh 6yao cnen,n(pÍHHoro aaa i"i nacy, a b TOMy, mp b híh g 3araabHoaioacbKoro Ta 6an3bKoro hh KopncHoro (noB-aaabHoro) naa „npocßiaeHoi" cynacHocTH.
£Lk ÖaanMO, b ncnxoaorii nacy Kaacnnn3My MZMajio HeöesneK. 3oKpeMa Ha yicpami con,iaabHa CTpyKTypa Beap 30 3ByaceHHa aiTe-paTypHoi TeMäTHKH, iaeoaoria npocBineHocTn 30 panioHaaicTHHHOi „cyxocTn" Ta iľHopyBaHHa 6araTO ReHoro b aíHTTi, 30KpeMa TaKOi Baacanßoi flaa aiTepaTypn (aK i aaa BcaKoro MHCTei^TBa) ccpepn noHyBaHb.
6. KaacHD;H3M po3BHHyßca HanacKpaBinie y <í>paHi;ií. TaM bíh po3BHBaßca 3HaHH0K) MipoK) Bace nopyn aiTepaTypn öapoKKa. B 18 ct. 3HaHHHM BnaHBaM KaacnHH3My, HacaMnepep; (ppaHii;y3b-Koro, yaaran aiTepaTypn cyciflHix 3 yicpaÍHijaMH Hapo^iB — po-
328
CiflH Ta nOJIHKÍB. B 060X KJIHCHHH3M p03BHHyBCfl IHHpOKO, y nojis-
kíb — ÔJiHCKy^e.
Ha yKpa'ÍHÍ P03BHTKOBÍ KJIJICHHHSMy He CnpHHJlH aHÍ nOJliTITffli,
am flyxoBi yMOBH.
B npyrin nojioBHHi 18 ct. cKacoBano MaibKe bcí peuiTKH ynpa-ÍHCI.K01 aBTOHOMii. CKacyBaHHH reTbManmHHH, 3HHiH,eHHa Cini, 3a-KpinaaeHHH cejijmcTBa — ne jiniue rojiOBHi eTann npoii,ecy o6ep-HeHHH YKpai'hh Ha pociáctKy npoBiHHJio. GnHHa nojiiranHa cHJia, rup Morjia Moace hkocb 3aTpHMaTH ijeS npou,ec, yKpamcbKe hijih-xeTCTBO, BeJiHKoio MÍpow hobc, pociocLKHH ypan, no^acTH TepopH3y-BaB, nonacTH 3yMÍB npHTarayTH pi3HHMH 3aco6aMH Ha cbíh 6ík Ta, BHíHBaiOHH noro nocjiyr ^laCTO Ha bhihhx maönax ypanoBoro ana-paTy, 3poÔHTH fioro naBÍTB 3Hapan,naM cbogi noaÍTHKH. KyjibTypHO TaKa 3HaHHa 3a nacÍB ôapoKKa CHJia, hk yKpamcbKa ijepKBa, öyjia TejK no3ÖaBJieHa noMajiy bchkoí aBTOHOMÍI, a chji II jiinuiHx npen,-CTaBHHKÍB b 3HaHHÍä Mipi BJKHTO Ha npaijio Ha HeyKpa'ÍHCbKHX Tepe-Hax. KyjibTypHi noTpeÖH Kpai'HH noBrHH nac uiaKOM HexTyBaaoca. HIkojih, b to My hhcjií KniBCbKa AnaneMia, HKa me b cepennm 18 ct.
BHaHHOK) MÍpOK) MOrJia 3anpBOJI£>hhth nOTpeÔH B CBÍTCbKÍH BHC0KÍH OCBÍTÍ, nOMaJiy 3P06hJIHCH CyTO n,yXOBHHMH UIKOJiaMH. HIjIHXeTCTBO
Bace ne Morjio 3anoBoabHHTHca BHXoBamiHM, aKe nepe3 cbíh ohho-6ÍHHo-p,yxoBHHH xapaKTep 3ajiHHiajiocH no3a ,,noTpe6aMH nacy", xoH 14i ,,noTpe6H" i 6yjiH HHMaaoio Mipoio BHMoraMH mooh. He bh-KJíHKajio flajibHiHH BÍnnjiHB — yace Moaon,i — po neTepôypry a6o
MoCKBH,  IHO CTOHJIH Ha BÍ«nOBÍnHÍH ,,BHCOTÍ".
TaK yKpamcBKHH Hapon, poÖHBca noMajiy THnoBOK) ,,HenoBhok) HairÍGio", HaponoM 6e3 KyjibTypHO BaacaHBHx 3a thx naciß cycniab-hhx kjiüc — BHiHpro ^yxoBeHCTBa Ta BHHj;oro nBopHHCTBa. Thm CaMHM Biananaan He jinnie — nonacTH — TBOpni rpynn, ajie me öiabine, rpynH, hkí b 18 ct. Haňoiabine MorjiH cnpmiHHHTHCH po po3BHTKy jiiTepaTypH, 60 Bin, hhx bhxotj,hjio „coinajibHe 3aMOBJieHHH" jiiTepa-
TypHHX TBOpÍB, CeÔTO EO!'H ÔyJIH rOJIOBHHMH IX cnoacHBa^aMH. ,,He-
noBHÍH Haiiiľ' BinnoBÍaaG 3ne6iabHia HenOBHa aÍTepaTypa. TaKoio ôyjia i JiiTepaTypa yicparncbKoro KaacHrr,H3My. Koan 3a nacÍB 6a-poKKa yKpaÍHCE>KÍH aiTepaTypi öpaicyBaao annie neaicHx ťaTyHKÍB, b H,ijiOMy cepe^híh yicpameiib Mir 3an,oBoabHHTH öijibiuy ^lacTHHy cboíx aiTepaTypHHx noTpe6 BjiacHoio ařrepaTypoio, aacn kjihch-ij,H3My yTBopHJiH 30BCÍM íhihhh CTaH'. yicparncbica aiTepaTypa 6yaa
JIHUie HKHMCb MOJKJIHBHM flOnOBHeHHÍIM po JIÍTepaTypH HyJKOMOBHOl,
oflHaKOBo hh pociíicbKoí, in 4)paHii,y3bKoľ, in noabCbKoí. HecaMO-ctíhhíctb aiTepaTypn 30bcím He 3ß'a3aHa 3 HH3bK0io hkíctio aiTepa-TypHHx TBopiB, — cepeij; TBopiB yKpaiHCbKoro KaacHiJ,H3My g TBopn noBHOBapTHi, aae 3 ycicl pÍ3HOMamTHocTH jiiTepaTypHHx raTyHKÍB
329
penpe3eHT0BaHÍ jimne Kiabica Ta np Toro b KoacHOMy pa3i TaKi, hkí
He MOrjIH 6 IlijIKOM 3anpB0JIBHHTH flyXOBÍ nOTpeÔH MOflepHOl JIIO-n,HHH,   HaBÍTB   i   6e3   HKHXOCb   3aHaflT0   BJKe   3arOCTpeHHX flyXOBHX
ÍHTepeciB.
7. Ajie yKpaiHCBKHH kjihchd;h3m MaB naa yicpamcbKoi aÍTepa-TypH i rjiHÖuie 3Ha*ieHHH, amac 3MÍHa aÍTepaTypnoro cthjiio. Lie öyjia 3MÍHa arrepaTypHoi mobh, nepexin, biji pÍ3HOMaHÍTHo'i mobh 6a-poKKa 3 li o6oMa nojiiocaMH — nepKOBHOcaoB'aHinHHoio yKpamcBKOÍ pen,aKH.ii Ta HaponHoio mobok) — np g n, h h o i jiiTepaTypHoi* mobh Ta 30 Toro mobh h a p o fl h o 1. He 6yjio b nopiBHamri 3 pecpopMoio HH HaBÍTB peBOJHOi^iGio b ccpepi aÍTeparypHoro cthjiio inpcb np Toro i^íjikom HOBe, paflHKajibHe Ta ranöoKocaacHe, inp xoh i g nepeöiab-
HieHHAM   Ha3BaTH  uk)   3MÍHy   MOBH   „HaniOHaabHHM HOBOHapOnJKeH-
hhm", HH, HK nonajiH Ka3aTH poMaHTHKH, „BinponaceHHaM", ajie np Bce ac 6yjro jiiieparypHe BÍn.po;a;aceHHH (Moace aimne 6yao 6 Ka3ETH „npo6yn.aceHHa"). nepexonpßi no HaponHo'i mobh cnpnaaH HKpa3 tí oöcTaBHHH, nip MH ix yace po3rjiíiHyjiH Ta oiííhhjih hk BJiacne BejíHKy caaOKÍCTb yKpaiHCbKoro cycnijiBHoro hchtth: BTpaTa yKpaiHOK) bhihhx cycnijiBHHx BepcTB Ta oÖMeacemcTb jiiTepaTypHHX ťaTyHKÍB yKpai'HCBKoro KaacHn,H3My — „HenoBHOTa" yKpamcbKOi KJiHCHHHoi jiiTepaTypn. Bo tí raTyHKH, h kí po3BHHyjiHCH b yKpam-cbKOMy KJIACHIÍH3MÍ — ťaTyHKH TpaBecTÍnm, Ta ine 6aíiKa Ta ko-MeflÍH — AKpa3 cnpHHJiH, a to S npocTo BHMarajiH Bacnray Hapofl-Ho'í mobh. CßinoMe Ta nocjiiflOBHe naeKaHHa HaponHo'i mobh, hk mobh JiiTepaTypHoi, npHHecaa 3 co6ok» anine poMaHTHKa Ta poMaHTHHHa nyMKa (nop. 30KpeMa naai npo Kyaiina). 3 xapaKTepoM JiiTepaTypHoi mobh Ta ii P03BHTKOM MH 6jiH>KHe no3HaöoMHMOCH naai.
8. MoBHe OHOBaeHHH, nip äoro npnHic 3 co6ok) yKpaim kjihch-uh3M, npHBejio np Toro, inp TBopn nboro nacy yTpHMajiH cbog 3Ha-HeHHH b yKpai'HCBKÍH jiÍTepaTypi npBine, amac n,boro MoacHa 6yao 6 cnofliBaTHca Ta aHiac — nonacTH — u,i TBopn 3acayroByBaaH. Tpa-nimia yKpamcBKoro KaacHn,H3My TarHeTbca aac 30 naciß peaaÍ3My Ta apaceBpiaa aac np caMoro řcmna 19 ct. y n,nx TBopax Ha-maflKH Bace He noMmaan (3a pinKHMH BHHaTKaMH, np hkhx Haae-acaB, Hanp., Kyaini) ix CTHaicTHHHoi Ta inpoaorimiol oÖMeaceHOCTH, ni TBopn np ocTaHHix naciß nepeÍHTepnpeTOByBaaHca, hk bhhbh 30BCÍM inuioro flyxy, aHiac toh, inp Ix b híhchoctí noponHB. He noMÍTHTH b yKpalHCBKOMy ,,Kaaenn,H3MÍ" KaacHn,H3My 6yao flincHO jierKo, — 60 yKpaiHCbKa aiiepaTypa KaacHn,H3My He Maaa nyace TfflioBHX ťaTyHKÍB ia 3B'a3aHHX 3 HHMH cTHaicTHHHHX Ta ineo-aoriHHHx pne (panioHaaÍ3My, „BHCOKoro cthjiio" i t. n,.), hkhx Bace híhk He npHHHaaH 6 aHi poMaHTHKH, am peaaicTH. JliTepaTypa yicpai'HCbKoro KaacnirnsMy Maaa TpHBaann BnanB, hkhô nonacTH
3ÖaraTHB jiiTepaTypy, a 30KpeMa MOBy ni3HiniHx naciB, nonacTH
3aTpHMaB xift JliTepaTypHOrO p03BHTKy Ta 3pOÖHB HeflCHHMH Meaci Ta   KOpflOHH   MijK   ni3HiuiHMH   aiTepaTypHHMH   CTHJIHMH, CnpHHIOHH
ihm 3arajiBHHM nepeniKopaM, inp ctohjih Ha iHjiaxy aiTepaTypHoi aHcpepeHniann Ta in,o npo hhx mh Bace roBopHJiH BHine.
B KoacHOMy pa3i, yKpai'HCBKHH kjihchhh3m g CßOGpiaHHH. He annie TOMy, inp b caMOMy fioro po3BHTKy öoro nepeTHHac Ha am nacTHHH 3MiHa mobh. BiH annie b nyace He3HaHHHx po3Mipax KO-pHCTyGTBCH THnoBHMH „bhcokhmh" faTyHKaMH (ni taTyHKH nHCB-MeHHHKH yKpai'HCBKoro KaacHnH3My TBopHTL b pocificBKiH MOßi) Ta „bhcokhm" mobhhm CTHJieM. „Bhcokhh cthjib" öyBac mcokjihbhh annie nicaa Toro, hk Mona n,o HBoro npHroTOBaHa nonepen,mM po3-bhtkom: Ha yKpaim ac aiTepaTypHa MOBa KaacHHH3My 6yaa Hosa Ta mfi HapoflHa. KopncTyBaHHH hobhmh mobhhmh niapaMH 3aBacn,h Bene 30 neBHoi opnriHaaBHOCTH, npHpon,HO, 60 HOBa MOBa in,e hIhk He yHopMOBaHa, am cboim caoBapHHM CKaanpM, aHi cboim CTHJieM. ToMy aiTepaTypa yKpai'HCbKoro KaHCHinreMy nonacTH HarajxyG 6a-poKKOBy aiTepaTypy. 3 n,pyroro 6oKy, He bhtbophbhih „BHcoKoro cthjikd", BOHa ni3Hime 3n,aBaaaca 6aH3BKoio fleaicHMH pncaMH np
MOBH   „peaaiCTHHHOl",   nOCKiaBKH  nH   OCTaHHH  CTpHMHTB HKHaHTlC-
Hime 3B'H3aTHca 3 HapoflHOK) mobokd. neBHa CTHJiicTHHHa HeBHpa3-mcTB yKpaiHCBKoro KaacHim3My cnpnaaa ni3Hime öoro aiTepaiyp-HOMy BnaHBOßi.
B. ÜOHaTKH
1. KaacHHH3M npHÖmoB np yKpamcBKOi aiTepaTypa He hk neBHa 6oHOBa Teopia, aKa y neBHOMy Binnopi np naHiBHoro öapoKKa bh-öopoaa coöi Miene, a noTiM i nepeBary b aiTepaTypHOMy CBm, hk ne 6yßaao b mimix aiTepaTypax. Hi, KaacHnii3M npimnioB Manace HenoMiTHO, 6e3 6opotb6h 3 6apoKKOBOK> JirrepaTypoio, aKa 3i cbogk> eaoB'aHCBKO-yKpaiHCBKOK) MOBOK) pi3Horo 3a6apBaeHHa Mycrnia 3HHKHyTH, KoaH yKpamcbKe acHTTH po6Haoca DjiaKOM npoBiHniaab-hhm i KoanmHi npHTpn aiTepaiypHoro hchtth, 30KpeMa KniBCBKa AKanpMia, Binn.ajiH yci cboi aoiBi chjih Ha kophctb hobhx „Bce-
POCiHCBKHX" npHTpiB.
JXßHKi öapoKKOBi yKpaiHCBKi nncBMeHHHKH, 3a,e6iabinoro n,y-xoBHi, no^aan nepeibvraTH HOBi KJiacHHHi aiTepaTypHi dpopMH. ÜOMinaGMO, Hanp., neBHi eaeMeHTH HOBoro, He 6apoKKOBoro, npo-CTimoro, rapMOHmHimoro craaio b nponoBin.ax (He b n'ccax) r. KoHHCbKoro. IHie öanaene nin,xon,HTb np CTHaicTHKH KJiacHH,H3My „IcTopia Pyciß". Ajie npä TBip, nncamiH Manace cyTo-pociäcbKoio MOBOK), CToiTb B3arajii Ha oKpai' yKpamcBKOi jiiTepaTypH. Hanpn-
331
kíhh.Í 18 ct. BHCTyrrajiH hk pociäcbKi KJiflCHHHi noeTH, yicpamni; HaHBH3Hanmuii 3 HHx 6yan IrniojiiT BoraaHOBHH (1743-1803), Ba-CHjib KanHHCT (1757-1823), mp oönflBa HaaeacaTB no HanacicpaBi-hihx 3ipoK pociöcbKoro KJiHCHii,H3My Ta cnopinHeHi míhc co6ok> 3Han-
hhm  iflHaÍHHHM  3a6apBJieHHHM cboix  BÍpinÍB,    Ta   MeHni TaJiaHOBH-
thö HeBTOMHHH acypHaaicT BacHJib PyßaH (1739-95).
2. Be3 cyMHÍBy, neä nepexin no HOBoro jiiTepaTypHoro cthjik) b KyjibTypHO BnjiHBOBHx HOBHX npHTpax, neTep6yp3i ia Mockbí, bírohbch 6 i na YKpaiHi, Ta Moace ň bíhôhbch 6e3nocepeflHBo b tbo-pax aeKoro 3 noeTÍB, TBopn hkhx 3ajiHHiHJiHca b pyKonncax. Aae 3ne6iai>iHoro nepexin no HOBoro CTHaio BH3HaHaB nepexin ho p o -ciHCLKoro KaacHrtH3My, 3 Soro íhhiok), HeyicpaiHCbKoio mobokd. IIa MOBa nonaaa nepexonnTH Bace i b cTHaicTHHHo öapoKKOBy aiTepa-xypy (OcoBopona). Orace, 3arpoacyBaB yace neBHHH 3aHHK yKpam-CBKOi aiTepaTypH aK CBoepinHoro niaoro. TyT iroiminaa Ha nono-Mory Ta HOBa ncHxoaoria, any yTBopHB kjihchuhsm 3 öoro nßipcB-KHM nyxoM. YKpaiHCbKa mo Ba npnnaBaaaca me, Hanp., naa napo-HÍh, mo ix 3Haaa Bace i ÔapoKKOBa aÍTepaTypa, a6o ho „caaBOHo-BHx" HacainyBaHB HapoHHHX niceHB, yaioôaeHHx HaBÍTB y neTep-6yp3i. Aae b napoflmx HOBoro aacy noMiaaGMo bíhhhh aicorocB ho-Boro nyxy. B aBTopax íx noayBaeMo Bace aioneS, 3aaenaeHHx ny-xoM npocBiaeHOCTH — "íx CTaBaeHHa ho peairiiiHoi C(pepH Hecep-H03He, íhohí HaBÍTt 6aio3HÍpcbKe; noMÍTHMo i HKHHCB HOBHÖ ,,naH-cbkhh" nyx, THnoBe rjisi TÍei caMoí npocBineHocTH 3HeBaacaHBe CTaBaeHHa ho BÍpyBaHB npocToi aiOHHHH; HapeniTi npo hobí aacH cbíh-aaTb i 3'aBHma po3Kaany yicpaiHCBKOi mobh: BHCHBaiOHH mobh Ha-poHHoi, ne^Ki aBTopH He MoacyTB yôeperTHca bíh íhohí ancaeHHHX
pyCH3MÍB.
' 3. He nyJKe BaacKO BHHÍaHTH 3 ancaeHHOi aÍTepaTypn yicpaiH-CBKHX BÍpuiÍB 18 Ta noaaTKy 19 ct. TBopn, mo nepecaKnem h,hm ho-bhm nyxoM. Aae eaeMeHTH KaacnaHoI cthjiícthkh b hhx 3Haa-hó caaÔHii, HÍac eaeMeHTH h y x a npocBÍaeHocTH. Ihoaí xapaKTe-pncTH^Ha i MOBa, 60, nmnyHH hochtb ancToio yicpaÍHCBKOio mobok),
aBTOpH  BHCHBaiOTB   MOBH  He  fliHCHO-HapOflHOÍ,   a   b y a b ť a p h o i,
CTaBaaTBca n° mobh, hk i h° BCBoro HapoHHoro 3 neBHHM npesHp-
CTBOM,  3 HeXTyBaHHHM.
Ocb, Hanp., BÍpmi npo PÍ3hbo XpncTOBe:
X(aa CHX p o h h h bchk xpncTHaHHH b m h h a e KOBoacH. BaÔH, híäh, nHBo, Menn, ropiaicy BapeHy
k y x a h k o m n'MTb, 3 KHHinaMH t p y t b CBHHHHy neaeHy. Xaoniji, híbkh HaBnepeHKH öiraiOTB nin xaTKH
í,   h K   B O b K H   aÔO   C B H H K H,   CKHpTHiyTB   KOaaflKH . . .
332
JXo niel KapTHHH npHGOHyGTbCii KapTHHa toto, mp poôhtbch y Heßi:
I yBecB TyT 3aryn,iB jiion,, mob jiítom tí öajkojih:
ÓepyTL   JKÍHOK,   iflyTB   b   TaHOK,    3aTHKäBinH    nojiH...
ripopoK TJaBun, TaM JKe cnnHTb i b Koö3y irpae, nicHK) CBHTy Cnacy XpncTy 3 ricajiTHpi HHTae.
HopHHBHH   X a M   CHflHTb TGJK i   p í JK e   b COmJIKy,
caM a o 6 p e n'g i bcím nae k b a p t o 10 r o p i ji k y...
lie naHCbKa noe3ÍH 3 npocBineHCbKHM MaroKe 6jiio3HÍpCTBOM Ta MOBHHMH pycH3MaMH. IIofliÔHa h BejíHKOflHH BÍpina:
IToflaJiH Im xjii6 i cíjib, KOJKflOMy no napili nnBa. TyT ^aBim HapoÔHB flHBa: npnyiiapHB b rycjii TaK, mp cKaKaTb xotíb ycsK, Capa KHHyjia i JioncKy, niflHÍMajia rapHO HOJKKy .. .
3acMÍíiBCH TyT i Bor. TyT i ßaÖKH, TyT i BHynKH bcí noôpaJincH 3a pynKH i niinjín y xopoBon, . ..
a6o íhhihh BapiflHT tígí caMol Bipnii:
KajKyTt, 6yn,eM mojioahd;í HeroflííHKH, jienaiHHiii i nyrjiHBi, hk 3afiu;i — ajK HenpaBfla, MOJioniii!
Ce JK MapiH cepen, hohí nycTHJiacH 30 bcíh mohí njiaKaTH Ha rpoô XpHCTOB, Ha Tojiťocpy, míjk KycTOB.
Horo, Mapyce, TaK th njianeni? H. BocKpec — caMa th öannni. ^CHflH Hce äk Ha nyn KpiraaTb, mp ne pynieHa nenaTb ...
33$
A XpHCTOC 6yB na poöoii, — noKaJiHB co6i hoôoth, noKÍJiB neKJio noracHB, i AnaMa BocKpecHB ...
rianacTH JKaxjiHBi HarojiocH (HapóÔHB, nycTHjiacn) Ta pycH3-MH (npHyn,apHB, HOJKKy, HeroflHHKH, míjk KycTOB i t. n.) 3Myuiy-iotb Bjiacne flo BH3HaHHH n,iei jiiTepaTypn TejK OHHHM 3i 3'hbhih, nin,-ynany, a He po3KBÍTy, hk n,e BBaJKajiH íhohí íctophkh JitiepaTypH.
4. ,2[o BHce 3ramaHHx TBopiB 3 ejieMeHTaMH KJiHCHHHoro cthjikd, HajiencaTB, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, npHHaíÍMeHUie nenKi Bipnii o. IßaHa Henpa-rueBH^ia (80-90 poKH 18 ct.). IIOHacTH öoro Bipnii nncam me 3aco-6aMH ÔapoKKOBoi* noerHKH Ta 3b'H3am npHMO 3 TpannniGK) Khí'b-cbkoí AKaneMií: hk Hanp., BipmoBaHa noflHKa (1787), a6o ^injior „Cnop nymi 3 tíjiom" (1773), ajie Tpoxn nÍ3HÍuii Bipnii HajiejKaTB HO HKHxocb hobhx ťaTyHKÍB'. „HpMapoK" Ta ,,CnoBÍn>" n,e híôh hjocb
CepeflHG   MÍJK   ÔapOKKOBOK)   ÍHTepjlK>nÍGIO   Ta   KJIHCHHHOK) inHJIlGK).
Hobhh ťaTyHOK i npHHTejibCBKi BÍpuiOBaHÍ jihcth. Ta HaiiuiKaBmie b hhx — íx MaHJKe HHCTa HaponHa MOBa:
... a MeHe 60 HaBHHJiH oTent míh i Mara KOJiHfliBOK i iu;enpÍBOK, Bora 3yXBajIHTH, roBÍK) h mppoKy, n'HTÍHKy inaHyio, He im, He n'io, He poöjiio no Benepa b Tyio. Ot 6pH3Hyjia Ha ry6y, hk cnp onKHnajia, *ioro h He poÔHJia, BBecB poT nojiocKajia. Icyce, npocTH MeHe, rpiniHyio Tanyio, a ÔijiBHie h Ha coôi Hi^oro He nyio...
I TyT too caMHH norjinn Ha Hapon 3ropn, hk y napon,ÍHx Ha KaHTH. Ta TBopH HeKpameBHMa HaÖJiHJKaG 30 TBopijH yKpalncBKoro
KJIHCHI^H3My  Ta   HOBOl   yKpaÍHCBKOÍ   JirrepaTypn, KoTJIHpeBCBKOrO,
nepenyciM Ix HHCTa MOBa. 3naGTbCH, mp HeKpameBHH npirihnoB no Hei thm caMHM HiJiHxoM, mp KoTjiHpeBCBKHH — *iepe3 TpaBeCTÍHm ťaTyHKH KJiHCHiíH3My. b nijioMy — bíh He TaKe BJKe bh^aTHe, ajie niKaBe 3'HBHHj;e Ha MejKi CTapoi Ta hoboí jíiTepaTypn, Ha MeJKi hbox cthjiíb — óapoKKa Ta KJiHcmrH3My.
TímoBHH rjih. KJiHCHiíH3My ťaTyHOK — caTHpa, penpe3eHT0BaHa KÍJiBKOMa TBopaMH MÍcn,eBoro 3HaHeHHH. Ajie HorocB BímaTHimoro Ha nBOMy nojii He MacMO. CarapiraHi cnpoön 3ajieJKaTb, MaßyTb, bíh
pOCÍHCBKOl Ta nOJIBCBKOi  CaTHpH KJIHCHH,H3My.
334
B. repo'ÍHHO-KOMÍHHa noeiaa
1. Tofi  TBÍp,   HKHM  nO^aBCH   BHÍHTOK  HapOflHOÍ  MOBH  hk mobh
jiiTepaTypHoi, „EHeifla" IßaHa KoTaapeBCbKoro (1769-1838), Haae-híhttd np neBHoro ťaTyHKy kjiíicitihoi noeTHKH, g „repoi^Ho-KOMin-hok> noeMOKD". KoTJiapeBCbKHH no3HaôoMHBca 3 oflHHM 3 nonyjiap-híihhx pociíícBKHX TBopÍB nboro ťaTyHKy, 3 „EHeifloio" H. OcinoBa (1751-1799, „EHe'ína" 1791-6, flaabini BHflaHHH 1800, 1801 p.), hkoi 3aKÍHKeHHH nncaHe A. KoTeabHHUbKHM (flara hchtth HeBiflOMÍ, 3a-KÍHHeHHH „EHeinn" 1802, 1806 p.), m,o fi co6i HacaiflyBaan nncb-MeHHHKa 18 ct. hímiih BaioMayepa. Ta aKpa3 „TpaBecTÍi" „EHeí-hh" Bepťiaia Ôyan HafiÖiabin nonyaapHHMH cepefl HHcaeHHHX Tpa-BecTiä nacÍB öapoKKa — HaäBHflaTHima 6yaa (ppaHiry3bKa ,,EHeifla" CKappoHa (1648, pÍ3HÍ saKÍH^eHHH íhhihx aBTopiß), nopy*i hkoí 6yao KiaLKa (ppaHiíy3BKHX TpaBecTOBamix „EHe'ifl", 30KpeMa pí3hhmh fliaaeKTaMH. „EHeifla" KoTaapeBCbKoro BHÖniaa 1798 p. 6es fl03-Boay aBTopa, TpeTG BHflaHHH 1809 p. KoTaapeBCbKHÖ flonoBHHB 4-ok) HaCTHHOK), a OÔHflBÍ OCTaHHÍ, Hap; hkhmh bíh npan,iOBaB flOBri pOKH, BHRaHÍ htohho no fioro CMepTÍ 1842 p.
KoTaapeBCbKHÍJ. KopHCTaBca Hafiôiabine TBopoM OcinoBa. Aae HOMy, BHXOBaHi^eBi flyxoBHo'í ceMiHapii, aaTHHCbKa „EHeifla" Bepťiaia ôyaa npöpe 3HafioMa; 3flacTbCH, KopncTaBca bíh i CKappoHOM. Aae fioro „HacaiflyBamiH" híhk He g nepeKaafl Ta HaBÍTb He nepe-piÖKa. „EHeifla" OcinoBa-KoTeabmnrbKoro Ta He3aKÍHaeHa „EHeifla" CKappoHa MaioTB nonafl 20 000 BipniiB, TBÍp KoTaapeBCbKoro — fle-mp noHaa, 7 000. Bace np 3Ha*mo Ha fioro KopncTt. KoTaapeB-CbKHfi He öoiTLca BHnycTHTH HaBÍTb nyace BaaíaHBi momchth flu: 3 Hafinonyaapmnioi b „EHei'fli" Bepťiaia 2-o'i nicm, inp onncyG 3a-rHÖeat Tpoí, y Hboro He 3aaHuinaocb m^oro. J^e OcinoB fioMy no-npÔacTLCH, bíh flyace 6aH3bKO fioro Hacaiflyc, aae 3fle6iabina Bifl ÍHniHx ,,EHeifl" 6epe anme 3araatHy cxeMy, onoßiflaHHa OcinoBa
HH   ÍHniÍ   3pa3KH    CKOpOHyG,    ÍHOfli    nOIHHpiOG,    ÍHOflí   fifle HÍaKOM
BaacHHM HiaaxoM. JJeaKÍ Micnn 3B'a3am 3 íhuioio TpaflHincio; Hafi-ainma nacTHHa — EHefi y neKai, HanncaHa b aochtb TÍCHOMy Ha-caiflyBaHHi öapoKKOBHx „IBcem. npo HOTHpn OCTaHHÍ peni aionHHH" (cMepTb, cyfl, neKao, paň), — Ha acaat, ix yKpamctKi oöpiÖKH nonacTH He 36eperanca, no^iacTH He BHflaHi. Aae KoTjiapeBctKHH Mir KopHCTaTHca i aaTHHCBKHMH aôo noaBCBKHMH TBopaMH Ha npfi cioaceT. Ta roaoBHe b noeMi KoTaapeBCLKoro He HacaiflyBaHe, a opn-ťÍHaabHe. ĽTJp noeMa KoTaapeBCbKoro 6e3MeaiHo Bnina 3a TBÍp OcinoBa, np BH3HaK>Tb oflHoroaocHO i CTapi i hobí i yKpaÍHCbKi
i pOCifiCbKi flOCJliflHHKH.
335
2. Hkhh xapaKTep Mae „EHeina" ? — lie „repoÍHHo-KOMÍHHa noeiwa", ajie BOHa g onHonacHo „TpaBecTicio" Ta HaB'ji3yGTBCH no CTapoi TpaflHqii' „öypaecKHHx" TBopiß. Mh Bace 3ranyBaaH npo Micne „repoÍHHo-KOMiHHOi" noeMH b Teopii noe3ii KaacHn,H3My ■— n,e kjih-CHHHa noeMa 3 ,,hh3bkhm" cioaceTOM (3a reopieio Byajito), a6o 3 „bhcokhm" cioaceTOM y „HH3BKOMy" CTHJii (Ha npaKTHi^i iCHyBajIH i TaKi noeMH, 3a6opoHeHÍ reopieio Eyaabo). IIoeMH npyroro THny 6yjiH i paHiuie. Hrano i'x „bhcokhh" cioaceT ôpaBca 3 CTapinioi enm-H01 Tpan,Hnii, roBopnjiH npo ,,TpaBeCTiio" („TpaBecTiioBaTn" Moama ôyjio, po3yMÍGTBCH, ň íhuií jiřrepaTypHi ťaTyHKH). „EypaecK" (acapT)
— Ha3Ba Tem CTapma, BrnianKOBa — Ha3Ba TBopiB, inp nncani 3 Hecepíío3HHM HaMÍpoM, Jiňme naa HcapTy; b híhchoctí CepÖ03HHH HaMip, jiiTepaTypHHH aôo ň in,eoaorÍHHHÍí, ôypaecKHi TBopn nacTO MajiH: „npocBineHenb" BjnoMayep HanncaB cboio HiMenbKy „EHei-n,y" HK caTHpy npoTH i^epKOBHo'i, nepenyciM KaTOjrantKoi', peairiö-hocth; „HcapTOM" y ôypaecKy 6yB roJioBHe JiiTepaTypHHH 6ík — Hecepöo3HHH yjKHTOK jiÍTepaTypHHx cpopM Ta cthjho neBHoro Ha-npHMy.
3míct „EHe'iflH" 3ano3HHeHHH 3 Bepťiaia: n,e icTopia MaHflpi-BOK TpoHHiíiB, iup nicaa 3arH6eai Tpoi BTeKan 3 ohhhm 3 Moaon,-niHx HJieHÍB D;apcbKoi' ponHHH EHeeM Ta nicaa pÍ3HHx öaynaHb 3HaňmaH HOBy 6aTbKÍBinnHy b iTaaii, ne, nepeMirníH TyöiabCbKoro ijapica JlaTHHa, noicaaan nonaTOK nÍ3HÍniio phmcbkíh nepacaßi: ae-ľeHfla, arey Bipťiain po3BHBac 3 neBHoio noaÍTHHHoio TeHneHn,iejo, SB'asyio^n Phm 3 CTapnioio icTopicK), HaBÍTb 3 OaiMnoM (EHeä — CHH BeHepn) Ta ninKpecaioiOHH BceCBÍTHboicTopH^Hy mícíio PHMy. Ua TeHaeHnia TBopy He Maaa aaa TpaBecTÍHHOi noeMH HiaKoro 3Ha-neHHa: „EHei'na" 6yaa BHôpaHa aK TBip 3araabHo bí,o,omhh. CioaceT TpaBecTOBaHHX „EHeln" njia ^HTamB umaBocTH ne MaB, 60 BBecb xin, nofliô 6yB HHTa^eBÍ Hanepen. 3HaiioMHH. Hen,ÍKaBÍ 6yan naa aB-TopiB Ta HHTaniB TpaBecTOBaHHX EHein, i oKpeMi íctophhhí, apxeo-jioriHHi Ta ineoaorinm mothbh. Te, mp b 3míctí 6yao HOBe Ta npn-3epTaao yßary HHTaniB, 6yan Bapian,ii oKpeMHx cneH Ta enÍ3on,íb noeMH. Tpan.Hnia TpaBecTÜ noaarae b TOMy, mp neBHe icTopHHHe Ta Hai^ioHaabHe 3a6apBaeHHa TBopy aBTOpH TpaBecTiö 3aMÍHaiOTb íhuihm: KoTjrapeBCbKHH poÔHTb 3 tpohhijíb — Ta, BaacHe, i 3 npen,-cTaBHHKiß íhhihx Hapon,íb, — yKpaÍHCbKHx K03aKÍB, a 3 apyroi c(pepH, mp ii ocnißyBaaa CTapa noeMa, 3 rpenbKo-pnMCbKHX öoriß
— yKpaiHCbKHX apiÔHHX naHiß. Bei non.po6Hu,i nepeßeneHo b nao-mimy noBCHKfleHHoro yKpa'ÍHCbKoro hchtth '. üpoMeTen „Ha aioab-Ky... oroHb yicpaß", „öoram b thíbí — Tan me 6aÔH", „EHeö 6yB napyöoK MOTopHHH i xaoneu;b xoTb Kynn K03aK", BeHepa — „mob coTHHKa HKorocb naHi" i t. 3. Bca ncnxoaoria híôobhx ociô, pos-
336
ropTaHHH oKpeMHX enÍ3onÍB, MOTHByBaHHH bhhhkíb híhobhx ociô — Bee „TpaBecTOBaHe". Ajie i na 3MÍHa ne Morjia 6 3po6hth noeMH HÍKaBOK>, am nan cy^acHHKÍB, am thm ôijitme, njiH HacTynHHX no-kojiíhb. "Hiepes Te, inp KoTJinpeBCbKHH He 3BepTae BejiHKoi yBarn Ha xapaKTepncTHKy OKpeMHX ociô — bohh 30bcím He ÍHnHBÍ,n,yajibHÍ, Ta xapaKTep ix nacTo 3MÍmoeTbCH no HeBnÍ3HaHHH npoTaroM noeMH. 3axonjiK>Bajio Ta 3axonjnoe HHTana b noeMi imne: MOBa Ta „aKce-cyapn": no6yTOBÍ, íctophhhí yitpamcbici nonpooimi Ta němci (pop-MajibHi neTajii cthjiio. Ha hhx i Tpeöa 3BepnyTH yBary.
3. b nepniy aepry inicaBa MOBa: KoTJinpeBCBKHO 3yMÍB yacHTH b CBOGMy TBopi Han3BHHaHHo 6apBHCToí, öaraToI Ta rayHKOi mobh,
MOBa   nyJKe   pÍ3HOMaHÍTHa.   KOTJIHpeBCbKHH   KOXaCTBCH   B CHHO-
HÍMax, BJKHBaiOHH bckd^h RjiH KOJKHoro h Ha03BHHaHHÍmoro no-hhtth no mojkhoctí mopa3y ininoro cjioBa. Horo cjiobhhk HeBHHep-najiBHHH. Ocl, HanpHKJiajj;, KijibKa Hä3B, mo bíh ix y>KHBae rjih ajibKorojibHHx HanoiB, hkí n'iOTb i TpoHHiji i jiaTHHHHH i 6orn: ro-pijiKa, 6para, ropijioHKa, CHByxa, cjiHB'HHKa, Men, nHBo, ropuiKa npocTa i KajiraHKa, BapeHyxa, BapeHa, 3 iMôepoM niHHa ropijiKa, MOKpyxa, niHHeHbKa, rapHHim, mrene, CHBymKa, peHCbKe 3 KypnH-
MOHOM Ta nHBO HOpHee 3 JIHMOHOM, CHKÍ3Ka, nepeHÍBKa Í KpHMCBKa
BKycHan nyjiiBKa, mo TaM aHBÍBKOio 30ByTb, oxTHpcbKmí Men,, na~ jibOHKa, 3 CTpiOHKOM ropijma, raHycHa, ninniHOK, ^HKHJinnxa, i t. n..
A6o ropijiOHKy roura —
He tk)tk>HKOBy i He niHHy,
He TpeTbonpoÖHy neperiHHy,
HaCTOHHyK) Ha 6ohhh,
nin, nejnocTHMH 3anÍKaHy,
i 3 raHycoM, i 30 KajiraHy,
b híh 6yB i nepenb, i nianpaH ...
A60 ocb BHpa3H 71JIH pyxy jnoneH, 3aMÍCTb 3BHHaäHHx „niinoB", ,,noixaB", ,,no6ir": BBifinijra; BnepjiHcn; raHHjm; naB npajia; Hy bíh npajia; nyHyB bo bcí jionaTKn; nMyxmivr; naB BÍnTijib nponaKa; aoHocHBCH; imoB; J1Í3; pa^kh J1Í3; MaHnpyBaTb; MerayBCb; MaxHy-jia; MmiTb; HeceTbcn; n'aTaMH HaKHBäB; HacTynajia; nonyxpaB; no-nxaBcn; npmuieHTaBCb; ninrKmneM imjia; noMHajmcn; noMnajra; npHHBajiaB; noôirjia; npímxajiHCb; nOKOTHJia; CTejKKy npoTonTajia; nonjiejiHCH; nycTHJiacb; nocKanaB; nojiÍ3jm; npyTbca; cniniHTb; cjiohhbch; cyHyBCb; coBaBCb; thhhbcb; naB THry; HKypHyjia; hhm-HHKyBaB; niMHrHein; mjiHJiHCb; niBeHnaiOTb, i t. n,. b o6ox Bíman,-Kax n.e JiHine bhóípkh npHKJian,íb. KoTjrapeBCbKHH HaKyn^ye chho-hímh a6o cnopinHem 3a ceHcoM cjioBa. Ocb hk dpypia b neKJii Ka-Tye rpiniHHKÍB:
337
poÔHJia rpiiHHHM noôpy many, peMHHMH flpajia, mob ôhkíb, Kycajia, rpH3Jia, ÔHnyBaaa, KpHniHjia, niKBapHjia, iumiajia,
Tonraaa, n,panaaa, neKJia, * nopojia, KopHHjia, nnanaa, BepTijia, pBajia, rmiHryBaaa,
i KpoB Í3 TÍJia ix nnaa. 4 Ilopy^   „sbh^aHHHX"   cjiíb,   3HaX0HHM0   b   KoTjinpeBCBKoro i
„oHOMaTonoeTHHHi", yxBopem Ha 3pa30K thx 3ryKÍB, hkí cJicma ni MaiOTB BH3HanaTH: xapaMopnajiH, irBeHBKaTH, iimok, 3aMeKe-KaB, HioKajia, MypMOTaao i t. n,. 3oKpeMa KoxaeTbca KoTjiapeBCBKHH b piflKHX cjioBax, n, o neHKHX bíh HaBÍTb nonoflaBaB noacHemiH, — Tani cjiOBa, íik: n,3HHn,3HBep-3yx, nynpcpeT, (piabTÍcpiKeTHHx, 6acKa-
aHWTHCb, THMCpH naTH, pH^IKa, (pypinOBaTH, COťpOpOH, HíepeTÍH, Xa-
jiHHflpa, inyraaia, apMHC, npHn3HrabOBaHKa (íhhií npHKaann HHTan
CaM MOJKe 3HaHTH Ha H,HX, npHCBHHeHHX „EHeifli" CTOpÍHKax) 3HaÖ-
apMO TpoxH ne b kohchíh CTpocpi. Ajie caM KoxaapeBCbKHH hobí
CJIOBa   yTBOpiOG   pinKO,   3   „HeOJI0rÍ3MÍB"   MOHÍHa   BÍnMÍTHTH JIHHie
HeHHCJieHHi CJIOBa, hk ot: n.pyacejno6HBHH, o6e3ray3n,hb, anuapKy-BaTHÖ, repo'íth, Kop a jiBHHH, ÖasBHH (=6aHK0BHH), HopTonxaÖKa, Ta KiJiBKa íhhihx (nonacTH cyMHÍBHe, hh H.e HeojiorÍ3MH).
KoTjiHpeBCbKHH hí6h xone nonara b cbo'íh noeMi noBHHH JieK-CHKOH yKpai'HCbKoí MOBH CBoro nacy. HeMae cyMHÍBy, mp Bni> Y>kh-BaiOHH bcíx hhx cjiíb, He nyMaB npo aicycb h o p m y yKpamcBKoi mobh: 60 e cepen, hhx HHcaeHHÍ míchpbí cjiOBa (fliaaeKTH3MH) Ta me HHCJieHHiuii CJIOBa 3 mobh neBHHX rpyn: ďaromb, nyMaKÍB, mí-maH, ceMÍHapncTÍB i t. 3. — „acapťoHOBÍ" cjiOBa,
He Tpeôa 3aMOBHyBaTH Toro cpaKTy, mp MOBa KoTjiapeBCbKoro
He SaBJKflH HHCTa. MaCMO b híh ^HMajIO HppK0BHOCaOB'HHÍ3MÍB, hkí,
mpnpaBfla, Tonj HaneBHo mp 6yjiH jkhbí b yicpaiHCbKifi mobí, a no-^acTH HajieHcajiH 30 mobh imcoaapiB, ceMÍHapncTÍB, 3 hkoí Kotjih-peBCbKHH 6epe pacHo BHpa3H. Ocb npHKaann nppKOBHOcaoB'HHÍ3MÍB: HecKa3aHHO, ^epB i npax, 6e3HyBCTBeHHO, Í3nycKaaa, icHycHO, 6oro-yronHa, b cie BpeM'a, Í3KopeHÍM, Bpen., nycKaroinnö, raac, rpan,, Ha-neacna, Haymaan, Hpe3, npecaoByTHH, o6aoÔH3aB, noöo'iine, spÍTb, Í3KOHÍ 6e i t. 3. Ha nÍ3HÍuiHX HHTaniB caoB'aHÍ3MH poônan no^acTH HenpHGMHe BpaaceHHa, 60 bohh 3naBaanca „BeaHKopycH3MaMH", aae h TaKHX b noeMÍ HHMaao: B6aH3Í, cthhiok, KapTboacHHH, nayT, eae, Heronaii, ySipaäca, jihihhíh, 6e3ToaKOBÍ, n.ypaaen, MeabKOM, onao-inan, o6e3bHHa, í3'hh, BaioöaeHHHx, HaBÍTb „noaTaBa-MaTyniKa" i t. n.. G HaBÍTb ijiai BHpa3H; „acH3Hb — aaTHH, a CMepTb — ko-
338
minca". IHonpaBsa, TaKi Bnpa3H nacTo 3B'a3aHi 3 pocificBKHM no-6yTOM a6o 3 thmh ejieMeHTaMH yKpamcBKoro nooyry, 1140 Bace no-HHHajiH pycHcpiKyßaTHCH: ajiTHH, MyHnHp, Ha nepeKaaaHHx, paH-acnp, nHJiHnoHH (cTapoBipn), Tyjia Ta TopacoK, hhhobhhkh, cmhph-
TejIbHi   nOMH,    BHpa3H,   UK   „Ha   npHHaflJieJKHOCTb", „ROJIJKHOCTHÍ"
i t. ji. KijiLKa nojiBOHÍ3MÍB — BnnanKOBi. Ajie b inaoMy TaKi Braiafl-kobí nyjKOMOBHi ejieiweHTH jiHuie ninBHinyiOTB aeKcmme 6araTCTBO noeMH.
He MeHui niKaBa i cppa3eojiorm KoTjiapeBCBKoro — pÍ3HO-
MaHlTHiCTb MOBHOrO BHpa3y, b HKÍH BÍH TeaC BHKOpHCTOByG CKapÔH yKpa'ÍHCbKOl   MOBH   HKHaÔlHHpiHe.   He   3aBJKRH   JierKO CKa3aTH, KoTaapeBCBKHH BJKHBaB po3nOBCK)flaceHHX BHpa3ÍB Ta  3BOPOTÍB, HH
yTBopioBaB ix — b HaponHOMy nyci caM. Bíh 3aaK>6kh BHCHBae Ha-poflHHx tpopM, — Hanp., THnoBoi naa cjiob'hhci>khx mob, ajie Majio
BJKHBaHOl b JlÍTepaTypHHX MOBaX, KOpOTKOl CpOpMH nÍGCJIOBa:* TO-POX, 3HpK, TJIHRb, ryJIBK, CTpHÔ-CTpHÔ, XJIHCb, nJIIOCb, 6aHCb-6jIHCb,
CKiirb, uiycTb, nepk i t. fl. Ta Hanaimni g noro o6pa3HÍ 3bopoth: HanyBCb, mob Ha orm Jionyx; BepTÍJiacb, rk b oKponi Myxa; ripiHHä Bin, nepiiio; 6yn,ÍM b 6oaoTÍ nopT, 3acÍB; Hanysca, hk raninc; 3aHy-RHBCH, hk no ôoaoTi KyjiHK; cjioBa TaK cnnae, hk ropox; Hanpiao, ak MyMáKaM npín, BoceHH; TyjiHBca, mob or KOTa b KOMOpi MHm; KpHHaB, hk b MapTÍ kít ; nponaan, hk CipKo b 6a3api, i t. n,. 6e3 kíhh;h, nopyn nnx o6pa3ÍB, hkhx n,o pem, hk „MeTaťpop", bh-Maraaa i nocTHKa KJijiCHi^H3My, KoTjiapeBcbKmi BacHBac 3aaio6KH ceHTeHqin, npncaiB'ÍB, mp 3ne6iabina b3htí 3 ycT Hapony: BejíHKiľ y CTpaxa oni; He jií3b npoacoroM nepninä b Bony; ne xto He nyMa, TaM Honyc; 6ina 6iny — roBopjrib — poním.; ne icTbca CMa^no, TaM i n'GTbca; Koan Koro míx HaaHKac, to nican Topôa cnaTB He nacTb. Moace KoTaapeBCBKHn caM BHranaB i 3HaMeHHTe „MyacHnbKa npaBna gctb Koaiona, a naHCBKa Ha bcí 6okh rayna", aae HaneBHe Bace noro BaacHa ceHTeHn,ia: ,,acHBe xto b cbítí HeoöaHHO, TOMy mne He 6yne cMaHHo".
Ta Bee ac He ceHTeHiiii, noBHaaBHi npncaiB'a, inp Moran Haöan-3HTH TpaBecTiiíHy noeMy np cepno3Horo acaHpy, xapaKxepHCTHHHÍ njín (ppa3eoaorií KoTaapeBCbKoro, a 30bcím iHuioro CTnaio HenpnGMHi Byabr/apH3MH, He Haponm, a npocTanBKi, hhhíhhí Ta pÍ3KÍ Bnpa3H: K)HOHa cyna npHKa; aanac na/rb; EHea 3a ächbít 6epe; najra HaM rpeKH nponyxaHa; mob 33any nxaan ix hopth; nnan, äk 6pary no-pocHTa; 6a6n cyqoi; b Mopny rane; íb, aac 3a yxaMH aamaao; xpon-th yKaaBca; pa*mn ai3; Typn, coSannä chh; 3raMKaTH, hk 6aHH;
*) Ujo (J)opMy ^acTO 30ByTb „^iecjiiBHHM BHryKOM";      He BipHO — b yicpa^ ihcbkíh mobí i;e $opMa AiecjiOBa (Ha^ i;hm He mojkcmo TyT 3ynHHHTHCb).
339
TpoHHiii 3apeBÍjiH — TaKi BHpa3H nepenoBHioiOTb iiijii CTpocpH i, flyace Bflajii xa 3BHnaÖHi b TpaßecTifimfi noeMi, HenpHGMHo BpaacaaH nHxaniß xoMy, uio noeMa HecnoflißaHo flaa Ii aBTopa Haöyjia c e p -S o 3 h o r o 3HaneHHH hk nepnmfi xBip hoboí yKpaiHCbKoí Jiixepaxypn.
B Meacax TpaBecxiOHoro acaHpy hk xaKoro MoacHa Ôyjio 6 3a-KHflaxH KoxjiiipeBCBKOMy JiHUie, mp HaBixb y cn,eHax CMepxH, 6o-
pOTbÔH, HKÍ i B KOMÍnHOMy TBOpi G CepH03HÍ, KOTJlHpeBCbKHH He BÍ-
flifiinoß Bifl irboro MOBHoro cthjiio: roJioBKy oflaecaB; MäKÍTpy ofl-flijiHB ofl njien; Í3 Hoca 6pH3Hyjia KaôaKa; y TypHa okojiíb b ho-rax; noö'ioxb b hgihhio; ny3o po3njiaxaB; BjiinHB xanoro MaicoroHa; flyxeJia 3'Ib, i t. fl. I HaBixb TaM, fle KoxjiapeBctKHÔ npHHariflHo
BJKHBaG   CepÖ03HOrO   XOHy,   paMKH   flJIH   IJHX   MÍCIIb   híôh HaBMHCHe
ByjibťapHi: pin Taný im yflacHťHyB (flaai öfle cepfto3HÍma npoMO-Ba); njian MaTepi Eßpinaa 3a bÔhthm chhom, u,ÍKaBe HacjiiflyBaHHH HapoflHHX njiaMÍB, BBefleHo flo noeMH TaKHMH pnflKaMH:
I KOJiH rojioBy ni3Hajia CBoro CHHOHKa EBpycfl, to Ha Bajiy i posnjiaxajiact, KpHHajia, refl3ajiacb, Kanaaacb, KysiKajia, mob nopocn .. .
I xoMy, mp HHTani npHHHajiH noeMy — 3 neBHoro norjiafly, hk cepüo3HHH TBip, HenpneMHe BpaaceHHH cnpaBjiHJiH b cjioBHHKy noeMH He HapoflHi, a „npocTaiibKi" 3ÍncyTÍ nyaci caoßa: oÖTeKap, KaaaByp, aHaxTeM, MaHixBecT, jienopT i t. fl., a6o 3MeHHiem caoBa, mo Teac 30BCÍM He HapoflHi: flyniKa, tojiocok, rijieHKa, rojioBKa, cjií3kh, rap-HeHbKO, CMauiHeHbKo. Han,ioHajibHe nonyTTH HHTaniB oopaacyBaß yjKHTOK ByjibťapH3MÍB, ajie me Óiabine — Hecepfio3He CTaBaeHHH
flO   HapOflHOl  MOBH  B   3raflaHHX   „npOCTaiíTBax".   3aKHflH iCTOpHHHO
HecnpaBefljiHBi: flo ťaTyHKy TpaBecTil Haaeacaan ni mobhí BJiacTHBOCTi. Ajie toh BnjiHB, HKHÖ Maß CTHJib KoTjiHpeBCbKoro no3a MeacaMH By3bKoro jiiTepaTypHoro ťaTyHKy „EHelfln", 6yB fliöcHOio He6e3ne-KOK) fljiH yKpa'ÍHCbKoro JiiTepaTypHoro po3BHTKy, hk noKa3ywTb npHKJiaflH fioro nÍ3HÍuiHx HacjiiflyBaniß.
4. Cjiobo flJiH KoTjiHpeBCbKoro — TaKoac MaTepinji fljín mobhhx rparuoK, mo ôyjiH i b fioro nonepeflHHKiB 3 floôH KaHCHiiH3My, Ta 6yjiH HKHMHCb 3anÍ3HeHHMH napofliHMH Ha rpaniKH naciß ÖapoKKa. KojiH CJIOBHHK KoTanpeBCbKoro — HaficHabminmi 6ík fioro TBopy, to mobhí rpaniKH fioro jiinrni, amac y OcinoBa Ta EaiOMayepa, aae He TaKi ßace Bflaai.
Ro TaKHX rpaniOK HaaeacHTb yacHTOK y pnMax nyacHx ímch, 3 HKHMH pHMyiOTbCH yKpaÍHCbKi. .ZIpiiip Bflaae, xon KoTanpeBCbKHfi
ÍHOfli   HaBľľb   BiflMOßaHGTbCH   ßifl   flOÖpol  pHMH  B   TaKHX BHnaflKaX.
Oct. npHKJianH: Tpoio: rrHoio, Tpoínin,íb: rjiamjiB, T^HROHa: :MOTopHa, nec: :3eBec, KynnnpHe: icTorne, najiiHyp: :6ajiaryp, AMaTa: :xaTa, AcTpei: :Ka3HaHei\ InnoJiHT: iBajiHTt, KaMHjijia: :K0ÖHjia, Mepicypifi:: MypHÖ, HenTyH: :iuKapflyH, JIaBHHa: rcjiHHa, íhrhkíb: :AMMaJiHKÍB, EBpiflJioM: :KajiOM, EMCpioHa: iMaKoroHa, Tojiiacp: rrjnrraB, nomo:: Te3HCpOHK>, KapcpaťeHi: :npHí>n,í i HeHi, TypH: :Bep3yH, EHefl::Kepefl, AßaHTa: xepjKaHTa, inicejieT::AßjieT, cpijio3oroi: :KpyTononn (n,e 3 CTapruoí Tpaannii), i t. fl.
Tane caMe komíhhc 3MÍniyBaHHír nBox mob MaeMo b yicpami-3an,ii ÍMeH (xoh me b AMapTOJia „AjieKcamjp «rmiHnoBira" — Ma-KeROHCbKHH): EHeö — AHXH3eHK0 a6o EHefi Ahxh3obhh, Tajiec — AraMeMHOHeHKO, Iyji — Iyji Ehôhobiih, 3eBec — CaTypnoBnq, In-nojiHT Te3eHOBHH, IlajiJiaHT EBaHflpoBHH, TjinnneHKo, chh Byji-KaHa HeKyji — KoBajieHKo; ÍMeHa yKpaÍHÍ30BaHÍ i íhiuhm ihjjhxom: EHeGHKO, EBpycb; jkíhkh — IpncH, JlaBHCs. A60
HeBTecoM bcí fioro npajKHHjra,
no HanioMy hc to 3BaBCi> OxpiM...
A60 EHefi y neKJii:
no n,opo3Í noBCTpinaBCH 3 rpoManpio 3HaKOMHx aym ... ...  3HaňnioB 3 TpoHHnJB oct Koro: üentKa, TepeniKa, IIIejiicpoHa, IlaHbKa, OxpiMa i Xapna, JlecbKa, OjieniKa i CÍ3t.oHa, IlapxoMa, IcBKa i <í>ecbKa, CTentita, OHHCbKa, OnaHaca, CBHpnna, JIa3apH, Tapaca, 6yjiH /JeHHc, OcTan, Obcíô,
i BCÍ TpOHHUÍ,  iuo BTOnHJIHCS,
HK Ha HOBHaX 3 HHM BOJIOHHJIHCB |
TyT 6yB BepHHropa Mycin.
He Bate Ha6jiHJKeHHíi po ,,MaKapoHÍHHoro'' cthjiio 6apoKKa, nncaHHH nsoMa MOBaMH ycyMiniKy, in,o Ha YKpami 6yjio Majio po3-noBCioflJKeHO. Cyro m aKap o h i hhhx yKpamcbKO-jiaTHHCBKHx mícub b „EHeľni" KÍjri>Ka, Ta flyjKe BnajiHx, hk ocb:
EHefi, k floôpy 3 HaTypn ckjiohhhh, CKa3aB nocjiaM jiaTHHCtKHM Taic: JI a t h h y c pene gctb HeBroMOHHHŽ, a TypHyc necciinyc nypaK. I k b a p e BoioBaTB BaM m e k y m !
JIaTHHyca 6yn> nyTo h, e k y m, a Bac ceHbiiopec 6e3 yMa; JlaTHHycy pa3 nai;eM 3 a p e, nepMino MepTBHx noxoBape, i 3J10CTH k o p a m Bac HeMa ...
(nepeKJian. aaTHHCbKHX cjiiB 3a nopaflKOM: JlaTHH n,ap, TypH Hafi-ripniHH, HOMy, 3i mhok>, JlaniHa, BBaacaio cjiinHM, CTapnii, Jla-
THHy, flaTH MHp, A03BOJIHIO,  IIOXOBaTH,  IipOTH).
iHina rpauiKa — imcinbHa MOBa, 3 nepecTaBjieHHHM Ki.Hn.iB pi3-hhx caiB (3a npHKJiaflOM OcinoBa): c
EopmiB hk Tpn He noneHBicyeiH,
Ha MOTOpOHIHi 3acepflHHTb,
i 3apa3 TaraoM 3aKmuKyGiH
i B 6ypKOTi 3aKeHflK)HIHTb.
Kojih ac mo HanxoM 3'a3HKaeni, i b Tepe6 n.o6pe 3acHBOTaein, to Ha Beceai 3aHyTpHTb; 06 anxo BflapoM 3a3eMaioGHi, i Becb 3a6yfl cBifi 3roaon.yeni i 6ir 30 ropa 3anopTHTb . ..
/Jo rpamoK HaaeacaTb i HaKynneHHa cHHOHiMiB a6o cnopinHeHHX cjiib, b „EHeifli" HanpHKJiaa aafioK:
IToraHHH,   Mep3bKHH,  CKBepHHH, 6pHn,KHH,
HiKHeMHHH, aaHenb, KaTeaHK, ryabBica, naKocHim, npecTH3KHH, HeriaHHH, 3aoHiH, epeTHK!
a6o npoKJibOHiB (am 30BiB ni3Hiuie 30 BipTyo3HocTH Toroab):
MaHflpyfi 30 caTaHH 3 poraMH,
Hexafi To6i npncHHTbca 6ic,...  i t. 3.
JJ,o rpainoK HaaeacaTb i HHcaemri nepeaineHHa, „KaTaaorH" (BHme npHKaaflH: iineHa, Mynn b nenai). Ot, HairpHKJiafl, nacTHHa „KaTa-aory" MeniKaHijiB neicaa:
IlajIHB03H i BOaODjIOrH,
Bci 3B03HHKH i Bci nayra,
apKHCHHKH i BCI Il'HHIOrH, *> OOMaHIHHKH i BCi MOTH,
Bci bop>k6hth, Hapoflii, Bci ransaMaKH, Bci 3ao3ii", HieBiji, KpaBDji i KOBaai;
8W
UeXH:  pÍ3HHUbKHH, KOHOBäJIBCbKHH, KyiUnipCBKHH, TKäHbKHH, UianOBaabCbKHH
KHnijiH b neKJii bcí b cmojií.
5. JXo HaöcjiaöniHX CTopiH „Ehciah" HaaeacHTb Bipni. IHp-npaßna, KoTaapeBCbKHH nepeÖHHB 3 pocißcbKoi jiÍTepaiypn „aoTHpH-CTonoBHÔ hm6" (po3Mip: — ' — ' —' — ' —) Ta BJKHBaG Horo flyace bmíjio, ne b aoiny bhxoah^h no3a Meaci pociňcbKoi xpaAnnii; 30Kpe-Ma, npôpe KopncTycTbca noBrHMH caoBaMH, mp npHBoním, 30 3MeH-meHHa KiatKOCTH HarojiociB y paHKy, hkhö 3BynnTb npôpe fi npn-po^Ho:
3 OÔCTpHHCeHHMH TOaOBaMH, " -'-----'-
3 o6pÍ3aHHMH neaeHaMH ... — '-----' —
a6o:
hk po3Írpaaoci>, 3aniHniao, ---'---' —
3anapnaocb, 3aKaeKOTÍao ... — '-----' —
Orpoípa noro 30ynoBaHa Aoôpe. Aae pHMa KoTaapeBCbKoro ôi^Ha. BoHa 3BaaaHHo caaönia, híhí aacTo BHinyKaHa pHMa a,eKoro 3 noe-tíb öapoKKa; BOHa 3Ae6iabnioro „rpaMaTHaHa" (tí caini rpaMa-thhhí (popMH): MOTopHHÍi: :npoBopHHÖ, K03aK: :6ypaaK, TpoaHn,íb:: aaHu;ÍB, naß: :HaKHBaB. He 6paKye i ,,3anx" phm: HenTyH: :3a6yB, nonaHB: ľHacTHT, norayMHTbca: rcnacTHca. KoTaapeBCbKHH Mafiace He
BHKOpHCTaB   „HenOBHHX   pHM*',   ITOHHaAH   Bipiny   HIeBHeHKa (ahb.
VII. JX. 5), mo íx 3aBÍB no urrynHoi noe3Íif Bace CřcoBopoAa, aKoro KoTaapeBCbKHH 3HaB (nop. IV. B. 7), Ta hkhx yacHBaaa HapoAna nicHa, a noaacTH i ôapoKKOBi Bipnii. npmcaaAH i'x b „EHeiAi" He-ancaeHHi: EHei::3aee, 3iinnaa: :noMHinaaB, npecaoByTHÖ: :6yTH, to-mp. Phmh 3AaioTbca oAHOMamTHHMH TaKoac i aepe3 aacTe noBTO-peHHH THX caMHX caiß. nepeHociB Maöace HeMae, — paAOK MaSace 3aBHCAH CKaaAaGTbca 3 n,iaoro peneHHH, -— ne Teac poÔHTb Bipni
OAHOMaHÍTHHM.
6. JXo HaHcnabHÍuiHx CTopiH „Ehcíah" HaaeacHTb He amne mo-Ba, a h ÔaraTCTBo thx noöyTOBHX TeM, npo hkí na MOBa onoßinae. „EHei'Aa" He annie nepniHÔ umpoKHä caoBHHK yKpa'ÍHCbKoi HapoA-HOi MOBH, aae h nepnia eHUHKaoneAia yKpaÍHCbKoí eTHorpacpii'. Ha-poAHHH noôyT MaTepiaabHHÖ, acHTao Ta BÖpaHHH, CTpaBH Ta Hanoi, My3HKa Ta Tamji, 3a6aBKH Ta noBcaKAeHHe hchttíi, napn Ta n,ep-kobhhh no6yT — Bce — b cBÍTai MOBHoro ôaraTCTBa „EHei'AH" — npoxoAHTb nepen oaHMa HHTa^a.
BapTo raaHyTH Ha aicyeb cTopiHKy noöyiy. Ocb, HanpHKaaA, CTpaBH:
843
TyT íjiH pÍ3HÍI noTpaBH:
CBHHHHy rojioBy np xpiHy i jioKiiiHHy na nepeMÍHy, noTÍM 3 nifljiHBoio mním; Ha 3aKycKy Kyaiiii i Kainy, jieMiuiKy, 3y6n,i, nyTpK), KBaniy
Í 3 MaKOM MeflOBHH HiyjIHK.
I Jiacoiui Bce tíjibkh Ijih:
CJiaCTLOHH,   KOpJKHKH, CTOBnHl,
BapeHHKH nineHHHHi 6ijii, nyxKi 3 KaB'apoM ôyxaHui; nacHHK, porÍ3, nacjiiH, khcjihiií, K03ejiLD,i, TepH, rain,, noayHHiji, KpyTii afina 3 cnpißneM, i nyaíe BKycHyio aeniHio ...
.. . ijih öyßjiHKH, Kaß'ap;
6yB 6opm no uinyHflpiB 3 oypaKaMH,
a b K>niH,i noTpox 3 rajiyniKaMH,
noTÍM np coKy KanjiyHH;
3 orpiÖKH 6a6a, iuapnaHHHa,
neneHa 3 aacmiKOM cBHrnraa,
KpOXMajIb, HKHH ÍHÄTb naHH ...
Bönpann cmeHy KanycTy
inaTKOBany i oripKH —
xon np öyjio b nae M'aconycTy, —
xpiH 3 KBacoM, penbKy, 6ypflKn,
paÖKa, TeTepio, caaaMaxy . . .
i t. n..
Po3yMÍGTtcfl, TyT nepeMÜnaHO naHCbKy Ta ceaaHCbKy KyxHio, ajie inp 3 nboro onncy He npnnaeTbca eHTorpacpii, npnnaeTbca naa icTopii KyjitTypH. TaK caMe oßpoöjiem onar, My3HKa, TaHU,i i t. n,.
HaHB;ÍKaBÍiHe, inp KoTaapeBCbKnn He 3aanniae 6e3 yßarn i Ha-ponHoí cjiOBecHOCTH: noro 3raflKH npo nicHi n Ka3KH TaK caMo h,í-
KaBÍ, HK HHTaTH 3 hhx aÖO npHCaiß'a Ta npHKa3KH  (hhb. BHiqe 3).
KoTJiflpeBCbKHH 3ran,ye k&3Kh : „3arpnM0TÍaa, Koönna^a mob ro-jiOBa", „Ha Hiacn,i Kypamií CToana Ta xaTKa", „np KHJiHM-caMOJibOT nyflecHHH 3a XMeaa BHTKaBca napa", „ocb cKaTepTb inabOHCbKaa.. . Ha ctíji hk TiabKH HacTejiH i„3aranan hkoi CTpaBH, to bchkí Bpo-HHTbCfl noTpaBH", „a np can'aHHi-caMoxonn", „noonaab 6yB Majinfi TejiecHK . .. np noro Kpaaaca 3MÍa, KpmiaTaa 3 cím'k> raaBaMH. . . ",
3U
„KoTHropox, Ibeih HapeBHn, Kyxapnnn, CynnH i Hajieran... Ko-hiíh 3 npecKBepHOK) Horoio i Hypern, 3 CTynoio hoboio". 3ran,aH0 h nicHi:
TpeOiii i Becjia nojioJKHJiH,
Ta CHHH JIIOJieKKH KypHJIH
i KyrHKajiH niceHBOK!
K03aiII>KHX rapHHX 3anopOJKCBKHX
npo CáraHflanHoro cniBajiH, jiHÔOHb cniBajiH i npo Cin, HK b niKmepn Haônpajín, hk MaHflpyBaB K03aK bck» híh; riojiTaBCBKy cjiaBHjiH IIlBeflnHHy
i HeHH HK CBOK> RHTHHy
3 flBopa npoBaflHjia b noxon.; HK nin, BeHflepio BoiOBajiH, 6e3 rajiyuioK hk noMnpajra
kojihcb,  HK 6yB rOJIOflHHH tor,
3ran,aH0 Haponm khhhckh: „BoBa", „cjiaBHHH JiHiiap Maprn*-naH", KoTJiHpeBCbKHH BHKopHCTOBye HapoflHi roJiociHHH Han. no-MepjiHMH fljiH nonacTH aíhcho 3BopyniJiHBoro iuiany MaTepi Eßpi-HJia. Ta g HaBÍTb cTpo(pa b cthjií HaponHoI nicm:
He XMapa coHiije 3acTynHJia,
He BHXOp nopOXOM BepTHTb,
He rajiHH nopHa nojie BKpHjia, He öyHHHÖ Biiep lie myMHTb. H,e bíhcbko öne BCiMa niJiHxaMH, rte paTHe 6ph3kothtb 30pyHMH...
npaBfla, nefi Maiepinji He 3aBJKn,H neBHHií, 60 KoTjinpeBCbKHH hí6h He poÔHTt pÍ3HHiii MÍ3K CBoiM Ta nyjKHM, 3ran,yiOHH nonacTH, Hanp.,
pOCÍHCBKi  HapOflHi KHHJKKH.
KoTJiHpeBCbKHH 3ran,ye Haponm BipyBaHHH, Hanp., napn, öoro
CHBHJIJia
... jiioflHM b HyHCfli noMaraio: h im Ha 3BÍ3flax BopojKy;
KOMy nH TpHCHjIO OflirHaTH,
03 3ayniHHiíb hh noinenTara, a6o i BOJioc Í3ÍrHaTi> — inenny, ypoKH nporaHHio, nepenojioxH BHJiHBaio, rafliOK yMÍK) 3aM0BJiHTB...
31f5
aßo b neKJii:
BifltoM a<e TyT KOJiecyBajiH i Bcix iuenTyx i BopoacoK....
Ha npnniHKax mp6 He opajiH, y KOMHHH mp6 He jiiTajiH, He í3fl,HJiH 6 Ha ymipax; i inp6 floury ne nponaBajiH,
BHOHÍ JHOfleÔ IH06 He JIHKaJIH,
He BopoJKHJiH 6 Ha 6o6ax...
He nonacTH Ôyjio cßiaie me Ha nonaTKy 20 ctojiítth.
KoTjrapeBCBKHH cxonHB i yKpamcbKy icTopHHHy cTapoBHHy, mp
3a fioro SHTHHHX pOKÍB BÍnÍHHIJia B MHHyjie ', yKpaiHCtKy K03aHHHHy.
He b nepuiy nepry ejieMeHTH TpaBecTÜ": uap JTaTHH 3ran,ye „Hainy Cm", EHefi 3Be ceöe: „a kohiobhh — EHen TpoHHeub", öaTbKO Eßpiajia 6yB „cepaioK onpranm"; „bo3hí", „o6o3hhh reHepajiwraH", „xopyHJKKH", „coTHHKa HKorocb nam" i t. n. — sycTpinaiOTb hh-Tana b ôaraibox Micuax. 3-nin, nepa KoTJiapeBCbKoro Moace h HaniB-cbíromo, BHJiHBaioTbca TaKi paflKH, hk:
TaK bíhhoô naM'aTi ôyBajio y Hac b TeTbMaHiHiiHi kojihcb, TaK npocTo bíhcbko níHKyBajio, He 3HaBHiH: „ctíh, ne ineBejiHCb!" TaK cjiaBHii nojiKH K03anbKÍ —
JlyÔeHCbKHH,  raflfllíbKHH, nOJITaBCbKHH
b HianKax, ôyJio, hk MaK, UBÍTyTt. Hk rpflHyTb, coTHHMH ynapaTb, nepen. ce6e cnncH HacTaBjíaTb — TO, MOB MeTJIOK), Bce MeiyTb.
Ajie THX HHTaHÍB, mo ix Hau.ioHa.nbHe hh n,epacaBHe nonyTTH npo-
KH^aJIOCH  npH   HHTaHHÍ   TaKHX   pHÄKÍB,   KOTJIHpeBCbKHH   3a KÍJIbKa
CTopiHOK ripKo po3HapoByBaB, noflaiOHH ím TaKy HerepoiHHy Ta ByjibrapHy KapTHHy:
TaK CaraHflaHHHH 3 /JjopoineHKOM
K03aUbKHM  BÍHCbKOM BeJIHHaBCb.
On,hh 3 ÔyHHyKOM nepen, paTTK), no3any Hpyrrm n 1 a h y 6paTTH> ROHCbKHM HaraeM n i n. r.a h h b ...
7. „EHei'fla" He 3obcím no36aBjieHa cepfio3HHx iaeojioriHHHX mothbíb. KoTJiapeBCbKHH 6yB jiioflHHa peJiirifiHa, 3B'a3aHa 3 Tpann-
h,ígk> mícthkh, 3anenjieHa npocBlHemcTK), a caMe 11 ryMaHHHMH ycTpeMjiiHHÄMH. IIoMiHaeino b HbOMy neBHy nyTJiHBicTb Ta HaBÍTt ceHTHMeHTajiBHicTb: nyTJiHBHH njian MaTepi EBpiHJia He GHHHe ceH-THMeHTajibHe Micne noeMH — „EHeö cnonap nocyjviyBaBHiH,... no-iuiaKaBíHH i nopímasuiH... ", ,,npom.aJiHca i oOHÍMajiHCb, cjií3bmh ripKHMH oÖJiHBajiHCb". Hh3 HyTJiHBo Haranye EBpiajioBi npo žoro ,(MaTH cTapyio", Ta h Eßpinji npoxae „IyJia EHeôoBHHa" oniKyBa-THCH fioro MaTip'io, TypH nepen. CMepTio 3ranaB cBoro „CTaporo ßaTBKa" Ta me — EHeö „TpoxH-Tpoxn He npocjibo3HBCfi" i t. n,. HJonpaBna, nopyn TaKHx nyjrax Micub 3apa3 3ycTpmeMo hkhhcb bh6phk: Ahxí3, mo njiaKaB, npomaiOHHCfi 3 EHeGM b neKJii ■— „KpnnaB, hk b MapTi kít" i. t. n,. B cepH03H0My tohí BHTpHMaHO neaKi ,,bhcokí" mích,ji, HK OT onHa npoMOBa BeHepH np 3eBeca, a6o KÍJiBKa MeHuiHX Ta 6ĺjibhihx naTeTHHHHX Micub b pÍ3HHX nacTHHax. CepH03HÍ TaKOJK nejnri — ajie 3ne6ijibHia HeBnajii — onncn, ajie
H b HHX nOCHTb ByjIBťapHHX cjiíb. MoJKe GflHHi MÍČÍCH, B ÍIKHX kot-
jiHpeBCBKHH yTpHMaBCH Bin. TpaBecTii, up míchh MopajibHOro Ta ry-MaHHoro xapaKTepy:
JJp o6in.ee np6po b ynaflKy, 3a6ynb OTHH, 3a6yflb i MaTKy — JieTH nOBHHHÍCTb icnpaBjíHTb
3a MHJiy Bce TepaTb totobí —
KJieÜHOTH, JKHBOTH, o6hOBH;
OflHa flOpOJKHe MHJIOH - H e C T b.
Bíh 3BopyiHJiHBo Majiioe npncTpaxH bíhhh:
rynp b JlaTii n3BÍH bíihpbhh
i racjio bcím k bíhhí nae,
mp6 bchk jiaTHHeub 6yB totobhh
K bíhhí, b HKy ix 3JIÍCTB Bene.
TaM KpHK, TyT rajiac, TaM KJienaJio, TiCHHTbCH j1103 i Bce Tpimajio . • • BiHHa b KpHBaBHx pH3ax Tyr; 3a Heio paHH, cMepTb, yBrmsi,
6e3005KHÍCTb i 6e3HOJIOBÍH*lSl,
xbíct MaHTii ií HecyTb.
B BjijioMy BipxoflHTb npHKOio MipoK) BÍfl 3arajibHoro xapaKTepy TBopy Becb BejíHKHH onnc neKJia: TyT KoTjiapeBCbKHH bhxoh,hb 3 30BCÍM íhhihx nmepeji, amac repoi'HHo-KOMÍHHa noeina, a cawte 3 6a-poKKOBol pejiiriíiHoi noe3ii. Xoa KapTHHH neKJia BHTpHMaHO b h,í-jioMy b cthjií napon.ii Ha Hai'BHi Haponm norjifinH (me ôijibine cna-
3^7
poflH30BaHHH paií), ajie KoTaapeBCbKHO i Tyi, 3axonjieHHH HenyacHM
HOľO   flyXOBÍ   M0paJlÍ3MOM,   yTpHMyGTbCH   ÍHOflí   flOCHTb   flOBľO Bifl
ByjibťapHHx BHpa3ÍB, noflae b niaoMy TpaflHumnH nepejiiK rpixiB Ta, 3flaeTBCii, He BHnaflKOBo CTaBHTB Maöace Ha nonaTKy paflKH:
riaHÍB 3a Te TaM MopflyBajra
Í HíapHJIH 30 BCix 60KÍB,
mo jnoflHM jibroTH He flaBaJiH
Í CTaBHJIH IX 3a CK0TÍB . . .
Ta h „bcím CTapiHHHaM. .. 6e3 po36opy", „cyflflHM, niflcyflKaM, nn-eapaivi", „hkí no npaBfli He cyflHan" i t. fl., He 3a6yBae KoTJiapeB-CbKHH npH3HaHHTH BÍflnoBÍflHÍ KapH; 3aTe KapHKaTypHHH MaaiOHOK paio KoTJiapeBCbKHH 3aKÍHHye nOBnaabHoio npOMOBOK) CnBHaaH, TaK xapaKTepH3yK>hh MeniKaHnm paio:
He flyMaô, in,o6 6yan hhhobhí
a6o mp rponieS ckphhí noBHÍ,
a6o b hkhx tobcthh HCHBÍT,
ne ni xe, inp b ubíthhx acynaHax,
b KapMa3HHax a6o can'aHax;
He tí ac, nip 3 KHHraMH b pyKax,
He aimapi, He po3ÖHHiaKH;
He tí ne, nip Kpn^aTb ,,i naKH",
He tí, m;o b 30ji0thx uianKax. ..
lie, po3yMÍGTbCH, He „HapoflojnoöcTBo", aae thhobhh xphcthhhcbkhh noraafl, mp SBiraaimo fioro BHcaoBaioBaHo b onncax Ta KapTHHax CTpaniHoro cyfly Ta ,,Toro CBÍTy"; i xphcthhhcbkhh nepeaiK „npa-BeflHHx" noflae KoTJiapeBCbKHO aaai: ,,Ce 6iflHi hhihí"> „Hp baobh ôiflHÍ, 6e3noMOHíHÍ", „Hp aíbh necHÍ, HenopoHHÍ", np — cnpoTH, np — tí, „inp aioflHM noMaraTb aioonan", „Tyr TaK ace CTapniHHa npaB-flHBa", „ho TÍabKH TpoxH nboro flHBa" — floflae KoTJiapeBCbKHH — TeJK TpaflHí^íhhhh M0THB1, HapeuiTÍ: TyT aiofln „b C h k o r o 3a-b i t y,... KOTopi npaBeflHe jkhjih" — npfi ocTaHHiö mothb xapaK-TepH3ye KoTaapeBCbKoro b onnei Toro CBÍTy, hk jnoflHHy „npocBÍ-*ieHOCTH", mp He 3b'H3yc cnaceHHH jiiOflHHH 3 HaaeJKHÍcTio flo neB-
HOl  KOHCpeCÍl, BÍpH.
OTHce, xo^ i hk THxeHbKo, aae b „EHei'fli" 03BajiHCa fleaKÍ hoth ociÖHoi Bflam KoTaapeBCbKoro hk aiOflHHH nyaoi, ceHTHMeHTaabHoi, pejiiriHHoi Ta Bace He no-CTapocBÍTCBKH, a Tpoxn no-MOflepHOMy, „npocBmeHo" peairÍHHoi, He flypHo ac bíh 6yB 6i6aioTeKapeM (pian ÔiôaÍHHoro TOBapncTBa. npoTe, bíh He 3HaHUiOB flaa cboí'x flyMOK Ta ifleaaÍB cepH03H0*í (popMH. Bíh flaB tboph (npo íhuií ahb. flaai)
8}8
By3bKHX raTyHKiB, HKi MOrjIH 6 6yTH JIHUie flOflaTKOM, HOnOBHeHHHM
flo HKoi'cb iHinoi* JiiTepaTypn, pocincbKoi" <ppaHny3bK0*i. TaKHH ^ia;MiHHHH 6yB fioro nac ßin, np6H ÖapoKKa, kojih noeT 3 noniÖHHMH
HaCTpOHMH, 3 TaKHM CaMHM iHTepeCOM ho CTapOBHHH Ta HapoflHoro
noöyry naß 6h He TpaBecTho, He Tßip raxyHKy, inp jie^KHTb Ha ok-pai' JiiTepaTypn, a Tßip noßaJKHimoro xapaKTepy. mpnpaßna, mobh KoTjiHpeßCbKoro ßi^ pamnioro nacy ÖapoKKa neKaTH 6yjio 6 ßaac-Ko. I He flHßo, mp IIIeBHeHKo Mir nncaTH „EHei'na npöpa, a ßce Ta-kh CMixoßHHa Ha MOCKOBCbKHH KHiTajibT", a fljifl Kyjiiuia — n,iji-kom nocjiinpBHO 3 norjiHfly poMaHTH^Hoi ineoJiori'i — „EHei'n,a" jiHiue naponm Ha noöyT Ta HaßiTb MOßy cejiHHHHa, napoflia, mp noKa3ye „BincyraicTb noBarn" np cßoro Hapony; ni3Hinie Kyjiiin nnine, mp KoTJiapeBCbKHH „caM He 3HaB npöpe, mo Bin poÖHTb", cjiiflyroHH y BJKHTKy HaponHOi mobh Ta 3acHyBaHHi hoboi yKpai'H-cbKoi' JiiTepaTypn „HenpßinoMOMy BejiiHHio HaponHoro nyxa".
8. TpaBecTia KoTjiapeBCbKoro Mae Jinuie HeöaraTO CTHJiicTHH-Hoi' nofli6HocxH np TBopiß ÖapoKKa. KpiM BHce 3raflaHHx mobhhx rpainoK, MO>Ke Jinuie hhcjichhi noBTopeHHH Ta rpy CHHOHiMaMH Ta cjiOBaMH noniÖHoro sHäHeHHJi Ta i'x HaKynaeHHH MOJKHa mp 3Öjih-
3hth 3  CTHJliCTHKOIO  ÖapOKKa:   HO pe^li,   Hl  03HaKH  HaHÖijIblU HHC-
JieHHi HKpa3 ß onnei neKJia Ta paio, HKi i MOTHBaMH cboimh Ta h „6apoKKOBOio" mobok> Hara^yioTb noe3iio ÖapoKKa (nnB. bhihp A. 7). CaMHä r'aTyHOK TpaßecTii 3ajiHiHHjio KJiHCHHH3MOßi y cnan,mnHy öapoKKO. riocjiijioBHHH kjihchk Eyajibo xoTiß npn taTyHOK Mafiace i^ijiKOM ycyHyTH 3 JiiTepaTypn. Ajie KoTJinpeßCbKHH, hk i iHHii Tpa-BecTaTopn-KJiHCHKH, KopHCTaiOHHCH ß neBHift oÖMeacemH Mipi 6a-poKKOBoio Tpa;jHn,ieio, ßce jk ßajieKO ÖiJibnie BHKopHCTOBye cthjiic-THHHi Teopii" KJiacHiiH3My'. b fl e h k h x Micuax öoro noeMy öyjio 6 jierKo nepeßecTH b cepno3Hy njionnffly, — jimne ycyHyTH m o b h i TpaBecTiÖHi ejieMeHTH: ByjibrapH3MH, 3aHan,T0 Haponm 3ßopoTH, eTHo-rpacpinm nompoönni i t. h.; CTHJiicTHKH 6 3m1hhth He 6yjio Tpeöa —
BOHa  G  hjjikom KJIHCHHHa.
9. Hk no6aHHMo, TpaBecTia KoTJiapeBCbKoro 3HaHniJia BinryKH i b iHHiHX raTyHKax. 3 HeHHCJieHHHx eniHHHx HacjiiflyBaHb, mo pi3HOMaHiTHO 3MiHK)K)Tb xapaKTep repoi^Ho-KOMinHoi noeMH (30 peni i aacH 6yjiH hjih KJiüCHHHoro raTyHKy necnpHHTJiHBi), Tpeöa 3raflaTH Jinme BT. n. BijienbKoro-HoceHKa (1774-1856), hkhö mük iHiHHMH yKpaiHCbKHMH Ta pociäcbKHMH TBopaMH HanHcaB TpaBec-TiÖHy noeMy „ropnnHHna, aöo BxonjieHa IIpo3epriHHa" (BHnaHO i'i' jinine 1871 p.). Up TaK caMO TpannniHHa TpaßecTiHHa TeMa, mo 11 o6po6HB 1653 p. (ppaHiry3bKHH noeT LEI. Kyano n/Accyci (1605-1675), a 1795 p. pocificbKoio moboio G. JlKmeHKo (1776-1854) Ta KoTejib-
BHHbKHH,  HKHX Tßip EijienbKHH-HoCeHKO flOCHTb ÖJIH3bKO Hacjiin,ye.
349
Tßip ôoro n;ÍKaBHH naa icTopií ařrepaTypn rojiOBHe thm, inp bíh noKa3ye, m;o aiTepaTypmm cMaK KoTJiapeBCBKoro 6yB tohkhh: Ha-cainyiOHH „EHei'jxy", BijiemBKHH-HoceHKo He Mir yTpHMaTHca Bia, HHCJieHHHx 6py t a JiBHHx Ta HenpHCTo HHHx poTeniB Ta Bnpa3ÍB; He
nHBJIHHHCB Ha Te, mO aBTOp HÍKaBHBCH eTHOrpa(pÍHHHMH nHTaHHHMH,
TBip ooro Majio aae eTHorpa<piaHo-u,iKaBoro; ciaBJieHHs no mobh
Ta   jkhtth   HapOfly - 3HeBa5KJIHBO-ÍpOHÍHHe.
B TpaflHDjii TpaBecTÍI me ň ni3Ha nepepiÖKa CTapoi* komíhho! noeMH nepa K. .HyMHTpauiKa (1814-1886) — ,,3Ka6oMHHion,paKÍBKa, 3 rpenecbKoro aima Ha KOsanbKHH BHBopoT Ha inBunKy HHTKy nepe-HiTonaHa" (1859), moboio Ta BipmeM BOHa cjiaôa, 3míct Ii — no-jiBOHO(po6cBKH Ta pycotpiabCbKH 3a6apBJieHe npHCTOcyBaHHH ono-
BiflaHHH npo BÍHHy MHUieH -       nOJIÍIKÍB 3 JKaßaMH -       K03aKaMH, hkhm
npnoMarawTB paKH — MocKajii, po hojiíthhhhx non.ÍH 17 ctojiítth.
repoiHHO-KOMÍHHy noeMy noaaB nncaTH me KyöaHCbKHä OTa-MäH ÍIkíb KyxapeHKo (BMep 1862) „XaptKo, 3anopoaccbKHH Kohio-bhh", na HesaKiHHeHa noeMa Hacainye HaßiTb cioaceTOBo „EHelny", jiHHie nocJiaÖHBuiH ejieMeHTH öypaecKy Ta npHCHJiHBUiH hoth naT-
piOTHHHÍ*,
T. BipuioBa IIoe3Ía
1. JXo HaHyjno6jieHÍHiHx ťaTyHKÍB jiíphkh KaacHini3My Hajieaca-jia ona. yKpai'HCBKoio moboio nicjiíi KoTJiapeBCBKoro HanncaHo Ix KiabKa, aae 3n,e6iabuia aiTepaTypHHMH nnaeTaHTaMH, mp me Bin. 1812 Ta HaBÍTB 1855 p. 3BepTaanca no nie! cpopMH, mp6 BHcaoBHTH cboI naTpioTHaHO-poeiiicbKi noayTTa. Aae hhbhhm hhhom i b opi Tpa-Becria rpaG HaHôlabiny poaio.
Bace ona KoTaapeBCbKoro np „MaaopociôcbKoro reHepaa-ryöep-HaTopa" KHa3H Kypanma, xoa i Mae Ha Meň cnpaBni noTiuíHTH CBoro appecaTa Ta míhc íhhihm nrapo BHcaoBaroe i ryManm noraann aBTopž. Ha 3aBaaHHH BHcoKoro ypanoBua: „He acaaie acHBOTa paa Hac cbo-ro", „apMo TH TarHem, He rayancb, hk noôpnä Bia", — aae toh „onn" u;iaKOM TpaBecTiHHHH: aHTHamcrb yKpalHÍ30BaHa — Opcpen — „HeöopaK" Ta „K03aK", rpae Ha „Koô3ypi" i t. n.., He 6paKye Ha-noa.hhx BHpa3ÍB Ta ByabťapH3MÍB — ,,nHcapi" ..tobhvtbch" r Ka.Hup-aapii, ,,Tpe6a BcaKyio nanipy ninBecTH hk pas np niHHpy", „HÍKoan Ôopuiy cbopÖHyTH", „cKiabKH B3HB aioneô TH 3 rpH3Í i... aae y KHa-3i Ix y n e p", a roaoBHe KoTaapeBCbKHH CTae b no3y „npocToi" aio-
*) 3raflyEaHo me, hk „nonepe^HHKa KoTjiHpeBCbKoro" 3 kíhhh 18 b. cbhhj-A. JIoŠHceBHqa, mo TpaBecriiOBaB „EyKOJiiKH" BepťijiiH. Ajie TpaBecrin öoro BTpa^eHa, otjXq npo 11 3b'h3ok 3 kjihchhhcth*ihhmh TpaBecriHMH He MosceMo CKaaaTH Hinoro.
350
hhhh, jiKa He po3yMie Toro, mo poöhtbch b „BHinpMy cbítí" Ta Ha-bítb b ryöepHCbKiä KaHHejinpii, Ta roBopHTb npo Bce, hk npo hkícb nHBa. Tßip no pěni cjiaÖKo oöpoöjieHo: g Kijitna noMHJiOK y pHMax, toih,o.
2. nopy^ MaScTpa TpaBecTiimoí noeMH ctoítb b yKpaÍHebKiä jiiTepaTypi Mancxep TpaBecriíiHoi onH: ITeTpo TyjiaK-ApeMOB-CBKHH (1790-1865). Iljo bíh 6yB HeBnajiHit npodpecop 6e3 HayKOBHX npanb Ta 3acjiyr, ajie 3 ncHxojioriGio Ta aMÔiniGio pociíícbKoro ypn-
HOBI^H, 3 nOJIlTHHHOK) ineOJIOriCK) pOCÍHCLKOrO MOHapxicxa -       He 3MÍ-
hbdg Toro (paKiy, mo bíh 6yB Han,3BHHaHHo TajiaHOBHTHH noeT 3 Tex-
HÍ^hhm yMÍHHHM bhihhm 3a bmíhhh KOTJIHpeBCbKOrO.
ryjiaK-ApTeMOBCBKHÍí no^aB mp cryneHTOM 3 nepepiÖKH komíh-HOi noeMH „HajioS" Eyajibo MaíiJKe nepKOBHOCJioB'HHCbKoio mobohj, 3a uhm íihjih nepeKJiann ôapoKKOBHx Ta kjihchhhhx noeriß (2K. B. Pycco, Míjitoh, Pacm) Ha pociáctKy „BHCOKy MOBy" KJiHCHHHoro CTHJIK». 1817 p. bíh noHaB nncaTH no-yKpaiHCBKH Bipnii, Ta HanncaB 3a Bce CBOG 5KHTTH HeÖaraTO, ajie (popMajibHo Hafl3BHHaÔH0 bhkíh-HeHHX BipniiB.
Haööijibni b^ajii b CBOGMy poni „IIíchí TapactKa" — n.e TpaBec-tíhhí nepecnÍBH on, TopaniH. üepecnißH n,i nepesonaTb 3aBJKn,h oc-HOBHy nyMKy onH b raiomHHy hájikom ByjitrapHoro cthjiio Ta mobh. CTyniHt ByjibťapH3aríii pÍ3HHH. YjiioojieHa MOBa ryjiaKa-ApTeMOB-CBKoro — MOBa n'HHHHb Ta jKapTÍBHHKÍB, ajie He öpanyc S cepno3-
HÍUIOÍ, JlipHHHOl MOBH.
Ocl mo poÖHTb ryjiaK-ApTCMOBCbKHH Í3 ojm ropania, ne toh panHTb ^lejiieBi 3axoByßaTH nynieBHHH cnoKiň, 60 i híhtth hjih HaeojioflH i bcí íhiuí cpopMH jkhtth 3aKÍHHHTb HeBÖJiaraHa CMepTb:
riapxoMe, b macTi ne öpHKaß! B Hyflb3i npHTbMOM He Jii3b 30 He6a, jnoneä nHTan, cbíh po3yM Man; hk He MynpyH, a BMepTH Tpeöa...
I hkí rann jnoRCbKoro jkhtth 3MajibOByG TpaBecTia:
Hh KopoTaem bík b JKypôi, hh to 3a nocTaBi^eM ropijiKH b niHHKy HapÍ3yiOTb toôí ITHMÔaJIH, K0Ô3H i conijiKH,
*ih n'HHHH nip; thhom xponeni, *ih 30 rocnoHH Jii3eni paHKH i HíiHKy MaKoroHOM 6'Gni, *ih caM TOBHenicH Ha Kyjia^iKH...
S51
nopyn Hboro npaBna, i cepH03Hime:
OpH i 3aciBaö jiaHH,
koch íHHpoKi nepejiora,
i rpouiHKH 3a öauiTaHH
jiynH — Ta Bce onKHHein Horn...
B hííí mobí, b hkíh HaBÍTb yMepTH 3HanHTb „oHKHHyTH Horn" a6o ,,3'iicTH nyjiio", cMepTb 3bctbch „CKaJKena", My3HKa He rpae, a „Hapi3ye", „jiacomi", npo hkí uome nyMaxn repoä Bipniy, u,e „nac-jiíh, HHôyjiji", HaÔBHmHH paHr y 3eMH0My jkhttí — „coubKHH", 3a-hhtth jhohhhh, npaBna, h „opara, 3acÍBaTH" Ta „kochth" „jiaHH h nepejiorn", ajie HopMajibHi — nepeÖyBaHHH „Ha neni", chhíhhh ,,3a nocTaBü[eM ropijiKH" i bcí tí, in o nepejiineHi Bnme b HaBeneHHX m*-TaTax. IH.0 TyjiaK-ApTeMOBCbKHH Miř nncara i b mnioMy cthjií no-Ka3ye xona 6 nepecniB npyroi onn ropanJH,  mo 3BepHeHa 3a-
MÍCTb 30 XJIOÍ - „JX.o JIk>6kh". BHTpHMaHHH KJIHCHHHHH JIHK0HÍ3M
ropau;ÍH 3aMÍHeHo HiHpoKoio ceHTHMeHTajibHoio Ta njjiKOM 3yKparai-30BaHoK> moboio:
Ha mo th, JIioöonKo, K03an,bKe cepíne cyninui! Horo, HK KÍ30HbKa MaHeHbKa Ta b 6opy,
HJo -       HH TO HÍJKKOK) CyXeHbKHH JIHCT 3BOpyUIHTb,
hh BÍTepenb inenHe, hh JKOBHa ne Kopy Ha jiHni nonoBôa, hh anjipKa 3ejieHa 3aHiejiecTHTb b Kyini, BOHa mob ToponjieHa
npHHCHTB, HíaxaGTLCH, 3a MaTip'lO BTÍKa . . .
Oh nac BJKe síbhhhí nisoijbKy nyMKy Maib: He bík ace arofli npn rijmi aepBOHÍTH, He bík npn MaTepi i nJBui HÍByBaTb;
OH naC TeJIHTO^KO Bifl MaTKH BÍHJiyHHTH.
Ajie 3Hosy „yKpaiHÍ3anm" e hkhmocb 3ÓoaeHHHM mobh, Mae HenpnponHo cojiohkhh toh („KÍ30HbKa", „MaHeHbKa", „cyxeHbKHH" i t. n-) - TaK y PyjiaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro 3aBJKHH. Ajie HÍKaBo, m,o npn
HbOMy, 3aMÍHK)K)HH BÍpUIOBÍ p03MÍpH ropaniH Ha 3BHHaHHHH pOCÍH-
cbKHH po3MÍp Bipniy, bíh HKocb yMÍG 3axoBaTH 3arajibHy iHTOHaniio, TaK mo Hanp. n'HHHubKa jiipHKa „Ro napxoMa" 3ByHHTb, nůacHo, naTeTHHHo, — b HbOMy po3xon>KeHHi 3arajibHoro TOHy Ta 3MÍCTy — onHH 3 ceKpeTÍB KOMi^Horo BpaHceHHH TpaBecTÍH TyjiaKa-ApTeMOB-CbKoro. Ajie nopyn nboro i TpaBecTii h. i ji k o m „HH3bKoro" cthjiio, „n'HHHqbKi":
352
Ox! ox! ox! ox!
3y6ÍB IHOCb 3 flBOX
i Hir He flojiwycn! 3Khbít Ha cmíx, —
3 KOBaJIBCBKHH MÍX.
3flaeTLCH HC, i He nMycn! . .
OflHa Hora
mocb HiKyTHJibra, Hpyra 3obcím 3aKJiHKJia.
TaKa Hynbra,
Tana Tyra, m,o HopT 3Ha, n,e i jJciTbca!
3. ryjiaK-ApTeMOBCbKHÖ nncaB He Jinme ryMopncTHHHi TpaBec-Ti'f. JXo cepöo3HHX noro TBopiB HajiencaTb 6aÖKH (ycboro cím). Eaä-KH — ohhh 3 yjiioßjieHHX FaTyHKiB KjiHCHu;H3My. Bohh MorjiH nnca-THCb jieruioK) Ta ,,HH3bKoio" MOBOK). CiojKeTH ix nyjKe nacTO Tpan^-ihhhí, nepexonaxb bíh, onHoro ÖaÖKapn 740 npyroro. TyjiaK-ApTeMOBT CbKHH y3HB ciOHceTH CBoix 6aöoK 3 nojibCbKHx 6aöoK I. KpaciubKoro. Bíh 3HaHHo nouiHpHB neHKi 3 HHx (Hanp. ,,riaH Ta coöaKa" — 3 4 Phhkíb KpaciiĺbKoro TyjiaK-ApTeMOBCbKHH poÖHTb  183), nepenoB-
HHBUIII pÍ3HHMH non,po6HH,HMH Ta 6ajiaKaHHHOK>, HJIH HKOl OCHOBOK)
bíh HacTo 6epe pÍ3HÍ Haponm BHpa3H, m,o ninxonnjiH no öoro TeMH. iHoni Hacjiiflye bíh HaponHy cjioBecHÍCTb (nepejiÍK HÍcemTHHUb y npB-riä öafiui „CojionÍH Ta XÍBpa"). MoBa JiHuie moni ByjibťapHa. Ba-raTo He TaKHX nacrax y HaponHiô mobí 3MeHHieHb: cjii30HbKH, pn6-Ka, poTeHH, xbocthk, pÍ30HKH, y3eHbKHH, KauiKa i t. h. B 6aíiKax 3BHHaHHo np eaMoro onoBÍnaHHH npHenHyBajiacH „Mopajib", KOpOTKe noBHaHHH, HKe y ryjiaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro 3aBJKnH — KOHKpeTHHH o6pa3, — bíh He BMÍe 3dpopMyjnoBaTH MopajibHOi nyMKH b 3arajib-HOMy peaeHHi a6o He 3Haxon,HTb n.JiH uboro b Hapon,HÍH mobí cjiíb:
Oh, npaBfly nnnima Heöora roBopHJia:
UJO TÍJIbKH Ha CBÍTÍ BeJIHKHM pHÖKaM JKHTb,
A Ha m MajiHM b KyjiaK TpyÔHTb!
a6o:
nio Bor nocjiaB, hh to óaraTO, hh to TpouiKH, — B Kyuinp 3ajii3HiH, íjia mobhkh ...
yjiioöJieHa ôyjia BejíHKa ßaifrca ,,IIaH Ta coôaica", b hkíh y6a-MajiH caTHpy Ha KpinairrBO, i b hkíh híhcho e ripKÍ cJiOBa npo ce-jiHHCLKy aojiio. Ocb KopoTeHbKa ,,npHKa3Ka":
353
UmaBHH Ta MOBHyH. IliKaBHH, MoBHyna 3ycTpÍBiiiH pa3, cnHTaB:
„Bifl HOrO rOJIOCHHH TaK a3BÍH TOH Ha n3BÍHHHHÍ?"
— „Bin, Toro, qo (kojih He BTHein cel nypHHiji) B CepeflHHÍ, HK TH, nopoacmo bíh" CKa3aB.
He3aKÍHneHe nocjiaHHH (Teac kjihchhhhh raTyHOK) flo Kbítkh
„CnpaBHCHH flOÔpiCTb" TejK He 3HaX0flHTb CepÖ03HHX cjiíb fljia mo-
pajibHHx nHTaHt, npo akí b HbOMy roBopHTbca. CepH03HÍ, xoh Tpo-xh BaacKyBari, nepecniBH ncajiMÍB, noKa3yiOTb, iikj ryjiaK-ApTeMOB-
CbKHH MÍr, AKOM XOTÍB, rOBOpHTH i ÍHIHOK) MOBOK) i yTBOpHTH. BHCO-KHH KJIHCHHHHH yKpaÍHCbKHH CTHJIb l
KynH Bifl flyxa h Tßoro i pe cxoBaiocb? JXe bíh, jihh,h TBoro BTeny a i npHTaioct? Hh b He6o nojiHHy, to h Th jk Ha HeöecH, HH b neKJio 3cyHyca, to h b neKJii Th ecH. ITo3HHy KpHjia a y paHHboi 3ipHHui, KpaS Mopa nojieny, ne ň He jiiiajiH nrani — i TaM nocniein Th pyKOK) 3axonHTt, apyroK) b tjihóhhí MeHe MopcbKÍfi; chhhhtb ...
Ajie BHcoKoro cthjik> TyaaK-ApTeMOBCbKHH He yTBopHB, i b u,i>o-ro npeflCTaBHHKa yKpamcbKoro KJiacHn,H3My jiii-epaTypa yKpaiHCbKa jiHuie flonoBHeHHH flo aKoicb íhhioí, flonoBHeHHa 3 kijibkox BHnaflKO-bhx Ta 3fle6ijibHia ByjibrapHHx moboio raTyHKÍB.
/Jjia HeBHcoKoro piBHa jíiTepaTypHo-TeopeTHHHoro nyMaHHa Ty-jiaKa-ApTěMOBCbKoro xapaKTepncTHHHo, mo bíh He 3ycTpmyB hobo! noKJiacHHHoi JíiTepaTypH 3 aKHMHe6yn,b onopoM, hk ne poÖHjiH kjih-CHKH BcioflH^ Bíh „nepeKJiaB" TBopn HOBoro, HeKJiacHHHoro rany, 6a-jiaflH ,,riaH TBapfloBcbKHä" MiniKeBHHa Ta „PnoajiKy" TeTe. Ajie h ni nepeKJiaflH bhhuijih TpaBecTÍaMH. 3 cepno3HoI öaaaflH FeTe bíh 3po-6hb ocb mo:
Bona niyMHTb! . . BOfla ryjia! . . Ha 6epe3i pHÖajiKa MOJioneHbKHH Ha nonjiaBeHb rjiaflHTb i npoMOBjía:
JIOBÍTbCH, pHÔOHbKH, BCJIHKÍ i MajieHbKÍ . . .
HJo pnÖKa c m h k, to cepne Tbox!..
Aac — r y a b k ! 3 BOflH nJBHHHOHbKa njiHBe, i Kocy 3HÍcye i 6pÍBKaMH Moprae...
BoHa h Mopra, BOHa ň KHBa:...
S51f
KOJIH 6 th 3HaB, HK pHOajIKEM
y MOpi JKHTb 13 pHÔKaMH rapHeHbKO,
TH 6 caM nipHyB Ha rho k jiHHaM
i napyöoHBKee onnaB 6n HaM cepneHbKO ...
BoHa JK Mopra, BOHa ň cnißa... r y ji t k! .. npHCHyjiH Ha chhím Mopi CKajiKH!.. PnôajiKa  x ji m n! ..   3a hhm  niyöoBCTt  BOHa!.. I 6íjimh mne He SaHHjiH pnöajiKH ...
TyT i cpopMH, mo Tenep enpHHMaioTBCH hk nÍHJieKTHi (ryjia, Mopra, cnißa...), i TaKi ^HCJieHHÍ KopoTKi nÍGCJiÍBHÍ <popMH, mo ix yaiHTOK poÔHTt BpajKeHHH naponií: cmhk, tbox, ryjibK (n,Ba pa3H>, xjiion, uiySoBCTb, a rojioBHe tí 3MeHineHHfl, hkhmh ryjiaK-ApTeMOB-CbKHH TaK ^acTO KopHCTyGTBCH, híôh iho6 Hana/rn BpameHHa Hapon,-hocth mobí: MOJioAeHbKHH, nonjiaBen.b,  pnöoHbKH, cepneHbKO, ko-
XaHHHHKO, nÍBHHHOHbKa, ÔpÍBKaMH, JlK>6eHbKHH} rapHeHbKO, COHe^-KO, HepBOHeHbKHH, BecejieHbKÍ, 3ÍpOHbKH, HÍJKeHbKH, KÍCTOHKH, TJIHÖ-
HieHbKO ... — ije b 40 pnnKax! Hk6h mh He 3HajiH nepecnÍBÍB ncajr-míb TyjiaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro, MOJKHa ôyjio 6 nyMara, 1140 bíh B3arajii BBajKaG yKpai'HCbKy MOBy 3a HenpHnaray 30 BHCJiOBy cepSo3HHx
nyMOK.
ĽĽte ripniHH „nepecniß" poMaHTH^moI TparÍHHO-noxMypoí ejierii TIepMOHTOBa „ne^ajibHo h rjiHJKy na Hanie noKOJieHbe". B toö nac, HK aBTop ejierii* eyMyG Han. TBopnoio HenponyKTHBHieno cynacHOi ťe-Hepanií, „nepecnÍB" nac TaKÍ TpaBecTÍimi phjjkh:
3 noxMÍjijiH HyRHTbCH, i'^HTb 3a ropo6n.H,
06 CeMeHÍ npHHcaTb, 06 IleTpi 3paHKy MJihoTb;
a cxonHTbCH Tpncnn . . . ťBajiT! KJiH^ie naHOTU,H! . .
I KOJiH JTepMOHTOB HcajiKyc, mo noro cynacHHKH He 3aJiHmaTb Ha-inanKaM npopoí nyxoBoí cna^mHHH, TyjiaK-ApTeMOBCbKHn TpasecTye:
Híxto no íx nynii Ta ä He jiH3He ropijiKH.
I pokíb nepe3 c to Ha nsHHTap npnfine BHyK,
ne rpiniHÍ koctí Ix b opy k o n h n, 10 cnepjiH,
noBepHe *iepen Ix, Ta b jto6 Horoio c t y k !
Ta h CKaJKe: „hk jkhjih, TaK 3 y p h h m h i BMepjín!"
4. Tpeôa BH3HaTH MOBHy MaöcTepmcTb TBopÍB ryjiaKa-ApTeMOB-cbKoro: cjioBHHK Ix öaraTHH, HHCJieHHi pinKÍ cjiOBa, bhchto He jiHnie „HopaMajibHol" noBCHKpeHHoi MOBH, ajie h jKapťoHÍB, MaöyTb, nepe-jiyciM, n'HHHiĺbKoro, nyManbKoro, ceMÍHapcbKoro i t. r„ ceôio oco6-
355
JiHBO ByjibťapHHX. <í>pa3eojiorÍH He MeHin öaraxa, amnc y KoTjinpeB-
CBKOrO. ryjiaK-ApTeMOBCBKHH nHHiaGTBCH OKpeMHMH BHpa3aMH, ĽJ(0
bíh, MaöyTB, ysaJKHo 36npaB nporaroM cBoro híhtth. J_Io Toro mobí noro ajK híhk He Moama 3aKHHyTH HaBÍTB THX flpiÓHHx noMHjioK, ino-
flO hhctoth - pyCH3MÍB,   nOJIBOHÍ3MÍB,   CJIOB'hHÍ3MÍB,  HKÍ 3HaäneMO
b KoTJiHpeBCbKoro: HaBÍTB y nepecnißax ncajiMÍB cjiob'hhÍ3mh Hennc-jieHHi, MOJKe MeHHi HHCJieHHi, híjk y LIIeB^eHKa. — lie cnpH^HHHjioca Ho Toro, mo fioro TBopn TaK ijíhhjih HaBÍTt poMaHTHKH (KocTOMapoB, Kyjiini), hkí 6yjiH im jxyxoM d;íjikom nyad. HÍKaBo, in,o po3MÍp Ha-caiflyBaHHH HaponHOi nicm (TeMH 3 ponHHHoro jkhtth aBTopa) y Ty-
JiaKa-ApTeMOBCBKOrO -        HapOHHHH,  He TOH 3BHHaHHHH „tohíhhhh"
Bipui, hkhm bíh, HacjiinyiOHH pocÍHCBKÍ Biprni, nHHie mne (nop. VII. A. 5).
5. He 6e3 BnjiHBy o6ox MaöcTepiß TpaBecTÜ nncajiH íhiuí aB-Topn. KßiTKa BHflpyKyBaB (1833) „HlnnraHKH a6o no-MocKOBCBKOMy enirpaMH" (6). EijientKHH-HoceHKo HanncaB HHCJieHni, noHan, 300, 6aÖKH ■— ,,npHKa3KH", mp bhhiujih ApyKOM jiHine 1871 p.; b íhiuhx CBo'ix TBopax-nepeKjianax bíh Hacjiinye Bace poMaHTHKÍB (nim. VII, €); CTenaH PynHKOBCbKHfi (1784-1851) jihiuhb 6aiiKH Ta Ka3KH, OrenaH nneapeBCBKHH (BMep 1839 p.) m. i. nicni, neTpo nncapes-CbKHH — 6aÖKH, K. Hy3HHa (1790-1850) — onH, m. i. yKpamcbKy HapoflOJiioÖHy ony „MajiopoccHHCKHÖ KpecTBHHHH" (i nojiirmiHO-pa-HHKajibHÍ onn — KJiHCH*ma tpopMa). BjiacHe no3a MeacaMH jrÍTepa-Typn ByjibťapHe BÍpmoBaHe onoBinaHHH npo CMepTB n'HHHiii ,,BaKy-jia HMHp", BHflpyKOBaHe b yKpaiHCBKÍn rpaMaTHnj. naBJíoBCBKoro (1818).
Híxto 3 inix aBTopiß He niflHocHTBCH noHan, cepenmH pißeHb. —-HrnaBo BÍfl3HaHHTH JiHine cnpoÖH HacjiinyBaHHH HaponHHX nicent — Hanjiinmi y KoTjinpeBCBKoro Ta Kbítkh b ix n'ecax (nim. T), — bo-hh 3aRJKflH ceHTHMeHTajibHi, híjkhí Ta ,,caabOHOBÍ"; — ne rem. Hop-Ma HacjiiflyBaHHH niceHb y kjihchhhctíb, fljia hkhx Hapon,Ha nicHH — jiHuie aiTepaTypHa 3a6aBKa; u.íjikom 3míhhjioch up b poMaHTHKÍB.
6. Be3ípopMHHH „kjihchuhsm" 3 floMÍHiKaMH ine ÖapOKKOBOl rpa-flHííi'i naHyBaB noBro b 3axin,HÍH YKpaiHi. He, HanpnKJian., naHeri-Phhhí ohh i TBopn „BHcoKoro cthjiio", HK „JIomooojiíg" O. JleBHijb-Koro, 1822 (nepeKJian.), a6o ,,Bo33pT,HÍe cTpaniHjiHin.a" (noBiHB b neniTi) C. «I». JlHCHHen;bKoro, 1838 p. CnpoÖH nepeÖTH 3 nepKOB-
HOCaOB'HHCBKO-yKpaÍHCBKOl TpaflHUil Ha pOCÍHCBKy, p03yMÍGTBCH, He MOrjIH aaTH ÓaJKaHHX HaCJlÍn,KÍB,  XO*i  JleBHIJbKHH  i  BHXBaJIHG toh
„h3bik", Ha HKOMy bíh nHuie:
nycKafi Be3n,Ť> nncaTt HCKyccTBo coBepmeHHO,
Tbi 3Haeuib, h to h3bik"b Ham/b jiymne HecpaBHeHHO,
356
ne coöpaHt H3T> HpyrHxt, oh npeBHHfi KopeHHOÖ, HcnojiHeHT. bcex'b KpacoTi., öoraTsin caMt co6oö;
BTj HeiVľB nTHHbHXTj nOCBHCTOB'b, npOTHJKHBIXt HT.tb HantBOBt,
HH 3ByK0Bt HeMHJiBixt, HH hhkhxtj yxy peBOB'b, Kanin cjiBiHiaxca bi nyjKHXTj HSbiKaxi» HaMTj,
3aTT>Mt, HTO HaiH-B H3BIK OTTj HHXT. CBOÖOReH-b CaM'b . . .
Hj, me po3MipHo Bnaai pnaKH, 30 peni, BinroHHTb hí6h HaBÍTB poMaH-THHHHMH nyMKaMH npo My3HHHÍCTB mobh! Ha niflKapnaTTi nepecni-ByBaan pociöcBKHx kjihchkíb (CyMapoKOBa). Aae 3 HeBeaHKoro Ma-Tepiaay, hkhh bíromhh, HaHiriKaBiini aeaKi ßipuii pÍ3Ho6řHHoro Ba-CHaa TÜOBroBHHa (1783-1849, BnnaB 1832 p. 18 BipuiiB). Bíh He jranie nHHie qiaKOM caoß'flHCBKi onn, aae ů nae KaHCHUHCTHHni nicHi-rpam-
KH, 3 3HaHHOK> HOMiHIKOIO HapORHOl mobh."
3acniBaH mh, 303yaeHLKo — Ky!
Kofi TH cniBani, mhí aereHBKo — Ky, Ky!
no 3eaeHHx nyöpoBHHax, Ky! ■qyTH roaoc no 3BopHHax, Ky, Ky!
a6o TpaBecTu, ,,n'aHHii,bKi nicni":
TJypeHb 6eM a acypHTHca Ta h neKoan He bhhthch, Kofi i TOMy *rac.
ÍKypn roaiß aeM CTapaiOTB, cinnnaMH nponinÖaiOTB, koh 6h me He nac.
Han ca AypHTB cTapi ninn, KOTpHM 6paaH yace cinn, — CTapi ainn —CKyniHnn!
A60:
Maao inacra Ty Ha cbítí — 6ina b 3hmí, 6iaa b am cnpoTaM aioaeM ...
Jlioöa MOH roayönne, ropianaHa Kop^aaome! He naß 6eM th i 3a cecTpy ô 3a Man MHay nocecTpy.
557
B Teôe poTHK rež KpyranaKa, a žiu,e hkí Mynpi jiHHKa. Ko6h th mh moaoBaaa, Haô 6h co6i JKOHa cnajia...
O, KOÖH MOHÍ 3B0p0HCHTH,
Te6e Ha acoHy 3míhhth, oöecB ponnaa híbhhhh,
XOH HOTHpH KOpnaaCHHH ... BÍ3OMHH  aBTOp  D;epKOBHOCJIOB'íIHCBKO-yKpaiHCbKOÍ  rpaMaTHKH (piK
1830), Max. JlynKafi, TpaBecTyc Osiaia. Tpan,Hn,ia on TaraeTBca i ap nÍ3HÍuiHx naciB y TajinaHHi Ta Ha IliflKapnaTTi.
f. JJpaMaTHHHa JirrepaTypa
1. I apaMaTH^Hi TBopn yKpaÍHCBKoro KjmcHHH3My HaaeacaTB 3ne6iaBina n,o HeranoBoro raryHKy — ne „komíhhí onepn" b Toniin-HBOMy po3yMÍHHi n,boro cjiOBa, ceÔTo aerai KOMea.ii 3 OKpeMHMH cni-BäME. Bohh HaB'H3yK)tbch no Tpannnii iHTepMeaiŕí Ta iHTepaioniň 6a-poKKOBoi" npaMH Ta ap „KOMiaHo'i onepn" 3axiaHBOi, a nonacTH pociS-cbko'í, 3 íí HanöiaBiue 3HaHOK> npeacTaBHHneio „MeaBHHK — Koa-ayH, oOMaHHíHK h csaT" A. AÔaeciMOBa (1748-1783, „MeaBroma" BHCTaBaeHo Bnepnie 1779 p.). Aae 3a aaciß öapoKKa komíhhí cuphkh 6yan annie 3anoBHeHHHM naB3 y noBaaíHHx HpaMaTHaHHx BHCTaBax, pociôcbKi „onepn" 3'aBHaHca noöia cepno3HHx Tpareaiö Ta komchíh, a yKpaiHCBKa apaMaTHHHa aixepaTypa i b C(pepi HpaMH BHHBHaa Ty ac ocHOEHy pncy yKpaÍHCBKoro KaacHHH3My, mo ô íhhií raTyHKn: „He-noBHa Hania" Maaa anine „HenoBHy aiTepaTypy". B KoacHOMy pa3i, i HpaMaTHHHa aixepaiypa cnpnaaa HanioHaaBHOMy npoöyflaceHHio tí-
6IO CaMOK) CBOGH3 CTOpoHOK), IUp H ÍHUlÍ ťaTyHKH: HapOHHOK) MOBOIO.
2. nepniHMH aacTÍBKaMH 6yan, 3aaeTBCH, oohhbí n'ccn KoTaa-peBCBKoro: „onepeTa" „HaTaaKa IIoaTaBKa" Ta „BoaeBiaB" „Moc-KaaB-aapiBHHK" (BHCTaBaeHo o6hjj;bí 1819 p.). íle n'ecn míhíhtk>phoí 4)opMH. 3míct ix TpaHHiiiHHHfl — HaTaaKa sipHo Koxae 6íhho-ro napyÔKa neTpa, hkhö Manapye Ha Hyaami, b npií nac 30 He'i Bh-6opHHH CBaTae Bo3Horo, MaTH BMOBaae HaTaaKy noroanTHca bhh-th 3aiviiac 3a Bo3Horo, aae noBepxaGTBca neTpo, i Bo3hhh HaBÍTB caM HonoMaraG 3'GHHaHHK> maeaHBHx KoxaHn,íb. „MocKaaB-aapiBHHK" — oöpiÖKa aerKo'í aHeKaora 3a 3pa3KOM (ppaHny3BKoro Boaeßiaa: 30 TeTHHH b BÍHcyTHocTi ii noaoBÍKa-nyMaKa b^amac KaHnpaapHCTa <S>hhthk; HKpa3 Koan TeTHHa 3 <3>hhthkom 36npaK)TBca Beaepara, no-BepTaGTBca aoaoBÍK TeTaHH, MHxafiao HynpyH; MocKaaB-nocToa-
358
jieiiB, nio niflCJiyxaB po3MOBy TexHHH 3 <í>hhthkom, BHflaG ce6e 3a napiBHHKa, npn nonoMo3i,,Hap" 3HaxoflHTb cxpaBH Ta „nopTa" —
<í>HHTHKa, HKOrO H BHraHHG 3 xaTH.
Tpeôa cKa3aTH, nio KoTanpeBCbKHH, 30KpeMa b „HaTaaiii IIoji-TaBiii", bhhbhb nHMajiHH npaMaTypriHHHH XHCT, noflaBniH Hyace hc-hhh po3BÍo nil, Ha33BHHaHHo jkhbhh niiijior, neBHi MOMeHTH 3 npa-
MaTHHHHM  HanpyaceHHHM,  nOCKijIBKH lie  MOJKJIHBO  6yjio  B JierKiä
n'Gci. Mobho, a nonacTH h ncHxojiorinHo niöoßi ocoôh cxapaKTepn-30BaHÍ noöpe, xoH Ko-TjifipeBCbKítH i He öaraio BiiranaB caM, a hihob 3a Tpannuieio, — KpiM jiÍTepaTypHoi HeyKpaiHctKoi, h 3a TpanHDjieio iHTepMenin Ta Bepieny. OicpeMi pojii nyJKe „BnanHi" njia BHKOHas-iiíb. Aae nopyn Hboro g h CHTyaiii'í ň cD»eHH npHMÍTHBHO-KapHKaTyp-Hi Ta ceHTHMeHTaa&Ho-jiÍTepaTypHÍ, CejiHHH Tyr ne He cejiaHH, a naa cajibOHOBoi BHCTaBH npHHenypem ,,neH3aHH", hk iiboro ö BHMarajia KJiacHnHa noeTHKa. TeaTpajitni BJiacTHBocri n'ec Ta i'x icTopH^ma BapricTb i noci yrpHMyioTb i'x y TeapaabHOMy penepTyapi.
Tlyace noôpa MOBa, Ha neii pa3 thx KapHKaTypHo-npocTaiibKHX ejieMeHTis, hk b „EHei'ni" Ta oni, Mafiace 30bcím HeMac. Ta Haň-CHaBHiuiHÖ 6ík o6ox n'cc, 30KpeMa 3H0By „HaTaaKH" — niceHHi ho-Mepn (20 b „HaTaaiii", 12 b „MocKaaeßi"). Bohh pÍ3H0MaHÍTHÍ — pociicLKi h yKpa'ÍHCbKi, THnoBi onepm nn BoneBiaBHi HOMepn, ,,Kyn-aeTH", apii, nye™ Ta aHcaMÔjri, aae nopyn Hboro i ceHTHMeHTaabiri poMaHCH, Ta HaBiTi) HacainyBaHHH HaponHHx niceHt. Xon iii ocTaHHi iHoni i BHnanaiOTB Ha30BHi nocHTb HiTynHe, Hanp., nonjaem Ha He-HaponHi CTpocpH, aae b hhx KoTjiapeBCbKHH BacHB tígí MeTOflH, HKa 6yaa BinoMa Bace ň BipuionHCHHM öapoKKa — MOHTaac HiTynHoí nic-hí 3 OKpeMHX ypHBKiB, 3ano3HneHHX 3 HaponHHx. Haôainiiii 3 hhx i CTaan nÍ3HÍuie HaponHHMH nicHHMH. 3oKpeMa iiiKaBo, hio Kotjih- '
peBCbKHH, nOTpHMyiOHHCH B pOCÍHCbKHX HOMepaX pOCÍHCbKOrO TOHÍn-
Horo Bipniy, yKpa'ÍHCbKi nicHi nnuie po3MÍpoM, hkhh Han3BHnaHHO BinXHaHGTbCH Bin tohíhhhx HopM; BÍH npHHMaG pHTMiHHy HopMy yK-paiHCbKoi nicHi, TaKi nicHi, hk ,,BiiOTb bítph", „/tffl pynj-ni", „Horo at Bona KaaaMyTHa", „Oh, nin BHHiHeio" i t. n. MaiOTb OKpeMi npHKpa-CH HeHaponHi: TpaflHíriHHÍ b niTynHiö nicHi tígí noon ceHTeHiiii: „Bin-HÍCTb i ÔaraTCTBo GCTb Eoaca Boaa, 3 mhjihm íx niJíHTH — macaHBaa noaa", „n© 3rona b ciMencTBÍ, TaM Mnp i THHiHHa"; ceHTHMeHTaabHy MeaHHxoaiÉHicTb: „3ropHy h pyneHbKH, 3ropHy h öijieHbKi, Ta ň He-aoiBHH CTaHy", „a h MapHO nacH Tpany, onuH b cbítí TiabKH naany" (B3araai „naaneTbca" b nicHHX KoTanpeBCbKoro 6e3nepecTaHHo);
pOMaHCOBÍ   3B0p0TH:    „CnilHH,   mhjihh!" j     pOCÍHCbKHH    naTpÍOTH3M'.
„... rr,ap 6iaHH, nyJKe cMianíí" i t. n.; aae nopyn Hboro i THnoBi npHKpacH Haponnoro niceHHoro CTHaio, — eniTeTH: bítph „öyäm", mhjihíi — „nopHoôpHBHH", pinKa — „HeBeannKa", noae — „nncTe",
359
pyaeHbKH — „6ijieHi,Ki" i t. p., napncTi eypapm caoBOcnoayKH:
„CpÍ6jIOM-30JIOTOM",  „BHHOM-MenOM";  nOBTOpeHHÍi:    „B i K) T b BÍTpH,
b i k> t b ôyHHi", „roMÍH, r o m i h no piôpoBÍ"; napajiejiÍ3MH: „Moro ac Bopa KaaaMyraa? Hh He XBHaa 3ÔHjia? Horo at i a CMyTHa Tenep? Hh He MaTH ÖHjia?", „Bhotb BTipn. .. O, hk ôojihtb mog cep-n,e. . .", „TyinaH nojie noKpnBaG . . . MaTH cHHa nporaHaG"; oKpeMi niceHHi panKH, hk: „oh 6yB, Ta HeMa, Ta noi'xaB po MjiHHa", „Ha no-ai, na nicoaity, 6e3 pocH Ha cokijí...". KoHTaapeBCbKHH nepeOMac h cao-B'aHCBKi Bipmi, hkí HarapyíOTb BepTenm: „Oh, rope mhí rpiniHHKy cymy", hí6h ÔapoKKOBy „nicmo cBÍTOBy" — „Oô poaa aiopcbKaa — poaa GCTb cainaa", inp ii npnnHcyBaHo cb. ,Hmhtpobí TynTaaoBÍ, no-aHHae iHUiy nicHio 3 CitOBopopHHCbKoro papita „BcaKOMy ropopy HpaB i npaBa", aae npopoBateHHa He CitoBopopHHCbKe, Ta aepBe an ň Haponae „aipHHnbite". OTate, i ppaMaTHam TBopn KoTaapeBCbKo-ro g TaKHMH caMHMH 3ÔipKaMH yKpamcbKoro MaTepiaay, ait öoro „EHeipa". Aae BpaateHHa Bin, hhx 3HaaHo mchui HapopHe, mat Bip „EHe'ipH": ťaTyHOK „EHe'ipH" BHMaraB neBHoi „HeaiTepaTypHocTH", ťaTyHOK „komíhhoí onepn" 3 HapopHoro atnira BHMaraB „caabOHO-bocth" i KoTaapeBCbKOMy Bpaaoca nopara n'ccn 3 ceaaHCBKoro atHT-Ta paa caabOHy Ta „nicHi", mp ne 3BaataiOHH Ha pacHi Hapopm eae-
MeHTH B HHX, —- BCe 7k „nceBpOHapOpHÍ". U.IO xapäKTepHCTHKy mh He
noBHHHi BBaacaTH 3a 3aKHp öaTbKOBi hoboi yKpalHCbKoi aiTepaiy-pn: CTHab Soro TBopiß 3yM0BaeHHÖ CTnaeM noro aacy, noeTHKOio KaacHUH3My.
3. I n'GCH KoTaapeBcbKoro He nosóaBaem neBHoro ipeoaoriaHO-ro 3a6apBaeHHa, 30KpeMa „HaTaaita IIoaTaBKa". lie 3a6apBaeHHa — THnoBHH paa KoTaapeBcbKoro npocBiaeHHÖ ryMaHÍ3M. HecHOTa Ta poöpo nepeMaraiOTb yci nepeuiKoan, xoa nepeimtopn TyT i He Tani BeaHKi. Pepoi KoTaapeBcbKoro M'aitoceppHi Ta ayTanßi, hk bíh caM. I nocKiabKH bohh 6aH3bKÍ po piäcHocTH, xoa 6h cbogk) mobok) (po-CHTb nopiBHaTH 3 Heio HenpnpoflHy Ta HeHaponiry MOBy pociScbKHX „komíhhhx onep"), n'ecH KoTaapeBcbKoro Maan Han.ioHaabHe 3Ha-aeHHH, npooypacyiOHH aioóoB po yKpaiHCbKoro Hapopy, po aKoro caM aBTop cTaBHTbca b n'ecax 3 neBHOio HiatmcTio, mpnpaB-pa, po yKpamcbKoro „neH3aHa", a He po cnpaBacHboro ceaamma; n,a ipeaaÍ3ania xapKTepHCTHHHa i paa ni3HiniHX enox yKpamcbKoro atHTTH, He pypHo ac b 20 Bin,i Bhhhhh6hko Mir me HanncaTH cboio KOMepiKD-naMtpaeT „Moaopa KpoB".
4. BaTbKO MHKoan Foroaa, Bacnab roroab-HHOBCbKHH (BMep 1825 p.) HanncaB flßi n'ccH, 3 aKHX opHa „PoMaH Ta IlapacKa" a6o „ITpocraK" 3Ôeperaaca, a ppyra — „Co6aKa-BÍBn,a" — BipoMa 3 ne-peKa3y Ta ix&tslt. BncTaBaeHO n'ecn Miac 1822-25 pp., aae HanncaHo ix Moate h pamme. „Co6aKa-BÍBn,a" — nepepiöita HapopHOi aHeitpo-
360
TH npo Te, hk MocKajib oônypiOG ceaaHHHa, 3aneBHaiOHH áoro, mp niKana (y roroaa — BÍBna) „He uiKana, a MocKaab" (y roroaa —■ cooana). CioaceT „PoMaHa Ta üapacKH" — TpoxH ycKnanHeHHä Ba-piHHT „MocKaaa-napiBHHKa"; aae Toroab He bh<hb {ppamry3bKoro BOfleßiaa, aKHM KopHCTyßaBca KoiaapeBCbKHH. ü'eca Foroaa b fle-hkhx cnpHax 3Hamio KapHKaTypmma, amac „MocKaab-napiBHHK", 3aTe BOHa BiflxoflHTb yace Bin. raTyHKy onepeTH 3 noro Henpnpofl-híctk) (HeMae HHcaeHHHX cnißiß) Ta HaöanacyGTbca flo cnpaßacHboi HapoflHoi KOMenii. OpHťÍHaabHÍine b roroaa — „MaKapom3M" noro TBopiB, — y HHX 3Haxon,HMo (npo „CoöaKy-BiBino" MoaceMO TaK npn-nycKara 3a iľ aíhobhmh ocoÖaMn) MimaHHa pi3Hnx mob — yKpam-CbKOÍ, pocincbKoi Ta nppKOBHo-caoB'aHCbKo'i, hkoio roBopHTb flaK, inp b roroaa Biflnoßiflae <í>hhthkobí KoTaapeBCbKoro: ne MimaHHa mob np peni o^Ha 3 Hanöiabninx npmcpac CTnaio Toroaa-cnHa b noro pamniHx pociöcbKnx onoBiflaHHax. TeaTpaabHO Ta aÍTepaTypHO „Po-MaH Ta IlapacKa" He ripina Bifl n'ec KoraapeBCbKoro.
5. Pafline KpoKOM Ha3afl e „yKpamcbKa onepa" „CßaTaHHa Ha roHaapÍBu;i" Kbítkh, 3 npnMÍTHBHHM cioaceTOM — CBaTaHHa ÔaraTia-flypHa Ta inacjiHBHM KÍHneM, mo noro npHBOflHTb 3H0By MocKaab, aKHH o6flypK)G yKpa'ÍHn;ÍB — Uboro pa3y flaa inacTa repoiB. CnÍBH (noHafl 20) cKaafleHi 3a thmh caMHMn TnnaMn, aK i b „HaTaani ľloa-TaBni", anuie 3i SHa^HO MeHinoio ynacTio HapoflHnx eaeMeHTÍB (nanp. MOHTaac 3 HapoflHnx niceHb „Hh ce ac Taa KpHHmieHbKa" aôo „06mí-TaÖTe flBopn"), aae 3fle6iabnia cnißn ByabťapHO napofliíÍHi („Xap-nn3aKa MeHe 6hb", „Ha Kypoani nip'amio paôoe"). Ocoôh 30bcím He cxapaKTepn30BaHÍ. Hnx xn6 He Moace BHKynnTH am rapHa, xoh i 3a-HaflTo npocTa, MOBa, am oKpeMi Baymri MÍcn,a, Hanp., floienHa n'a-HHnbKa TeMaTHKa.
3obcím caaÖKHH BOfleßiab Kbítkh „EoH-acimca", cnißn aKoro ^acT-KOBO no3HneHi b KoTaapeBCbKoro. Jiňme noaacra yacHBaiOTb yK-pamcbKoi' mobh aaabini n'ecn; ne flo6pe cBÍflHHTb npo Ty o6MeaceHy cpyHKiíiio, HKy ň Ha flyMKy Kbítkh yKpamcbKa MOBa Moraa rpara b aÍTepaTypi: híohto flaa 3o6paaceHHH ocBÍaeHHX aiofleö, namB, Ta HäBÍTb flpiÔHHX ypaflOBqÍB, BOHa Bace He HaflaeTbca! — JJp abomobhhx yKpaiHCbKO-pociHCbKHX n'ec Kbítkh HaaeacaTb nonyaapHÍ „Hleab-MeHKO — BoaocHHH nHcap" Ta „HIeabMeHKo-fleHtu;HK"; bohh ain-me 36yflOBaHÍ, TaK caMo aK i abí flaabmi n'ecH pociöcbKoio moboio 3 acHTTa yKpamcbKoro maaxeTCTBa. Aae Kbítu,í He BflacTbca i tyt niflHecTHca Hafl flOCHTb npnMÍTHBHHM KOMefliíÍHHM acaHpoM.
Xoh, MoacaHBo, naBÍTb Toroab no3HHHB cwaceT cBoro ,,PeBÍ30-pa" 3 KOMeflii* Kbítkh „npne3acHH H3 CToannbi", Ta xoh „IHeabMen-KO-fleHm,HK" npoTpHMaBca Ha cnem aae flo 20 ct., arrepaTypHa i Ha-BÍTb TeaTpaabHa BapTÍCTb uhx n'ec HeBeaHKa. „CßaTaHHa" 3aaHuiH-
361
JiocH b penepTyapi, 3flaGTBCH, jiHine qepe3 mojkjihbíctb BHKopHCTan-Hfl Ha cneHi cniBiB a TaHmiB.
KßiTKa nepepoÖHB flJiH cmeHH i BJiacHe onoBiflamiH ,,m,Hpa jik>-6ob" (hhb. flajii JX- 2). lie nepuia yitpamcBKa cepno3Ha njpaMa. Ha jKajib, no aBTopcbKifi nepepi6n,i me noripinajio onoBiflaHHa, po peni, BOHO oflHe 3 cjiaöniHx y HBoro: sananro „ncHxojiorinHHH" ciojKeT onoBÍflaHHH -— repoma nÍBHHHa-MimaHKa BinMOBjiaGTBca Bip Bjiac-Horo macTH, — oflpyjKeHHH 3 jik>6hmhm hojiobíkom, ocpinepoM, in,o6 He 3incyBaTH ňoMy Kap'cpn, — He flan Kbítuí 3Morn 3poÖHTH x.ip pii HCHBHM, pyxjiHBHM j 3 cepH03HHMH cmeHaivra: cnojiyHem Byjitťap-HO-naponiÖHi, Hanp., icTopia HeBnajioro CBaTaHHa 30 repomi ypan,-HHKa-n'flHHn;i; cepoo3HicTb nacxo nepexoniiTB y MejionpaMy. ToMy n'eca, HajnpyKOBaHa nÍ3HÍnie, Ha cuem He npHimennjiaca.
6. Cthjib ,,HaTajiKii nojiTaBKH", KOMeflii - onepeTH, yTpHMaBca b yKpaiHCBKio jiiTepaTypi 3aHanTo noBro. JXa HBoro HajieacaTB i n,e-hkí n'gch nÍ3HÍnioro nacy, b hkhx Moama homíthth Bate neBHi Bnjin-
BH pOMaHTHHHHX MOTHBÍB Ta pOMaHTHHHOrO CTaBJieHHH po HapOflHOl
noe3Í'í. Ajie nepe3 me bohh He cTaioTB poMaHTHHHHMH Ta He Binxo-flHTB najieKo Bip nepecTapiJioro KJiacHHHoro acanpy „komíhhoi one-pn". 3 TaKHX n'ec Tpeöa 3ranaTH „HopHOMopcBKHH noôyT Ha Ky-6aHÍ" KyxapeHKa (1836), — nepeneceHy Ha KyôaHB „HaTajiKy noji-TaBKy"; „Mapn" KnpHJia Tonojii (1837), 3 TeMaTHKoio nicm „Ofi, He xonH, rpnino", oTace, Tparr-iHHH cioaceT, ajie jienBe mh msgmo nin,-CTaBy nopiBHioBaTH fioro 3 MOTHBaMH poMaHTHHHX ôajian.; TyT yacH-To BJKe flincHHx HapoflHHX niceHB n,jia cniBOHHX HOMepiB j „Kynajia Ha HßaHa" CxenaHa nncapeBCBKoro (1838, BHjipyKyBaHa 1840); aHOHÍMHy onepeTy „JIiooKa, a6o CBaTaHHa b cejii PnxMax" (30-tí pp.), mp Tea* HeBflajio Hacjiinyc „HaTajiicy". JliTepaTypHo TBopn ni eni-tohcbkí, xoH, ByjiBťapH3yiOHH nonacTH acapTH, i npncHJiioiOTB e t-HorpacpisM Ta nonacTH 3aBonaTB no KOMenii* Tpari^Hi CHTy-amľi. ITgch Uboro rany 3'aBjiajiHca Ha yKpaiHCBKio cijem me ň flecaT-
KH pOKÍB nÍ3HÍHie.
JX- IIpo3a
1. npo3a po3BHBaGTBCH b icTopi'í jiiTepaTypn nacTo no Bipuii. Tan me g i b yKpaÍHCBKÍH JiiTepaTypi 19 ct. Jlnnie po3MÍpHo He^Hc-jieHHi TBopn nepnioi nojioBHHH Biicy npo30BÍ. ľIpo3a HaponHoio mo-bok) noHHHaGTBCH onoBiflaHHHMH KBiTKH-OcHOB'jraeHKa (1778-1843), nncBMeHHHKa HHMajioro TajiaHTy, ajie cthjiícthhho rochtb ycaMŕr-HeHoro-, 3 opHťiHajiBHHMH MHCTemBKHMH sacoôaMH, ajie ,,CTapOCBÍT-CBKoro", Majio 3B'ji3aHoro 3 cynacHoio yKpai'HCBKOio Ta nyjKHMH jií-
362
TepaTypaMH. IIpoTe b niaoMy bíh He bhxophtb no3a Meaü xeMaTHKH
Ta CTHJliCTHKH KJIHCHH,H3My, xoh 3a HOľO aaCÍB BJKe KBÍTjia pOMäHTHH-
Ha jiiTepaTypa, BÍp hko'í bíh, Moace, nepeimaB peam TeMH Ta HaBHHB-
ca HenHCJieHHHx cthjiícthhhhx 3aco6ÍB. A noaaB bíh iiHcaTH yKpaiH-CBKÍ OnOBÍflaHHH 1833 p., paBIHH BJKe KÍJIBKa „cTapoMopHHx" pocíti-
CBKHX onoBiflaHb-aHeKflOT. noHHHae KBÍTKa npo3aiHHoio TpasecTÍGio: „CaapaijBKHH naTpeT" (1833) — Bate Ha3Ba cbíphhtb npo ra/ryHOK ip>oro TBopy: „naTpeT" (!) „jiaTHHCbKa noôpexeHBKa" (ne Mae 3Ha-hhth „onoBÍpaHHa") „no-HanioMy po3Ka3aHa". íle nepeKa3 pBox aH-THHHHx aHeKpoT npo MaJiapa, HKoro TBopn He MoatHa BÍppÍ3HHTH Bip aificHOCTH (y Kbítkh ne „naTpeť' MocKaaa), Ta npo nieBija, ujo, BHnpaBaaioaH iiomhjikh Maaapa njopo hoôít, nepeninoB i po Kpn-THKH 3MaaK)BaHHa opary, ajie picTaB BipnoBipt: „uiBenb 3Haä cbog nieBCTBO, a b KpaBeuTBo He Miniaoca". BnjieTeHo b onoBÍpaHHa po-chtb napopÍHHHÍí onnc apMapKy.
Ilopya cyTo'i TpaBecTÍi KBÍTKa nnme i KapHKaTypn. íle — Teat 3Hani KaacHii;H3MOBÍ — aHeKpoTH. KBÍTKa 6epe HapopHÍ yKpam-cbkí aHeKpoTH: „ľlapxÍMOBe cHÍpaHHa" (1841), — aHeKpoT npo pyp-Ha, in,o KynHB Ha CHÍpaHHa xpmy, — „öaanan oai, mo KynyBaan, iacTe, xoa noBHaa3BTe"; „Ilipöpexaa" (1843), — onoBÍpaHHa npo CTapocTy, aKHH nepeôiatniHB He annie no3HTHBHÍ, aae i bíp'gmhí pn-CH Moaoporo; „Ha nyrnaaHH aK 3aB'a3aHo" (1841), — aHeicapTa npo cnpoôy Ha'ícTHca Bpa3 na nianií nicT; „KynoBannä po3yM" (1842), — aHeKpoTa npo nncoaapa, m,o niaKOM opypiß Bip naBaaHHa Ha ayatH-hí. .. TaTyHOK h,efi nepeacHB KaacHUH3M Ta 3aaHiuHBca i b poMaH-thkíb (CTopoaceHKo), i b peaaicTÍB (HeayH-JIeBHH,BKHH), i b nÍ3-HÍuiHx (peHaeroHÍcrÍB, i b ÍHitfHx aÍTeparypax (Hanp., y ÍMnpecioHÍc-Ta HexoBa). HaBÍTB eaeMeHTH „npocTauBKOi" mobh, hkí 3ycTpiaaeMo b Kbítkh, He 3aHHKan i nÍ3HÍnie.
3 cKapÖHHu;i HapopHo'í aÍTepaTypn no3Haem i tcmh tpbox paaB-niHX onoBÍpaHb Kbítkh: „MepTBentKHH BeaHKpeHb" (1833) — KBÍTKa TyT KopncTyGTBca noBÍp'aM, mp paa MepTBHX MepTBHH CBHineroiK BÍpnpaBaaG BeaHKopHK) cayatöy Eoaty; n,e BipyBaHHa „noacHene", hk nepeacHBaHHH n'aHoro ceaaHHHa Ta nepeHeceHe 3 BeaHKonHH Ha MacHHaHHfi ,,noaocK03y6"; „KoHOTonctKa BÍptMa" (1837) — onoßi-paHHH npo Te, hk K03anBKHH cothhk 3 nncapeni Tonnan bípbom y cTaB-Ky; „Ot to6í i CKapô" (1837) — nepeKa3 npo XoMy MacaaKa, hkhh, BHTpaTHBtuH Ha inyKaHHa cKapÔÍB yBecB MaGTOK, piniHBca npopaTH pymy aopTOBÍ, aae npn 3ycTpiai 3 aopTOM, HeBpaao noöoacHBniHca, onHHHBca b TepHax, a hk Soro BpaTOBaHo, po3noBÍB npo cboi npnro-PH Ta BMep. KBÍTKa CBaBÍatHo 3míhiog HapopHÍ nepeKa3H, m,o g paa Hboro anine bhhbom HapopHoi tcmhoth; nepeKa3H paa HBoro annie aHeKpoTH. npnrapaGMo, mo 3a thx aacÍB Bace 6yao pochtb TBopÍB Ha
363
yKpamcBKi xe-MH pocincbKoio mobok» (ßace fi M. Torojib), b hkhx toh caMHH MaTepiflji noaaHo b ecxeTHHHo-npHHanjHiH cpopMi, oßiaHO jry-xom poMaHTHHHoro cBiTorjiaay, nonacra: BHTOBManeHo, an npoHBH HapoflHoro ayxa 3 rjiHÖOKHM 3Ha*ieHHaM, a ni3Hmie HleB^eHKO Ha-aaB HOBoro CHMBOJiiHHoro 3HaHeHHa TOMy caMOMy HapoflHOMy Map-HOBipcTBy („BiflbMa", cnapÖH b „BeaHKOMy Jlboci" — ^hb. n,ajii). KßiTKa CTaBHTbca np HapoaHHX BipyBaHb 3 thiiobhm npocBineHCbKHM HexTyBaHHaM Ta HaBixt jierKoio 3HeBaroio.
/Iajibiuy rpyny KbIxhhhhx onoBiflanb yxBopioioxL onoBiflaHHH MopajiicTHHHi, HaHTHnoBiuie 3 hhx „/Joöpe poÖH — floöpe fi 6yne" (1837), mo 3MajibOBye in,eajibHoro ceaaHHHa TnxoHa Bpyca, hkhh nifl nac rojiony BpaxoBye cbogio npnoMoroio nijiy rpoMany, — hh He HacjiiayBaHHH KapaM3iHCbKoro ,,3>Jiopa Cijima". „IlepeKOTHnojie" (1843) — böhbcxbo b exeny, po3KpHxe TOMy, mo böhxhh noKJiHKaß 3a cBinica npoxH BÖHBini nepeKOXHnojie; b pyn,i böhtoto 3aaiiuiHBca KymHK nepeicoTHnojiH, inp exypÖyBaB böhbiho, npncyTHboro npn or-jiani MepxBoro xiaa, Ta npHBiß fioro np BH3HaHHa (ßapiaHx innpo-K0 ßifloMoro cioaceTy 3 HlijuiepoBoi öajianH „IöiKOBi acypaßjii"). — „Ko3Hp-niBKa" (1838) — onoBiaaHHfl npo nißHHHy, inp BHHBjiac flocHTb eHeprii', moö aoÖhthch np bhih,hx iHCTHTyniH, „aac np ryßep-HaTopa", mp6 ypaiyBara CBoro HapeneHoro Bin, HecnpaBenjiHßoro oÖBHHyBaHeHHa — Moace mothb 3 üyniKmcbKoi „KanHTaHCKoö npn-kh"?
üepexin, np HacTynHo'i rpynn „TpariHHHx" onoBißaHb TBopnxb „CepnpniHa OKcaHa" (1841), — icTopia noKpHTKH, inp naranys IIIeBHeHKOBy „KaTepHHy", ajie oönnßa XBopn nncam He3aaeacHO oflHH Bin, onnoro Ta, 3naGXbca, Maöace onHonacHo; repoma KßixHH-Hoi' noßicTH BHaBjiae HHMajiy MopaabHy cHJiy Ta thm BpaTOBye ö ce-6e h cbok) flHTHHy. Tan caMo ,,Boaci n,ixn" (1840) — icTopia hbox Rixen, hkhx npHHHaB 3a CBoi'x acajiicjiHBHH cycina noMepjinx i*x öaTbKiß; ohhh ninioB y MocKaai, BHCJiyacHBca b cTapuiHHH nin, ^ac noabebKoro noBCTaHHH 1831 p. Ta inacjiHBo onpyatHBca.
OnpeMy rpyny aßjiaiOTb flßi noßicTi 3 xpari^HHM 3aKiHHeHHHM, xoh bohh 3arajibHHM TOHOM i flocHTb 6jiH3bKi noßicxaM nonepeniiboi rpynn 3 Ii' inpajibHHMH repoaMH. Ile „Illnpa jik»6ob" (poc. 1839) i „Mapyca" (1833). KßiTKa oßpoÖHB cioaceT „Hlnpoi* jik>6obh" Ta-icoac y flpaMaTHHHin cpopMi, yKpaiHCbKHH TeKCT BHnaHo inpÖHO ni3-Hinie. repoma — miBHHHa 3 MimancbKoi ponnHH, BinMOBJiaeTbca Bin, oapyaceHHa 3 cboim KoxaHHM, ocpinppoM, mp6 He 3incyBaTH HOMy Kap'cpH, coxHe 3 Hynbrn Ta BMHpaG. — y „Mapyci", repoma no-sicTH BMHpac nin, nac BiflcyTHocTH CBoro HapeneHoro, a HapeneHHH ifle b neHiji. — OÖHflsi noBicri apcHTb BiflMiHHi HacTpoGM, flyace ceH-
361t
THMeHTajiBHo 3a6apBjieHÍ, ajie He tohom onoBÍn.aHHH, mo e too ca-
MHH, Hj;0 ft B MOpajliCTHHHHX nOBÍCTHX Kbítkh : cnoKiime HIHpOKe OnOBiflaHHH, Ta, He 3BaacaiOnH Ha CyMHHH KÍHeUb, y Kinu,! ix ÖpHHHTb npHMHpjIHBÍ aKOpflH BÍpH B hchtth no CMepTÍ.
2. yci TBopH Kbítkh BÍn3HanaK)TbCH nHMaaHM MHCTeubKHM xhc-tom. CiojKeTH ix npocTi Ta, nonpH pÍ3HÍ Ix ycKaanHeHHH Ta BinxHJieH-hh onoBiflana Bifl TeMH (hhb. aaai), 3ajiHHiaiOTbcíi bícck) nijioro ono-BÍnaHHH. IIocTaTi flocHTb pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ, ajie 3 nepeßaroK) iaeaabHHx, mo nonacTH 3aHaflTo Bace ninHeeeHÍ, a nonacTH npocTo „floöpi jhoj^h", 6e3 BiflTÍHKy Ha33BHnaHHoro repo'Í3My. Y bmíhhí MajiiOBäTH Ro6-pHX aioneň, „no3HTHBHÍ THnn", KßixKa Haranye neKoro 3 nncbMen-hhkíb íhuihx naciß: MapKa BoBHKa, pociöcbKoro nncbMeHHHKa JIgc-KOBa. Bmíhhh po3noBÍna.TH b Kbítkh íhohí He3pÍBHHHe: bíh po3noBÍ-aac HiHpoKO, 3ynHHjnonHCH Ha aeTaaax, aoMy HHMaao cnpnae ftoro óaacaHHH nonaBara eTHorpacpinm Ta noóyTOBÍ noa.po6Hni. Ilepencn-EaHHfl niöoBHX oci6 aacTo nonam aepe3 3obhíihhí 3'aBHina: „ripKO-ripKO 3anjiaKaB", ,,6jiiflHHH-6jiiflHHH,. .. oni, mob y MepxBoro nHB-jíHTbCH ö He ßanyTb Hinoro; pyKH Hane cynpporn noKopnnjiH, a caM HK JIHCT TpyCHTbCH", „pyKH H HOľH 3aTpyCHJIHCH, y hchbotí noxoao-
jio, i ayx 3aHHBCb, a caM hí 3 mícd;ji" (u,e — npoöyaaceHHa jiioÖobh), „33pHrnyB KpúiKO, Hane fioMy xto CHÍry 3a cnHHy HacmiaB", „tbox-nyjio b hchbotí" Tomo.
36yflOBaHO yci onoBÍaaHHH Kbítkh hk HCHBy onoBÍab, mo to-HHTbCH 3 ycT HKorocb, ôanacne He cxapaKTepH30BaHoro, onoBÍnaaa, He aBTopa (poc. ,,CKa3"). Po3noBÍnan 3pin.Ka nonae cboí 3aBBarn: ,,Ta mo h Ka3aTH", „rocnonn! hk noBajiHB Hapon,...", ,,Toh pym-HHK. . . Ta mo to Bace rapHo bhhihthh 6yB!", ,,0 6onaž to6í!" (b ayaacax) i t. n,., aôo nepepHßae caM ce6e: „KeTe jiHuieHb xaoaKH.'", „TijibKH y Hei i Ha a,yMni, mo... TijibKH xotíb ôyjio po3Ka3aTH, 06 hím Hauia xopyHiKÍBHa nyMaaa,. . . xanc ocb i npHHijia flo Hei 6a-6yca", a6o HaBÍTb npo flemo 3a6yBae, Ta 3ran,ye nÍ3HÍuie: „ByB. . . HKHHCb Majiap ... ocb Ha yMi MOTacTbca, hk Soro 3Baan, Ta He 3ra-n,aio ..." — 3a CTopiHKy po3noBÍnan Bate npHranaB: „Te, Te, xe, xe-nep 3raaaB. . .". U,e, po3yMÍGTbca, niaBHiirye acHBicTb onoBÍaaHHH. Po3noBÍnan Kbítkh — „<píkthbhhh aBTop", He cxapaKTepii30BaHHH öanacae, aae bíh Mac 6yTH aioftHHa npocTa, Maöyxb HeocBÍaeHa, 30 aoro Maao nißxoaaTb m o paaic thhhí mích,h (nHB. n.aai). Yci b^íhobí
OCOÖH, 3a píaKHMH   BHHHTKaMH,   naHlB,   mo   ÍHOflí   H   TOBOpHTb nO-
pociílcbKH, nncapa, xopyHacoro, coTHHKa — ceaaHH a6o MÍmaHH. OTace, h;hm piBHeM po3noBÍnana 3yM0Baeni i craab i MOBa onoBÍaaHb. Craab HiHpoKHH, nopya onoBinaHb npo nonii íhohí non,aiOTbCH ninpoKi MaaiOHKEC HapoaHHx ciieH Ta 3BHnaiB: apMapoK, BeaHKaeHb,
865
po3roBÍHH, Becijijia, CBaTaHHH, „rpoÔKH", noxopoH, napa i t. fl. Iho-fli nepeKa3aH0 noBip'n, flo íikhx KßiTKa cTaBHTbca ipomnHo, hk ro aHGKflOTHHHoro MaTepinay. MoBa He flyace pi3H0MamTHa, xon oicpe-Mi Micrija 3 THnoBHMH i flan KoTanpeBCbicoro rpaniKaMH 3ycTpina-lOTBca: nopra b neicai roBopaTL no-cppaHiiy3bKH, ceaaHH ncyiOTb pociäcbKy MOBy („yroMOHHa naaaTa", „npoicxoflHTeabCTBo"), poÖHTb Lß h onoBiflan („npoKaaTHH KOMnoT" ~ Kanox), „BneHHE" nncap roBopHXb HaflMipy ßapBHCxoio caoB'aHiiiHHoio: „Boacfleanraoro yMO-Í3CTynaeHÍa, 3a flHeBHHM MicTonpeÖHBameM, BaM, naHe coxHHKy, yx-peycyryöaaGMo" — ne b TpaflHiii'i Bepieny Ta „MocKaaa-napiBHHKa". PociiiHiHHy CKapHKaTypH30BaH0: „IcKaeru" -— tpopMa, hkoi b pociá-cbKiH mobí Heina. Bhchto niceHb („Mapycn"), npHKa30K Ta npncai-b'ib („HlBeirb, 3 nan cbog meBCTBO . . .", „lacTe oni..."); y tppa3e-oaorii öaraTO HapoflHoro: „HaniK paiciB", ,,6iabni Konn anxa He Ha-poöaaTb", „flpnacaitH Icra", „xon flo cto 6a6 He xonn", „noBepHy-TH y BpexyHÍBKy"; e nopiBHHHHH HapoflHoro rany: „^HBHTbca. . . ohhiihmh, oflHHM y Khgb, a flpyrHM y Eiaropofl", ,,Po3aHBaiOTbCH, an Ta pinica", „Hane noro xto TpbOMa KoacyxaMH bkphb" i t. r. yaíHTo h HapoflHHx aHeicflOT (oKpeMi míciih b „Ot to6í h cicapö"), aôo yaioöaeHHx TpaflHíjiHHHx aHeicfloranHHx CHTyaiiiii: po3MOBa
„K03HpH-flÍBKH" 3 CyflfleK), hkhh He p03yMÍG yKpaiHCbKOl MOBH.
MoBa „npocTa", aae HaBÍTb b aHeKfloranHHx onoBiflaHHHX Byab-ťapHi BHpa3H 6e3 nopiBHHHHH piflini, Hiac y KoTanpeBCbKoro, xon Ix He 6paicye, Ta nacTo b míci^hx, Re bohh poôanxb BpaaceHHH Hafl-SEHnaírnoi flHcrapMomi 3 cepiio3HOK> cHTyaiiieio. HanpHKaafl, „naT-pei Bnenie", „noBeflemiin", „niaaracb", „niBeHflnra", „MoaonHiifl rapna, He y3HB 11 KaT", „Beciaan yflpaaH", „annaca no Mopni flara", „bhhcthb rpaMOTy", „yrae" (cniß y uepicBi!), „Moaorara" (i'cra), „ynncTe no yxy", „MOTa BapeHHKH" (IcTb), „nemé" (íifle), „niKBa-pHra" (6hth). G h piflici caoBa (yaioöaeHa h KoTanpeBCbKHM „thm-(pa"= „nHHXBa"), h flHMiHyraBH, HaBÍTb „cepflHTeHbKo"; h flinaeicT-hí (xapKÍBCbKÍ) tpopMH: „MOTa", „ynncTe" 3aMÍcTb „MOTae", „Bnnc-
THTb". HaCTeHbKÍ  KOpOTKÍ flÍ6CaÍBHÍ CpOpMHI   CHI,  ryabK, ípÍTb-CpÍTb,
nepK, naiocb, meaecTb, ßepKmxb, 3npK, inapax, flpHÖ-flpHO-flpHÖ, xpnn, jinn i t. r. JlaincH piflici Ta 3aBHCflH aochtb „caabOHOBi". Aae b rriaoMy MOBa Kbítkh HaöanacaGTbca 30 HKoicb HopMaaÍ30BaH0i mobh, xon i „HeBHCOKoro", ceaflHCbKoro píbhh, mp Moace 3aaeacHTb i Bifl ceaHHCbKHx TeM onoBiflaHb. I xon hh MOBa He Moace npnnaTHCH flo MaaK)HKÍB 3 HCHTTH MicbKoro Ta ocßineHoro cycniabCTBa, a me MeHHie RjiB. „bhcokhx" ťaTyHKÍB, npoTe BOHa Bce ac ôiabine Hafla-naaacH 6 flo „noBHoi aiTepaTypn", Hiac MOBa bcíx íhhihx nncbMeH-khkíb yKpamcbKoro KaflCHH,H3My.
366
3aTe cjiOBHe ÖaraTCTBo mobh Memne, híjk y KoTJiapeBCBKoro. Xoi i sycTpi^aeMo pejiepe onncn BÔpaHHa, CTpaB, Hanoi'b, mo BHMa-raiOTb cKJiaRHoro caoBHHKä, Tam mícuh nooflHHOKi. Oct, HanpHKaas, cnHCKH, Hanoi'b Ha ^opriBCbKOMy niaöami: „Byjio i pencbKe, 6yao i flOHCBKe, mo no neTBepTaKy 6yTHjnca; 6yjin ycaKÍI BHHa, i nepBOHe; Í JKOBTe; GyjiH naaniKH i 3acMojiiOBaHÍ i 3pOTOM no3anjiÍTOBam; 6yjia i BHniHÍBKa, i TepHÍBKa, i nyjiiBKa; 6yjio i nnBo KaöanbKe, TaK, seine-BeHbKe, fljia ycsKoro po3xo3y, Ta 6yB i rpyíneBHH KBac, Bace cnn-thh. A ycHKi ropiaKH oKpeMo CToaan; Ta i 30 6ica ac ix TaM 6yao! Byaa i nÍHHa, i noayrapHa, i 3aniicaHKa, i noaHHbKOBa, i KopÍHKOBa, i Ha KaaraH, i Ha cochobí uihuikh raaia . . .", „IIhb Map,epy, uiaTaH-Mopraň, maTan-Ha-XBicT, peeBee, 6ap6oebKe, niaanaHCbKy i nop^eHe hhbo"; hk öaHHMo, KßiTKa nepexoflHTb Bin. MaTepiaaiß eTHorpacpra-noi 36ipKH 30 naponil Ha ncyBaHHa mobh ceaaHHHOM.
3. 3ßiflKH noxo^HTb ochobhí pněn KBÍTHHHoro CTnaio? Ha ne nHTaHHH Bi^noBicTH He aerKo. 3saGTbca, KßiTKa BeaHKOK» Mipoio — nncbMeHHHK opHťiHaabHHH, 6e3 3pa3KÍB Ta 6e3 nacepea. nncaB bíh po3MipHo nÍ3HO, 3HaB poMaHTHHHy aiTepaTypy, aae no3H^hb 3 nei (Hanp. y Toroaa) annie 3pi6m mothbh, Moace, no^acra, nncaBicTb 30 eTHorpa(pÍHHHx no3po6nni>. HpoTe CTaBaeHHa noro 30 Hapo^Horo acHTTa híhkoio Mipoio He Harasyc Í3eoaorÍHHoro 3axonaeHHa hhm poMaHTHKÍB. KsÍTKa em*iHo npo Bce po3noBÍ3aG, HäBÍTb 3axonaeHiiH neHHM, Hanp., Kpacoio Hapo^Horo BÔpaHHa, aae myKac b Hapofli He cnerjiHCpiHHo yKpaÍHCbKoro, a BceaiopcbKoro. Thm MeHine BipHTb bíh y HKHHCb raHÖniHH ceHc 3BHHaiB Ta BipyßaHb HaponHHx: bíh 3HBHTb-ca Ha Bce 3ropH („npoGBŕ-ieHicTb"), i n,e nac noMimra HaBÍTb nepe3 ,,cKa3" CBoro po3noBÍ3aHa, mp caM — 3 Hapony.
IcTopn^HÍ cnpoón Kbítkh pocincbKÍ. HanpnKaa3, „roaoBaTbin" 1839 p., „TaTapcKne Haßern" 1844 noKa3yiOTb, u\o bíh 30 yKpa'ÍHCb-Koro MHHyaoro cxaBHTbca, aK 30 aHeKROTHHHoro MaTepiaay! H,e Teac THnoBe 3aa KaacHii;H3My. IHe MeHui nepeiraaß KßiTKa sip; pocincb-icoro ,,ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3My" (3hb. eKCKypc IV), Te^ii „naHCbKoi", ne 33Í6H01 30 enÍHHoro onoßisaHHH, 60 BOHa BncyBac Ha nepinná naaH ocoôy „HyTaHBoro" Ta „cabosoTo^niBoro" aBTopa. H,e g ine b nepniHx onoBÍ3aHHHX JJpcTOGBCbKoro 40-x poKÍB. npocri cioaceTH Kbítkh no^acTH cxapi (3hb. Bnme).
CaMHH ťaTyHOK HaposHoro onoBÍ3aHHa He hobhh. Horo 36an-acyBaan 3 nÍ3HÍninMH cnpoöaMn „HaTypaaicTiß" (3hb. eKCKypc V), a caMe 2Kopac CaH3, B. Ayepôaxa, rpiťopoBH^ia, TypťeHeBa. B 3ÍÔ-choctí nncaan nosiÔHo 30 Kbítkh noro pociScbKÍ cy^acHHKH M. no-ťo3iH, JJ^ajib Ta roroab; ix BnaHBOM MoacHa no^acTH 3'acyBaTH i „CKa3" Kbítkh. A HapoflHe MiujaHCbKe, KyneijbKe hchtth 3MaabOBy-
367
Ba ji h Bate „k^HCHiiHcrH", b pocificbKiň jiÍTepaTypi — B. JlyKÍH („IH.e-neTHjibHHK" 1765), M. HyjiKOB (,,riepecMeuiHHK" 1789), Ibeh Ho-bíkob („rioxoacßeHHe HBaHa, rocTHHHoro ctma" — 1785-6), fleani CTaTTi b carapHHHHX naconncax M. Hobíkobe (1772-4), KOMenii n. njiaBUibiUHKOBa („Eoöbiab", „CHfleaeir", 3i6paHÍ TBopn bhhihjih 1816 p.), Ha MeatH „ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3My" — A. PanimeB („riyTemecT-BHe", 1790, Ta, 3flaeTbca, Bace noro ano-HiMm CTaTTi 1772 p.). Hh 3HaB KßiTKa ßaraTO tbopíb laKoi TpanHH.ii — HenaacHe, ajie no-
HaBIUH   ak   pOCÍHCbKHH    iihclmchhhk,    bíh   IIÍKaBHBCH pOCÍHCbKOK)
aÍTepaTypoK>. Bíh Miř 3HaTH i 3axiflHÍ cnpoÖH ,,cejiHHCbKoro poMa-Hy" — b HÍMeiibKÍH aiTepaTypi, HanpHKJian, riecTaabon,ni 3 1781 p., I^HioKKe — 1823, inHJiii Miojijiepa a6o ajieMaHCbKi Bipnii H. II. TeSejiH, íikí Ha pocřĚcbKy nepeKjianaB ^KyKOBCbKHH i t. fl. 3
TaKHX  TBOpiB BÍH  MÍr  HaBHHTHCH  H  CepHOSHOTO  BJKHTKy HäponHHX
TeM i BJKHTKy Hapo#Hoi mobh. H.e He 3MeHHiye 3acayr i 3HaneHHH
KbÍTKH, HKHH SK nHCbMeHHHK TaK CaMO 6e3MeJKHO BHHIHÖ Bifl cboix
nonepenHHKÍB 3 18 ct., hk KoTjiJipeBCbKHH bhihhh Bin OcinoBa. Bíh BHpoÓHB BjiacHHH craab. Ilea cTHJib He BHXonHTb no3a Mead KJia-chhhoi TpanHHÍI HaponHoro onoßinaHHa. Aae KsiTKa — „3anÍ3He-hhh" KaacHiiHCT, nncaB bíh y poKH, Koan YKpaiHa 3po6naaca ran-5oko „npoBÍHiiiaabHOK>" KpaÍHOio, mp BincTaBaaa Ha necaTKH poKÍB Bin pocÍHCbKHx „npHTpiß". Hepe3 ne bíh Miř nonara pyKy nepniHM npencTaBHHKaM ,,peajiÍ3My", mo 3H0By ne b HOMy Ha6aH3HBca no KaacHii,H3My.
4. rioBicTÍ Kbítkh u,ÍKaBÍ h ineoaorinHo. Bo bíh, nepeôyBaioHH b TpanHiíii KaacHii,H3My peairÍHHoro, xpncTHHHCbKoro, 3yMÍB y cboíx onoBinaHHax nonara b acHBin cpopMÍ ochobhí nyMKH cBoro cBÍTorjia-ny naaeKo Óbibine, ama< Ryxte cnopinHeHHH 3 hhm nyxoBo KoTaa-
peBCbKHÔ. XpHCTHHHCTBO 18 CT. 3aKpaHieHe  npaKTHHHO.  KBÍTKa TO-
My nponoBÍnye „xpHcraHHCbKHH ryMaHÍ3M": „EpaT Haui — ycaK ho-aoBÍK, xoh 3 Hamoro ceaa, xoh 3 npyroro, xoh 3 ropona, xoh HÍMeiib, xoh TypoK, yce noaoBiK, yce 6oace co3naHÍe"; y nbOMy cbítí mh bcí ,,TaKÍ ac rocTi, hk th i ycaK noaoBÍK — hh nap, hh naH, hh apxHepeö, caanaT hh jiHMMaH". IIa „TeHneHirja Kbítkh nÍ3HÍnie Hafl3BHHaHHO npHTaraa no Hboro CHMnäTÍi ,,Haponoaio6n,íb", hh to poMäHTHKÍs, hh to peaaicTÍB. MeHHi noMinaan HHcaeHHÍ hoth xpHCTHancbKoro MopaaÍ3My: KBÍTKa xone Mariace b KoacHOMy onoBÍnaHHi nonara aKycb „Mopaab", KopncHe noBHaHHa, mp 3HaHHo BÍnpÍ3Hae öoro Bin poMaH-thkíb, n-JiH hkhx noe3Ía e caMoiiiab. A60 bíh HaraKae Ha xpHcraaH-CbKi aorMara, hk y npHMHpaHBOMy aKopni „Mapyci"; „JJ,a,ň Tocnonn
MHaOCepnHHH, IHO6 TH   T a m    (b ÍHinOMy CBÍTÍ)   3HaÖniOB CBOK) Ma-
pycio", hh Ha xpncraaHCbKy Mopaab, hk y „ninpiä Jik)6obh": „Sí
368
cnojiHHjia caMHH CBflTiinHO 3aKOH Horo (Bora) : ayniy mow nojio-JKHjia 3a Moro Rpyra, mp6 BinBepHyTH bír Hboro rope! Ce6e He 3Mor-Jia, He 3flyJKajia 36eperrH... H cTapaaaca... He 3Morjia ... a hojio-bík", aôo b „IlepeKOTHnojii": „TaK-TO cyji Bojkhh He noTepnÍB He-npaBRH; i xoh hk kíhijí 6yjiH 3axoBaHÍ, TaK Bor oÖ'hbhb". Ihorí 6y-Eae h rochtb npHMÍTHBHa Mopajit: ,„ZIyaíe HeROÔpe RÍao 6pexaTn" („ninöpexan"). HaH^acTÍine „Mopaab" iHHpoKa — Ha no^ancy a6o b kíhhí onoBiRaHHfl. BHKJiaReHo 11 tígio caMoio mobok», iho i caMi ono-Eip,aHHH. HiKaBO, ujo KßiTKa roxorhtb HaßiTb 30 Toro, mo Ha no-iiaTKy „IHiipoi jiioöobh" bíh noRae „apicTO<paHÍBCbKO-nnaTOHÍBCbKy" Teopiio jiioöobh 3 ,,CHMno3ÍoHy"; aôo b „Ot to6í h cKap6" — TpoxH napoRiíiHO onHcye neKJio, 3RaeTbca, 3a CßeReHÖoproM! KßiTKa, ot-ace, nncbMeHHHK „TeHReHi^iHHHH". IJa TeHReHuja íhorí nepeBaacac iioro MHCTeiibKi ycTpeMjiiHHH: torí bíh „ncye" onoBÍRaHHa, nepeôop-myioHH, hk y ,,Zío6pe poôn . . .", Ta b öaraTbox Micii,ax íhhihx ono-BiaaHb — b „Mapyci" repoi'Ha BHroaoniyc npoMOBy npora. . . Be^op-HHHb! B nepeÖopmeHHi, „ÍReaaÍ3aHÍi", bíh ne 3Hac Mene. Ihorí bíh poÖHTb MaöjKe KapHKaTypHHMH o6pa3H cbo'íx repo'íb, onncyio^h Ix yace 3aHaRTo ninHeceHHM crajieM: onnen 3aBHÍuiHboi Ta nyxoBo'i no-CTaTÍ Mapyci a6o TajioHKH (3 „IHnpoi jiioöobh") HaöanacaioTbca BJKe ro napoRii... Ha ce6e caMoro! Mopajib Kbítkh Mariace bhkjiioh-ho 3arajibHOJiiop;cbKa. Jlnnie Re-He-Re npoMaime urocb noRÍÔHe ro Han;ioHajibHoro nonyTTa: „Xi6a Tpeôa copoMHTHCb CBoro pony!" Ca-
THpa Ha RÍHCHÍCTb pÍRKa, JIHHie B „K03Hp-RÍBHÍ" ROCHTb pÍ3KO Ta RO-
TenHO 3MajibOBaHÍ cyaoBi nopaRKH, to HenopaRKH, TonjiHHboro na-cy. ^hbho, mo KßiTKa, TaKHH HyTaHBHÖ, íhorí 6e3 ycHKoro cnÍBnyTTH Maaioe acopcTOKÍCTb: Hanp., TonaeHHH bírbom, 3 hkhx ReaKi i ríh-cho BTonnanca: ,,Tyr ifl i aMÍHb"; „KoTpy BTonnan, a KOTpy bírbo-jiaan" — KOHCTaTye bíh, Ta me BKaaRae onHOMy 3 3BHHaimo TaKHX m'hkhx cejiíiH b ycTa cjioBa: „CnoaoiniTb mok> acÍHKy. .." OTace, TeHReHH,ia y Kbítkh i 3apÍ3Ko noRaHa i He hájikom nocaÍROBHa. Síu-6h He hh „TeHReHHjÍHHÍcTb" — pHca Teac CTapOBHHHa, He pOMaHTHH-Ha, — to KßiTKa Mir 6h 6yra HauioMy ^acosi 3 ycix cboí'x cynacmi-
kíb HaÖÖaHHC^hh.
5. KßiTKa BHCTynHB HaBiTb hk ny6ain,HCT, irrpnpaBRa, JIHHie b nepeRMOBi ro „CajiRaiibKoro naTpeTa": „CynaiKa ro naHa Í3RaTeaa" Ta b HeBeaHKHX „JlncTax ro jno6e3HHx 3eMaaKÍB" (1839).
Oôhrbí cTaTTi Kbítkh m,e acKpaBiiue, híhí fioro onoBÍRaHHa no-Ka3yiOTb HeROCTaTHicTb Raa yTBopeHHa noBHo'i aiTepaTypn thx cth-
aiCTHHHHX Ta mobhhx 3aCo6ÍB, hkhmh bíh KOpHCTyGTbCa B nOBÍCTHX.
„CynaÍKa" (1833) HanncaHa b cTHai TpaBecTÍI; „Hexaö ace 3HaiOTb i Haiirax", „KOHnoHye", „HaBepHaKaan",  „3aKoayriHe 3a Ryuiy",
369
„KHiiiKH oojiíitl Bifl cMixy" — TaKa cppa3eoaorÍH aeflBe     Moace bh-
KJIHKaTH BpaJKeHHH, IB.O B yKpa'ÍHCbKÍH MOBÍ MOÍKHa „BTHTH" TBÍp, 111,0 6yB oh „Í 3BHHaHHHH, Í HÍJKHeHBKHH, Í p03yMHHH, Í nOJie3HHH". „JIhC-
th" (1839) — cnpoöa nonyaapnsanii fljin Hapofly neBHHX iiohhtb npo flepjKaBHHH ycxpin, BHTpnMäHa Bace b cepfio3HOMy tohí, ajie b njioíHHHi HaH3BHHaäHoro npHMÍTHBÍ3My: „He Jieacn: ciOflH-TyflH mot-hhch, coKHpKOH nopyöaö, i^íiikom noMaxafi, ckothhkok) nopoön, ot b Teöe Bn'fltTb rponiHKH". KßiTKa TyT yMie flara ßoöpi nepena3H 6a-HOK a6o apöpe 3MajiK>BaTH n'HHHino: „HnKa öoMy HeBMHTa Ta.. . no-ApnnaHa, bojiocch po3KyflOB*ieHe, nianKn KaT-Ma! .. Xoh i nianepe-
3aHHH, TaK OflHH KÍHeUB TaK i BOJIOMHTBCfl 3a HUM J COpOHKa pOSXpHC-
TaHa, a nacoM i nopBaHa, hk i cBHTHHa; cnHHa bch y ranm, oflHH *io-6ít Ha H03Í, a flpyrnn, hk cnaB bíh y niHHKy, TaK 3hhto ..." Ajie i ra-Ka ,,cepH03HÍnia" MOBa Moace Mara annie oOMeateny (pyHKniio. Ifle-oaorin „JIhctíb" — noaiÖHa 30 nÍ3HÍnioi ToroaeBoi — iaeoaorÍH „pe-aKH,ii". 3 Heio KßiTKa cnoaynae flyMKy: „He Bee ai flaa MOCKaaiB, Moace Tpeöa i pa Hac uiOHeöyflB"; b ancTÍ flo MaKCHMOßnna bíh BHMarae, inp6 nncaTH Ha „mobí, Ha hkíh roBopHTb 10 MiabfioHÍB, HKa Mae cboí Kpacn, mo ix He nepenara Ha íhhiíh, cboí 3BopoTH, ry-Mop, ipoHÍK) i Bee, h i 6 h y nopanHoi mobh". IIpo3a Kbítkh — Haň-BHLu;e npcHrHeHHH „CTapocBÍTCbKoi" yKpaÍHCbKoi jiÍTepaTypn Hapofl-hok> MOBOH3, noKa3yc HKpa3, mo noTpiÔHa HKacB HOBa iaeoaorifl, mp6 ninHecTH MOBy Ha pißeHB 3 íhhihmh „nopHflHHMH" MOBaMii,
KsiTKa HaBiTb nepeKaaB KiabKa cBHineHnx tckctíb, aae anme flaa „CaoB'HHCbKol HHTaHKn" Cpe3HeBCbKoro. B hhx ypHBKax (3ano-Bini, MOJíHTBa rocno^hh, no^íaTOK GBaHreaii IoaHa) e anme nepnii cnpo6n bhcokoi mobh. Hafl „IcTopiero YKpamH", inp KßiTKa xotíb HanncaTH, bíh, 3flaGTbca, HäBÍTb ne no*iaB npan.iOBaTH.
6. 3 íhhihx cnpo6 npo3H BapTo 3raflaTH nncaHHH ryaaKa-ApTe-MOBCbKoro, inp flo TpaBecrifi ofl, po3yMÍGTbca, Mir noflaTH JiHine napo-fliäHHH BCTyn — ,„ZIemp npo Toro TapacbKa": ,,Boho to 6an, no HamoMy TapacbKO, a no-MocKOBCBKn Topan;ÍH -—- O! Bace bohh xo*i iup, — nepeKOBepcaiOTb no-CBOGMy". Aae thm cemhm CTHaeM nnine bíh i „nncyabKy" flo peflaKTopa „yKpamcbKoro rrnnH" (BecTHHKa). TyT He anine npocTanbKÍ flOTenn, (3MÍmyBaHHH „aaTHHCbKoro" ra „anTBHHCbKoro"), aae n caoBHHK Toro caMoro craaio, inp b ,,oflax TapacbKa": 3aMÍCTb roBopHTH: 6pa3HyTH, Bep3TH, po3fla6apioBaTH, nanaHTH; 3aMÍcTb BÍpmi nncara: HaHJi03HTH, nepoM HaflpHťaTH, 6a3-rpara... <E>pa3eoaoriH: HKa Bace TaM y xpma poöoTa; poflHMÍ me He noBHjia3Han; MaTepi ii KOBÍHbKa; a TaM cxoBarocb b floMOBHHy Ta íi noKaacy im 3-3a na3yxn OT-Tany 3flopoBenbKy flyaio i t. fl, Ta-KOK) MOB010, 3BHHaHHO, He Moacna nncaTH Hmoro mníoro, KpÍM Tpa-BecTÍn. — IIÍKaBo, mo HäBÍTb poMaHTHK Fpe6ÍHKa nnnie yKpamcbKi
370
ctžíttí (nepenMosy Ta nicjiHMOBy no „JlacTÍBKii" 1841 p.) cTHjieM íh-iiioto 3a6apBJieHHa — HyTjiHBo-inHjiiHHHM, ajie Toro caMoro píbhh: „yjK h TaK nyMaio, qo Heina i Ha cbítí Kpamoro mích,h, hk IIojiTaB-cbKa ryöepHin"; BHXBajiHio^h yKpamcbKHX n.ÍBHaT Ta nnpHTHHCBKi 6y6jiHKH, bíh y UBOMy kohtckctí 3ranyG yKpamcBKy jíiTepaTypy (KoTjiHpeBCbKoro), a npomacTBCH 3 3eMJiHKaMH npocTauBKHMH no-öajKaHHHMH, čepen, hkhx He ôpaKyc ň TaKoro: „UX06 bhhhhim. n,aßa-jiH HaM 3 KOJKHoro nyna BÍn,po niHHOi ropijiKn". Čepen. npo3H TaKO-ro píbhh HaHôiJibme BnanaioTB b ohí cthjiícthhhí BJiacTHBocTi i cep-fio3Ha MOBa onoBinaHb Kbítkh.
E. XapaKTep i 3HaHeHHH yKpaiHCbKoro JíiTepaTypHoro
KJiHcmni3My
1. 3 jíiTepaTypH yKpaiHCBKoro KJiHCHira3My noHHHaeTBCH ynpa-ÍHCbKe JíiTepaTypHe BÍn,pon)KeHHH, a neBHoio oÓMeJKeHoio Mipoio i npo6yn,HceHHH HauioHajiBHe. B KoacHOMy pa3i aBTopn uígí noon Bnep-me nonajiH nocjiinoBHO BHCHBaTH HaponHoí mobh, ■—• ne 3aBHie Ha-bítb b TBopax noBajKHHx raTyHKÍB Ta 3 cepfio3HOK> mctok). IIo-nacTH ue 6yjia 3a6aBKa, no^iacTH HacjiinyBaHHH ^yjKHx jíiTepaiyp, n,e b TaKiö caMiá (TpaBecTiHHifi, rpoTecKosiä, oypjiecKHiž) (pyHKuií BHCHBaHo nisjíeKTiB Ta mob, hkí me He MajiH cBOGi JíiTepaTypH, Hanp., ÍTajiiíicbKÍ n,ÍHJieKTH Ta npoBaHcajiBCBKa MOBa. Bo hojiíthhho Ta KyjiLTypHo nac KJiHCHipßMy 6yB nacoM HafioijibHioro HaiiioHajiBHoro 3aHenany yicpaiHH. ^eHanioHajiÍ3an,ÍH mp He öyjia ninpoKa, ajie oxo-nnjia HKpa3 KOJia, mp Ha tí nacH MycHjiH ôyra npoBinHHKäMH b KyjiB-TypHOMy jkhttí: uijiHXTy Ta bhiih cdpepn nyxoBeHCTBa. yKpaiHCBKa Hania cTajia „HenoBHoio". TaK caMo HenoBHa 6yjia ň jirrepaTypa. Ha HOJii po3po6jieHHX y híh raTyHKÍB cTOHJia repomHo-KOMinHa no-eMa, KOMÍHHa onepa, TpaBecTOBaHa ona. noBajKHHMH ťaTyHKaMH 6y-jiH jiHHie onoBi^aHHH Ta 6aíiKa. JXo BHCOKoro HcaHpy, TnnoBoro hjih KJiHcnqH3My, HajrejKaTB, BnacHe, Jinuie nepecniBH ncajiMÍB TyjiaKa-ApTeMOBCBKoro (ajie yen ríhjibhíctb noro „3anÍ3HeHa" Ta npoxonH-jia BHce 3a naciB, kojih ycronH noHHHajia naHyBaTH ineojioria po-MaHTHKH). HaBÍTB cäTHpH, iiBoro noBaJKHoro ťaTyHKy, np HKoro Jier-Ko öyjio nepeÖTH Bin, TpaBecTiö, He öyjio! BpaKyBajio npopnx cnpoö cepH03H0i oflH, enocy, Tparenii! 3anoBOJiBHHTH bcí nyxoBi ÍHTepe-CH TaKoro „HenoBHoio" jiiTepaTypoK) ne ôyjio MOJKjiHBe: jiiTepaTypa HBoro THny ôyjia 3acyn.JKeHa 6yTH jinuie h o n o b h e h h h m np íh-hihx jiiTepaTyp.
2. Chmiitomom Han;ioHajiBHoro 3aHenany 6yjio i nocTaHHH „yK-pamcBKHx" TBopiB HyjKHMH MOBaMH. íx, iHpnpaBn.a, He 6yjio 6ara-
371
to. Jlnine yKpaiHCBKHH jiaHfliua(pT MaaioG b noabCbKin noeMi ,,So-fiowka" C. TpeMSentKHH (1735-1811), yKpaiHH annie no6iamo Top-KaeTBca K). y. HeMijeBira (1758-1841) b cboix „Spiewach istorycz-nych" (1816) Ta T. Cbshubkhh (1774-1837) "Opis starozytnej Pol-ski"). H. MycbHH^khh (1765-1806, "Pultawa", 1805). XapaKTepnc-THHHiina niaabmcTb yKpamniB. Bacnjib HapiacHnn (1780-1825), MHp-roponenb, TaaaHOBHTnii npo3ai*K, y pocincbKHX poManax jiiTepaTyp-ho „3ani3HeHHx" Ha 20, hk He Siabine, poniB, Majiioe b crajii xa cpop-Max asaHTypHoro poMaHy KaacHnH3My (3 n.yace He3HanHHMH eae-MeHTaMH pocificbKoro „ceHTHMeHTaai3My"), nepeBaacno yKpamcbKi rann. JlHHie no^acTH 3ycTpinaGMo ynpamcbKe oToneHHa, HaBiTb Cko-Eopoay, b „PociHCbKOMy }Kijib6aa3i" (1814), aae niaKOM npncBH-nem yKpami poMaHH — Mopaabno-noBHaabHHH „ApicTioH" (1822), icTopHHHO-aBaHTypHHH ,,BypcaK" (1824), noSyTOBo-KOMrqHHn „^Ba iBaHH" (1825) Ta He3aKiHHeHHH aBaHTypHHn „rapKyina". H,iKa-Bi i Horo ,,CaoBeHCKHe Benepa", 36ipKa onoBinaHb 3 CTapoi" KHa3iB-cbKoi' yKpaiHH (1809-19), 3MicT hkhx — HeicTopH*rai noai'i. TBOpH Hapiamoro nocinaiOTb y pociiicbKiH aiTepaiypi Toro nacy noBaatHe Micne Ta BnaHHyan, npaBaa He3HaHHO, Ha M. Toroaa. IIopyH nboro Tpe6a 3ranaTH pociftcbKi TBopn KBiTKH, hkhh, KpiM Baacnnx nepe-KaaaiB cboix yttpaiHCbKHx noBicTeii, BHaaB HHcaeHHi onosiaaHHa po-ciHCbKOK) MOBOH) (3ne6iabina Bate aaa Toro nacy cTHaicTH^Ho nepe-CTapiai) Ta nonyaapHHH poMaH ,,IIaH XaaflBCbKHii" (1840) i CTa-poro CTHaio KOMen.ii, 3oupeMa ,,IIIeabMeHKo nncapb" (1831) Ta ,,IIIeabMeHKo neHiiraK" (1840), 3 cyxo yKpaiHCbKoio poaaio Hleab-MeHKa, mo npacnan Ha cn,eHi no 20 ct. y aericm KOMenii 3ani3HeHHH pocificbKHH KaacHHiHCT, kh. A. HlaxoBCKofi (1777-1846) naB Kiabica caaSKHx KOMenJH 3 yKpamctKoro hchtth (HanBinoMima „Ka3aK cth-xoTBopen,", BHCTaEaeHo 1812, BHn.pyKOBaHo 1815 p., uio cnpH^nmn-aaca 30 nocTaHHH „HaTaaKH IIoaTaBKH"), aae 6e3 3HaHHa ynpa-mebKoi mobh Ta no6yTy. Ha nonaTKy 19 ct., nip; ^ac KopoTKoro ria-HyBaHHa pocificbKoro ceHTHMeHTaai3My, 3'aBnaoca KiabKa onnciB no-nppoaciB no yKpami, hki no^iaCTn niKaBi i noSyTOBHM MaTepiaaoM, Ta Majin ycnix y cynacHHKiB: 30KpeMa Tpe6a 3ranaTH nonppoaci B. l3ManaoBa (1800-2), kh. I. HlaaiKOBa (1803-4), I. J-JoaropyKOBa (1810), xapKiB'aHHHa I. BepHeTa (10 cTaTTefi 1816-19 pp.) Ta A. JTeBinHHa (1816). Hie BHHTeab Toroaa Ta rpeSiHKH, I. KyabacnH-cbKHH, b 20-30-x poKax nncaB napncH, poMaHH Ta noBicri b n,bOMy caMOMy CTnai (tboph fioro BHihnaH npyKOM me 1850 p.); y Kyab-acHHCbKoro Moace Siabine 3a Bcix ftoro nyxoBnx cynacHHKiB erao-rpacpi*moro Marepiaay. .ZUhchhh po3KBiT „yKpaiHCbKoi* niKoan" b po-eincbKin aiiepaTypi npniluioB anine 3 poMaHTHKOK) (ahb. VII, B).
372
3. yKpaiHCbKHH KJIHCHU,H3M He 3HHK Í3 CBÍflOMOCTH yKpaiHCbKO-
ro cycnijibCTBa Tan, hk kjihchu,h3m b íhihhx jiixepaTypax. Bo, nonep-Hie, yKpaiHCbKHH kjihchhh3M 6yB „HenoBHHH" i Hepe3 n,e „Herano-bhh", — nÍ3HÍnie HaBÍTb He po3yMÍJiH, mo lie 6yB kjihchh,h3m; nonpy-re, bíh caMe bbíb yKpamcbKy Haponny MOBy no jiiTeparypH — i 3a h,k> fioro 3acjiyry fioro BHCJiaBJiHJiH a6o 3 hhm mhphjihch HaBÍTb y gctbí BopoHíi HOMy poMaHTHKH Ta peajiicTH. Kjihchi],h3MObí npomaJiH fioro cjiaôy HauioHajibHy cBÍflOMÍcTb, — 60 „npocBineHicTb" KJiHCHH,H3My Majia yxHJi no KOCMonojiÍTH3My, i fioro noripnjiHBe Ta npe3HpjiHBe CTaBjíeHHH no „Hapony". ToMy Tpannuii „KOTjiHpeBiHHHH" yTpHMa-jiHCH b yKpamcbKÍH jiÍTepaTypi TaK H°Br° — He6e3neKy TpaBecTÍÉ-Hol TpaHHi;ii rocTpo nonyBaB h©xto 3 poMaHTHKÍB (Kyjiiin), ajie bo-Ha HO>KHJia HaBÍTb ho HaniHx hhíb-
4. KojiH yKpa'ÍHCbKe ôapoKKo nepejiHBajioca aepe3 HauioHajibHÍ KopHOHH Ta 3anjiÍHHHJio He onny 3 cycÍHHÍx jiÍTepaTyp, to yKpamcb-KHÖ KJIHCHH.H3M BTpáTHB yci c<pepn BnjiHBy Ha ayjKi jiÍTepaTypH: b „yKpai'HCbKHX HíKOJiax" BnjiHBajia Ha nyjKi jiÍTepaTypn h e yKpa-íHCbKa jiÍTepaTypa, a caMe yKpa'ÍHCbKe jkhtth. Jlnme HOBa 6i-JiopycbKa jiÍTepaTypa noHHHacTbCH 3 öijiopycbKoi nepepiÖKH ,,EHe-i'HH" KoTjrapeBCbKoro (nepen 1845 p.).
EKCKyPCIV
yKPAIHCBKHH CEHTHMEHTAJII3M
1. OicpeMi TBopn, m,o mh ix po3rjiflHyjiH b nonepeflHtoMy bíaaí-jii — nepenyciM noBicri Kbítkh, ajie TaKoac „HarajiKy nojiTaBKy" íhoaí aocjiíahhkh xapaKTepn3yBajiH hk „ceHTHMeHTajiBHÍ", po3yMÍ-K)hh u;e cjiobo He b ceHci ncHxojioriHHOMy, a icTopHHHo-jiÍTepaTypHo-My, hk neBHy JiiTepaTypHy Teniio (3epoB). lie BH3Haaajio 36jiHJKeH-
HH 3 pOClHCBKHM ,,CeHTHMeHTaJIÍ3MOM" HIKOJIH KapaM3ÍHa.
niKOJia KapaM3ÍHa 6yjia cnenncpmHo pocíhcbkhm 3'HBHnjeM; no 11 npHKMeT HajiejKajia neBHa MOBHa pecpopMa — 3HHm;eHHH no-cjiaSjieHHH mobhhx bíamíh noMÍJK pÍ3HHMH jiiTepaTypHHMH ťaTyHKa-mh; JíiTepaTypHi ťaTyHKH 3ajiHHiHjiHCH tí caMi, mo fi b kjihchi;h3mí, jiHHie ceHTHMeHTajiicTH njieKajiH íhhií 3 nnx raTyHKÍB, &hí>k kjihch-kh (noeTHHHHH jiHCT — „nocjiaHHH", íahjiíio, noflopoHc), 3aHenajiH oflH, ajie 6yjia hebítb ceHTHMeHTajn>Ha Tpareniima TpaAHn,ÍH — Hanp., OsepoB; mina 6yjia ů ifleojiorin, b hkíh bíaShjihch BnjiHBH pÍ3HHX cpopM 3axÍAHi>oro „nepeApoMaHTH3My" Ta „MÍiuaHCBKoro poMaHy". CnoJiy^eHHH irax ejieMeHTÍB y neBHy nijiicTB 6yjio oco6hcthm bhtbo-poM KapM3ÍHa Ta neKoro 3 iioro jíiTepaTypHnx npn6ÍHHHKÍB. Ajie ifleojioriHHo pocíhcbkhíí „ceHTHMeHTajiÍ3M" Maníce HÍnoro He npnn-hhb 3 iflen eBponeHCBKoi nepeapoMaHTHKH, b KOJKHOMy pa3i, Hi^oro 3 ií ochobhhx iflen.
2. Hn mojkjihbo npnKJianaTH xapaKTepncTHKy pocinctKoi „ceH-THMeHTajibHoi niKOJin" no Kbítkh te nonacTH 30 KoTjrapeBCBKoro ? Mem 3AaeTBCH, HeMOHCJiHBO. HacxHHa onoBÍAaHB Kbítkh ■— TpaBec-TÍHHo-aHeKAOTHHHÍ. „CajiflanBKHH narpeT", „KynoBaHHH po3yM"5 „napxÍMOBe CHÍAaHHH", „niflópexan" Hanncam b TpaflHnii 3obcím ne ceHTHMeHTajiBHÍH. b íhdihx e HyTTGBHH ejieMeHT, nyTJiHBÍ cn,eHH, ajie HeMae ceHTHMeHTajiBHoro cthjiio, „HyTjiHBoro" 3MajnoBaHHH noňiá 3 cy6'gkthbhhmh BHHBaMH no^yTTH eaMoro aBTopa (Hanp., BHKJIHKH „ax!M, „yBH!" i t. a.). HeMae ejieMeHTÍB ,,nepe ApoMaHTH^Hoi'' no-xMypocTH („occÍHHÍ3My"), HeMae „nepníppacTH^moro" cthjiio KapaM-
3ÍHCBK01 UIKOJIH (3aMÍCTB „COKIje" -       ,,AGHHe CBÍTHJIO", 3aMÍCTB „KÍHB"
— ,,n.a uiJiHxeTHa TBapnHa, HKa..." i t. a-)> HeMae AeTajiBHHx Ta ipoHÍHHHx onncÍB (BnjiHB CTepHa b niKOJii KapaM3ÍHa). Moace GAHHe, in,o HaSjíHjKye KBÍTKy ao pociScBKoro ceHTHMeHTaJiÍ3My, ne jiioSob
374
no MopajibHHx ceHxeHnÍH, aae im pnca He nyaca i KaacHini3M0BÍ. XpncTHaHCLKHH CBÍToraaa, Toro caMoro rany 3ycTpÍHeMo i b Kbítkh i b neKoro 3 pociÉcbKHX ceHraMeHTaaicriB, aae n.e He Moace 6yra ochobok) pa aiTepaTypHoro 36aHaceHHa. MopaaÍ3M Kbítkh xapaKTepHcraaHHH patrne naa nepen,KapaM3ÍHCbK0i ftoôn.
OnoBÍaaHHH Kbítkh reae nanHHo, o6pa3H 3aoKpyraem, BHpa3 tohhhh, xoa i Tpoxn npHMÍTHBHHH. n,e Bce m,e niaKOM y TpaaHnii Kaa-CHaHOl np03H. CaMOCTÍHHe BÍaKpHTTH Kbítkok) ceaaHCBKoi TeMaTHKH 3obcím He HaôanacyG ňoro np pociôcbKoro ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3My, ne hí-Horo noAÍÔHoro ne 6yao, HyraHBicTb Kbítkh HaôcKopinie BHnanBac 3 yKpaiHCLKoi HapoflHOi Bnaai Ta niceHHOi TpanHnii. IH,e ôanacne 3b'h-3ani „ceHTHMeHTaabHÍ" eaeMeHra y KoTaapeBCBKoro 3 njeio Tpann-qÍGio, xoa He Tpeôa n.iaKOM BÍnKnnaTH MoacaHBHx BnaHBÍB pocincbKO-ro ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3My.
3. Pocíhcbkhh ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3M npHHÍc MOBHy i craaicraaHy pe-(popMy pociäcbKoi aÍTepaTypn. ToMy niaKOM npnponHe BHniaeHHH nboro — xoa i He ninpoKoro — Hanpainy b oKpeMnň BÍn.nia b icTopľí pociäcbKoi' aÍTepaTypn. B icTopií yKpamcbKoi aÍTepaTypn HeMae no-TpeÔH ytbopiOBaTH 3 KÍabKox TBopÍB Kbítkh Ta onHoro TBopy Kot-aapeBCbKoro OKpeMoro aiTepaTypHoro HanpaMy. I KBÍraa i KoTaa-peBCBKHH, hkiho bohh híhcho, HeBeaHKOio Mipoio, ninaaraaH Bnan-Baai pociScbKoro ceHTHMeHTaaÍ3My a6o BÍnnoBiaHHx 3axinHÍx Tenin, MaôyTb, HaBÍTb He noMÍraan ycici' BÍnMÍHHocra qnx Teaiô BÍn, ix BaacHo'í, b ochobí KaacHaHo'i aÍTepaTypHo'i Tpanimii, TaK ca-mo hk He 3BepTaan yBarn ryaaK-ApTeMOBCbKHH a6o Biaen,bKHn-Ho-ceHKO, nepecnÍByioHH 6aaanH Bioprepa hh Teie, ih,o neil raTyHOK 3obcím ayacHá ix BaacHÍä KaacnaHiH noeran;i. .. yKpamcbKa aÍTe-paTypa Toro aacy 6yaa aÍTepaTypHo Maao flHípepeHijiHOBaHa, ícto-pHK aÍTepaTypn He noBHHeH niTyaHO noôiabinyBara hígí nnípepeH-nianii, yTBopioioaH naa necaTKa noeTÍB KÍabKa pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHx pyôpHK.
VII. POMAHTHKA
A. JliTepaiypHa poMaHTiiKa
1. JlrrepaTypHa poMaHTHKa, a6o poMaHTH3M, e jirrepaTypHa Tenia, HKa BHCTyriHJia HanpHKmni 18 ct. b HiMeHHHHi Ta noMaJiy 3a-xomiJia jiiTepaTypy bcígí EBporm. HayKOBe BH3HaieHHfl po-MaHTHKH hochtb BaHiKo naTH, 6o poMaHTH^Ha JirrepaTypa npoTaroM kIjibkox necHTHJÜTB Ta y pi3HHx Hapo^iß HaÖHpajia bípmíhhhx dpopM, a oKpeMi npeacTaBHHKH poMaHTHKH ne b noMy nyace pí3hhjihch ORHH Bifl oflHoro. IIpoTe o n h c, nepejiin xapaKTepncTHHHHX o3HaK
pOMaHTHHHHX  TCHÍH   naTH   Jiernie,   6o   BCIOflH   poMaHTHKH 3BepTaJIH
nyace BejíHKy yBary Ha oôťpyHTyBaHHH Ta BHKJian, cbogi ineojiorii* Ta Ha (popMyjiioBaHHH ochobhhx 3acan. cbogi noeTH^Hoi Teopii.
2. PoMaHTHHHÍ   TCHil   BHCTynaJIH   b   pÍ3HHX   KpaÍHaX   He OflHO-
nacHo: b Hímchhhhí b nojiOBHHi 90-x pokíb 18 ct., b AHrjiii Manate oflHonacHo, y pocíhh Ta nojíHKÍB nic jih 1815 p., y íhuihx cjiob'hh Ta dppaHiry3ÍB me nÍ3HÍuie. Ajie 3an,oBro np no^aTKÍB BjiacHo'í poMaHTHKH 6yjiH OKpeMi npeflCTäBHHKH Ta HaBÍTb Temi, hk to KaacyTt, „nepen,poMaHTHHHÍ": b AHrjiii — ,,occíhhÍ3m", noxMypa noe3ÍH „Horn Ta MorHjra", mo BHXonHJia 3 kcjibtcbkhx repoiHHHx niceHí, OcciHHa (b fliôcHOCTi 3(pajibinoBaHHX MeKtpepcoHOM), a nonacTH ô „MimaHCbKHH poMaH", y <E>paHnľi — „pycco'i3M" — KyjibT nyTTH,
p03BHHeHHH TeopeTHMHO PyCCO Ta npHKJiafleHHH hhm flO noeTHMHOÍ
npaKTHKH, b HiMeHHHHi „Sturm und Drang", 3 KyjibTOM bíjibhoi jnoflHHH, Ta repnpp, 3 fioro npoTecTOM npoTH 3aHanTo bhcokoi ou.íh-kh po3yMy Ta 3 ííoro ÍHTepecoM np Haponnoi noe3Íi, i nenKi íhuií Tenii. Ha yKpamcbKy poMaHTHKy BnjiHBajín, xoh 3ne6ijisina BJKe He 6e3nocepeflHbo, a nepe3 poMaHTHKy 3axinHio, TaKOJK Tenii „nepen,-
pOMaHTHHHÍ".
3. HaHJiernie 3po3yMÍGMo gctbo poMaHTHHHoí ineojiorii Ta po-
MaHTHHHOl  noe3ÍÍ,   KOJIH  ÖyfleMO   BHXOnHTH  3   iCTOpHHHOľ ono3Hn.ii,
b hkíh poMaHTHKa CTOHJia np TemŘ 18 ctojiítth, np KJiHCHnH3My Ta
npOCBÍHeHOCTH. BHXO3HHH 3 0n03Hn.ÍÍ flO nOeTHKH KJIHCHITH3My, poMaHTHKa BHÖynyBajia BJiacHy Teopiio noe3ÍI, hkoio i KepyBajiaca b jiÍTepaTypHÍH npaKTHnL Bhxoahhh 3 ono3Hnn ho CBiTorjinny npo-
CBWeHOCTH,   pOMaHTHKa   p03BHHyjia   CBÍŽ   BJiaCHHH   CBÍTOrjIHfl, 6e3
376
HKOrO HeMOHÍJIHBO 3po3yMÍTH ifleOJIorinHOrO 3MÍCTy TBOpÍB poMaH-THKÍB Ta HaBÍTB Í pOMaHTHHHOÍ noeTHKH, Mh 3BepHeMO b najibiiiOMy yBary Ha npoBinm inel poMaHTHKH, jikí 3ycTpiaaGMo b yKpamcbKHX
POMaHTHKÍB.
4. PoMaHTHHHHH CBÍTorjiHn, — npoTHJie)KHÍcTb cBÍTorjiíiAy npo-CBineHocTH. Kojih npocBiaemcTb yBaJKajia 3a ocHOBHy cHJiy ni3-HaHHH po3yM, BBaacajia cbít Ta jnonnHy 3a BnoBHÍ npHCTynm nÍ3-HaHHK) 3a npnoMoroK) po3yMy hh po3yMOM ocBÍTjieHoro npcBÍny, BBaacajia, HapeniTi, m,o bch aíhchíctb 3ÔynpBaHa 3 npocTHX ejie-
MeHTÍB, HK IX CyMa, — TO Ha nyMKy pOMaHTHKÍB, p03yM - JIHHie
o/ma 3Í 3p;aTHocTeH jnoncbKoro nyxy, Ta h to He HaÖBHiua, He-noBHa, HenocTaTHH hjih nÍ3HaHHH aíhchocth; ^íhchíctb ne g npocTOio cyMOK) oKpeMHx ejreMeHTÍB, aacTOK, — HaBnaKH, híjiíctb 3aB>Kn,H 3yM0BjiioG coSoK) OKpeMi ejieMeHTH, g He JiHHie HiHpnia, a h bhhkí, mac yce OKpeMiniHe, yci aacTKH, OKpeMi ejieMeHTH niaoro.
B;a 3MÍHa ocHOBHHX npHHH,hhíb noraaay BHMarajia hoboí Me-
TOflH nÍ3HaHHH'.   TOMy  3yCTpÍHaGMO  B  POMaHTHKÍB   pÍ3HÍ   Teopíí, IHO
KopeťyiOTb Tpaa,iniÍHHy aorÍKy, a6o 3míhioiohh a6o apnoBHioioHH jiorÍHHi 3aK0HH, a aacTÍme ue 6yBaG BHMora nÍ3HaHHH He JiHHie jiorinHoro, a ň HanaoriaHoro: nÍ3HaHHa noayTTHM a6o ,,ÍHTyniieio'', no Toro ÍHoai ,,ÍHTyÍB,ieio noeTHHHoio". IIoe3ia CTaG nopya HayKH, HK íhihhh, aae He HHatHHH hijihx nÍ3HaHHH.
BiaKHaaronH Tpaanqiio pau,ioHaaBHoro nÍ3HaHHH, poMaHTHKH noaHHaiOTb noMiaaTH Ta BininyKyBaTH b pÍ3HHx ecpepax 6yTTH BHyT-pinmi npoTHaeaíHocTi, aHTHTe3H, „npoTHpiaaa"; Moace Haíioiabuia íx 3acayra, hjo bohh noMÍTHjni TaKi BHyTpiuím npoTHaeacHocTi b
JHOflHHi, b iCTOpHHHOMy npOH,eCÍ í b COH,ÍHJIbHOMy 6yTTÍ. TaKi npoTH-
aeacHocTi ne yHeMoacaHBaroiOTb TÍCHoro 3B'H3Ky Mim pí3hhmh ccpe-paMH, HKoro oxoae myKae poMaHTHKa. LJ,e uiyKaHHH npHBeao pOMaHTHKÍB flO BaaCJIHBHX, XOH í He 3aBaínH HHMH BHKOpHCTaHHX BÍa-
KpHTb y npHpon,o3HaBCTBÍ, b cycniabHHx HayKax, y ncHXoaorii.
5. PoMaHTHKa ÍHaKHie hhbhtbch na cbít, Ha jnonHHy h Ha Bora, amac nHBHaaca npocBiaemcTb.
Cbít aaa poMaHTHKH He g npocTHÖ MexaHÍ3M, hk> CKaaaacTbca 3 OKpeMHx aacTHH, HK rofljHHHHK 3 KoaimaT, a híhbhh opraHÍ3M, nacTHHH HKoro 3yMOBaem Ta CKepMOBam uiaHM. Cbít He h,íjikom
p03KpHBaGTBCH   nÍ3HaHHK)   HaiHOrO   p03yMy.   y   HbOMy HeMOHCaHBO
BHBHaTH anme OKpeMi cTopoHH, ctpepn, ne öepyan so yBarn bcíx íhhihx Ta H,iaoro. a n,o toto y cbítí — aochtb „TaeMHHaHx", 3axo-BaHHx, HeßiflOMHx ccpep Ta CHJi. PoMaHTHKa Mac HaBÍTB neBHy Ha3By aaa hhx chji, ccpep b ix ijiaoKynHocTi: ,,HÍHHa CTopoHa" CBÍTy. Uro „HiaHy CTopoHy" poMaHTHKH npcain,acyBaaH, Ta ne npcain.aceHHH,
377
nopy^í BiflHOBJieHHJi CTapnx nepecynÍB, npHHecjio i nemo ujíme h.jih HayKH.
JIionuHa — He npocTo po3yMHa TBapnna a6o S MexaHÍ3M (ivra-niHHa), HK yBajKaJiH HaöpaanKajibHiini npencTaBHHKH npocßineHoc-IH, a HaBnaKH, nyace CKJianHa icTOTa, b hkíh g h hhjkhí h bhh^í
pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ ejieMeHTH. JIlOflHHa HaJieHíHTB ho hbqx pÍ3HHX cbítíb,
a to h n,o ôaraTbox cbítíb. Ctohhh Ha Ix mokí, BOHa niRJiarae BnjiHBaM 3 pÍ3HHX ccpep. 3oKpeMa, nymeBHe jkhtth jnonnHH 3ajie-JKHTb, 3 oflHoro 6oKy, bíh, TÍJiecHoi cípepn, 3 flpyroro, 3n,aTHe nin.-
HOCHTHCH  HO  Han,JIIOnCbKOrO.   JIlORHHa  TaK  CaMO  nOBHa TaGMHHHHX
CHJT, HK i Becb cbít; ne TaGMmrae 3 norjiany cBÍTJia po3yMy g „HecBÍnpMe", ycHKÍ 36ohchhh bíh. „HopMajibHoro", po3yMHoro xony HymeBHoro jkhtth: 6oateBÍJijiH, coh, eKCTa3a, HanxHeHHH, nepennyT-TH, „HÍnHa CTopoHa" flynii i t. n,. — bcí Tani nepeacHBaHHH bíhkph-BaioTb jnonHHÍ bhxíjj Í3 c(pepn 3BHnaHHoro 11 ôyTTH 30 íhhihx c(pep, iionacTH bhihhx, i MaioTb TOMy rjiHÔoKe 3HaneHHH. 3oKpeMa BHCoKy
OHÍHKy  31CTajia   B  CBÍT!   pOMaHTHKH  JIIO6OB,   mO   OHKpHBaG jnOHHHÍ
„6e3MeHCHe", BrjiHnH b íhiuhô cbít, 30 ccpepn nepejKHBaHb, hkí bh-
BOHHTb 11 3a MeJKÍ nOBCHKneHHOl peajIbHOCTH.
Bor He jiHme TBopeub, inp HanaB cbítobí 3aKOHH Ta 3ajiHiHHB noro xin. KepMi UHX 3aK0HÍB (,,nei3M" 18 ct.), a HaBnaKH, g jkhbc 6yTTH, HKe, njoirpaBna, poivraHTHKH ycyßaiOTb b MÍCTmmy nÍTbMy TaKoi BHCOTH, HKa B3araJii HenpncTynHa JiioncbKOMy nÍ3HaHHio Ta CToiTb noHan, ycÍMa JiioncbKHMH hohhttíimh. Hk He Bxin, y uio míc-TH^Hy C(pepy, to xon ninxin, np Heí CKopime BÍHKpHBaG nonyrTH, amac po3yM. 3acjia6jnoK)hh TaKHM miHOM 3HaneHHH nprMaTHHHOÍ
ÔOrOCJIOBCbKOl   HayKH,   pOM aHTHKH,   OflHane,  pa30M  3  thm npHCHJIIO-
lOTb 3HaneHHH nepKOBHoi* Tpannnii, 60 SKpa3 u,a, nonacTH 3obcím Ha po3yMÍ He 36ynoBaHa Tpannnm, HaacHJibHime BnjiHBaG Ha tjihö-mi, HepaiiioHaJibHÍ cTopoHH jnoncbKoi íctoth Ta HanrjiHOme yxo-HHTb KopÍHHHM b Te najieKe MHHyjie, b HKOMy poMaHTHKH TeHc y6a-naioTb 6jiH3bKÍCTb 30 BHm,Hx ccpep ÔyTTH.
OTHce, — ipan;ioHajibHHH, ,,nyn,ecHHH" Ta CKOMnjiÍKOBaHHÍí cbít;
B GCTBÍ CBOGMy CKJiaHHa Ta TÍCHO 3B'fl3aHa 3 ÍHfflHMH, TaGMHHnHMH
c(pepaMH jno^HHa; Bor, hkhh bhco^htb noHan, ycHKHM panioHajib-HHM nÍ3HaHHHM, ajie BÍaKpHBaGTbCH HaM nepe3 nonyTTH Ta b Tpa-
iHHn.il - TaKHH (pÍJIOCO(|)ÍHHHH CBÍTOrjIHfl pOMaHTHKH.
6. JIionHHa CToiTb, onHane, He jimne mm neBHHMH ctpepaMH Ta CHJiaMH 6yTTH, He jraine g oö'gktom BnjiHBÍB, ajie TaKOHC hhh-hhkom Ta cyö'GKTOM icTopmmoro nponecy. Ileä íctophhhhh npon.ec
JHOHH npOCBineHOCTH yHBJIHJIH C06Í HK nOCTÍHHHH P03BHTOK flo jiin-
moro mjiHXOM ynpcKOHajieHHH, HaKynHeHHH 3HaHHH Ta iHmnx Ha-378
RÖaHb TBOpHOCTH p03yMHHX ÍHRHBÍRyyMÍBP ^ZIjIÍI poM<LHTHKÍB JHORHHa 3 íl nORBlHHHM XapaKTepOM, - 3 OflHOro 6oKy, JKHBa BÍJIbHa TBOp-
híctb, mp caivra co6i Rae 3äK0HH Ta nepeBHnrye bcí íhihí ccpepn 6yTTH, mp n OTonyiOTb; 3 flpyroro 6oKy, BOHa e JiHiue nacTHHOio thx HÍJIOCTeH, RO hkhx BOHa HajieJKHTb — 30KpeMa cycnijibCTBa, pejiiriHHoi rpoMann, RepacaBH, Hanil. JIiORHHa b icTopil Ta cycnijib-ctbí Mae rjih poMaHTHKÍB neBHHÖ napaflOKcajibHHH xapaKTep bíjib-Horo TBopna Ta jiHHie opraHy icTopHHHoro nponecy i jhohcbkhx rpoMan,, opram3MÍB BHinpro nopaRKy, „flyxa Hapony", „Ryxa icTopií"
TOIHjO.
IcTopHHHHH nponec He npocTO CKJiaflaGTbCH 3 OKpeMHx jik>r-CbKHX yMHHKÍB. HaBnaKH, bíh g bhíibom bhh^hx chji, Bene RO BHinpi MeTH, ajie Mac BHyTpiuiHiH ceHC Ha bcíx maojiíix cBoro pyxy. Ha-BÍTb i b najieKOMy MHHyjioMy 6yjio 6araTO noBHOBapTHHx RyxoBHX ejieMeHTÍB. MnHyjie — He jinnie ninroTOBKa ro Jiinmol öyRynnHH, a Mae BapTÍCTb i b co6i caMOMy. TaK poMaHTHKa BÍRKpHBaG 3a6yTÍ MH 3aHexaaHÍ npocBineHUHMH enoxH — 30Kpeivra cepeflHbOBÍH^íi, no^acTH i SapoKKo. HaBÍTb i b roíctophhhíh ccpepi HapoRHoro noöyTy, HapoflHoí noe3Íí Ta HapoRHoi KyjibTypH b nijiOMy, a míík ÍHHIHM, i B MOBÍ pOMaHTHKH BÔa^aiOTb rJIHÔHIHH ceHC Ta flyxoBe SHa^eHHH. PoMaHTHKH OHOBHJiH icTopHHHy HayKy, BÍflirpaJIH HH-Majiy pojiK) b 3acHyBaHHi HayKOBOi eTHorpacpii Ta HOBÍTHboro mobo-3HaBCTBa. Ta me 6ijibine 3HaHeHHíi, amac rjih icTopií Ta Hayn npo cycnijibcTBO, MajiH poMaHTH^nri norjiHRH Ha cycnijibCTBo i icTopiio HamioHajibHoí cbíromocth Ta hobíthíx HaqioHajibHHX pyxiB. Bo Ha-iíioHajibHÍCTb i HamioHajibHa MOBa nepecTajiH 6yra flKHMOCb He-
nop03yJVTÍHHHM,   hk   Ue   BBaHCaJIH   jiiorh   npOCBmeHOCTH,   rjih äkhx
HaHJiinuioio Majia 6 ôyTH cnijibHa MOBa rjih BCboro CBiTy. Hanio-HajibHe MHHyjie Ta cynacmcTb, hkí 6 bohh He öyjin, HaôyBaioTb rjiHÖoKoro SHa^eHHH hk HeBHnaHKOBHÍí bhhb „HapoRHoro Ryxa". Hau,ioHajibHÍ pyxn HaôpajiH TaKHM hhhom ayxoBHoro ooťpyHTy-BaHHH Ta BHnpaBRäHHH, hk HeoöxiflHHÖ ejieiweHT icTopHHHoro nponecy.
7. PaRHKajibHi 3MÍHH npHHecjia poMaHTHKa i ro ccpepn noeTHH-hoí Teopií Ta npaKTHKH. Sk 3míhh b ineojiorii 6yjiH cnpHMOBaHi
npOTH npOCBÍHeHOCTH, TaK 3míhh b nOeTHHÍ - npOTH KJIHCHnH3My.
PyíÍHyBaHHH bcígí chctcmh npHnnciß kjihchhhoi noeTHKH, Ta bír-MOBa bír npHnHciB B3arajii — ne Ta MeTa, ro hkoí cTpHMijia pOMan-THHHa noeTHKa.
B   On03HH.il   RO   KJIHCHHH3My,   pOMaHTH3M   y  ReHKHX,   XOH   í He
SaraTbox nyHKTax npHHinoB 3HOBy ro bhcokoi oijíhkh noe3ÍI 6a-poKKa Ta HaHOBo „bírkphb" KiJibKox 3a6yTHx noeTÍB ÔapoKKa. Mo-
379
ate HaHBH3HaHHÍHlHMH 3 TaKHX BÍpitpHTb 6yjIH „ßipKpHTTa" IIIeKC-
nipa Ta ecnaHCBKHx ppaivraTypriB.
8. Yace 3MÍHa cBÍToraapy Hap3BHaaHHo 3ÖaraTHaa TeMaTHKy aiTepaTypHHx TBopiß. Cbít poMaHTHKH npHHMaioTB Ta 3o6paacyK)TB 30BCÍM maKine, amat KaacHUHCTH. PoMaHTHKH BipKpHBaioTb y cbítí TaeMHHay CTopoHy. Bohh öaaaTb npnpopy hk acHBy Ta Bciopn Bip-KpHBaKDTB Ta nipKpecaioiOTb II acHBirii B3asM03B'a30K 3 aronHHOM. PoMaHTHaHOMy HOBOMy noayTTKD npnpopH npHCTynHe TaGMHaae b npnpopi, 6e3MeacHe b híh, Hapenm tí „imni cbíth", mp cxoBam 3a njopeHHHM oôanaaaM npnpopn. U,e Bce g „niaHa CTopoHa", npn-popn, ino, na pyMKy poMäHTHKÍB, piflcHo npucTyriHiina aiopHHi BHoai. Hin poÖHTbca yaroöaeHoio TeMoio aipHKH npHpopn: noCTac „noe3Ía hohh". B noBCHKpemiy piíícHicTb BpHBaiOTbca biltihbh „íh-uihx cbítíb", nepcoHÍcpÍKOBaHÍ aôo 6e3oco6oßi, — nocTae cpaHTac-THHHe onoBipaHHa. B HbOMy, po3yMÍGTbca, MoacHa pyate poöpe bh-KopacTaTH Hapopm noBip'a, 60 b cpaHTacTHHHHX nocTaTHx Hapop-HOro mapHOBipcTBa, Ha pyMKy poMäHTHKÍB, BHaBaeHo m,OHaiiMeHHie HeacHe nepepayTTa icHysaHHa íhhihx cbítíb. Hnnraay poaio noan-HaiOTb rpaTH b noe3Íi peMomam chjih. Aae 3o6paaceHHa pymeBHoro acHTTa 36araayeTbca Ha hobí hoth HaBÍTb i 6e3 yaacTH cpaHTac-THCTHaHHX híhobhx oci6, — aepe3 yBary po HeHopMaabHHX aôo He-noBcaKpeHHHx nepeacHBaHb: ak TaKa „HiaHa CTopoHa" pymeBHoro acHTTa 3MaabOByGTbca ôoaceBiaaa, coMHaM6yaÍ3M, eiccTa3a; nopya HHx cToaTb paa poMäHTHKÍB i TaKi nepeacHBaHHa, aK aroöoB, TBopae HapxHeHHH i t. p. PoMaHTHKa 3ynHHaGTbca i Ha íhhihx 3ÔoaeHHax pyuieBHoro mchtth: Ha po3nyCTÍ, rpixax, 3aoanHÍ. JKhtth aiopHHH 3MaabOBaHe aacTO b íioro 3aaeacH0CTÍ Bip „poai" aiopHHH, rup BipnoBipaG BHyTpiniHbOMy GCTBy aiopHHH. „JXojia" oKpeMoi ocoÔh an popHHH, Hapopy — yaioôaeHa TeMa poMaHTHaHoľ noe3ÍÍ.
OnpeMe 3HaaeHHH Mac poMaHTHKa paa 3o6paaceHHíi icTopii b noe3Íľ. Hobíthíh icTopnaHHH poMaH nocTae roaoBHe nip biijihbom poMaHTHHHoro CBiToraapy: MHHyae poMaHTHaHHH nncbMeHHHK xoae 6aaHTH HacaMnepep y Soro BaacHOMy, cBOGpipHOMy 3a6apBaeHHÍ; 3 ppyroro 6oKy, b ycbOMy MHHyaoMy bíh 6aanTb noBHi ceHcy cTy-neHi po3BHTKy. Bace na cepH03Ha yßara noeTa po MHHyaoro n,ia-KOM 3míhk)g xapaKTep icTopnaHo! KpacHoi aiTeparypn: b híh 3Ha-xopHMo He 3ÖipKH niKaBHx aHeKpoT Ta aBaHTyp, a cnpoôn 3po3y-míth Ta 3MaaiOBaTH ceHC Ta 3HaaeHHa MHHyanx enox HapopHoro acHTTa. Bo poMaHTHK 6aaHTb y MHHyaoMy He annie caMHx repoi'B, a h cycniabcTBo, MacH, HapopH.
EMon;ÍHHoro 3a6apßaeHHH HaônpaG i peairiima noe3Ía, aKy npocßiaeHicTb 3aBeaa b 3äKyT0K MopaaÍ3My.  Peairiime 3a6apB-
380
jieHHH po3niHpiOGTbCH y ßaraTbox noeTÍB Ha bcí ccpepn híhchocth, Ha bcí ťaTyHKH jiiTepaiypn.
B npoTHjiejKHicTb flo cyBoporo HopMyBaHHH cpopMajibHoro 6oKy noe3Íí poMaHTHKa BHcyBae npHiiniin „BiJibHoi tbophocth" noeTa Ta „BijibHoi cpopMH", mp, mobjihb, 3ajiejKHTb jiHHie bíh noeTH^moro HaflXHeHHH. BijibHy cpopMy npiiHMaiOTb tí ťaTyHKH, hkí BHce icHy-
BaJIH paHÍHie. HaCTO, IUpÔ BHKJIHKaTH BpaMCeHHH ,,BÍJIbH01 cpopMH",
TioeTH HaBMHCHe nopymyiOTb nopnflOK BHKJiafly, HanaiOTb tbopobí He3aKÍHHeHoi cpopMH, poöJiHTb KOMno3Hniio HecHMeTpH*moio, npn-riycKaiOTb pÍ3HÍ nyflepHanTBa b cpopMajibHiö noöyfloßi. JXo ,,BÍjibHoi cpopMH" HajieacHTb TaKoac HaBMHCHa HencmcTb y po3BHTK.y cio-acery: OKpeMi momchth b xofli nofliä HaBMHCHe 3ajiHinaiOTbCH b tíhí, 3aMOB^iyGTbca.
TpannujÉHe BneHHH npo noeTH^mi ťaTyHKH nopyuiyeTbCH. Po-MaHTHKH oxone 3MÍniyiOTb ťaTyHKH, mp 3pin,Ka poÖHJioca i pamiue; MiniaioTb npo3y 3 BipuiaMH, b BipuioBaHi eniini TBOpH (noeMH)
BCTaBJIÍHOTb   HHCJieHHÍ    Jl Í p h h H Í    MÍCHA   Í   t. fl.
HapeuiTÍ, poMaHTHKa 3aBOflHTb hobí cpopMH, ťaTyHKH, hkhx me He öyjio. JXo hhx HajieaíHTb, HanpHKJiafl, poMaHTHHHa noeMa, mp 11 ^acTo 3ByTb „ôafípoHiHHOio", 3a ím'hm 11 BHflaTHoro npeflCTaB^ HHKa, HKa d;íjikom BÍflpÍ3HaGTbca Biß enoneí — noeMH KJiacHHH3My (AHB. VII. J\). .Hyace yjnoÔJieHHM ťaTyHKOM poöHTbca öaaafla, He-BejiHKe eniHHe onoßiflaHHH BipineM Ha 3pa30K CTapoBHHHHX Tamco-BHX niceHb, onoBiflaHHa ne ^acTo Mae cpaHTacTH^HHÍi xapaKTep. HaHOBo po3BHBaeTbca HacjiiflyBaHHH HapoflHoi* nicHi, HKy Tenep ne o6po6jiiOK)Tb „fljín cajiboHy", hk ne poÔHJioca b nacn KJiacHUH3My;
pOMaHTHKH  CTpHMJIHTb  flaTH  TaKe  HaCJliflyBaHHH,   HKe   6 HaHÖijIbDI
BÍflnoBÍflajio xapaKTepoßi cnpaßacHix HapoflHHX niceHb. HepiflKO n,i HacjiiflyBaHHH HaBÍTb 3aB0flHTb HHTa^a, a to h b^íchhx, b oMaHy, HäBÍTb KOJiH aBTop HacjiiflyBaHHa 30bcím He xone cbíromo cpajibiny-BaTH nicHi. ITopyn HacJiiflyBaHb BHflaiOTb TaKoac 3ÔipKH cnpaBJKHix
HapOflHHX   niceHb.   Cepefl   np030BHX   CpOpM   3'HBJIHGTbCH   Ka3Ka, Ha
HKy He flHBJíHTbCH Bace hk na 3aóaBKy, a BKjiaflaiOTb y Heí nacTO
CepH03HHH 3MÍCT. Bíopy^ UITyHHHX Ka30K 3*HBJIHK)TbCH 3anHCH na-pOflHHX Ta 3ÔÍpKH IX.
POMaHTHHHHH  CTHJIb,  p03yMÍGTbCH,   TeJK  BÍflXHJIHGTbCH  BÍfl CTH-
' jiK) KJiHCHHH3My. MoBa 36araHyGTbCH Ha hobí cjioBa, 3B7H3aHÍ 3 ho-bhmh o6pa3aMH Ta TeMáMH, Hanp., „HiiHa CTopoHa" CBľry Ta flymi. ÍHTepec flo He3BH^iaHHHx ncHxi^hhx nepeíKHBaHb söara^ye MOBy Ha
pÍ3HÍ BHpa3H flJIH HeHCHHX, HeflOBÍflOMHX, TaGMHHHHX nCHXÍHHHX CTaHÍB   Ta   HaCTpOÍB.   CTHJIb   BHTOHHyGTbCH   flJIH   306paJKeHHH TaGM-
HHHoro Ta HencHoro B3arajii. Oxone BJKHBaiOTb napaflOKcajibHHX cnojiyneHb cjiíb, HanpHKJiafl nopiBHioiOTb 3ByKH 3 SapBaMH, t. 3b.
381
„CHHecTe3Íi" i t. n. iHTepec no icTopii npnBonHTb no bhchtky hhc-jieHHHX CTapHX cjiíb, 30KpeMa b icTopHHHOMy onoBinaHHi. CTyniio-BaHHH HapoflHoi noe3ÍI BHKJiHKae cthjiícthhhí HacjiinyBaHHH 11,
nHCbMeHHHKH   OX0H6   BJKHBaiOTb   THX   CaMHX   cthjiícthhhhx 3aCOÔÍB,
HKHMH KopHCTyeTbCii HaponHa nicHH, Ka3Ka. MoBa no^acra 3ôara-HyGTLCH Ha Haponni a6o piflKi cjiOBa, aJie noBajKHi, He ,,Kypno3Hi", HK y TpaBecTÍHHHX cpopMax KJiHCHHH3My. Cthjib, He ninJiHraioHH
CyBOpiIM npraiHCaM KJIHCHIJHSMy, 3Ha*ÍH0 3MÍHK>GTbCH y OKpeMHX npenCTaBHHKÍB pOMaHTHKH, B OKpeMHX TaTyHKaX,  B  OKpeMHX Kpaí-
Hax Tomp.
Onna 3 HaHXapaKTepHCTHHHiuiHX pHC pOMaHTHHHOl noeTHKH — „CHMBOJliKa".   KOJIH   3a   nÍOCHÍCTK),   3a   UHM   CBÍTOM   CTOITb ÍHIHHH,
bhiuhh, to kojkhhh o6'gkt, kojkhhh eJieMeHT 6yTTH b UboMy cbítí BKa3ye, HaTHKae Ha bhihhh cbít, g Soro oôpa30M, chmbojiom. ToMy poMaHTHKH, BHKopHCTOByioHH CTapy Tpannijiio, 30KpeMa Tpannniio HaponHoi noe3Íí, mieKaiOTb CHMBOJiiKy b po3MÍpax no Toro MaibKe HeôyBajiHx; kohchhh noeTHHHHH o6pa3, KOJKHa KapTHHa, kojkhe nyMKa MycHTb y hhx Mara nonBÜrae 3HaHeHHH. KpiM cBoro 6e3no-cepenHboro 3HaMeHHH, Bee Mae tjihohikh ceHc, BKa3yiOHH Ha oKpeMi ejieMeHTH BHinpro CBÍTy. lUpcb noniôHe ôyjio B>Ke b JiŕrepaTypi 12-13 ct. Ta b 6apoKKOBÍH noe3Íí. PoMaHTHHHa CHMBOJiiKa KopncTy-gtbcíi o6pa3aMH,  akí BinnOBÍnaiOTb 11 CBÍTorjuiny: ncHXOJioriaHi,
(pijIOCOfpi^Hi,   ÍCTOpHHH0-(pÍJIOCO(pÍHHÍ   CHMBOJIH   lHOni 3ryiH,yiOTbCÍI
no CKJianHHX ajieropiá, „MicTepiô", mp BHMaraiOTb cnen,ÍHJibHoro BHTOBManeHHfl, iHTepnpeTanľi. Ajie noBHi chmbojiíhhofo 3MÍCTy nac-T0 i jierKi, jiipHHHi neH3a>kí hh HaßiTb noöyTOßi MajiiOHKH, Bipnii, HapncH poMaHTHHHoi jriTepaTypn.
IliKaBo, mp poMaHTHKa yxHjiaGTbCH Bin yacHBaHHH o6pa3ÍB, chmbojiíb, 30KpeMa nocTaTen aHTH^Hoi' mítojioiíi. 3aMÍCTb hhx iHoni
3'flBJIÍIIOTbCfl   06pa3H   3   MÍTOJIOril HaHlOHaJIbHOl.
9. JIionHHa HaÔyjia b poMaHrauji BJiacHoro 3Ha^eHHíi: hk gctbo, mp 3b'íi3aHe 3 pÍ3HHMH ccpepaMH ôyTTíi, ak icxoTa, hkoí xapaKTep,
JKHBHH   (pÍ3HHHHH   Ta   flyXOBHH   OpraHÍ3M,   BÍnÔHBaG   B   C06Í ÔynOBy
íhhihx c(pep 6yTTH, 60 Becb cbít g jkhbhh opraHÍ3M. JIionHHa g icToTa, b hkíh CKOHH,eHTpoBaHÍ, HaKynnem icTopnmri cnorann i pi3-HOMaHÍTHi BHjiHBH cycniJibCTBa, i e TBop^a icTOTa. B noe3Íi 30KpeMa BH3HaMHoi pojii HaöyBae nocTaTb caMoro noeTa. BioeT xo^e 6yrH jiionHHOio BceoxonjiioioHOK), BceôÍHHOK), npHHeTHOK) no HaOpÍ3HO-
MaHÍTHÍHIHX (pOpM JKHTTÄ J  UÍG1 BCeOXOnJIHBOCTH pOMaHTH^HKH noeT
flocarac ^acTO thm, mp bíh CTac jnoflHHoio pyxjiHBoio, nocTiímo
3MÍHJIHBOK), HKa, ÍIK IIpOTeH, nOCTÍHHO  MÍHÍIG  CBÍH CTHJIb,  CBÍH XE-
paKTep, CB01 ÍHTepecH, iHoni HaBÍTb cBo'i norjranH. noe3ÍH e bhh-TejibKa HaponiB; noeT Mae ôyra npopoKOM, y^HTejieM, npoBiflHHKOM,
382
bíjibhhm TBopueM. ToMy b poMaHTHiij ^acTa caM0CTHJiÍ3an,ia noeTa
HK npopOKa,  hk BHinoI alOflHHH,  BÍJIBHOÍ Bifl 3aKOHÍB  Ta  HOpM no-
BCíiKfleHHoro hchtth. HacTo it,h no3a 3arocTpioeTbca np Toro, mo noeT HaBMHCHe 3MajibOBye ce6e hk aioflHHy, hkíh npncTynm HaBÍTB HeťaTHBHi ccpepn SyTTa: „neMOHÍHHa" nocTaTB, hkíh inoHaHMemne 3po3yMÍJii i ôoaceBiaaa, i nopoK. Tßopn cTHjiÍ30BaHÍ TaK, mp6 y hhx Bnanajio b o^i íx nocTäHHíi 3 BijibHoro HaflXHeHHH, 6e3 ninaHraHHH hkhmocb 3aKOHaM, npaBHaaM, oÔMeacemiHM. KyabT noeTa hk bh-mpl aioflHHH HajieJKHTb flo xapaKTepncTn^Hnx pne aiTepaTypHoi KyjibTypn poMaHTHKH.
10. H.K KOJKHHH KyjibTypHHH Ta jíiTepaTypHHfi HanpHM, i po-MaHTHKa Mae cboi Bjiacm „He6e3neKn", HeťaTHBHi pněn, mp b cbo-6My po3BHTKy BeflyTb 30 3aHenany noeTHKn poMaHTHKH. JJp TaKHX pne HajieacaTb HaeaMnepea. neBHa HecTaaicTb, aerKOBaacmcTb, na-XHJi flo HesaKÍHMeHocTH BejiHKHX naHHÍB Ta HanepKiß. IIjihhh Ta HaMÍpn, Mpi'i, cHOBHflH *iacTo CTaBaHTbCH BHine, 3a aíhchíctb. He-
CTpHMHa (paHTä3ÍH, HeXTyBaHHH KOHKpeTHOl, ,,HH3bKOl" flifiCHOCTH 3aB0flHTb  pOMaHTHHHHX nOCTÍB  y CCpepy  (paHTaCTHKH,   3  hkoI bohh
jiHuie 3 BejiHKHMH TpyflHomaMH MOJKyTb noBepHyTHCH so peaabHoro hchtth, a to o Ha3aBacflH 3aaHuiaK)Tbcs b iiíh cepepi BTpaneHHMH. He MeHHia He6e3neKa — naeKaHHH nonyTTH, HacTpoio; i TyT nacTO nepeacHBaHHH, flymeBHHH HacTpin BBaacaeTbCH Bace npcHrHeHHHM, — poMaHTHK oÔMeacyeTbca Ha HbOMy, He flyMaio^ra Bace npo 3fliiíc-HeHHa cboíx ifleaaiB, Mpiíí y peaabHOMy acHTTi. Bifl kphthkh inix HeťaTHBHHx pne poMaHTHKH HacTO BHxoflHaa nÍ3HÍme ono3HnÍH flo poMaHTHKH 3 6oKy npeflCTaBHHKÍB flaabnioro arrepaTypnoro po3-BHTKy, 30KpeMa t. 3B. ,,peaaicTÍB".
B. yKpaiHCbKa poMaHTHKa
1. PoMaHTHKa, aK hí oahh íhihhh aiTepaTypHHH HanpaM, cnpn-aaa „npoßyflaceHHio" MoaoflHX a6o siflipBaHnx Bifl hobíiuoí eBpo-neíícbKoi KyaBTypn Hapofliß. 3oKpeMa BH3HaHHy poaK) Biflirpaaa poMaHTHKa b npo6yflaceHHÍ a6o BiflpoflaceHHi caoB'aHCbKHX Hapofliß. iHTepec flo HapoflHoi noe3Ü, flo HapoflHoro noßyTy Ta BHCoica ix onmKa, iHTepec flo MHHyaoro Ta 3HOBy BHCoKa onmKa 3aHefl6a-HHX, Hefloon;ÍHeHHX CTopmoK MHHyaoro, iHTepec flo HanioHaJibHO-CBoepiflHoro, aioßoB flo HeKyabTHBOBanoi npnpoflH — np tí mo-MeHTH, hkí Mycnan 3BepHyTH yßary npeflCTaBHHKÍB cxiflHboeBponeH-cbKHx Hapofliß Ha ix CTapoBHHy, Ha ixHK) HapoflHy noe3iio Ta Ha-poflHHH noöyT, Ha Ix BaacHi KpalHH. A bhchtok MHCTenbKHX 3aco6ÍB HapoflHoi noe3ÍI b aiTepaTypi Myciß 30KpeMa npoMOBaara flo cepijH
383
npeacTaBHHKaM thx Haponiß, y araix n,a noe3ÍH me JKHjia noBHHMr
JKHTTHM, Ta 3anJliflHHTH Í BHBeCTH Ha HOBÍ IHJIHXH IX BJiacHy arrepa-Typy. JXO BIIJIHBÍB pOMaHTHKH b HBOMy HanpaMÍ npHeflHaBCH i BnjIHB
nepe,mpOMaHTH3M:y repnepa.
2. ToMy He Moaoia nHByßaTHca, mp poMaHTHKa — CKJianHHMH iHJiaxaMH — BnaHHyaa ň Ha yKpamcBKy JiiiepaTypy Ta mo ynpa-lHctKa poMaHTHHHa aiTeparypa, nopiBHHHo HeninpoKa, Haao-acnaa noMÍTHHO bíhÔhtok Ha Beet. flaaBuiHn aÍTepaTypHnií po3BÍH Ta HiHpoKo yBiÖHiaa b HaponHy CBÍnpMÍCTB.
3 OAHoro Sony, CBÍToraan, poMaHTHKH Maß Han,3BH*iaHHe 3Ha-^eHHH pa po3BHTKy yKpai*H03HaBaHX CTy^in y bcíx raay3ax. Icto-pHHHe MHHyae — pi3Hi ho6h noro — arnue b CBÍTai poMaHTHHHoro CTaßaeHHa no MHHyaoro 3po6naHca cpaKTopaMH HanjoHaaBHoi cbí-homocth. ToMy cTyn.ii MHHyaoro ôyjiH 3a npÖH poMaHTHKH cKaan.0-bok> ^acTHHOK) HanioHanBHoro pyxy. 3 npyroro 6oKy, HaponHa ainc-
HÍCTB   3'aBHaaCa   OnaM   pOMaHTHKÍB   Han,3BHHaÍÍHO   noBHOK), BHCOKO-
uíhhoio Ta 6araTOK>. He annie 3ÖHpaHHa eTHorpacpÍHHoro MaTe-piaay, aae h BHKopncTaHHa öoro b pi3HHx ccpepax KyaBTypn — nepenycÍM y aÍTepaTypi — CTaao TaKoac 3aBn,aHHaM Han,ioHaaBHHM. Hapon. Ta icTopia — ochobhí tcmh yKpaiHCBKoi poMaHTHKH — pa-30M 3 THM — ochobhí npoöneMH HanioHanBHoro pyxy.
Po3BHTKOBÍ yKpaiHCBKoi aÍTepaTypn Haa3BHHaHH0 cnpnaB too (paKT, mo ií nncBMeHHHKH, 30KpeMa LüeßHeHKo, naaeno TÍcHÍnie 6yan 3B*a3aHi 3 cnpaBaíHÍM HapoHHHM acHTTaM, ama* nepeßaacHa ÖiaB-micTB 3axin,HÍx poMaHTHKiß Ta ö poMaHTHKiß cycinmx Haponm. OTace, BOHH fliöcHo Moran KopncTaTHca CKapöaMH Haponnoi noe3Íí HiHprue Ta ßiaBHime, aniac ne 6yao b poMäHTHni öaraTBox íhihhx Hapoa,íb. neßHi eaeMeHTH poMaHTHHHoi' noeTHKH yKpaiHCBKi noeTH HaßiTB He noTpeöyBaan nepeÖMaTH 3 poMaHTHHHOi Teopii noe3Ü, 6o n,i eaeMeHTH, hk ne noeTaM no^acTH 3naßaaoca, a noHacTH fi 6yao b flificHOCTi, MoacHa 6yao npocTo npnimaTH np aÍTepaTypn 3 Ha-ponHoi noe3ii.
3. Ckaanmine CToaao nHTaHHa npo MOBy. nepnii yKpai'ncBKi poMaHTHKH 6yan BTpanem naa yKpaiHCBKoi aÍTepaTypn (nnB. npo ne aaai B. 2), míhc hhmh Tanna remaaBHHH nncBMeHHHK, hk To-roaB, 6o bohh nncaan pociöcBKoio mobokd. HanpBHHaHHo hch:hc-aeHHa aiTepaTypa yKpaiHCBKOio moboio, id;o icHyßaaa np 1825 p. Ta Haaeacaaa np TpaBecTÍíranx raTyHKÍB, He Moraa BHKanKaTn y 3axonaeHHx ineoaorieio poMaHTHKH Mononnx nncBMeHHHKÍB Bean-Koro ÔaacaHHa c a m e 11 Hacain,yßaTH. nonacTn He 6e3 nincTaB bohh noHyBaan b niií aiTepaTypi ,,ray3yßaHHa" 3 Hapoay, HaponHoi noe3ÍI Ta h yKpaiHCBKoi mobh. Aae poMaHTHKaM yn.anoca ne ray3y-BaHHa 3 yKpa'ÍHCBKoro npoBÍHn,iaaÍ3My 3aMÍHHTH „Monpio" na Bce
384
yKpaiHCbKe.  JIffliie  a^aBine  noranöaeHHa  pomehthmhoi ineojiorii
npHBejIO MOJIOJlie nOKOaÍHHH yKpa'ÍHCBKHX pOMaHTHKÍB AO TBOpHOCTH yKpa'ÍHCBKOK) MOBOK).
4. Po m äHTHKa Ha 3axo#i npHŘinaa ao hoboi ouíhkh hk He öapoKKOBoi jiiTepaTypH b iiiaoMy, to npnHaHMHi neBHHx íi npen,-CTaBHHKÍB, hkhx „poMaHTHKa" HaHOBo „BÍAKpnaa", nopyn UleKC-nipa, míjk íhihhm Hnoöa BeMe, <E>p. (poH Lüne, AHťejia Ciae3i« i t. p. YKpaiHCbKa poMaHTHKa 6yjia MeHHi inacanBa b uBOMy: íä He Morjia ÍMnoHyBaTH jiiTepaTypa „^ryacoio" nepKOBHocaoB'aHCBKoio yKpaiHCBKoi pe^aKiíii aôo „MiiuaHOio", yKpaiHCBKOCJioB'aHCBKoio MOBOK), a kok) 6yaa aiTepaiypa yKpamcBKoro ßapoKKa. PoMaHTHKiß Moran npHTaraTH aôo oKpeMi aÍTepaTypm nocTari (CKOBOpo^a) a6o ineoaoriHHHH 3míct o k p e m h x TBopiß. I He BHnaAKOBo HKpa3 po-MaHTHKH BinKpnaH pjix yKpaiHCBKo'i Han;ioHaaBHoi cbíaomocth (Ta ft pna HayKH) yKpamcBKi aiTonncH ^acy öapoKKa Ta nonacTH oatH-BHJiH ÍHTepec po CKOBopo^H. Aae xapaKTepncTH^Ho, mp Kyaini bía-KHaaB BaacHe bcio yKpamcBKy SapoKKOBy aiTepaTypy, hk „anafle-
MÍHHy TBMy", a ÍHHIÍ npeACTaBHHKH pOMaHTHKH, 3a HeBeaHKHMH BHÍMKaMH, HK MaKCHMOBH^, TaK CaMO CTaBHaHCS AO yKpaiHCBKoro aiTepaTypHoro ÔapoKKa ôaÔAyHce a6o Bopoate, ijiaKOM HeicTopHHHO saKHAaioHH noMy HeBacHBaHHa HapoAHoi" mobh.
5. P03BHTOK yKpaÍHCBKOl pOMaHTHKH G CKaaAHHH Ta 3B'a3aHHH 3 pÍ3HHMH ocoôhcthmh 3MÍHaMH AOJlí OKpeMHX nHCBMeHHHKÍB Ta 3 noaÍTHTOHMH yMOBHHaMH TÍgI  BaHCKOl  AOÔH.  POMaHTH^HHH KyaBT
ocoôhctoí npHH3HÍ Ta poMaHTHHHHÍk ÍHAHBÍAyaai3M nopyn caaô-KOCTH   3B'a3KÍB   nOMÍat   OKpeMHMH   UpHTpaMH   yKpaiHCBKoro HCHTTH
npHBean ao Toro, poMaHTH^nndi pyx po3naAacTBca Ha icTopiio OKpeMHX rypTKÍB, a no^acTH na 6iorpa(pii OKpeMHX ociô, hk n,e 6yao ao pe^i i b poMaHTHui 3axÍAHÍH.
3apoA>KyGTBca yKpamcBKa poMaHTH*ma aiTepaTypa Ta iAeo-aoria Ha Meaci 20-x Ta 30-x poKÍB y XapKOBi, pe aiTepaTypHHH pyx Maňate 3aBMHpac Bace Ha nonaTKy 40-x poKÍB. B kíhhí 30-x pokíb no^HHaGTBca xoH i HeuiHpoKHH poMaHTH^HHH aiTepaTypHHH pyx b raaHHHHi. B Khgbí b 40-x poKax poMaHTiramrii pyx ÖancKyne po3BHBacTBca Koao „KHpHao-MeTOAÜBCBKoro öpaTCTBa", aae noro npHnHHHG aAMÍHicTpaTHBHe nepecaiAyBaHHH. ^KeBpiioHH npoTaroM AaaBHiHX pokíb Ta noaaraionn Ha iHAHBiAyaaBHin npai^i OKpeMHX nHCBMeHHHKÍB, poMaHTH^iHHH pyx 3HaxoAHTB me HanpHKÍHH,Í CBOrO icHyBaHHH hobhh i ocTaHHiô ocepeAOK y rieTep6yp3i niA ^ac icHy-BaHHa „Ochobh". ľlicaa UBoro nacy Ha yKpami Bace HeMac urap-nioro aiTepaTypHoro poMaHTH^iHoro pyxy, xoh OKpeMi pOMaHTHKH 3aaHuiaioTBca bíphhmh cboih iAeoaori'í, bmíhioio^h ľi jranie no^acTH niA BnaHBOM 30bcím hobhx naciB.
385
B pÍ3HHx poMaHTir-íHHX rpynax rpaiOTb ineojiorÍHHo npoBÍHHy pojilo nonacTH jiioflH, hkí canii hk yKpamcbKÍ micbMeHHHKH He bh-CTynajiH. /JeKoro 3 hhx ineoJiorÍB íctophkobí jiiTepaTypn Tpeöa TeHc 3rap,aTH.
IlmaBÍCTt poMaHTHKÍB flo icTopií Ta no HapoaHoro noôyTy npn-Bejia no npaiji Han 3ÖHpaHHHM, BHflaBaHHHM Ta oôpoôJieHHHM ícto-pHHHoro Ta eTHorpadpiHHoro MaTepinjiy. Onna 3a ohhígio 3'hbjih-iotbch 36ipKH yKpamcbKoľ HapoflHoí noe3ÍÍ, HacaMnepefl Haponmix nicem.: kh. m. IJepTejieBa (1819; bíh — He poMaHTHK), m. MaK-CHMOBH^ia (3ÔipKH 1827, 1834, 1849 p.), I. Cpe3HeBCbKoro (,,3ano-poJKCKan CTapHHa" 1833-38), II. JlyKauieBmm (1836); nojibCbKi sÖHpani BHflaiOTB rajiHHbKi niem -— BaijjiaB 3 OjiecKa (1833) Ta JKeroTa riaBJíi (1839-40). OnHOHacHo bhxophtb yKpamcbKa „Py-
CajIKa ZÍHÍCTpOBaH"  (1837). PoMaHTHHHÍ BHHaHHH 3aKÍHHyK)TI>CH BH-
flaHHHMH nicem, A. MeTjiHHCbKoro (1854) Ta ,,3anncKaMH o IOhchoh Pycn" Kyjiiuia (1856-7); i neHKi 3 nÍ3HÍniHx Bunam,: npnKa3KH fi npHCJiiB'H HoMHca (1864), nicHi H. roJiOBanbKoro (1863-5) 36yno-Bam rojioBHe na npan,i, HKy npoBapHjio poMaHTrnme hokojiíhhh.
Kojih BHflaHHH TBopiB HapoflHOÍ noe3Í'i flo neBHo'i Mipn ninrpH-MyiOTb HÍHJibHicTb poMaHTHHHHX noeTÍB, nOCTa^aiOHH IM TeMH, MO-THBH Ta 3HaäoMjiHHH ľx 3 HapoflHHM CBÍTorjiHflOM Ta 3aco6aMH Ha-poflHoi noe3Íi, to rae ôijibine 3Ha*ieHHH MaiOTb npain' icTopn^m, hkí nonepuie po3KpHBaiOTb nepen yKpamcbKHM HHTaneM xon 6h h He-noBHHÍi Ta HenpcTaTHbo ocBiTJieHnií o6pa3 MHHyjioro yKpamn. Icto-pii yKpamn BaHTHHia-KaMeHCbKoro (1822, nepeBHnaHo 1830, 1842), MapKeBHHa (1842), npan,i 3 icTopií 3anopbKHCH CKajibKOBCbKoro (1840 p.), a rojioBHe bh^ehhh jiiTomieiB — „IcTopií Pyciß" (1846), CaMOBHn,HH (1846), BejiHHKa (1848 Ta najii), Tpao'HHKH (1854), BHflaHHH onoBinaHb npo Cm CTOJiiTHboro 3anopo>KnH Kopma (1842)
Ta HHCJieHHÍ BHflaHHH aKTÍB, HO HKHX CnpHHHHHJIHCH 30KpeMa MaK-
chmobhh Ta BoAHHCbKHH, e TejK 3ne6ijibnia nJIOflOM pOMaHTHTOOrO 3axonjieHHH piflHoio icTopieio, hk ho pem ine nÍ3Hiuii npan.i Kocto-MapoBa.
HaÖMeHHie bíhôhjihch poMaHTmmi norjiHflH b jiiTepaiypi nonp-Pojkíb Ta onncax yKpamn. 3obcím He MaiOTb BinÔHTKy poMaHTH1!-Horo CBÍTorjiHfly HaHBajKJiHBimi TBopn nboro xapaKTepy: 3aKpeB-CbKoro onnc KncBa (1836) Ta onncn OKpeMHx nacTHH yKpa'ÍHH CßiHbiHa (noHHHaiOHH 3 1829).
6. AeXTO 3 yKpa'ÍHCbKHX pOMaHTHKÍB ROHCHB flO HaCÍB, kojih He
jiHHie naHyBajia imna, poMaHTH3MOBÍ BopoHca Tenin, peajiÍ3M, ajie h ho kíhhh ctojiítth, ho Hacy, kojih nonajiH npoKHnaTHCH 3HOBy HacTpoi, hkí b öjihjkhhh nac npHBejiH n° hobhx HanpHMKÍB, mo Be-
386
jihkok) MipoK) HaranyBajiH cTapím poMaHTH3M: nonacTH iMnpecio-hí3m, a me Sijitiiie „MOflepm3M" hh ,,chmbojií3m". Bifl yKpaiHCbKo! pomaHTHKH 3ajiHniHJioca flocHTb 6araTO oKpeMHX ejieMeHTÍB i y
ÓJIHJKHHX 1H nOKOJliHb, CBÍTOrJIflfl ÍIKHX ÓyB 30BCÍM ÍHHIHH. CnpHHJIH
iíboMy He jiHiue Ta íjiio3ííi gahocth yKpaiHCbKoi aiTepaTypn, HKa naHyBajia npoTJiroM uijioro 19 ctojiítth, aae TaKoac i ra 6e3yMOBHo BejiHKa no3HTHBHa pojifl, íiKy BiflirpajiH poMaHTHHHi mothbh b no-CTaHHi yKpaiHCbKoro HaiiioHaabHoro pyxy Ta yKpaÍHCbKoi hoboi aiTepaTypn, i He3pÍBHíiHe Micne HaHÓĎibinoro yKpaÍHCbKoro nc-era, nieBneHKa, cepefl nHCbMeHHHKÍB nÍ3HÍirioro nacy. JIÍTepaTypa i ni-caa poiwaHTHKH 3aJiHuiHJiaca ařrepaTypoio „HenoBHoio", Ta niú He-noBHOTi Tenep HaBÍTb cnpHaaH jiÍTepaTypHi norjiHflH HOBOro noKO-jiíhhh, „peaaicTÍB": bohh xotíjih, mp6 JiÍTepaiypa 6yjia bía6htkom peajibHoro hchtth. Ajie peaabHe yKpamcbKe acHTTfl HHMajioio mí-poio oÓMeacyBaaoca Ha „npocTHH Hapog". iHTepec flo HapoflHoro híhtth MyciB ycioflH 3ycTpinaTHca 3 tígk> xapaKTepHCTHKOio iiboro jkhttji, aKy Bace rsljik b CBoix TBopax Ta HayKOBHX npanax poMaH-thkh. C-THíe, npHHaíÍMHi oflHH HanpflM peajii3My — eTHorpacpinHHH — HKHaHH];ijibHÍHie 6yB 3b'a3aHHH 3 TpaflHiiieio poMaHTHKH. Aae i b íhhihx nanpaMax peajiÍ3My noMinaeMo 3Ha<mi, 3fle6iabiua He-CBiflOMi BnjiHBH poMaHTHKH. rpae 6e3yMOBHo poaio i neBHa cnopifl-HeHicTb yKpamcbKoi* poMaHTHKH 3 yKpaÍHCbKoio HapoflHoio Bflaneio a6b 3 ocoShctok) Bflaneio OKpeMHX „peaaicTÍB". UrnaBo, mo tí poMaHTHKH (Kyaim), hkhm Hie flOBOflHaoca BHCTynaTH arrepaTypHO b nÍ3HÍuioMy oToneHHi, 3ycTpÍHaaHca flyace nacTO 3 Henopo3yMÍH-hhm Ta BopoacHeneio.
7. ,ZIo BaacaHBHx pne npaiii yKpaÍHCbKHx poMaHTHKÍB Haaeacaao Hafl3BHHaÉH0 cepiio3He nparHeHHa nepeobpoTH íctophhho 3yMOB-aeHy „HenoBHOTy" yKpamcbKoi aiTepaTypn. CBiflOMe naeKaHHH pÍ3H0MaHÍTHHX aÍTepaTypmix ťaTyHKÍB Ta CTpeMaiHHa 6e3nocepefl-hbo BCTaHOBHTH 3b'a30K (uiaaxoM BaacHoro BHBneHHH Ta nepeKaa-fliB) 3 aÍTepaTypoio cbítoboio, HaaeacaTb flo HaHBaacaHBiniHX 3a-cayr yKpaÍHCbKHx poMaHTHKÍB nepefl yKpamCbKHM aiTepaTypHHM po3BHTKOM. YKpaiHCbKa aiTepaTypa naciB poMaHTHKH, He 3BaacaK>HH Ha By3bKÍCTb cbogi jíiTepaTypHoi npoflyKiiii, Bace HaóaHacaeTbca 30 ifleaay aiTepaTypn „noBHoi", ceoTO TaKoi, mo xone 3aflOBoabHHTH flyxoBi noTpeČH bcíx cycniabHHX rpyn. Ila nepeMora yKpaÍHCbKoi poMaHTHKH 6yaa anme THMnacoBa: noaiTHHHi yMOBHHH 3po6naH HeMoacaHBHM cnpaBacHe 3flÍHCHeHHfl poMaHTHHHoi nporpaMH, a ifleo-jioria Ta aiTepaTypm noraaflH peaaicTÍB HHMaao cnpnaaH HOBOMy 3ByaceHHio TeMaTHKH yKpamcbKoi aiTepaTypn (ahb. VII. 3. 7.).
587
B. „yKpaÍHCi>KÍ iiikojih" b nyacHx poľviaHTHHHiix jiiTepaTypax
1. Be3 cyMHÍBy g CBÍn,ohtbom noJiiTHHHoro Ta ß KyjitTypHoro 3anenany yKpa'íhh toh dpaKT, mp yKpamcbica TeMaTHKa 3'HBJiHGTbCH cnonaTKy b poMaHTHHHin jirrepaTypi nyjKHx HaponJB. Cycinn, Tan
6h  mobhth,  BHCe  nOHHHaJIH  „nljIHTH  pH3H"   KOJIHHIHboI aBTOHOMHOl
KpaÍHH, mo CKOHajia KijibKa n,ecHTHJiÍTb nepen, thm. Ajie, BBancaiOHH
nOCTaHHH „yKpaÍHCbKHX niKÍJl" 3a CyMHHH CHMHTOM, mh He nOBHHHÍ
3aKpHBaTH om Ha Te BejiH^e3He 3HaneHHH, HKe MaJio BHHeceHHH yKpaiHCbKoi TeMaTHKH Ha jiiTepaTypHe nojie. Bo yKpamcbKi poMaH-
THKH, mO nOHajIH OOpoÔJIIOBaTH yKpa'ÍHCbKl TeMH,  b KOJKHOMy pa3Í
— nacTO noHan yce iHHie — xonyTb HKHaoóijibme nin,KpecjiHTH ycio CBoepiAHicTb Hapony, hkhh bohh ocniByiOTb, Ta BHÔnpaiOTb co6i noBHOBapTHi icTopn^Hi Ta eTHorpadpÍHHi TeMH. PoMaHTHHHa jiiTepa-Typa HyJKHMH mobemh Ha yKpamcbKi TeMH me h 3HanHo nÍ3HÍuie 3BepTajia ysary HHTamB Ha yKpaÍHCbKHÍí Hapon, Ta yicpaiHCbicy icTopiio i HHMajio cnpHHHHHJiacH np npoôyflJKeHHH HanioHajibHo'i cbíhomocth b oKpeMHx AeHau,ioHajiÍ30BaHHX yKpa'ÍHiíiB. A yKpam-cbKHM nHCbMGHHHKaM Ha nonaTKy i'x TBopnocTH hh JiiTepaTypa no-Ka3yBajia, mo o6po6jieHHH yKpamcbKHx TeM MoiKJiHBe Ha Hijiaxax „MonepHo'i", jiiTepaTypHo-aKTyajibHoi noeTHHHo'i tbop^octh, 6e3 060-b'H3KOBoro nepexony np TpaBecTii.
2. yKpamcbKi TeMH npHTHraJiH np ceôe pocificbKHx poMaHTH-kíb, hk yce „eK30TH*me". Ek30thke yKpa'ÍHH (Ta KaBKa3y) 6yjia
i TepHTOpÍHJIbHO HaHÔjIHHÍHa. KpiM Toro, 3aXOnJIK)BaJIH TeMH 3 ícto-pil yiípaiHH i CBO'ÍM JIHHTMOTHBOM ÖOpOTbÖH 3a BOJIK) npOTH IlOJIbUn»
ajie i npoTH Pocii. JJ,o nocTaHHH „yKpamcbKoi uikojih" HHMajio cnpHHHHHJiHCH i HHCJieHHÍ yKpamui, mo, npanioiOHH Ha niBHoni, HaBajiH b jiiTepaTypHHX TBopax bhxíh, cbo'íh Ty3Í 3a pinHHM KpaeM.
riepHiHMH jiacTÍBKaMH 6yjiH TBopn TajiaHOBHToro noeTa pocin-HHHa K. PnjiGGBa (1797-1826). Ilin. BpanceHHHM „nyM" HeMueBHHa (AHB. VI. E. 4) bíh mnne nopyn 3 íhhihmh CBOGpinHHMH Oajinnira-hhmh „AyMaMH", nyMy „EornaH XMejibHHHbKHH" (1822). IIotím bíh nepexonHTb np íhhihx yKpamcbKHx TeM, ynce nin, bhjihbom „IcTopií Pyciß", HOBOi HayKOBoI JiÍTepaTypn (BaHTHUi-KaMeHCbKHH, 1822) Ta iHCpopMauifi cboíx yKpamcbKHx npHHTejiiB, ycionn ninicpec-
jhoiohh   TeMaTHKy   ÔOpOTbÔH   3a   He3aJieJKHÍCTb    YKpaiHH. IIoeMH
,,BoHHapoBCbKHH" (1824) Ta „HajiHBaÖKo" (1825) 3Po6hjih cHjibHe BpaníeHHH h Ha yKpaiHĽ(íb chjioio BHpa3y Ta TeMoio ôopoTbOH 3a CBoôony. B iMem yKpaiHHJB nonnKy PnjiGGBy bhcjiobhb M. Mapne-bhh, npnaioHH, mo ,,b Hac me HíHBe n,yx IIojiyÖoTKa". JlŕrepaTypHa
AÍHJIbHÍCTb   PHJIGGBa   OÔipBaJiaCH   3   ÖorO  HCHTTHM  niCJIH nOBCTaHHH
,,AeKa6pHCTÍB", kojih ôoro 3 íhuihmh npOBinHHKaMH CTpaneHO. B
388
fioro cnan,m,hhí 3ajiHniHJiHCH me He3aKÍHHeHÍ TBopn Ha yKpamcbKi TeMH: noeMa ,,XMe JibHHHbKHii'' Ta HapHCH (3naGTbca, npaMH) „Ma-3ena". Phjiggb KopncTaBCH b cboix TBopax no neHKo'i Mipn noeTHKOK) yKpaiHCbKHX flyM Ta nicem..
Ee3nocepen.Hbo 3 noeM PnaeeBa Ta flpyropanHoro poMaHy G. B. Ajiani'Ha „KoHyöeö" (1827) nepnac IrynnäH, ronnyan cbok> „riojiTaBy". EaüpoHiHHa noeMa na MajnoG Ma3eny hk HeťaTHBHy, ajie BejiHHHy noCTaTb, — 3 noraaay ÖanpomaHoi noeMH HeraTHBHa MopaJibHa xapaKTepHCTHKa híhk He 3MeHinyc bhcokoí ohjhkh repoa; TeMaTHKa 6opoTbÖH yKpaiHH 3a bojiio nocTaBJieHa b noeMi BHpa3HO,
XOn JIHHie HK nOÖiHHHH MOTHB.
y 20-x pp. no^HHaGTbCH i TBopnicTb aBTopÍB-poMaHTHKÍB yKpa-iHCbKoro noxo^HceHHH, mp aaa cboix npo3aiHHHX a6o BipnioBaHHX TBopiB 6epyTb yKpai'HCbKi TeMH.
PÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ yKpai'HCbKi TeMH b TBopax noaTaBua OpecTa Co-MOBa   (neeBfl. üopfpipin BaocbKHH,  1793-1833).  Bíh BHKopncTaB
MafiíKe  BCi   MOJKJIHBÍ  THnH  yKpaiHCbKOl   TeMaTHKH:   iCTOpHHHHH pO-
MaH („raö^aMaKH", BnaaHo (ppaťMeHTH, 1826-9), Ha Haponmix nepe-Ka3ax 36ynoBaHy cpanracTHaHy HOBejiio („PycajiKa", „Kaaabi" 1829, „KneBCKHe BenbMbi" 1833), noôyTOBe onoßinaHHa („CßaTOB-ctbo" 1831); i CTapoKHH3ÍBCbKy ap6y bíh CBiaoMO 3B'a3yG 3 cynac-HOK) yKpa'ÍHOio („BponaHHH oroHb" 1832). H.K yKpamenb, Comob 3yMÍB noaaTH MajiiOHKH noôyTy cejiHH Ta n,pi6HHx namB, HaBecTH CHjiy eTHorpacpi hhhx noapoSnub, BHKopncTaTH icTopnam nepeKa3H, 3anpoBa,a;hth po poeracbKoi mobh cboíx TBOpiB OKpeMi yKpamcbKi cjioBa.
MHKOJia MapKeBHM (1804-1860), Moace nia, BnjiHBOM PnaeGBa, noaroiac 1829 p. n,pyKyBaTH „yKpaiHCbKi Meaonn'" (oKpeMO 1831): 36 pOMaHTHHHHX pocificbKHX óaaan. Ha yKpai'HCbKi TeMH iCTOpHH-Horo Ta cpaHTäCTHHHoro xapaKTepy, HaMaraioaHca noaaTH y BCTyni Ta npHMiTKax noBHy xapaKTepncTHKy yKpamcbKHX HaponHHX sipy-BaHb, HapoaHoro xapaKTepy, pinHHX oßpanm, HapoHHOÍ noe3Í'i — icTopHHHoi (repo'i iľ aac np ITojiyöoTKa, PTaaia, BoÔHapoBCbKoro Ta Ma3enn) Ta noôyTOBoi; HaKynnye CHjiy eraorpacpiaHoro MaTepiflJiy.
KojiH nepmi yKpaÍHnj-poMaHTHKH b pociöcbKin „yKpai'HCbKin niKojii" He BHxoHHTb no3a Meaci apôpoi ařrepaTypnoí oöpiÖKH yKpa-ÍHCbKoro MaTepiHJiy, to 3'aBHineM iHinoro xapaKTepy 6yB chh Ba-CHjiH ForojiH, MHKOJia (1809-52), nncbMeHHHK cBÍTOBoro ManiTaÔy, HKHH nonHHae npyKyBaTH onoBinaHHH Ha yKpai'HCbKi TeMH 1830 p., a 1831-2 Ta 1835 pp. BHaaG ix aaí 4 tomh („Beaepa Ha xyTope 6jih3 J^HKaHbKH" Ta „MHpropon"), hkí 3POÖHJIH enoxy b pocincbKifi JiiTe-paTypi. Ule nÍ3HÍme (1840) bíh HaHOBo o6po6jiK»G poMaH „Tapac Byjiböa" Ta npainoG Hafl Tparen,ÍGK> 3 naciB XMeabHHUbKoro, mp II
389
bíh cnajiHB. I floci He 3'jicoBaHe ocxaTOHHo cTaBJieHHH Torojis no yKpaiHctKoi Han;ioHajibHo"i npo6jieMH. Ta b cboix TBopax bíh Heio i He HiKaBHTBCH, noenHyionH, b nyci HaHJiinuiHx poMaHTHHHHx Tpa-ehijíh, niKaBe onoBÍnamni 3 po3B'H3aHHHM neBHHX cyTO JiřrepaTyp-HHx 3aBjj;aHi> Ta ineojiorinHHx npoÖJieivr. He CTaBJiHHH co6i 3aB-naHHHM eTHorpacpinHoi Ta icTopnnHoi tohhocth, ih.o fioMy ö 3a-
KHflaJIH  (AHflpifi CTOpO»CeHKO, KyJliui), bíh 3yMÍB BHTBOpHTH Bpa3-
jiHBÍ, njiacTHHHÍ, npHHanm Ta 3a 3arajiLHHM tohom Han3BH-naÖHo b i p h i MajiioHKH yKpamcBKOÍ npnpoflH, híhtth Ta Hapon.-Horo xapaKTepy Ta ninmc KapTHHH yKpaÍHCBKoro MHHyjioro b ,,Ta-paci EyjibôT' np bhcokoi poMaHTHHHo'i enonei, cnojiynyiOHH ejie-MeHTH CTHJIK3 HaponHHx nyivr 3 ninxonpM B. CKOTTa Ta ToMepa. Pa-
30M 3 UHM BÍH p03BHBaG OCHOBHÍ flyMKH pOMaHTH^HOrO CBÍTOrJIHfly
Ta HaMÍnac Bate TyT ochobhí phch BJiacHHX nyinoK, TaK mp TBopn noro — He JiHHie rpauncn, a ťi u,íjikom cepH03HÍ bhhbh Soro norjra-flÍB. CjioBecne bmíhhh ToroJiH Han.3BHHaiiHe: pHTMÍKa öoro mobh, opHťiHajibHÍcTB BHpa3y (inp hohchiogtbch nonacTn HenpCTaTHÍM 3HaHHHM pociíicBKOi mobh) , BHíHTOK yKpa'ÍHCBKoi cppa3eojioriÍ, a 30KpeMa 3 HaponHHX niceHB, hkí bíh 3ÖHpaB, yBajKHo CTyniiOBaB Ta npo hkí HanncaB n,ÍKaBHH eTion,, 3 nirraT hkhx bíh ÍHoni CKJianae n,ijii CTopÍHKH cboíx onoBÍnaHB, Ta cBoepiflHa nBOMOBHÍCTB öoro
TBOpÍB pOÔJIHTB 3 HHX npHKpaCH CBÍTOBOI poMaHTHHHOl JIÍTepaTypH.
BaraTBox yKpamniB npnBejra TBopn TorojiH 3HOBy Ha pinHHÖ rpyHT, i IHeB^eHKo He mypHO 3BepTacTBCH np Hboro (1844): „BejíHKHH míh flpyHce!" Ta ,t6paTe!"
He MOHíe äowiy nppÍBHHTHCH apyraö HaHBHflaTHiuiHÖ npenpTaB-
HHK yKpaÍHCBKOÍ HIKOJIH  b pOCÍHCBKÍO  JIÍTepaTypí,  HOro   3eMJIHK Ta
HacjiinyBan GßreH TpeČÍHKa (1812-48, npo HBoro hk yKpaiHCBKoro nHCBMeHHHKa me 6yne MOBa), xoh öoro TBopn 3np6yjiH b pociöcbKiö JIÍTepaTypí HHJVtajiy nonyjinpHÍcTB (Tpn 36ipHÍ BHnaHHH TBopÍB — 1848, 1852 Ta 1901). TJpHKÍ öoro BÍpnii CTajín pocíhcbkhmh Hapon,-HHMH nicHHMH. Cthjiícthhho bíh Haejiinye TorojiH 6e3 fioro rem-ÄjiBHoI opHťÍHajiBHOCTH, Mannte 6e3 ineojiorinHoro 3MÍCTy Ta 3 neB-HHM ceHTHMeHTäJiBHHM 3a6apBJieHHHM. Bíh nHHie BÍpnii Ha yKpaiH-
CBKÍ  mothbh  í  CpaHTaCTHHHÍ  OnOBÍHaHHH  í   ÍCTOpHHHÍ   pOMaHH (,,3o-
jioTapeHKo" 1842, „HaÖKOBCbKHÖ" 1843) i HaBÍTB noeMH („EornaH" 1843), ajie HaöcnjibHinii noro 6e3npeTeHciOHÍ noÔyTOBÍ HapncH 3
JKHTTH flpíÔHHX yKpa'ÍHCBKHX naHÍB, B OCHOBÍ HKHX JieJKaTB HapOHHÍ aHeKflOTH. HhMH HapHCaMH BÍH HaJieJKHTB yjKe  np  OCTaHHBOÍ HpÔH
po3BHTKy pociöcBKoro poMaHTH3My, t. 3B. ,,HaTypajiÍ3My" (HHB. EKCKypc V).
nopyn    TBOpÍB    U,HX    ÔJIHCKynHX    npeflCTaBHHKÍB yKpaÍHCBKOÍ' UIKOJIH CTOHTB nHCJieHHÍ OKpeMÍ npaUJ Ha yKpaiHCBKÍ TeMH 3HaHHÍ-
390
Unix pociöcbKHX nHCbMeHHHKiß. He 6e3 jiiTepaxypHoro xHCTy 3Ma-jitoBaHe yKpai'HCBKe MHHyjie b poMaHax <E>. ByjirapiHa (1789-1859), mp naß nepniHH jiiTepaTypHHH MaJiiOHOK Cim b poMam „JIhmhtphh CaM03BaHen;" (1830) xa ysaacHo 3MajiB0BaHy nocxaTB Ma3eira, hk yKpamcBKoro MaKiHBejiJii b poMam ,,Ma3ena" (1833-4). B. JJajib (naHeub, 1801-72) nepeKa3ye ynpaiHCBKi noßip'H aóo onncye noMi-mnqBKHH noôyx („CaBejran Tpa6" 1842). M. noronÍH (1800-75) HaBixB 3acBoi*b co6i octíjibkh yKpaiHCBKy MOBy, Maöyxb, 3 npnoMo-roK> MaKCHMOBHna, mo ríhobí ocoöh b íioro onoBÍn,aHHÍ „nexpycb" (1831), jme cBDHíexoM Haranye „HaTajiKy-HojiTaBKy", roBopaxb np-
CHXb  AOÖpOK)  yKpaiHCbKOK) MOBOK).
HncjieHHi yKpaiHCBKi poMaHTHnm iiHCbMeHHHKH xeJK 36araxHjiH yKpai'HCBKy uiKOJiy pociöcbKoI jiixepaxypn: Eopobhkobcbkhh, Koc-xoMapoB, HyHCÖHHCbKHO, Kyjiiui, CxopoaceHKo xa HaßiTb i HleB-neHKo, — pociäcbKi íioro noBicxi, CBoro naey He BHnam. Ihhií mi-cajiH jiHUie no-pociiícbKH: BHnanKOBo, hk tjio b asaHxypHOMy poMaHi ,,MoHacxbipKa" 3MajibOBye noMiiiraijbKHH yKpaiHCbKim noöyx noropejibCKHÖ (nepoBCbKHÔ, 1787-1836), Maficxep cpaHiacxnaHoi HOBejii. 3HaeM0 KijibKa aBxopiß íctophhhhx poMaHÍB: n. TojiOTy („Ma3ena" 1832, „HajiHBaHKo" 1833, „XMejibHHqKHÔ" 1834, ihh-poKO BJKHxo yKpaÍHCbKoi MOBH, niceHb, noóyTOBoro MaxepiíiJiy), O. MypoBCbKoro (,,3anopoJKCKne Hae3nbi" 1837), O. Ky3MHna (,,Ka-3aKH" 1843, ,,Ha6er b cxenn" 1844, „XMejibHHHKHií" 1846 i x. ji.), B. KopeHeBCBKoro (,,reTMaH OcTpHmma" 1846). B upä nac noHH-HaGTbCH i jíiTepaTypHa n,iíuibHÍcTb B\ AaHHJieBCI*Koro (1829-90), hkhh y cBoix nepuiHX onoBinaHHax Ha yKpamcbKi xeMH me hochtb 6jiH3bKHH poMaHTHqi (Ka3KH, 1847-55), a noxiM nepexonHTb 30 na-xypajiicxHHHHX Ta peajiicTHHHHx MajHOHKÍB. Hk aBTopiB HaTypajiic-THHHHx HapHciB 3 yKpalHcbKoro JKHTTH Tpe6a 3ranaTn M. KoBajieB-cbKoro (1848 Ta nÍ3HÍuie), K. KoTJijipeBCbKoro (1851 Ta nÍ3HÍnie) i t. a. B 50-x pp. BHflpyKyBaB poMaH ,,BpaTbH 6jiH3HeHbi" Ta ono-BinaHHH 3 yKpalHCbKoro híhttji OjieKca CToponceHKO, rop He3a6a-poM nonaB npyicyBaTH cboi tboph yKpalHCbKoio moboio (ahb. G. 6). B 50-x poKax nonHHae rcucaTH i npon,y kthbhhh, cthjiícthhho He-BHpa3HHH JJ. JI. MopnoBeub (MopnoBupB, 1830-1905), b nepnrax npauHX HKoro Ha yKpamcbKi tcmh g BinryKH icTopmmoi poMaH-thkh, ajie nÍ3HÍuii TBopn BjKe no3a MencaMH poMaHTHKH.
iHTepec yKpaÍHCbKoi hikojih pocižcbKoi jíiTepaTypn njiH ícto-pií yKpaÍHCbKoi KyjibTypH 6e3cyMHÍBHHH. JJJjiíi icTOpii ji i t e -p a t y p h bíh MeHHiHH. Ajie „ananTaijiH" ôaraTbox tbopíb i"i i Te-nep 6h Morjia 6yTH KopncHa, hk BnajiHCH, HanpHKJian,, nepeKJianH Ha yKpaiHCbKy MOBy „BypcaKa" HapiíKHoro a6o OKpeMHX TEopiE rorojiH.
391
3. YKpaiHCbKa uiKOJia b hojibcbkíh JiiTepaTypi nocTajia noaacTH
3 TOrO CaMOrO MOTHBy, IHO H B pOCiÖCLKiÖ:   3 jiioöqbh pOMaHTHKÍB
HO eK30THKH, ajie ho hboto npHGHHaBCH me S toh (paKT, iu,o öpaKye nojibCBKoi icTopHHHoi nicm: yKpamctKa niceHHa poMaHTHKa Morjia TOMy me Jieruie CTara n>KepejiOM i rjisi nojiBCBKHX TBopiB. JJo Toro nojiBCBKa poMaHTHKa cbíhomo CTpHMHTB ho neBHoro perioHajiÍ3My. ni3HÍiue ho hhx mothbíb npneflHajiacH i Tyra neKoro 3 iiojibcbkhx BHraaHB;íb 3a píhhhm KpaeM: 6o oíjibihíctb npencTaBHHKÍB nojiBCBKOi yKpaÍHCBKoi niKOJiH noxoflHjia 3 yKpamn.
B ByjKHOMy ceHci BH3HanaiOTB hk „yKpai'HCBKy inKOJiy" b hojibcbkíh JiiTepaTypi Tpbox noeTÍB pOMaHTHKÍB: A. MaJiB^ieBCBKoro (1793-1826), HKoro ghhhhh TBip — 6aílpoHÍHHa noeMa „Mapiíi" Ma-jiiog yKpai'Hy jiHH,apcBKO-K03aH,BKy; EorflaHa 3ajiecBKoro (I80286), HKHH y HHCJieHHHX BÍpHiaX pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHX ťaTyHKÍB, HK OT Ha-
ejiinyBaHHH niceHB, „nyMH", BHcniBye yKpamy inHJiiHHy Ta ejie-riHHy, onoBHTy cepnaHKOM Tyra aBTopa; HapeniTi C. ronniHCBKoro (1801-76), hkhô y „3aMKy KaHBOBCBKiM" (1828) Majnoe yKpamy raHflaMaii&Ky b cthjií „poMaHTHKH JKaxy". npeHCTaBHHKH yKpai'H-CBKoi ihkojih hhbjihtbch Ha MHHyjie h cyaacHe 3 nojiBCBKoro nor-jiHHy, ajie He MOJKHa ne BH3HaTH, mo bohh MaiOTb iHHpy npHH3HB Ho yKpaiHH Ta mp b HHX ynepuie HaMraem xapaKTepHCTH^rai rjih pOMaHTHKÍB ejieMeHTH yKpaiHCBKoi" TeMaTHKH (K03aK, rannaMaKa, enÍBeD;B-Ko63ap i t. h-)- 3oKpeMa nooPe bjkhto yKpaiHCBKoro neö-
3aHCy ßJIH pOMaHTHHHOl chmbojiíkh  (HIM, CTen, BÍTep, CaMÍTHHH KÍH-
hothhk y deny, MorHJiH i t. h-). HepiflKÍ h mobhí yKpaÍHCBKi ejieMeHTH.
ríopyn yKpaiHCBKoi" ihkojih b TicHOMy cenci ctohtb ancjieHHi nncBMeHHHKH, hkí a6o nnuiyTB oKpeMi TBopn Ha yKpamcBKÍ xe-MH, a6o BJKHBaiOTB hghkhx yKpaiHCBKHx ejieMeHTÍB y CB01H TBOp-hoctí. B TBopax CjiOBaHBKoro (1809-49) e HHCJieHHÍ yKpaÍHCBKi mo-
THBH. G H OKpeMi TBOpH Ha yKpaiHCBKÍ TeMH  („TJyMa yKpa'ÍHCBKa",
„Zmija"), 3ycTpiaaiOTBCH ň mobhí yKpaÍHCBKi ejieMeHTH. Hannony-jiHpHÍHiHM nncBMeHHHKOM, mo nopyuiHB yKpaÍHCBKi TeMH, 6yB M. HaOKOBCBKHH (1808-86), HKoro „Ko3aiíBKÍ noBÍCTi" (1837), poMaH-THHHo 3a6apBjieHÍ äBaHTypHÍ poMaHH hcbhcokoi hkocth, MajiH Han-
3BHHaHHHH ycníx Ta BnjIHBajIH HaBÍTB i Ha yKpaiHCBKHX KHTaHÍB.
MaTepÍHJi yKpaiHCBKHX TeM y nojiBCBKiň JiiTepaTypi me He 06-poôJieHo HOCTaTH&o. 3ranaTH Moama T. A. OjiÍ3apoBCBKoro (1811-71), 6paTÍB C. Tposy (1793-1849) Ta A. Tposy (1807-75), M. ľo-cjiaBCBKoro (1805-1834), a nepenycÍM npHHTeJiH B. 3ajiecbKoro Ta Kyjiinia, Max. ľpaôoBCBKoro (1807-63), nncBMeHHHKa, KpHTHKa Ta
BTOHOrO,   HKHH  HHMajIO   CnpHHHHHBCH   HO  HyXOBHOrO  p03BHTKy Ky~
jiima (neraTHBHi norjiHHH Ha K03auTBo).
392
,ZIexTO 3 npencTaBHHKÍB nojibCbKoi yKpai'HCbKo'i ihkojth HaBÍTb nonaB yjKHBaTH yKpamcbKoi mobh b cbo'íx TBopax, hk T. Ilanypa, C. OcTameBCbKHH, A. HIaiiiKeBH% K. IleHťueBHH (n,HB. VII. E. 2).
4. B i^ijioMy, 3 yKpaiHCbKoro norjiafly, HJKaBiuia yKpamcbKa uiKOJia b pociScbKiň jiirepaTypi. B mň 3HamnjiH BHxin, i jiiTepa-TypHi ycTpeMJiiHHH HHCJieHHHx yKpamiiiB, 6araTO TBopiB ii HHTa-K)TbCH hk nepeKJiann 3 yKpamcbKoro, He pinKÍ b híh i ejieMeHTH
HailiOHaJIbHOl CBiflOMOCTH aBTOpÍB, KOpHCTaHHH HyJKOK) MOBOK), TO-fli   BHpo6jieHÍHIOK),   nOHaCTH   A03B0JIHG   BÍKHBaTH  pan,HKajIbHÍHI01 Ta
„MOflepHiuioi" jiiTepaTypHo'i cpopMH (30KpeMa Torojib Ta TpeoiHKa).
IUpHíflO  HOJIHKÍB,  to  IX TBOp^liCTb  3aBHÍflH  3aJIHHiaGTbCH  b Mencax
nojibCbKoro norjiHfly. Mobho Ta cthjiícth^iho bohh Majio 3b'H3aHÍ
3   yKpaiHCBKOK)   HapOflHOK)   noe3ÍGK),   HKa   MOrJia   3anJlÍnHHTH TBOp-
nicTb yKpaiHCbKHX poMaHTHKÍB. OTHce, 3 Ix nHcaHb yKpai'HCbKi nncb-
MeHHHKH   MOrJIH  JIHHie   HaB^hthch   BJKHBaTH   yKpalHCbKOl TeMaTHKH
Ta nepeHHHTH oKpeMi cthjiícthhhí ejieMeHTH.
,ZIem,o 3 TBopiB npencTaBHHKÍB yKpaiHCbKHX ihkíji yjKe n,y>Ke CKopo npHHHiJio Ha 3axin,, — nepeKJianH TBopiB riyniKiHa, TorojiH,
pHJIGGBa, M. HaÖKOBCbKOrO 3HaÖOMHJIH 3axiflHboro HHTaMa 3 Yk-paÍHOKD   Ta   HaBÍTb   BHKJIHKaJIH   HaCJlíflyBaHHH   HyJKHX   aBTOpÍB. By-
jio  6 3aHan,To cmíjihbo  roBopHTH,  HanpHKJian,,  npo „yKpamcbKy
HIKOJiy" b HÍMei^bKÍH JlÍTepaTypí, ajie KÍJIbKÍCTb TBOpÍB 3 yKpaiHCBKOK) TeiaaTHKOK), mo npHUmjiH no HÍMei^bKHX aBTopÍB nepe3 ,,yK-paiHCbKÍ hikojih" pocÍHCbKoi Ta nojibCbKoi JiiTepaTyp, npcnrae KÍJib-kox fleCHTKÍB (hhb. najii VII, 3, 4).
T. XapKÍBCbKa poMaHTHKa
1. OcepeflKOM nepuioí pOMaHTHHHoľ rpynn na YKpami cTaB xap-kíbcbkhh yHÍBepcHTeT, Hi,o BÍflirpaB yjKe h no Toro Macy neBHy po-jiio b po3BHTKy nyxoBoro JKHTTH YKpaiHH, ynepme 3aHÍciiiH cwnH me Ha no^aTKy BÍKy njiinHy n,Jifl HaiijoHajiBHoro po3BHTKy hí-MeubKy „ifleaJiicTHHHy" tpijiocotpiK), míjk íhihhm i poMaHTH*my (LĽIejiJiiHf). Ajie po3bhtok yKpaÍHCbKOi JiiTepaTypHo'i poMaHTHKH He 3B'H3aHHÍi 6e3nocepen.Hbo 3 hhmh nonaTKaMH cpijiococpyBaHHH. B kíhij,í 20-x pokíb KOJio MOJionpro pociHHHHa l3Mai'jia Cpe3HeB-cbKoro (1812-80), CTyneHTa i nÍ3HÍnie TäJiaHoBHToro npotpecopa, 36npaGTbCH HeBejíHKHH rypTOK CTymeHTÍB. MoflepHa jiirepaTypa, nepeBa>KHO pociácbKa Ta nojibCbKa, pejiiriôm npoßjieMH Ta HÍMen,bKa cpijioco(pÍH npHBOflHTb ix no MipKyBaHb Hap; npoöJieMaMH (pijiococpií iCTopii, a eTHorpacpi^hhh inrepec, HacaMnepen. Cpe3HeBCbKoro, nin-BOHHTb i'x 6e3nocepeflHbo 30 CTyn.iiOBaHHH Ta 3axonjieHHH yKpam-
393
CbKOH) HaponHOK) noe3ÍeK>. yKpamcBKHH MaTepiaji, 3i6paHHÖ Cpe3-hcbcijKhm caMHM Ta íhiiihmh njieHaMH rypTKa, nepini ApyKOBam 3öipKH (flHB. VII, B, 5) Ta 3HaiioMCTBo 3 CTaBJieHHjiM 3axiAHix po-
MaHTHKÍB AO HapOAHOl noe3ÍÍ,  npHBOHHTL XapKÍB'flH AO 3p03yMÍHHÍI
CBOGpiflHOCTH yKpaiHCbKoro Hapofly. Cpe3HeBCbKHÖ npHÖMae Ha-poAHy noe3ÍK), hk cyTO poMaHTHnny — b nm „Bce ahkö, jik AiôpoBH Ta CTenn", „Bce nopHBnacTe, hk jiít CTenHoro BHxopa", b híh Heinae „nonopHoro cjiaAKorjiaciíi" kjihchhhoí noe3Íi*. YKpaiHCbKHH ôaHAy-pncTa HaraAye öoMy 3HanoMy 3 poMaHTHHHo'i ařrepaTypn Ta eTHo-rpacpii noCTaTb cnÍBiiiB CKaHAmaBií. Ilopyn 3 Cpe3HeBCbKHM cTa-
K)Tb  TpOXH nÍ3HÍlUÍ  AMBpOClH  MeTJIHHCbKHH   (1814-70)   Ta MHKOJia
KocTOMapoB (1817-85), oOtniBa nÍ3HÍuie tok npocpecopn. íx cpijio-cocpinm AyMKH caraioTb rjiHÔnie — rjíh MeTJiHHCbKoro, hkhh cno-jiynae iAei TepAepa, poMaHTHKH Ta Terejia, HapoARa nos3ia — „BHjiB bíhhhx AyMOK jiK>ACbKoľ nymi", BOHa mijibHo 3b'a3aHa 3 yciM híhtthm Ta 3BHnaflMH i noôyTOM HapoAy, a MOBa — OA Ha 3 Haö-
BaaCaHBÍHIHX CHJI p03BHTKy HapOAy, OCHOBa i „CaMOÔyTHOCTH" h Ha-BÍTb  ÖyTTfl   HapOAy.   KoCTOMapOB,   TOAÍ   pOMaHTHHHHH   MpiÖHHK, H6-
pe3 noesiio HapoAHy xone bbííith ao caMoi tjihôhhh HapoAHoro Ayxy, HapoAHoro xapaKTepy, 60 HapoA flaa Hboro — ak i oKpeMa aK>AHHa — ocoÔHCTicTb, napoA Mae cbíh neBHHÍí iAeaa, cbíh xapaK-Tep, cbog AymeBHe jkhttíi, hkí HaiflipaBAHEÍiHe BHHBjíaiOTbca caMe b noe3Íi. „TaGMHe oko" jiioahhh Aae íS ni3HaTH Ayxoße gctbo Ha-poAy, „TaGMHHň rojioc" roBopHTb la, y HOMy nojiaraG 3b'íi3ok Ha-poAHoro Ayxa 3 íioro MarepiaabHHM öyrTHM (noÔyTOM). Bía cy-nacHoCTH HapoAy 6yB npnpoAHHH nepexÍA ao MHHyaoro. 3axon-jieHHH „IcTopiGK) Pyciß" Ta ,,AyMaMH" CTBepAJKyc xapKiß'aHaM po-MaHTHHHy Te3y, iiio HapoAsa noe3ia aKHaHraHOme BÍAOHBac Bce MHHyae HapoAy, 60 b AyMax bohh 3HaxoAíiTb, hk im 3AacTbca, Ty caMy KapTHHy MHHyaoro, mp h b „IcTopil Pyciß", HKy bohh BBa-acaiOTb 3a BaacaHBe icTopHHHe A^cepeao. KocTOMapoB BHAac AHcep-Tau;ÍK) npo „IcTopnnHe 3HaneHHH HapoAHbol noe3i*i", niAKpecaiowan, mo cepH03HHH iHTepec ao HapoAHo'i noe3ÍI 3ß'a3aHHH 3 nÍAynaflOM Kaacra^H3My. He ahbho, mo npoTH fioro flHcepTaiin 6yan npeflCTaß-HHKH CTapoi npotpecypH, kjihchkh, m. íh. TyaaK-ApTeMOBCbKHH. HapoAHa noe3ia rjisí KocTOMapoßa — HacKpi3b cHMBoaÍHHa. nopyn 3 CHMBoaÍKOK> caoB'aHCbKo'i noe3Ü bíh 3anMaeTbca MÍToaoriGio cao-b'hh, CHMBoaiKa Ta MÍToaoria naaeacaTb a° roaoBHHx ÍHTepecÍB nÍ3Hboi poMaHTHKH Ha 3axoAÍ (Kpoinjep, Hleaamr).
XapKÍB'aHH noHHHaiOTb i aiTepaTypHy RisuibnicTb HapoAHoio
MOBOK), - Ufi   CnpOÖa   CaMHM   CTaTH   HapOAHHMH   CmBHHMH, B3HTH
ynacTb y BHTßopeHHi Toro HaÖBHiHoro CKapöy HapoAHoro, hkhm, Ha ix AyMKy, g noe3Ía. Aae bohh He niman niaaxoM npocToro Hacai-
3H
nyBaHHH HaponHoi noe3ii. 3pa3KH poMaHTHHHoI noe3ii íhhihx, nepen,-
yClM  CJIOB'HHCbKHX,   HapOH.íb  irpHBOHHTb  IX HO  TBOpHOCTH  B   H y C Í
HapopoMy, ajie hjih ocBineHoro cycnijibCTBa. Bo-hh oönpaioTb iujiax He Ha3an,, a Bnepen,.
JliTepaTypHa nponyiajiH xapKÍB'HH 3HaxonHTb bhhb b OKpeMHX ny6jiÍKain\Hx y pociôcbKHx naconncax, b OKpeMHX 36ípKax TBopiß (MeTaHHCbKoro 1839, KocTOMapoBa 1839-40) Ta b jiiTepaTypHHx 30ipHHKax, mo BHxoHHJiH b XapKOßi Ta mne („yKpaiHCbKHH Ajib-MaHax" 1831, „y TpemíHH 3Be3na" 1833-4, „yicpaHHCKim Côophhk" 1838 Ta 1841, „Cmn" 1841, „MojiontiK" 4 tomh 1843-4, „JlacTÍBKa" b IIeTep6yp3Í 1841, „KHeBJíHHHH", mo BH^aBaB M. MaKCHMOBHH b 1840-1 pp.). B U.HX 36ipHHKax, nopyn TBopiß poMaHTHKÍB, HpyKo-BaHo i TBopH CTapnioro noKOJiiHHH — kjihchhhctíb.
2. rioHHHae xapKÍBCbKy poMaHTHKy JleB Bopobhkobcbkhh (1806-89), mo npoHHioB nepe3 xapKiBCbKHä y h i Bep chtct me nepen.
6yíÍHHM P03KBÍTOM pOMaHTHKH B CTyfleHCbKHX KOJiaX. B paHUHÍ POKH JKHTTH, BHHTeJIIOIOHH Ha npOBÍHHÍÍ, M. ÍH. y IIoaTaBÍ, BÍH npo-
THroM poKiB HanncaB HHMajio (75) Bipmiß pociöcbKHx Ta HHCJiemri, 3a BJiacHHM cbíhoiítbom 600, „öaöoK i npnöaiOTOK". Bn^pyKyBaB bíh caM jiHuie KiabKa BipuiiB, Ta nÍ3HÍnie 1852 MeTjiHHCbKHH kojio 180 öoro 6aöoK.
BopOBHKOBCbKHH 3B'H3aHHH 3 TpaAHIliGIO KJIHCHIHi3My He JIHHie TOMy,  mO BÍH Ha HIKÍJIbHÍH  JiaBÍ HOÖpe n03HaH0MHBCH  3 aHTHHHOIO
jiiTepaTypoK) Ta MyeiB CTyniiOBaTH KJiHCHHHCTHHHy Teopiio noe3ÍI i He jiHHie TOMy, mo 3 noró 180 ôaííoK, 3n,aGTbCH, aac 42 Hacjiin,yK)Tb KaHCHi^HCTHHHÍ nojibCbKÍ 6aíÍKH KpaciubKoro Ta pocificbKi Kpn-jroBa. HoMy He nymmi y ÔaŽKax me rpaBectíhhhh toh („HaöJiyH^a iithu,h — KOBÖaca"); ajie b uijioMy fioro toh 3obcím cepöo3HHH,
BÍH y3HB  C06í   3a  3pa30K  CTHJIb  KpaCÍHbKOrO:   KOpOTKHH, CTHCJIHH,
rocTpo-noTenHHH. Bce jk, 3na6TbCH, i TyT MacMo neBHe poMaHTHHHe HapoflHe 3a6apBaeHHH uijioro cthjho: BHTOHneHmí cthjib noTen-Horo npocBmeHUH KpaciubKoro oÖepTacTbCH y BopoBHKOBCbKoro B me CTHCJliuiHH HapOĽjHHH CTHJIb npHKa30K Ta npHcaÍB'ÍB, TeKCT KpaciHbKoro nacTo me CKoponeHo. Ocb TaKa nepepiÔKa:
CKynHŽ ne cnaB — poÔHB, CKynnä He ib — Konns, a bíh Toro ...  „Ille öiabui po36araTÍB?" Hi, okojiíb.
aôo opnriHaabHa ôaŽKa:
Pa3 Kpnaa b bítphku rynijra h repťoTajiH, mo Bce cejio bohh HacyuiHHM roflyBaan; a KaMÍHb, n'HTepHH i KOJieco ... MOBHajiH.
S95
ITpHKa3yK)TE>, mo XTO MOBHHTb, TOH flBOX HaBHHTb,
„HapoflHicTb" TyT He jinine ByjibfapHa („okojiíb"), ajie i cthjiíc-thhho BJiyHHa („HacyruHim'' — xjiiß, yjKHTOK eniTeTy 6e3 iivreH-HHKa, hkhh 3ycTpinaGMO HacTO me b Kyjiiina). TaTynoK 6afiKH b BopoBHKOBCbKoro 3JiHBaGTbCH 3 íhihhmh, HanpHKjiafl 3 enirpaMoio:
.HpyKapio, He flpiMaö, fle Tpe6a — TOHKy CTaB,
IH06  MOKpHM  HaC  pHflHOM  3jihh  KpHTHK  He  nanaB;
60 g íi Tam: He Hafifle TOJiKy — öyfle thxo; He Hafifle at tohkh — jihxo ...
Ajie HK CyTHH pOMaHTHK 3'HBJIHGTbCH nepefl HäMH BopOBHKOBCLKHH
b íhihhx Bipniax. Bace fioro nepeicJiaflH aôo nepecniBH BÍflpÍ3HH-lOTbCH híjikom Bifl TpaBecTifi ryjiaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro, iho 3'hbhjihch Mafiace oflHo^acHo (1838) 3 hhmh. Bíh nepexjiaflac thx caMHx aB-TopiB (Miu;KeBHH, IIyHiKÍH, JKyKOBCbKHH), iho fi TyjiaK, MaöyTb,
IH06 niflKpeCJIHTH yCK) BÍflMÍHHlCTb CBOrO pOMaHTHHHOrO p03yMÍHHfl
noe3Íí Bifl TpaBecTÍHHoi kjihchkh. BiepeKJiafl ropau,ÍH 3 jierKoio yKpaÍHÍ3au;ÍGio onncyG ciJibCbKe jkhtth „Ha xyTopi" —
...  HK ÖJiiflHyio noKaate ocíhb TBap, i cnijia OBom noacoBTie, bíh TpycHTfa HÖayKa i cyuiHTb Ha y3Bap Ta Ha 3HMy o3HMe cíg;
a6o po3airuiHCb cnHTb nifl flyßoM Ha TpaBi,
nifl 60K0M pi^eHLKa Jiene^e,
b aeBafli niceHboK cniBaiOTb Kocapi
i cojiobcg^ko meôe^e.
IlepeKaaflH 3 2KyKOBCbKoro Ta MiuiteBH^a — poMaHTHHHi 6aaaflH. 3 ÍKyKOBCbKoro — „CBGTJiaHa", h.h nepepiÔKa ßaaaflH Biopťepa „JleHopa", me „Mapycn" EopoBHKOBCbKoro, iho Tpoxn yKpa"ÍHÍ3yG eTHorpacpiHHi pněn ôajiHflH. PoiaaHTHHHa TyT TeinaTHKa —- mraa
BTena 3 MepTBHM Hape^ieHHM, pOMaHTHHHHfi KpaGBHfl, pOMaHTHHHi KapTHHH'.
Cíjih b caHKH: kohí M^aTb,
aac icKpHTB HoraMH, noJiosoHKH aac HiyMJiaTb,
CHir jieTHTb KJioHKaMH; 33afly TaK, hk ahm KypHTb,
CTen KpyroM chhíg,
MÍCHUb Í3-3a XMap ÖJIHIHHTb, TÍJIbKH-TÍJIbKH  MpÍG . . .
396
Hinrnrä KpaeBHn. i b „3nM0B0My Benopi" (3 riyniKina) i b opnri-HaJitHOMy Bipini „Hin". TnnoBo poMaHTHnm o6pa3H b ôajiflfli „«ra-pHc" (3 MiB-KeBHna), — maaeHHÖ jiít apaôa Ha kohí no nycTejii:
Mnn, jiÍTaBne SiJioHornn, CKajiH i rpaKH — 3 apporn! . .
H.K HOBeH BecejiHH, BinnajiHBiHH b Mope no chhím KpHCTajii 3a bítpom aerarb, i BecJiaMH Bony i niHHTt i ope. . .
Yßara 30 p htm íhh oro Ta My3HnHoro 6oKy BipniiB — THnoBa n,jm nepeKJiafliB EopoBHKOBCtKoro.
Ajie He ripmi i äoro opHťÍHaabHÍ Bipini, rojioBHe ôaaann Ta „AyMH". TeMH Ôaaaa. — nponaac aymi nopTOBÍ, böhbctbo, OTpycHHfi. OôpoôaeHHH — nonacTH b TicHOMy 3B'a3Ky 3 Hapoahhmh híchamh,
3 hkhx BopOBHKOBCtKHH mení npOCTO CKJiaflaG CBÍH BÍpni:
Ha 3axon.i paHHe He6o
mob KpOB'lO 3aaHTO,
npnnniaH bíctí 30 mhjioí,
mO  MHJIOrO BÔHTO.
He Ha bíShí äoro bôhto, 3aTHrHeH0 b jkhto:
nepBOHOK) KHTaÔKOK)
pyneHbKH npHKpHTO . . .
„JXyuu" — pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ icTopnnm, 3p;e6ijii>Hia öajiflflHnm TBopa; TyT 3yCTpÍBaeMo „K03aKa", naaia, raHaaMaKÍB. I TyT — 3HOBy hím:
CaanaocH comie 3a chhím ^híitoom,
3a coHenKOM Benip cnycKaBca;
3a BenopoM — híhhk>, hk chhím cyKHOM,
i noae, i aic yKpHBaBca.
Miac XMapaMH míchitl THxeHbKO kothbcb,
i Ha He6i 3BÍ3flH 3aHMaaHCB,
a niHHBi XBHai flHiirpoBi pyancb
i 6eper bhcokhh aH3aan...
i 3raflKH npo HaponHy noe3Íio, i noxMypi caMorai poMaHTHHHi nocTaTi:
HecH MeHe, kohk>, 3arpan nifl cin,aoM,
3a mhok) híxto He aíaaie,
híxto ne 3anaane, híxto 3 K03aKOM
Týra no CTeny He po3cie.
HyacHH MeHÍ Kpaö cbíh, nyacHÔ Mem cbít,
397
3a MHOK) CiM'H He 3aHHG, -
xiöa TijitKH nec Mio, ocTaBnincb b BOpiT,
rOJIOflHHH,   HK piflHHH, 3aBHG.
(ocTaHHi paflKH — HacjilnyBaHHH BafipoHa!). Ocb oöpa3 raHnaMaubKoro oTaiwaHa:
noHypHH OTaMaH nin nyßoM CHjuHTb
i ycH Ha naaeub MOTae;
He xo^ie Bin pa^H Hi 3 khm po3n,ijiHTb,
HiXTO HOrO flyMKH He 3Hac ...
a6o ReMOHi^Horo Ila-nia:
/Je 6yB 3aMOK — nonejiHme,
3e 6yB ropoa — tum KJian,6Hme,
Bpaace nojie kpob'k) mohhtb
i OÖ KaMiHb HiaÖJIIO TO^HTb
XTO B TpaBl -        BpiBHi 3 TpaBOK) ?
XTO B BOfli -        BpiBHi 3 BOflOIO ?
XTO y Jlid -        BpiBHi 3 JlicOM?
Hi*raio ■— nepeBepTHeM-6icoM ?
najiifi!
(ocTaHHi pa^KH — BapiaHT MOTHBy 3 „Cnoßa o nojiKy Iropeßi").
CTHJIb BipUliB BopOBHKOBCbKOro HijIKOM pOMaHTHMHHH'. nOBaJK-
Ha MOBa, HaßiTb y ryMopncTHHHHX Micijax, HaxHJi 30 BacHTKy Ha-poflHoi' nicHi, noMipKOBaHHH yacHTOK 3flpi6HijiHx cjiiß, ajie JIHHie
BJiaCTHBHX HapOflHiä MOBi  (MaTyCH, TOHK)), y5KHBaHHH THnOBHX HJIH
HapoflHoi* noe3ii eniTeTiB (hchhh coKiji, cipii' rycn, öijii jieöefli, hih-poKi nojia, nopHaa XMapa, repen kojho^ihh, BHCOKa Mornjia), ni-ceHHHH napajiejii3M hbox o6pa3iB:
rioHan, raGM, noHan. nojieM TyMaH Hajiarac; b onmM uiaTpi HHraHo*nca oroHb po3KJiaflaG .. .
MOJKe   HaßiTb   i   BJKHTOK  iHOfli   „HenOBHHX"   pHM, XapaKTepHCTHHHHX
n,jia yKpamcbKoi HaponHoi nicni (ropn: :rojii, paaa: :cecTpa, CTen:: cepn, TyMaH::niflHHBCb), Ta iHOfli npocTo BJKHBaHHH HHTaT 3 niceHb ■— ne Bce, nopyn TeM, o6pa3iß («hb. HaBeaem HHTaTu) — xapaK-TepH3yG BopoBHKOBCbKoro aK poMaHTH^Horo noeTa. J\o pnc fioro BJiacHoi" Bnani (aßo BnjiHB Eorn.aHa 3ajiGCbKoro?) HaaeacHTb, 3flaGTbca, TaKHH xapaKTepHCTH^HHH i fljia iioro SafioK Haxna ro KopoTKoro, acpopncTHHHoro BHpa3y (flHB. BHine HHTaTy 3 „IlaJiia");
398
ne BpHTOBye Soro ßipnii bía 3aHßoi 6ajiaKaHHHH Ta Haöanacye oKpeMi Ix paflKH mofli ao npHcaiB'iß:
Be3 xaiöa — cht, 6e3 xara — naH, rycTHH TyMaH — öoro acynaH („Boaox", nepecniß
3 riyniKma).
IIpaBAa, SyBaKDTB y HBoro i 3anayTam, CKaaAHÍ peneHHa.
He nypHo bíh yBaacHo 36npaB HapoflHi nicm, nonacTH nepe^aHi b 36ipKy MeTaHHCbKoro, Ta npHKa3KH h npHcaiß'a („Öiabine 1000"), y hkhx bíh 6aHHB ,,6araTHH cnapS ôaaaa,, aeťeHA, flyM" — u,e cnpaBaiHG nmepeao poMaHTHMHoí noe3ií.
/leHío 3 3Í6paHo'i hhm cKapÔHHiji Bopobhkobcbkhh yacHB naa
CBOÍX  poCÍHCBKHX TBOpÍB.
3. SHa^ho 6iaBHie BHflpyKyBaB AMBpociň MeTaHHCbKHÖ (nceBfl. Mornaa, 1814-70), npocp. aiTepaTypo3HaBCTBa b XapKOßi Ta Khgbí, 3a Moaonnx pokíb (flo 1850 p.) noeT, aBTop npaub 3 cpiaocoípii Kyab-Typn Ta aÍTepaTypn, b hkhx bíh cnoayrye cpiaococpiio Teteaa 3 po-MaHTHHHHMH MOTHBaMH'. 3aBnaHHH MHCTeirrBa — BHTBopeHHa ifleaay KpacH 3 oKpeMHX pne, po3KHflaHHx y cbítí; aiOAHHa ctoítb Ha Meaci „MaTepiaabHoro Ta AyxoBoro cbítíb", caoBo e cnoayneHHa o6ox cbítíb (MaTepiaabHoro — 3Byny Ta flyxoBoro — ayMKH), TOMy boho BnaHBae na oôhabí cTopoHH aiOflCbKoi npnpoAH; 3axonaioiOHH Ta-khm ^hhom ecTBo aionHHH b iriaoMy, noe3Ía cnpaBaae Tane cnabne BpaaceHHH Ha aiOAHHy Ta aioncTBo. HaflaiOHH Tanoro BeaHKoro
3Ha*ieHHH CaOBeCHÍH TBOpiOCTÍ, MeTaHHCbKHH, npHpoflHo, He CTa-BHTbCH AO CBOGÍ noeTHHHOÍ TBOpHOCTH HK AO 3a6aBKH, a BHCaOBaiOG
b híh cboí HaöranÖHii flyMKH, öaacaHHa hh noôoiOBaHHH. . .
J-Jaa noe3Ü MeTaHHCbKoro xapaKTepHCTiriHHH noxMypnn cyM-HHÖ KoabopHT. Horo yaioöaeHHH KpacBHA — híh, hk i b EopoBH-KOBCbKoro, — aae híh 3 öypero, rpoMOM, ôancKaBKOio, noaceacew:
Hk to b ßypio Ha HeÖoßi raaac noBCTaHe, b HopHHx xMapax Ta k rpaKHe, iho CTpax, i 3a xBHaeio BHHHpHe xbhjih, Ta ň rpaHe, h o30BeTbca b aicax, Ha ropax...
B TyMaH 3ÍpoHbKH noxoBaancb, i míchhb y xMapH 3anaHB; pÍHKH aohjjobí cHyBaanca,
CTapHH AHÍnp  HiyMÍB,  rOMOHÍB . . .
a6o:
Bypa BHG, 3aBHBaG,
i COCHOBHH 6op TpimHTB,
399
B XMapax ÖJiHCKaBKa najiac, rpiM 3a rpoMOM rpioKOTHTi»; to, hk yrojib, híh 3HOpHÍG, TO, HK KpOB, 3aHepB0HÍG.
JJJHinp KJieKone, CTorHe, njiane,
rpHBy CHByio Tpnce;
bíh pese h Ha KaMiHb cKane
KaMÍHb pBe, rpH3e, Hece . . .
TpiM mo rpHMHe, b 6eper rpaHe —
3 nyini nojiyM'a nporjiHHe.
Sanajiajio i CTeMHijio,
3acTorHajio b Heöecax;
30m JiHHyB . . . 3aroMOHijio
Ha ropax, nojiHX, b Jiicax.
I 3 npuKiMH Ta 3 rpoMaMH
Ztmnp peße Mise öeperaMH —
aöo:
B nopHHX XMapax, b nopmix XMapax
3 HeÖOM MÍCHHB  í 3ÍpKH,
nepBOHÍK>Ti> b HopHHx XMapax, rpaHDTb, rpaiOTb öjiHCKaBKH. FpHK, i najieKO 3arypKOTiJio! BÍTep cxBaTHBCH, i 3aryjio! B Jiy3i, b niôpoBi 3aroMOHÍJio; Mope noBCTaJio i 3apeBJio!
TpiCKOTHH b 6opaX,  60  COCHH BÍTp  i  rpÍM  CTpijIHG;
Tajiac! TpiM i BÍTep 3eMJiio ň Mope 6'g, Kapac...
Ilopyn Htoro KpaGBHfly g fi íhhihh: CTen 3 MorajiaMn: „Ha rpoôo-BHiiry b Hin rjiyny". H,i MornjiH, noBHi TpynoM, g n, jih MeTjiHHCbKoro
Wfi  CBÍflKaMH  TÍG1  MHHyBHIHHH,   IH.O   HÍ6h   MyCHTb   3aCHyTH   HaBÍKH'.
reTBMaH bhxo;ohtí> 13 MornJiH, npHCJiyxaGTbca:
Ha CTopoHíi MOG yxo,
a Bee THXO, a Bce rjiyxo. ..
Hh K03aK i KÍHb yMep?
Hh opeji 6es Kpnji, 6e3 nep?
A60 3aOHTÍ KOsaKH po3MOBJiHK)Tb y MorHjiax, ajie h Ix 6yne 3a6yTo:
£{e HenaBHo K03aK tomohíb ...
TaM no CTeny thxo
400
TyMaH po3.JiHraeTi.cji, a MiCHHb 3-3a XMapn norjiHHe ö xoBacTbcn . ..
TiyGIII, HK i ßiiep
3aCBHCTaB,  3arOMOHÍB . ..
rijiane, onjiaKyc
K03aKÍB, cBoľx 6paTÍB:
rio CTenax, no ôanpaKax,
y nicKax kíctkh noxoBaG; memo noMHHajibHyio,
nicnio noBryío cniBac . . .
HÍ6n GTrnne, m,o ine Ha yKpami HíHBe, g rjih MeTJiHHCbKoro cjiobo, noe3Ín: TOMy aajibinnH noro yjnoöJieHHH o6pa3 — o6pa3 Öanny-pncTH; ajie — me bíh — „OcTaHHiö öaHflypHCTa" Jiňme bhcjiobjiiog HSQiho, nio noe3ÍH He BMpe 3 hhm:
MoJKe   i   niCHH   3   BÍTpOM XOHHTHMe,
jiiiine np cepn,H, cepne najiaTHMe; Moace h ÖaHnypy nie xto ynyc, h cepn,e 3aHHG i 3aTocKyc .. .
I ôaHnypy i MeHe K03aneHbK0 cnoM'HHe. ..
MeTJiHHCbKHii 3BepTaGTbCH — caM HH nepe3 CBoix repoiB — 3 3a-KjíHKaMH HaflSBHHaÖHo naTeTHMHHMH ro HHTana, np npnponn, ro Bora. Bo bíh hí6h He Mac neBHOCTH, ino Soro XTOCb ine nonyc:
Xafi JKe rpiM Hac nonyc, inp b XMapax KOHac. .. Xaíi Ham rojioc najieKO no BÍTpy Hece. . . Xaö ^[Hinp CTapoaaBHio 'r nac nicHio no^yc, noKH bíh Hac b Mope He BHece, He bkhhc, noKH MOBa n rojioc b Hac ro TJia hc 3rnHe ...
CaM MeTJIHHCbKHH ce6e  3a  ocTaHHboro  oaHnypncTy a6o
ocTaHHboro K03aKa (,,Ko3aK Ta 6ypn"), inp Ix tojioch BocTaHHG po3-jiHraiOTbCH no yKpaim, hk ocTaHHÍH bhhb jkhtth HaponHoro. Ajie rjinÔmHH Ta CHJibmniHH 3a npn rojioc g „kphk cepn,H":
Hi! KpnK — to inp He kphk, hkhh ynyG yxo i ro HKoro Mnp npHBHK. Otto cTpamminim KpnK, hk thxo, rjiyxo, 3aMOBK H3HK, 60 b eepn,i kphk!
4OI
Bpa3JiHBÍ Bipnii MeTjiHHCBKoro g neö caMHH „KpHK cepna", TOMy BOHH yci onHaKOBo 6e3HaflÍHHÍ, noxMypi. Bíh inpHaHÔiaBiue m.e 6aacaB 6h:
TpÍM HanycTH Ha Hac, Eoace, cnajin nac b noacapi, 60 i b MeHe i b öaHflypi Bace raac 3aMnpaG. Bace He rpHMixHMe, Bace He ropixHMe, hk b xMapi nicHH b Hapofli, 60 Bace Haina nicna KOHaG. ..
riocTaTB MeTaHHCBKoro hk noexa 3aBacan anninxtca b CBixai HBoro 6e3Han.inHoro HacTpoio onmio, 6e3 npocBÍTy. B xoMy caMOMy xohí BHxpHMaHo i KiabKa BipuiiB, inp, 3naexBca, He Maioxb CHMBoai^moro 3HaneHHH, a npocxo naioxb noxMypi, cyMHi o6pa3KH. I hkoiocb no-cjiinpBHicTK) flyMKH, 3po3yMÍaoio, 60 He Moace aK>3HHa hchxh h xbo-pnxH cnpaBni 6e3 ycHKoi Hanu, e KiatKa BÍpniiB MexaHHCBKoro, ne MH 6aHHMo noro, hk yKpaiHCBKóro xa pocinc&Koro naTpioxa (xaKe cnoayneHHa xoni He 6yao pinice) xa cjiOß'aHocpiaa. Po3yMÍcxbca, Hanp., Bipnii npo piflHy MOBy a6o pinm 3BHHai niaKOM npHponm b 3B'a3Ky 3 icxopHHHO-cpiaococpiHHHM CBÍxoraan.OM MexaHHCBKoro.
rioe3Ía MexaHHCBKoro -— HacKpÍ3B tpiaococpi^ma noe3Ía, Haä-öiaBine icxopHHHo-cpiaoeoípiHHa. IHpnpaBna, BOHa HaaeacHXb np xoro xnny, ne KoacHa nyMKa BHCTynaG b BÍpuii jiHine b KOHKpexHiíi (popMi — b o6pa3i. ToMy Bipnii MeTaHHCBKoro He öaraxi Ha a6-cxpaKTHi caoBa, a HaBnara, b poMaHXHHHiô Tpaniinii noBHi xaKHMH caoBaMH, hk: K03aK, rexbMaH, Mornaa, rannaMaKa, oaHnypncxa, öaHnypa.
•řopMa noro noe3ÍI Macxo tpaHxaciHHHa, „BiatHa", 6e3 neBHoro cioacexy xa 3 nacxHMH 3MÍHaMH pnxMy. Jlnine OKpeMi Bipnii — po-MaHXHHHHX raxyHKiß: ôaaann („ľloKoxHnoae" — cioacex xoä caMHH, mo b „riepeKOTHnoae" Kbítkh, „IlinpeMHa nppKBa" — hh He 3 „CBÍxe3Í" MinKeBHHa), nicHi; nepeKaann (KpajienBipcBKHii pyKO-nnc, HeaaKOBCBKHÍi, YaaHfl, K). KepHep, A. TpioH, caoß'HHCBKi nicHi) noHäcxH Öanacni 30 yKpamcBKoi HaponHOi noe3Ü, aniac opn-r/ÍHaaBHÍ Bipnii MexaHHCBKoro. Aae MOBa MexaHHCBKoro, 3n,aeiBca, Hannajii BinxonnxB Bin. HaponHoi, Hiac MOBa bcíx yKpamctKnx poMaH-xhkíb. Jlnnie noonHHOKi 3flpi6HÍai caoBa (xMapKa, 3ipKa, HmeHbKa i x. n.), Maiíace 3obcím HeMae BHpa3ÍB 3 HaponHHx niceHb (g, Ha-npHKaan., ,,Mornaa 3 BixpoM roBopnaa", „BopoH Kpane" i x. n.). Cjiobhhk MexaHHCBKoro He ôaraxno, aae np nepnia cnpoôa yTBO-pníH MOBy HOBy, Mosy naa ocBiieHoí aionnHH. Cnpoôa n,a He Bnaaaca, TOMy cjiOBa MexaHHCBKoro 3a6yanca i TOMy nacxo 3aaioibCH HaM He3BHHaHHHMH xa ,,HerapHHMH". Ajie pycH3MH a6o caoB'flHÍ3MH MexaHHCBKoro HeHHcaeHHi (raac i x. n.). JJp xoro i Bipni MeTJiHHCBKoro He Moace iMnoHyBaxn cynacHOMy HHxaneBi:
k02
Phtm Bipniy B HbOrO 3MÍHJIHBHH, ^aCTO HenpaBHJIbHHÍÍ, pHMH OflHO-
MamTHi, 3ne6ÍJiMiia rpaMaTHHHi. JleflBe *ih Bipmi MeTjnmcBKoro MOJKyTt ine 6yra yjnočijieHHMH BipinaMH Tenep. Ajie icTopn^He Ix 3Ha^ceHHa 6e3cyMHÍB«e.
4. y thx caMHx HanpííMi h cpopMax BHTpHMaHa ťí HeBejiHKa BipinoBaHa npoayKnia cjiaBHoro icTopirca Mhkojih KocTOMapoBa (nceBaoHÍM IepeMia Tajina, 1817-85), jinnie TOHajiBHÍCTB Ix 3obcím ÍHina: onTHMÍCTH*ma Bipa b MaftftyTHG yicpaiHCBKoro Hapoay- Kocto-MapoB He nonijiHG am cyMHux nporH03 MeTJiHHCBKoro, am noro jierKOBaaíHOi Bipn b ,,6iJioro mapa". HlonpaBaa, oť5pa3H cy^acHocTH b KocTOMapoBa Mafiace tí caMi: Morajia, b amá othtb „MaTH pia-HeceHbKa"; a6o noxMypa um:
£[e 3aaHÍnpoB'a icpaň onycTiami, ae HeMa xaT, SoBBamioTB MorHJiH, ae HeMa raaacy, bhiotb bobkh, ae 6yjia Cm, aoura K03aKH,
XOaHB a HÍH^IO;  MÍCanB HepBOHHH
CHaiB y xMapi i 6ypio HaroHHB...
Aae cniBenB BHKjiHKaG MaTip 3 MornjiH, 3 TeMHoro Jiicy BHxoaHTb „aKacB MOJioanna", My3a noeTOBa, aica BHMarac Bia HBoro cniBÍB „aJiH BCBoro poay, . • • pna. Bciik poaHHH". KocTOMapoB TaK caMe, hk i MeTaHHCBKHH, 6aHHTB y „cniBi", b noesil, hh He HanSiJiBHiy Tenep CHJiy, inp Moate BiapoanTH yKpamcBKHH Hapofl. Biflpoa>KeHHa n,e KocTOMapoB óa^htb y nrapoKHx paMKax BiaHOBjíeHHa BCBoro CBÍTy:
ripoKHHyTBca bcí Hapoan,
3aBÍT BnHHH npHHMyTB,
BoporiB thchhojiíthíx Boporn o6ÍHMyTB . . .
Ile HacaMnepea cjiob'hhcbkí Hapoan, — y KocTOMapoBa cHJiBHiine,
aHÍaC y KOrO ÍHUIOrO 3 XapKÍBCBKHX pOMaHTHKÍB 03HBaGTBCH — He
nyaía h íhiuhm xapKÍB'aHaM — iaeojioria cjioB'aHocpijiBCBKa.
KocTOMapoB, saaGTBca, aocHTB onTHMicTH^HO bíphtb b nepe-Mory bíhhhx chji „npaBan i bojií", m.o pjia HBoro HafiacRpaBinie penpe3eHT0BaHÍ xphcthhhctbom. Horo noe3Ía npoHH3aHa TeMoio „npaBan ň bojií": bíh noBCTac ň npoTH „posBÍH^aHoro npaBaoio THpaHa", i npoTH thx, xto:
... b racjio HeBOJii o6epTac xpecT Bee^ecHHH, racjio npaBan ň bojií...
403
i hebítl npoTH KyjiBTypH, aajieKOi Biß Hapony. Hk icTopHK, bíh acHO 6aHHTB, inp aacH MmaiOTbca. Horo noeT MHTyca 3Hac, mp no aacax, Koan „rycTÍiOTb xMapn", „3HOBy po3roHHTB coHup Ty-
MaH  BÍKOBÍaHHÍÍ".   ICTOpHK  KoCTOMapOB   OCnÍByG   h CTapOKHH3ÍBCBKÍ
aacn („MnTyca", „JlacTiBKa") i reTBMaHiniffly („Riß naciamm"). I inp HaiiroaoBHinie, bíh öaaHTB y HbOMy MHHyaoMy HanioHaaBHy Tpa3Hi;ík), n;o TarHeTBca h a° cyaacHocTH. B ycTa repoa 3 aacia BoaoflHMHpa MoHOMaxa bíh ynaanae caoBa:
BaarocaoBH, cTapa MaTH, Ha aoôpee «iao, 3a CBaTyK) pycBKy 3eMaio oflflaTb Aymy S TÍao ...
— aae TeinaTHKa nici öaaa^h no3HaeHa 3 AyMH npo KoHonaeHKa, a HaMÍp u — an He aBToßiorpacpiaHHH (ao BaacHoi Maiepü). nin,-KpecaeHHa icTopnaHoi gahocth YKpaiHH b KocTOMapoBa b'aaceTBca 3 cbíromíctk) Ii TepHTopiaaBHoi gahocth:
Oa Cochh ap CaHa BOHa npocTarHyaaca, ao xMapH KapnaTCbKoi BOHa ROTopKHyaaca,
HopHOMOpCBKOK)   BOnOK) yMHBaGTBCa,
ayraMH, hk KBÍToaKaMH, KBÍTaaeTbca ...
CaM ceße KocTOMapoB ÖaaHTb hk cniBn,a, npoBÍcHHKa:
CnißaTHMy, cnißaTHMy, noKH raacy CTaHe,
xoa i cayxaTB He saxoayTb, a He nepecTaHy. ..
OKpeMy, xoa i HeBeaHKy rpyny BÍpniÍB KocTOMapoBa aBaaiOTb äoro cpiaococpiaHi Bipnii. He annie icTopiococpi'i naaTHTt aaHHHy Ham noeT, a h cpiaococpianÍH poMaHTHiji. Ocb, HanpHKaaa,, cpiaocotpiaHa ,,noe3Ía Hoai", inp po3BHBae yaioöaeHy poMaHTHHHy flyMKy npoTH-aeacHOCTH Miac „bíhhoio", aae ao aiOAHHH „ôaOAyacoio" npHpoAoio Ta MmaHBHM, aae bhcokhm cbogk» cbíaomíctk), cbítom aiOAHHH (nop. ni3Hime K). KepHep, TiOTaeB):
BnÖAe híhhio na Mornay,
rpOÖH 60BBaHÍK)Tb,
noraaacy a b acne He6o,
TaM 30pi 30pÍK)tb.
Píbhhm pyxoM, aíHBHM pyxOM, bíhhok) KpacoK), 6e3 ynHHy i 6e3 aiKy naHHyTb HaAi mhoio.
rijIHHyTt 30pÍ B JiaflHÍM XOpí
bíhhhmh injiHxaMH,
He HaM, He HaM, n,ŕraM npaxa
JIHJÔOBaTBCH BaMH . . .
Hac HeBOJiH, nania npaa Ha cbít nopoflHjia, noapajKHHjia cBoöonpio, Ta h He BnpBOJiBHHJia.
,ZJaaa po3yM, nÍ3HaBaTH, mp mh aypni 3pony, najia cepne HapinaTH Ha BjiacHy npnpony.
CbÍTATB 30pi,  H K CBÍTHJIH,
i ßyayTt cbíthth,
a MH, Ha hhx nOAHBHBHIHCB,
jiajKeM b seMaio t^íth ...
ÍCTOpÍOCO(pÍHH01 aÔO HaTypCpiaOCOÍpi^HOl CHMBOaÍKH HaÔJIHJKyiOTb-
ca aipHHHo-MeaaHXoaiHHi Bipuii („Tyra", „Hanp6paHřq"), mp Teac BÍn,naK>Tb naHHHy neBHifi poMaHTHHHra TeMaTHui. Hapenrri, nnrue KocTOMapoB aioôoBHi Bipnii b HaponHOMy tohí (napaaeaÍ3M Miac nepeaíHBaHHaMH aionHHH Ta 3'aBHiH.aMH npHponn) Ta poÔHTb nepe-KJiaflH (EaüpoH, MiiiKeBnn, KpaaenBopcbKHH pyKonne).
MoBa KocTOMapoBa Haranyc cboí'm xapaKTepoM MOBy MeTaHH-CbKoro: ne TaK caMo cnpoßa bhtbophth MOBy ocBineHoro TOBapnc-
TBa.  BÍH  3yCTpÍHaGTBCH 3  THMH  CaMHMH TpyflHOHiaMH,  hio  íí MeT-
aHHCbKHH. Aae KocTOMapoB uinpuie BHKopHCTOBye caoBHHK Ta (ppa3eoaoriio HapojiHoi nicHi. Bíh nepecniBye HapoaHy Ka3Ky, Ha-caiaye MOBy niceHb y aioôoBHHX Bipniax. Ilopyn nboro 3yGTpmaGMo nepecniBH inanx niceHb, b hhx Maao „nnraT", aae g HacaiflyBaHHa „nyxy" niceHb. Ocb, HanpHKJiap;, 3 uHTOBaHoi oaaaan „JlacTÍBKa":
Ciaaa KOHa, Me^i 3HÍMac,
ine 3a noaKaMH.
CTapa MaTH 3 acaaio Maic,
k 3eMai npmianaG,
CBOG dhth HenoKipHe
cnepmy npoKanHac,
a HanoTÍM noacaaiaa,
Ta Ř MoanTbca Bory,
mp6 naB rocnonb MoaonpMy
macaHBy nppory...
405
OnMOBJIHG  KHH3b CTapilHHH -
„HecHaa BnpBHiie!
OjKeHHBCíI   chh   tbíh   MHJIHH '. B3HB  C06Í fliBHqiO,
HapanHyio h öaraTyio, 3 MHOrHMH cKapöaMH, Koca Ii nioBKOBaji yßpaHa KBÍTKaMH...
Ajie Ř HacjiiflyBaHHH HaponHHX niceHb He BpjrroByG KocTOMapoBa
BÍfl   MOBHHX noMHJIOK  Ta   BaJKKHX BHpa3ÍB.
IliKaBO, Hio KocTOMapoB nyace yBaamo CTaBHTbca i no Bipmy. Bm 3anpoBanacye aemp HOBe, HanpHKJian,, „BHyTpiniHi phmh": phmh míjk OKpeMHMH cjioBaMH b paany, Hanp., y iiHTOBaHHX ,,3opiix": njiHHyTt 3opi / b aaaHÍM xopi; Hac HeBoaa, / Hania floaa ... Bíh 3a-npoBanMiye hobí po3Mipn, Hanp., yaajiHä „eaeriiÍHHH flBOBipni" y Hafl3BHHaHHo THnoBifl fljiH p o Ma hthkí b noe3Í'i npoTH nepeoiiiHKH aHTHnHoí rejiJiaflH, HKa m. íh. y kjiíichh,h3MÍ BiaßepTaaa yßary cy-nacHHKÍB bía BjiacHoro HapoflHoro hchtth:
naM'íiTb nocMepxHa tboh 3acjiinjifle MaHOio HaM oni, — mh, Ha Te6e raaflioHH, He ßannjin caMi ceôe.
XapaKTepHCTHnHHH i íhihhh Bipni Ha Ty ac TeMy „.IlaBHHHa". IJi Biprui 3 nyjKHMH cjiOBaMH (CnapTa, íjiot), 3 HaTHKaMH na noflií, npo hkí b Bipnií He roBopHTbca, THno-Bi njia Toro xapaKTepy, hkhh noHHHajia HaônpaTH yKpamcbica airepaTypa nia nepoM xapKÍBCbKHX poMaHTHKÍB: iie Majia 6yTH „noBHa JiiTepaTypa" rjih. „noBHoro Ha-pofly". B;ÍKaBÍ HHcaemri poMaHTHHHo-Hapoam öaaann KocTOMapoBa, Ha CT o 3 Ka3K0BHMH cioaceTaMH.
5. /lyace xapaKTepncTHHHi b CTpeMJiiHHi yTBopHTH ,,noBHy ai-TepaTypy" i apaMarHHHi cnpooH KocTOMapoBa. Bíh 3a KopoTKHö nac cbogí nHCbMeHHHHbKoi fliaabHOCTH nHHie yKpaÍHCbKi apaMH „CaBa Haanä" (1838), „riepeacaaBCbKa híh" (1839) Ta noHHHae me KiabKa npaMaTHHHHx TBopiB („Kochhcbkhh", „Ma3ena", „yKpaiH-cbKi cneHH 1649 p.", Ta 3 pnMCbKOÍ icTopii „Mynemnia «reBpoma") nopyn pocificbKOÍ apaMH „RpeMyiiig Kopa", nepeKaaaaG HleKC-nipa Ha pocižcbKy MOBy. IIIeKcnip i g roaoBHHM KepMaHiraeM Kocto-MapoBa b apaMaTHHHiö noe3Í'í. Inoai bíh BHKopHCTOBye niiaaepa. Tpareaii KocTOMapoBa noBHi apaMaTHHHoro HanpyaceHHa i — b po-MaHTHHHiä TpaaHn.il — 3aKÍHHyioTbca 3arH6eaaio repoiB. CaBa HaaHH (HeicTopHHHO 3o6paa<eHa nocTaTb 3 17 ct.) Mpie npo reTb-MaHyBaHHa, aae CTapniHHa oönpac fioro 6aTbKa, IleTpa; CaBa nepe-
lf06
KunaeTLCfi ao noJíHKÍB Ta ine oApyncycTbea nepefl bía'í'3Aom 3 Ka-TepHHoio, HapeneHoio CBoro npnaTeaa THaTa Tojioro; noaaKH bh-MaraiOTb bía CaBH 3roflH Ha 3anpoBaflaceHHa ymí, THaT niAöypiOG K03aKÍB npoTH CaBH. TaK CaBa onHHaeTtca caMÍTHHH míjk nBOMa BopoJKHMH TaôopaMH; K03aKaM ynacTbca böhth CaBy i KaTepHHy, ajie, AOBÍAaBHiHci> npo Te, inp oÖBHHyßaneHHH THaTa Toaoro 6yao HanaenoM, BÔHBaiOTb i THaia. . . „ITepeHcaaBCbKa Hin" — Tpare-flia, b hkíh KapTHHH HapoflHoro acHTTa 1649 p. Ta noBCTaHHH cno-aynem 3 ÍHAHBÍAyaabHoio npaMoio npoBÍAHHKa noBCTamiiB JlHcemca, aKoro cecTpa MapHHa Koxae noabCSKoro CTapocTy; JlnceHKo i CTa-pocTa b AB0601 Ha cMepTb nopaHioioTb oahh oahoto; OTace apaMa
3hob   KÍHHaGTbCa   CMepTKD   060X   TOaOBHHX  aíoobhx oci6.
KoHípaiKTH b n'ecax KocTOMapOBa — He anuie 30bhíihhí koh-cpaiKTH, aae h BHyTpiuiHÍ, b flynii repom: CaBa (híôh mt IIIeKcni-piß KopioaaH) BaacHe ryÔHTb caM ce6e, — bíh 3aaHuiaG 6aTbKÍB-iiiHHy, BBaacaionH, 1110 K03aKH HecnpaBeAJiHBo He BH3Haan íioro 3a-cayr Ta He oöpaan öoro reTbMaHOM, aae bíh cbíaomhh cboIx 060-b'h3kíb mono pinHoro HapoAy Ta BiAKHAae npon03Hiiii noaaKÍB, inp
MaiOTb UIKOflHTH piflHOMy KpaGBÍ (yHÍK>) . UeÖ BHyTpiHIHÍH KOHcpaiKT KocTOMapoB me ycKaa^Hioe íhhihmh KOHCpaiKTaMH, 3obhíhi-hímh Ta BHyTpiniHÍMH: CaBa AOBinycTbca, uio ao KaTepnHH Bace CBaTaGTbca THaT; íioro cynepHHKOM Ha reTMaHCTBO g BaacHHH 6aTbKo i t. a- TaK caMO BHyTpiniHiíi KOHcpaiKT po3pHBac Aymy MapHHH Miac aioöoB'io ao Bopora ÖaTbKiBiiiHHH Ta ao piAHoro Kpaio, i TyT KocTOMapoB me ycKJiaflHíoG KOHcpaiKT, poôaanH MapHHy cecTpoK» npoBÍAHHKa noBCTaHiiiB.
KocTOMapoB, Moace HaBMHCHe, yHHKaB Manace BcaKoro noôyTo-Boro eaeMeHTy. IcTopnnHe Tao fioMy a^th He BAaaoca (aôo bíh i He ctphmíb ao Hboro). IIIo icTopHHHa npaBAa niflipßaHa thmh „MyT-HHMH a>KepeaaMH", 3 aKHX bíh nepnaB („IcTopia Pyciß", niflpoô-aem „AyMH"), — ne He TaKe BaacaHBe, 60 Tpareflil ííoro — „bhcokí TpareAií", 3 aôcTpaKTHHMH repoaMH, hkhx npoMOBH nacTO — no-
UieKCnípÍBCbKH - IIjaKOM   BÍApHBaiOTbCa   BÍA   KOHKpeTHOl   flil, HK
MOHoaor JlHceHKa:
.. . mo OAHa Ayuia öoro 6e3cnabHa, AHBaionHCH Ha ripKy Aoaio MHaoI poahhh, aÍTa HaA Heio coKoaoM no xMapax i, ßanynn 6paTÍBCbKe anxo, CTorHe, i AapoM nopHBacTbCH, sm XBHaa, mo no ^Hinpy b HeroAy noxoaacac, KaeKone, pBeTbca, chbhm nnaoM xancbKa, xoTiaa 6 Hane ôeper Becb 3aaHTH...
I cjiaÖKicTij flpaM KocTOMapoBa He b h,íh aôcTpaKTHocTi, a b TOMy,
uk) BÍH He 3HaX0n,HTb y KOHKpeTHÍH flil Bpa3JIHBHX, HCKpaBHX CpOp-Myjl, thx JieTIOHHX CJIÍB, hkhmh nHHiaGTbCH KOHCHa Tparenm UleKC-nipa. 3aT6 KoCTOMapOB poÔHTb CBOK) MOBy HOCHTb pÍ3H0MaHÍTH0K), 3aB0nHHH  Í   „BHCOKHH CTHJIb"   (3  CJIOB'HHÍ3MaMH)   Í  ByjIbťapHHH, y
MacoBHX cqeHax; HecnpaBen,JiHBO 3aKHnajiH KocTOMapoBy „kot jih-peBH^HHy" — jiaÖKH Ta ByjibťapH3MH TnnoBi i 3jih floro 3pa3KÍB y IIIeKcnipa; TyT pojiH, (pyHKoiH Ix 30bcím inuia, am« y Kotjih-peBCbKoro. MoJKe GflHHe HaÖJiHHceHHH 30 TpaAímií KoTjinpeBCbKoro — ynpoBaaaceHHH niceHb Ta kíjibkox ceHTHMeHTajibmix po3MOB. Ta Bee ue He BpHTyBaJio flpaM, He npcHTb cH,eHÍHHHX, a 3oKpeMa n,jm nÍ3HÍmoi yKpaÍHCbKoí cueHH 3 11 eTHorpacpinmiM yxHJioM. Hoboi
TpaflHIlil Iii TpOXH BaJKKyBaTÍ n'ecH yTBOpHTH He 3MOrjIH.
KoCTOMapOB HanncaB ni3HÍuie i „MaKapoHmHy" noBicTb „Hep-HiriBKa" (po3MOBH yKpamcbKoio mobok>), HHCJieHHi icTopHHHÍ npairi, iiiKaBy xapaKTepncTHKy „abox Haponm" — pocijra i yKpaiHu,ÍB, HKa npH fleHKOMy ynpoin;eHHÍ npoÖJieMH, He no3ôaBJieHa oKpeMHX rjiH-60KHX flyMOK. Hi nÍ3HÍHii npaiji, nyJKe uiKaßi 3;jih icTopii yKpaiH-cbKoi „nyxoBoí" KyjibTypH, He HajieacaTb yace n,o TicHinioro KOJia TBopiß yKpaÍHCbKoí KpacHoi jiÍTepaTypn, ajie MaiOTb y co6i nnMajio cjiiniB poMaHTHMHoro CBÍTorJiHfly. Ajie HaHBaJKJiHBinie n,jia Hac — HanncaHi npHHaAMHi 3 öjihjkhok) ynacTio KocTOMapoBa „KHHrn
ÔyTTÍl",   HKÍ BJKe  HaJieJKaTb 740   „KHÍBCbKOl pOMaHTHKH".
6. KijibKa npiÖHiniHX noeTÍB ctohjih b otohchhí xapKÍBCbKoro KOJia. Ta Tpeöa 3ranaTH i caMoro I. Cpe3HeBCbKoro hk noeTa; noro noeTHHHi cnpoÖH — He cpajibiHOBam nyMH b „3anopoacci>KÍH cTa-Phhí"; uj „cpajibCHCpiKaTH" — TBopH He nápojmi, ajie irmaBi bhhbh Toro, hk poMaHTHKH Toro nacy po3yMÍJiH cthjib HapoflHoi noe3ÍI:
(paKTHHHHH  6ÍK y3flT0  3   „ICTOpil  PyCÍB*',   a  niceHHHH  TeKCT 3MOH-
TOBaHO nonacTH 3 ypHBKÍB 3íhcho HapoffHHX nyM, ajie nonacTH
TeKCTH BHTBOpeHÍ CaMOCTÍHHO Ta 3HaHHO ,,i#eojiorÍHHÍiHÍ", HÍHC flifl-
cho Haponm nyMH. 3aco6ÍB HaponHoi noe3Íí bjkhto u&jjčbwi&hho pjicHo. ITonacTH HKpa3 cpajibuioBaHi nyMH cnpHHHHHJiHCH no Toro, mo b ni3HÍHiÍH yKpamcbKÍH poMaHTHHmA noe3ÍI cTajiH Tpacpape-TaMH TaKÍ noeTH^Hi (popMyjiH, hk „b cypMH 3acypMHJiH", „y 6yÖHH BnapHiOTb", „peBHyjiH rapMaTH" i t .n,. Hninajio 3 uboro CKapöy BHpa3ÍB Ta o6pa3ÍB BJKHB i IIIeBHeHKo. ripaB^a He hcho, hh Cpe3-
HeBCBKHH CaM 3CpajIbHiyBaB TeKCTH, HH 3aBÍB floro b OÖJiyny XTOCb
3 floro npHHTejiiB.
O. KopcyH (1818-91), nonaB BipniyBaTH y Tpannuii ,,kot jiapeB-ihhhh"; Ta h naponm noBip'a bíh 36npae Ta nepecniBye híóh hk
JIHHie   aHeKflOTHHHHH   METCpÍHJI.    Ajie   nopyH    npHMÍTHBHOro CJIO-
B'HHOCpijibCTBa KopcyH nepeÔMaG h iHTepec ao poMaHTHHHoi' noe3ÍI,
4O8
nepecnißyioMH pocÍHH Ta HexÍB, Ta BÍTae IHeB^eHKa 1845 p. BÍpmeM, y HKOMy npoxae monpaB^a b noeTa jraine „rojiociHHH Han TpyHoio" Ta „niceHB npo kojihiuhg".
Mhx. IleTpeHKo (Hap. 1817 p.), aBTop kíjibkox BÍpinÍB 3 moth-BaMH poMaHTHHHoi TyrH 3a flajieKHM, inp fljiH Htoro CHMBOJiÍ3yeTi>CH HeôoM:
ToHy TaM nyineio, TOHy TaM o^aMH,
rjIHÖOKO,  rJIHÖOKO, nOMlJK 3ÍpOHbKaMH.
Tony TaM tjihooko, hk KaMÍHb toh b Mopi.
Hi! TaK THHy b He6i, hk b jnoTOMy ropi:
b noro TôMHy nponacTB h KHHyBca 3Majiy...
noKpHTe XMapaMH, mob xbhjihmh Te Mope,
mo TaM TH MOBHin b BHUIHHÍ?
I MOBa ch, li BejiHKa pin
fljiH MeHe TeMHa Tan, mob Tan híh . ..
Bíh cyMye, mo He Mae KpHJi („JJ^HBjnocb h Ha He6o Ta h nyMKy ranaio, HOMy h He cokíji, HOMy He Jirraio"), 60 bíh nonyBae, inp He6o — ,,moh cTopoHa", bíh nye „HeöecHy My3HKy" 3Íp, ajie bcí h,í TeMH ,,noe3Íi hohí" bíh He sniOHHH bhbccth Han cyMHe rojiociHHH, onHOMaHÍTHÍ o6pa3H i cjioBa (cyMyio, iuiaay, CTorae, CMyTOK, Tyra, cjib03h, MyKH, rope) He ninHocHTb BÍpHii neTpeHKa Han ceHTHMeH-TajibHi poMaHCH. Ajie BajKJiHBe Ta TímoBe rjiíi noro tbophocth, mp bíh 3ajiHuiae TeMaTHKy Haponnoi nicHÍ Ta poÖHTt. cirpoÔy Ha6jiH3HTH MOBy Ta TeMaTHKy poMaHcy no nyxoBoro jkhtth ocBÍHeHoi jiionHHH. Ha Hcajib, y toh nac, hk MejiHHXOJíÍHHa poMaHTH^Ha noesin BMÍJia Ha tjií CMyTKy ö TyrH cTaBHTH 3arajn>HOJiionci>kí nHTaHHH, cpijioco-(pyBaTH, bhxoahhh 3 6e3HaninHoro necHMÍ3My, neipeHKo Ha ne He cnpoMircH. Jlnnie ae-ne-ne MaÖHe b m>oro THnoBo poMaHTH^HHH o6pa3: „nicHH" — „rojioc 3 Tóro CBÍTa", MeJionin nicm — ôojKe-BijiBHa — „6e3yMHa Ta b HOHHyio nopy" i t. n.
3naHHO iiiKaBiuiHH poBecHHK BopoBHKOBCtKoro, On. Hlnnronb-KHH (naTH jkhtth HeBÍnoMi, npyKyBaBCÍI mí^k 1830 Ta 1835 pp.), ... mo BHnpyKyBaB jinnie ypHBKH 3 nepeKJiany .JIojiTaBH" nyniKÍHa, onny Öajiany Ta nepeKJiann cohctíb MiuKeBH^a, hkí MOJKe íjiioc-TpyBaTH tekhh npHKJian:
HanjiHB h Ha po3JiHB cyxoro oKeaHy,
HHpHG b  3íjijií  bí3  i,   mob  MÍJK XBHJIb HOBHOK,
njiHBe míjk noBHHX JiyK no KHJiHMy kbítok; MHHaio ocTpoBH 3ejiem h ôyp'HHy.
Jf09
CMepKae Bace; Hirne hí inaaxy, hí KypraHy; inyKaio inaaxoBnx Ha He6i a 3ÍpoK. TeHb 6ancb! Hn xwtapa to? To 3ÍpoHbKH cbítok? Hi! To chhíg .Hhíctp — to cbítjio AKKepMaHy. . .
B 40-x poKax nonaB npyKyBaTHca JIkíb IHproaiB (1824-98), Ma6yri>, HaHBH3Ha^minHH noeT ycboro xapidBCbKoro Koaa, — aae niaabmcTb noro BiaHOBHaaca anine ^epes KiatKa necaTnaÍTb, Ta bíh HaaeacHTb y nepeBaacHÍH SiabinocTi cboíx tbopíb po ÍHinoro OKpecy yKpaiHCtKOÍ aiTepaTypn; paHinii fioro Bipuii, npn bcíh cboíh (popMaabHiä BHKÍH^ieHOCTi, HaHOanaíHi 30 bíphiíb neTpeHKa HeBH-pa3HÍCTK) HacTpoiB — He nyMOK.
r. 3axinira yKpaiíHa
1. nocTaHHH aiTepaTypn HaponHoio mobok) b Taan^HHi Maao ine ÔiatHie 3Ha*ieHHH, amac Ha Tepirropii pociiicbKoI yicpamn. TyT 740 HamioHaabHoro npoßyaaieHHa (me He BÍn.pon.aíeHHa) HHMaao cnpHHHHHaHca poMaHTH^mi Teorií, BaacHe aiTepaTypn aBCTpißcbKHx caoß'hh. HHMaay poaio Maan ö BHnaHHH ynpaiHCBKHx nicenb MaK-CHMOBH^a h íh. B p,yxoBHÍH ceMHHapii 6yao HeaerKo no3HaííoMHTHca 3 hobíthbok) 3axinHboio noe3ÍeK), 60 ne jimne poMaHTHKÍB, a ů IHia-aepa TaM me b 30-x poKax 19 ct. 3a6opoHeHo. Aae no^aTKH Han.io-HaatHoro npo6ya,aíeHHa noxonnaH 3 KynKH abBÍBCbKHX ceMma-Phctíb, „pycBKoí TpÍHH,i": MapKiaH HlaniKeBH^i (1811-43), IßaH BarnaeBH^ (1811-66), ÍIkíb roaoBanbKHfi (1814-88). nepniHÖ 3Ôip-HHK BipniiB HaponHoio mobok), CKaan,eHHÖ HlauiKeBHHeM Ta noro npHHTeaaMH, ne Miř 3'aBHTHca apyKOM. Aae 1835 p. IHauiKeBH^ BHřtpyKyBaB y JlbBOßi ,,roaoc TajiH^iaH" — 03y HaponHoio mobok), a 1837 p. BHXonHTb caaBH03BÍCHHO 36ipHHK „PycaaKa JJmcTpoBaa". JXjih HlauiKeBHHa npo6yn,aceHHa yKpai'mjiB — ocxaHHa aaHKa b npo-n,eci 3araabHoro npo6yn,aceHHH caoß'aHCbKHx HaponiB. nncbMeH-CTBy bíh Hanac b naponHOMy acHTTi Han3BHHanH0i poai: „nncbMeH-CTBO y KoaíHoro Hapony — n,e noro acHTTa, Soro cnocoöy nyMaTH, noro nynii o6pa3; boho noBHHHe sanaiOHyracb i bhpocth čepen, Hapony Ha íioro ac TaKH hhbí . . . HHCbMeHCTBo -— Haínieprua noTpeÖa BCboro Hapony". I toh cpaKT, mo nepnii npencTaBHHKn Han,io-HaabHoí aiTepaTypn b TaaHHHHi 6yan nyxoBHi, i ocoôncTa Bnana HlaniKeBHHa, i caMHÔ xapaKTep aBCTpincbKoro aiTepaTypHoro aarr-Ta 3a HaciB Merrepmxa (Ta me Ha npoBÍHiiii!) npHBean po Toro, mp poMaHTHHHi HOTH yicpamcbKOi aiTepaTypn b raannnm 6yan
Hafí3BHHaHH0 M'aKÍ, HÍa«hí, aipHHHi.
JflO
CyMHo cKJiajiacH apaa ynacHHKiB „pycbKoi Tpiöiii": HlauiKeBHH nepen^acHO BMep, BarnaeBHH: ohhhhbch b noabCbKOMy Taöopi, To-jiOBai^BKHH, inpnpaBna, 3inir BHKOHaTH noBaacHy HayKOBy npan.K), ajie nepeöuioB no Taöopy niaKOM 3acjiinjieHHx MOCKBO(pijiÍB . .. Ha
3MÍHy ím y HaniOHaJILHOMy p03BHTKy FaaHmiHH B3HJIH y^iacTL íhhií
niam.
2. HlaniKeBH^i 3a cbog KopoTKe Ta BaacKe híhtth He BCTHr Ha-nncaTH 6araTO. Aae i Te, inp hhm HanncaHe — nepeßaacHo Bipuii, noKa3ye, mp mslb noeTH*my o6napoBaHÍCTb. Bipuii öoro — roaoBHe nicHÍ; i'x MeaaHxoaiÖHHH HacTpifi — iHHpHfi, ix toh m'hkhh Ta niac-HHH, HaBÍTb 3aHaflT0 m'hkhô naa ix mon.i npcHTb noxMyporo 3MicTy. Haeain.yBaHHH niceHb i, MaôyTb, BnaHB noabCbKoro BipuiyBaHHa npHBOflHTL HlaniKeBHHa np Toro, mp bíh — He TaK panHKaabHO, hk HleBHeHKo, — BinMOBaaeTBCH Bin, Toro peťyaapHoro ^lepryBaHHH Haroaociß, n\o tbophtb cyrb „TOHmHoro" BipmyBaHHa (nim. JX- 5):
l3-3a ropn, Í3-3a aiea
BiTpenb noBÍBae; CKaaíH, CKaacH, thxhh Bŕrpe,
hk ca MHaa Mac?
Hh 3nppoBa, mh Beceaa,
aa^KO pyM'aHeHbKe? Hh cyMyc, hh ropioc,
hh aH*iKO 6aijj;HeHfaKe ?
Bo a Tyacy, 60 h naany,
Cab03aMH BMHBaiOCb,
Beceaoi ronnHOHbKH
Bace He cnonmaioeb ...
Hk 6h Mem KpnatiiH MaTH,
COKOaOM  3aeTÍTH, —
THacKy Tyry Í3 cepneHbKa
npH MHaiíí P03ÖHTH! ..
nopyn cyMHHX niceHb HlamKeBHH nnme i HanioHaJibHi tímhh —
3aKJIHKH:
PycbKa Mara Hac ponnaa, pycbKa MaTH nac noBHaa, pycbKa Mara Hac aioönaa, — HOMy at MOBa gh He MHaa?
HOM  Ca  HeB BCTHflaTH  MacM ?
tom HyacoK) noaio6aaGM? .. (eä = ii, Heß = Heio)
4II
a6o:
Pa30M, pa30M, XTO CHJI Mac — TOHÍTB   3  PyCH  MpaKH TbMaBÜ
3aBHCTB Hafi Hac He chhhhg, pa30M k CBÍTjiy, ApyrH acBaBÜ
Ta íí 3jih HaijioHajiBHoi TeivraTHKH IXIaniKeBHH 3HaxoaHTB TaKi caMi m'hkí hoth, hk pjín CBoi'x niceHB:
Ajk mhjio 3ranaTH, hk to cepue 6'gtbch, kojih 3 yKpaiHH pycBKaa niceHBKa Tatc mhjio, coJioflKo KOJio cepuH b'gtbch, HK kojio  MHJIOrO HJBKa pycHBeHBKa. . .
IIoe3ÍH HlaiHKeBHHa, po HKoro nmiujín b ocTaHHi poKH íioro KOpOT-
KOrO  JKHTTH  Í  TBOpH  KbÍTKH,  MeTJIHHCBKOrO,   6a  H  IIIeBHeHKa, He
Morjia 3Po6hthch nonyjinpnoio Ha BejíHKiň yKpami rojioBHe TOMy, mp rajiHHBKa noe3ÍH cnnpajiacH Ha  m i c n; e b y  MOBy. B npoTH-
JieJKHÍCTB  po   XapKÍB'hh,   nHCBMeHHHKÍB   3   HOBOKOJIOHÍ30BaHOÍ* TepH-
Topii 3 n Ha BejíHKOMy npocTopi MaöJKe gehhok) moboio, rajinnaHH
KOpHCTaJIHCH    3aXÍflHB0yKpaÍHCBK0K)    moboio    3    11 pÍ3H0MaHÍTHHMH
fliHJieKTaMH. JlHHie Tenep, 3 po3bhtkom yjKHTKy n,ÍHJieKTÍB b Mojiep-híh noe3Íi, noe3ÍH HlaniKeBH^ia (i íhhihx npeflCTaBHHKÍB rajiHHBKoi poMaHTHKH) Morjia 6 3HaÖTH 3po3yMÍHHH Ha BejíHKiň yKpaini. Cboto naey ľi nonyjrapHOCTi nepeuiKOAJKajiH HacaMnepen, niHJieKTHi cpopMH, hk ,,3anycTHJiacB", „y^HHHjiacB" 3aMÍCTB „3anycTHJia gch" (2 oco6a MHHyBHioro ^acy) i t. p., „3 HeaojieB" = 3 Henpjieio, „Hanp mhob", ,,ch 30JIH AiJia", i t. p, JX&jií — n,ÍHJieKTHÍ cjiosa: „UBÍTKa", „3an;BHJia", ,,rapa3n," — macTH, „cjih" = kojih, „po3nycKaecB" = po3KpHBaGTBCH i t. p., 30KpeMa cjioBa, mo Ha BejíHKÍH yKpai'Hi MaioTB míne SHa^eHHH a6o Íhihhh bíhtíhok 3HaneHHH, a6o TpoxH BÍn,MÍHHy cpopMy: „chbchbkí . .. oni", „HynycnicH", „3rip^HBaeiH" i t. p. Moace HaööijiBHi hikoahjih HarojiocH, njiH cxinHBoyKpa-
ÍHCBKHX   AÍHJieKTÍB   IIÍJIKOM   He3BHHaHHl'.   ,,XMapÓK>", 6ÍJiecéHBKHM",
„AyMácHí", ,,6ýjia", „pijzmáH" i t. p. <3>pa3eojiorÍH MycHTB 3n,aBaTHCH cxiflHBOMy yKpaiHii;eBÍ ,,6e3noMÍHHoio", xoh BOHa, Moace h&cto Jinme HaB'H3yeTBCH Ha MÍcu,eBy 3 rajiHii;BKoro nifljiicca: Hanp. ,,Tyra Í3 cepAeHBKa", ,,npn mhjiíh" = kojio mhjio'í, ,,hchí rpoMH" i t. p. Renn! Phhkh HJiH cxiflHBoro yKpaÍHii,H Maoaíe He3po3yMÍJii:
A MeHÍ ocB Ha cím cbítí cbog cepue icth:
60   3   HeflOJieB ÖOpOTHCH,
hk nin, Bopy njiHCTH.
412
TJpcb 3a MopeM, 3a ropaMH míh rapa3fl 3n,pÍMaBca;
fleet   3   6e3BÍCTHH,   TeMHHX J1ÍCÍB míh   CMyTOK   npHTHaBCfl . . .
A6o: „BKpHBajiaM th aopHOB MpaKOB", „yaHHHaacb MOMy cepino 3 rapa3a,0m po3ayKy", „xbhjih íi noB-ijiye i Hanepea, ctpíjihtb". JJ,ia-jieKTHo 3a6apBjieHa noe3ia, aKa aaa po3BHHeHo'i jiiTepaTypn g npH-HaaHa, ôyjia aaa ine „HenoBHoi" yKpa'ÍHCbKoi' JiiTepaTypn thx aa-
CÍB 3ailBOK) p03KÍUiniK).
TeMaTHKa noe3ii IIIaniKeBHaa HenrapoKa. ľlopyn HanjoHaaB-
HHX   MOTHBÍB - Cepen,   U   o6pa31B,   p03yMÍGTLCfl,   G   H ÔaHflypHCTa,
i reTBMaH, i K03aK, i Mornan, — aycMo nocTÍHHo hoth CMyTKy Ta Tyrn, npcHTb m'íikí: xapaKTepncTHam cepea, 3n,piômaHx cjiíb „ri-peHBKa roAHHo", „cjiÍ30hbkh" i t. n,. XapaKTepHCTHHHO, mp noe3Ía IIIainKeBHHa 3HaaH0K> Mipoio CHMBoaiaHa. Ha CHMBoaiKa He nyace CKaaaHa Ta He ayace ranöoKa, aae TnnoBo poMaHTHHHa: noeT cjiy-xaG MHHyae:
...  no Mornjiax aaraB a,
6yn;ÍMTo cnoaHTH, a to niacayxaTH,
hk to CTapa 6yBaabDu;HHa 6yne po3MOBaaiH... —
a,6o opaoM ninHocHTbca Haa, 3eMaeio:
riycTHB opea ÖHCTpe oko
B   BÍHHÍCTB He3MÍpHMy,
carHyB a,yxoM reH ranßoKo b rayôiHb He3MHcaHMy .. .
TyT THnoBi caoBa „He3MÍpHMy" Ta ,,He3MHcaHMy"; hchtts chmbojií-3yc Teac thtiobhh o6pa3 kbítkh, inp B'aHe nicaa KopoTKoro n<BÍTy-aíHTTa:
I^BÍTKa apiÔHa Moanaa HeHBKy, BecHy paneHBKy: „Hene piaHaa! BBoan MH Boaio, naö Mem apaio inp6 a 3ai^BHaa, Beet ayr CKpacnaa ..."
„JJpmo roayôKO, acaab MeHi Te6e, rapHaa awÖKo,
US
6o BHXOp CBHCHe, MOp03 nOTHCHe,
6ypa 3aryne; Kpaca 3MapHÍe,
JIHHKO 3HOpHÍG rOJIOBOHBKy CKJIOHHHI, JIHCTOHBKH 3pOHHIH, -
HcajiB cepijio 6yne".
Cepen, KpaeBHfliß LUaniKeBH^a 3ycTpinaeMo fi yjiioôJieHy poMaH-THKaMH híh:
CbÍT   BJKe  CMepKOM nOHOpHÍB,
cyMHeHBKo nyran 3anÍB,
Hi TaM jHonefi, hí Taivr xaTH!
Ejiyn, Ty CBHme, TyMaH rpae, b rycTi jiicH 3aBene ...
TeMHO,   THXO   i CTpaniHeHBKO, HaCOM JIHIII  BOpOH 3aKpHHe,
3aKpHHe cyMHeHBKO.
A6o:
CoHH,e ne He noMepKJio, cbít niTBMa Hacijia,
BHIHp í B3flOBJK nOBKOJia  CyM  ch p03JIHraG,
narapaMH rycTHMH TBMa bobkíb 3aBHJia, Han, thhom onycTijiHM rajiOK raMip rpac.
HaBHCJio HCHe He6o hophhmh xiaapaMH, THJKKHMH rycTi 6opn CKJioHHJiHCB TyraMH, 30HKHyjIH flyÔpOBH i JIÍCH 3acTorHajiH ...
MaGMO cepen, áoro Bipuiiß 2-3 oajianH^Hi, nepeKa3 HaponHoI aHeK-flOTH; HacjiiflyBaHHH HaponHHX niceHb pinni, ohhh pa3 IHaHiKeBHH Hanonp6jiK>G HaBÍTB nyaiy (,,06jiora JlbBOBa XMejibHHHbKHM"). nepeKJiaflH 3 nojibcbKoi (ypHBOK 3 „3aMKa KaHbOBCBKoro" Fo-mHHCbKoro) cepÖcbKoi (nicHi) Ta ^lecbKoi (KpajienBopcbKHii py-Konnc) flonoBHioBDTb o6pa3 poMaHTHHHO-cjiOB'HHocpijibCbKHX inrepe-cÍB HlaniKeBH^a.
HeBejiHKa oßcnroM, ajie pÍ3H0MaHÍTHa npo3a IHauiKeBH^a. IJ|i-KaBo, mp BOHa 3HanHo ÖJiHHine ninxonHTb 30 HopMH jiiTepaTypHoi
M OB h nÍ3HÍIHHX HaCÍB.   3HaXOnHMO  b  Hboro  i   CTaTTi;   M.   íh. Hafl-
3BHHaHHo i^inaBa „C'TapoBHHa", poMaHTHHHa nponaraHna 3an.ÍKaB-4U
i
JieHHfl CTapOBHHOK), B HKÍH HlaiHKeBHH ÖaHHTb „JIHHe CTOJliTeÄ" Ta
„nyx npen,KÍB"; nnine bíh nepeKa3 Kä3Kii, i npo3aiHHÍ 6aiÍKH (14)
i nHTHHi nOÔOÄHÍ niceHbKH, i MaTepÍHJIH nJIH HHTaHHH RO „HHTaHKH".
Ocb hk bíh y npo3Í Majiioe híhhhh KpaGBHn: „CoHue cnoHHjio, CMepKJiocH. Tnxa niTbMa Hacijia thxí Ta y3KÍ 3Bopn, BÍTep OyííHHH ocíhhhh MeraB xMapaMH Bin Bepxa no Bepxa i raaB cnojioBijiHM jiHCTbOM 3 rip b TeMHi po3noJiH, to 3H0B nin KpyTy CTpeMeHy,
C KpmUTHHH   rOJIHMH   rijIHMH   BÍnBÍMH01   nyÓHHH,   MOB BeJIHHaiO^HCH
CBOGK) jiiotoctík), a pyraioHHCb 3 íx Henyrn; 3BÍp inejienoTiB nara-
paMH   3a   JKHpOM,   HaCaMH   BOBK   rOJIOnOM   nepTHH   nHBHHMH 3&BHB
rojiocaMH; nepicTi onoKH, 3aKJiHTÍ nan 6e3BÍCTHMH ctohth, 3naBa-jiHCH npn HacTHTJiiS híhhíh Mpapi npOJKHBaTH Ta CBOÍ míhhth CTa-HOBHma, npoxonHHHCH mob híhhí MapH..." — HlauiKeBHH naB i KÍJibKa 3pa3KÍB „BHCoKoro" nposainHoro cthjiio — b nponoBinnx, cnpoôax nepeKJiany GBaHrejiii (IoaHa, MaTBia), b „ncajraax Pyc-jiaHOBHx". Ocb cnpoôa 3 onHoro 3 hhx: „Tofi, mp 3BejiÍB HÍHOMy
3ponHTH  CBÍTH,   BejIH^ihog  COHHe   í  MÍCHHb  í  TbMH  3BÍ3n,   mo BejlÍB
TeMHOTi nepeKHHyTHca b cbítjio, 3 KOToporo noJiOHi CBepKHyjiH orni i BnapHJiH Bonn, KOToporo HeBHnHMe oko 6aHHTb ranKH nym Ha-HiHx, KOTopHÔ cnpHr C060K) 6e3HanaTOK i 6e3KOHeiíb, KOToporo cepue BCbOMy CBÍTy cepue, a bojih rapa3n bcíx bíkíb i bcíx CTopoH macTG, — toö 3 T060K), Bor 3 T060K)".
3. riopyn IIIaHiKeBHHa 6e3yMOBHo HaHBH3HaHHÍniHM cnpaBjKHÍM
noeTOM   rajIHIÍbKOÍ   pOMaHTHKH   g   MHKOJia   yCTHHHOBHH (1811-85).
Horo jiiTepaTypHa niaJibmcTb, mpnpaBna, Tpoxn nÍ3HÍuia — kíhhh 40-x Ta no^iaTKy 50-x pokíb, BJKe He 6e3 ynjiHBÍB HannHinpHHCbKOi jíiTepaTypn. Horo SHa^HO HHCJieHHimi Bipini xapaKTepH3yiOTb tí
Caiwi mobhí pHCH, IHO H BipUli HlaUIKeBH^a:  nÍaJieKTH3MH (BeCHOB,
3 ToôoB, mia^e cHHa = 3a chhom, nepefíMHjia, ch, th i t. r.) 30Kpe-Ma b Harojiocax (BHCKa3yBáB, yncác, oa3áx, chjiélmh, HayKý, Kpaca-bhh,í, TaTapHH, noporáMH i t. n-1 BJiacHe me Ôijibnie, híjk y Hlam-KeBHHa), n°CHTt HHCJieHHi 3npi6HÍjii cjioBa (TyreHbKa, nyiHHH,a( ri-
peHLKÍ, HaBÍTb -        CJiaBOHbKa ABCTpil Í T. A-)- HHMajIO CJIOB'HHCbKHX
cjiíb. I b Hboro jiHHie He^HCJieHHi óajiann a6o ôajiHAHHHi Bipuii, Majio niceHHHX dpopM Ta mothbíb, Hanp.:
JleTÍB  OpejI  3 MyJKHHOHbKH
Ta h CTaB noBinaTH
3a KepBaBÍ nOJIHHOHbKH,
3a cnajieHi xaTH;
Ta  3a kocth 6ÍJieHbKÍÍ,
BHnpaHi notfWKaMK»
415
3a  MCTHJIH BHCOKÍÍ,
cnnam pyKaMH . . .
Iljiane niß^a, njia^e MaTH,
3 JKaJíK) He BTHxae, me ň cBo6onH He BHnaTH,
h MHJiHH He BepTae.
Ajie yCTHHHOBHH 6ÍJIBHI6 JHOÔHTB  CKJiap,HÍ p03MÍpH Ta CTpOCpH, -
MaöyTb, yjKe TOMy, mo cepen. Äoro BipruiB jiochtb óaraTo „bhcoko-TopHtecTBeHHHx" — npHBÍTaHB, tímhíb, rpaTyjiHura, nonacTH BJijrq-hhx. Mothb aBCTpiäcBKoro naTpioTH3My: „JXe AßCTpia, TaM Ham paS" — ^acTHH. Cepep hhx g i Bipmi 3 HanioHajiBHHMH, npcHTb
CyMHHMH MOTHBaMH, HK: „.ZtyMaTH ľJiyXO, JlÍTaMH, BÍKaMH, Ha hímíh
*iopHÍH MorHJii", aôo jinme „chhth o inacTi i K03aijBKÍH cJiaBÍ":
I Ha KpeCT böhthh BpaJKHMH pyKaMH,
He 3HaB Toä Hapip; cbo6íp;híhioh äojií Hap; njian caMOTHHÔ 6c3Cohhhmh HonaMH, Hap; CBHTOH BÍpn Haniio Ha rpoôi...
yCTHHHOBHH nOCÍp;aG 3pÍÔHÍCTB BJiyHHO a(pOpHCTH^ho (pOpMyjIIOBaTH
p;yMKy, Ha JKajiB, Taxi (popMH nacTo BTpanaiOTBCH b p,oBrnx Ta 6e3-ôapBHHX Bipmax:
Bo pycbKa p;yMKa — cyMHHii xpecT Ha rpoôi, a pycBKa MOBa — copoM Ha nonpöi, a pycbKe cepíne — Tyra CTenoBaa, a pycbKa pojia — cnpoTa HiMaa...
CpHa MaTH ix njieKaJia,
cp,Ha cyAbôa ÔHJia, GpjHa J11060B i'x B'ji3ajia,
cp,Ha CMepTb 3JiyMHjia ...
Kto Hece ôijiBuiy npncjiyry nan CBÍTa,
p,jiji  cboix  6paTHÔ,   HK  toh,   UJO BÍKaMH
rojiop,HHM xjiiôa nonac pocHTa,
KOpMHTb  flepJKaBH  CBOIMH pyKaMH?
— TaK (popMyjiioG Ycthíihobhh CBo'i flyMKH npo apjiio yKpaÍHH,
irpo B3aGMOCTOCyHKH 11  OKpeMHX p03ÍpBaHHX  HäCTHH,  npo BapTÍCTB
xjii6opo6cbKOÍ npani. HaHjiinmHH BÍpm acpopncTHHHoro rany —
peJlírÍHHO-4)ÍJIOCOCpÍHHHH „CoTBOpHTeJIb". ^HBHO, IHO B nOBHaJIBHHX
Bipmax, äkhx i b HBoro TejK HHMajio, TaKi np6pi (popMyjin pianii. IJa 3p;í6híctb tpopMyaioBaHHa npHKpamyG uiai Bipmi, sm Hanp., niceHHHÍI:
Jfl6
CyMHo, MapHO no npjiHHi,
nOHOpHijIH 6íjií KBÍTH,
noíKOBK jiHCT Ha nepeBHHi, max nojieTÍB b íhuií cbíth.
Or 3anana chbí XMapn njjiy 3eMJiK) 3aJiHBaiOTb, HarapaMH híhhí Mapn
3   BÍTpaMH  CR  p03MOBJIflK>Tb . . .
Horo TyHcnni, keijihhohijKo , rojioBOHbKy HaxHjiaem? Horo njianem, nÍBHHHOHbKO, cjn>03aMH ch 3ajiHBaeni?
Hh th hojih noKHHyjia? Hn He Maeui MaTyceHbKH? Hh TH Kpaca 3arnHyjia?
rOBOpaTb BOpÍHteHbKH?
— Hi MHH hojih noKHHyaa, hí He Maio MaTyceHBKH, hí mh Kpaca 3arHHyjia, hí roBopaTb BopiaíeHtKH,
HHO  MH Ty>KHO  3a BeCHOK),
mp TaK 6op3o nepenmjia. Kynn rjiHHy MHCJieHbKoio, HeMa Toro, mp m jnoóHJia.
AGO OHHH 3 HaÖJlinniHX BÍpUlÍB 3 HHCJieHHHMH n,ÍHJieKTH3MaMH, BH-
npaBflaHHMH TeMoio; rupnpaBna, než Bipm — HacaiflyBaHHa nojit-CbKoro Bipuiy KoaceHbOBCbKoro :
BepXOBHHO,  CBÍTKy th Ham!
Teö, hk y Te6e TyT mhjio! ..
3 Bepxa Ha Bepx, a 3 6opy b 6ip 3 jierKOK) b cepni nyMKOio, b aepeci Kpic, b pyKax Tonip, 6yae jieriHb toôokj .. .
I KOJiH 6 nnpc Jiin, 3 xpeôTa Bifl i BenMinb niHÔHyB jiicaMH, 3aBÍHB Mr, 3arpaB BecKHfl, HepeMom ryKHyB CKaaaMH:
W
To MH TO naC, TO MH TO niCHB,
Moaonae, Hy ace b po3TBopn! OBeanj cnaaB 3 Kyaepeii naicHb i naai, naai Ha ropn!
JIítom niaHM, 6h híh, 6h fleHb, xaonni ryjiaioTB TaM Hanii, CBoôiAHa TaM Bona, oreHB, noBoai jiica i nami.
TaM naH He Kaas jiamjiroM Meac, Bopor He cTaHyB cTonoio, — OyHHaa TaM 3eMai oneac, naeKaHa nicHen pocoio ...
ľlopya noe3ÍH YcTHaHOBHH nncaB noBicTi. JJpi HaiiBHnaT-Himi 3 HHX — y KOJKHOMy pa3i HaSjiinmi 3pa3KH yKpamcBKoi npo3H míjk Kbítkok) Ta KyjiimeM. Oôhhbí MaiOTB ceaaHCbici TeMH. „MecTB BepxoBHHna" — BopoacHeaa naox napyÔKÍB 3a nmrniHy, aae 3a-míctb Toro, mp6 3acrpeaHTH cynepmítca b ropax, repoS noßicTH BpHTOsye üoro Bin, BenMena; „CrpacmiH aeTBep" — icTopia niBMHHH, any 3axonaK»k)TB onpnmKH. YcTHaHOBHa yMie po3BHBäTH cboí npocTi cioaceTH njicaBo Ta 3 Han'aTTHM; BHicaan. pÍ3H0MamTHHÍi: aBTopa, 3ÍHOBHX 0CÍ6 npo MHHyae toiho. HncaeHHi nia.aeKTH3MH BHnpaBnaHi BepxoBHHCBKHM OToaeHHHM. CaM aBTop y cBOGMy BHKaafli He y6e-piraeTBca Bin, caoB'aHÍ3MÍB: peicyTb, noaTeHiiii, oöcTOHTeabCTBa, ,,cnycKaTH TOCKaHBy roaoBKy Ha B03n,Hxaioin.y rpynb" i t. n.. Fapm MaaiOHKH KpaGBHnm: „HeMa Han. 3eaem csaTa. . . Bnöfleni Ha noae — pan! 3eMaa npncTpoGHa b ubíth, KpacycTbca, mob b Bmni Bin.naHHHa roaca, a aicH 3eaeHÍK)Ti>, aicoÖH b CBaToannx pH3ax; noaa, 3aciaai 3oaoTHM 3epHOM, BHnycKaioTb nepniHH Koaoc Hann, a b canax aepeBHHa, o6aaHa bohhhm MoaoKOM, aac Tarae b cbíjí xoaonpaoic"; „CyMHo inyMian 6opn, mob anxHM TOBKca 3anan,0Benb no tíchhx neöpax Ta hhkhx apoBax. JXo noaoHHH yxonHBca rpyönn TyMaH, i cím i TaM no Bepxax 3aaar yace CHir TaöopoM Ha CTaae 3HMOBaHHH. He6o npHonjaoca oaoBOM, aicn nonopman, HaBiTb 3e-aeHa aam^a noieMHiaa, 3aiyacHaa. 3 öopiß Konrian rycTi CTyaem hhmh, aKÖH niß CBÍTa ropiao. . . TJpHb npoMHHyb, hk roniraa, TCMHa Hia aaa npnaaraTH 3eMaK). .. IlycTo yaHHHaoca no Bepxax, ray-XHH roMÍH, po3KoancaHHH inyMOM 6opiB Ta menoTaMH thchhí noTO-kíb, po3aHBca no nmiä npHpoaj i anme oeOKaHHH Ha Menšena po3-pHBaao 3-nifl noaoHHHH tot cMepreabHHH cyM ocíhhboi Ha Bepxo-BHHax Hoai..."
P03MOBH aoÖpe BHÖyayBaHi. IlepeacHBaHHa aiňoBHx oci6 3Ma-aboBaHi npn n,onoM03Í o6pa3ÍB: ,,B moíh rpynn nepecyBaanca 3a-
JfJ-8
b'h3kh BCHKoro nyBCTBa, hk ch nepecyBae KopajiHK 3a KopajiHKOM no niOBKOBÍií HHTiíi"; „Ha Jinne noro ocijia Ha XBHJitKy HeonncaHa m'hkíctb i Tyra, mob Be^ipmií cyMpaK Ha ycMHpeHe Mope". iHOfli 3aHaflTo B>Ke poMaHTHHHo: „Bor... hdocthb MeHi sa tog neKjio, mo Homy b moí'm cepiri", Tomo. „CTpacHHH neTBep" 30ynpBaHo hk ícto-piio HGBMOJiHMOi nojii („cyfltóa"), HKy Hanepefl npoBimae HaBÍTB
COH.   „MeCTB BepXOBHHI^H"  — MOpajliCTHHHe  OnOBÍflaHHH. yCTHHHO-
BHH fle-He-ne KHnac MopajibHi Ta pejiirioni 3aBBarn, Ta ne TaK ynce noBepxoBO HaB'H3am 30 onoBinaHHH, hk y Kbítkh. Ajie nncaB bíh i cyTO MopajiicTHHHi, noBHajiBHi onoBÍp,aHHH: „Orapno GcppeM", ne
CTapHÍi CejlHHHH 3-nÍfl JlBBOBa Ha KÍJIBKOX fleCHTKaX CTOpÍHOK noB-
nac aBTopa, jinuie iHOfli po3noBÍnaioHH ňoMy HKycB npnrofly aôo 6aÖKy; „,ZIonycT Eojkhh" — BHce 3aHaflTo npHMÍTHBHe — ajih Ha-pofly! — onoBÍ,n;aHHH npo 3Jii bhcjiíhh npoKJiBomB. „Hin Ha Bep-HcaBi" — rapHHH MajiioHOK rip yHoni .„TojiKymeMy 0TBep3eTBCH" — MHcreiĺbKHÍí nepena3 cnorafliB rajinntKoro MHTponojíHTa üxh-MOBHHa npo noro ahthhí poKH, TeJK He 6e3 „Mopajii". B KOHíHOMy pa3i ycTHHHOBH^ hk npo3a"ÍK Mae BHflaTHe Micne B yKpaiHCBKÍH jií-TepaTypi, xoh nnraTH fioro n Tpeôa Í3 cjiobhhkom.
4. HeBejíHKa jiiTepaTypHa cnafliiniHa íhuihx noeTÍB rajrauBKoi pOMäHTHKH. HkÍB rOJIOBanbKHH HanHcaB jiňme KijibKa BipniiB ni-ceHHoro rany, 3 MopajiJiio „xto npainoG, ope, cie, toh i njiofliß ch Hanic", a6o:
JlyHHe   njIHCTH nOTHXOHBKHM Ta  neBHeHBKHM xonoM, OÔMHHaTH OCTpOBOHBKH, KaMÍHHH H KOJIOflH.
Bíh naB i nepecnÍBH cepÖcbKHX niceHb 3 HHCJieHHHMH flÍHJieKTH3-MaMH Ta npo3a"ÍHHÍ nepeKa3H Ka30K Ta HapoflHHx aHennoT. IßaH Ba-rnjieBHH Jinme nonaB BÍpnioBaHHMH öajiHflinHHMH onoßiflaHHHMH („Manen", „2KyjiHH Ta KajiHHa"). BanKOBa npo3a o6ox yßecb nac 3pnBaGTBCH Ha CTapy CTOKKy cjtob'hhiuhhh. TaK caMo Bipmi AHTOHa MorHJibHHiĺbKoro (1811-73), cepen, hhx ranoßi naHeripH^mi, Ta He-3aKÍH*ieHa noro noeMa „Ckht MaHHBCBKHÍí"; TejK noeMH „Kohiouihk" (1853) „EyH Typ BceBojiofl" (1860) E. .ZJinHnBKoro. Cnojiy^ieHHH
flÍHJTeKTHOrO 3a6apBJieHHH 3 CJI0B'HHÍ3MaMH CTaBHTB IX TBOpHÍCTb OCTOpOHB BÍfl TÍGÍ JIÍHÍ'Í MOBHOrO p03BHTKy, Ha HKy CTaJia raJIHI^BKa
noe3ÍH nÍ3HÍme, b nacn „peanÍ3My". B noBHin JiiTepaTypi i ni TBopn MorjiH 6 3HaäTH co6i Micne.
5. 3oBCÍM   OCTOpOHB   JlÍTepaTypHOro  p03BHTKy   3aJIHIHHJiaCB Bifl
íhdjhx nacTHH YKpalHH -— yKpama niflKapnaTCBKa. HenncjieHm ii
nHCBMeHHHKH He fliOHIJIH i flO  3p03yMÍHHH 3Ha^eHHH Han,ÍOHaJIBHOÍ
419
MOBH. MoJKJIHBO, IH.0 HKÍCB hoth pOMEHTHKH 03HBaK>TBCH BJKe B fle-HKHX   3   He^HCJieHHHX   (18)   BÍpniÍB   BaCHJIH  ^lOBrOBHHa   (AHB. VT,
T. 6). 3HaBeHB 3axiflHboi KyjiBTypn, Hanp. KaHTa, JIpBroBHH Mir paHime, aHiJK rajinnaHH, b yropcBKOMy otohchhí ihocb noBinaTHCH npo HOBy poMaHTHHHy noe3iio. Ajie b iioro HacjiiAyßaHHHX HapoA-HHX niceHB BajKKo 6aHHTH ihocb 6ijn>nie, aHÍHc noeTHHHi rpauiKH me KJiHCHMHoro THny. Bes cyMHÍBy 3B*H3aHHH 3 rajiHHBKOK) po-MaHTHKOK) OjieKcaHAep .ZlyxHOBHH (1803-64) nniue híjikom Mirna-hok> MOBOK), ajie b noro Bipmax ^yra bíatomíh i HaHioHajiBHHx i ncHXOJioriHHHx mothbíb rajiHHBKOÍ pomehthkh r
h PycHHt ôbijtb, ecMij h ôyny,
H pOAHJICH PyCHHOMt,
necTHBiH Mou poA^ He 3a6yAy, ocTaHycb ero cbihomt> ;
PyCHHTj  öbijtb  MOH  OTeiTB, MaTH,
pyecKan bch poAHHa, PyCHHBI cecTpBi h SpaTBi h uinpoKa APy^KKHa;
BejIHKÍH moh pOAT> h rJiaBHBIH,
Mipy ecTB coBpeMeHHÍH,
AyXOMT> h CHJIOK) CJiaBHBIH,
bcbm-b HapoAaM-b npieMHBin ...
A6o:
TopBKO CTeHH, pBinaio,
CKOpÔJIIO Ha CaMOTHOCTB,
h cefi Macb npoKJiHHaio yofcriny cboôoahoctb ...
A6o:
noAyBau BÍTpHKy, noAyBaíi JieroHBKo,
HaÖ MOH MHJieHBKa CnO^IHHe THXOHBKO.
/ÍBHrHHCH neaajiBHo b rjiyôoKiH Hcajioöi, He Aepsaíí bíhth Ha GH hophím rpoöi...
IIpH MHJieHBKoö rpoÔi HMy icKoniTe,
COCXHyTOG tíjio
npH híh norpeöiTe ...
420
HepHOBHH TOO nOKpOB,
CKaHceT nojKajiyn:
ce TyT jieaíHTt jiioöob.
Hobíthíh npaBonnc, hk ôanHMo Ha ocTamibOMy ypHBKy, 3HaHH0 Ha-ÖJiHHiae MOBy BipuiiB no HaponHoi. Ajie u,e He 3aBJKHH mohcjihbo, 60 TJyxHOBHH Bipuiye i Tan:
P03y JHOOHXt,
yBecejiHxt
B30P1J  MOH  eK) HeBHHHO,
Bcerna nBfcjia, BecejiHjia
BCe OHeHbKO  JIIOÖHMO . ..
B Bipuiax 3ÔipHHKÍB, hk Hanp. ,,IIo37j;paBJieHie PycHHOB-b" (1852 p.) aôo íhhihx me 3 60-x poKÍB MaeMO MHMajio 3 thhobhmh poMaHTHn-HHMH MOTHBaMH: HauioHajibHHM (piflHa MOBa — aBTopaM 3jj;e6ijib-Hia He hcho, HKa eaMe) Ta MejiflHxojiiÖHHM (Tyra 3a noMepjiHMH). Ajie MOBHi BJiacTHBocTi Ta HeBHcoKa noeTHHHa BapTicTb BipuiiB He naiOTb im npaBa Ha Micue b 3arajibHÍH icTopii yKpai'HCbKoi* jiiTepa-Typn: bohh HajieHcaTb no CKJianHoi MicueBoi Tpan,HH,ii.
6. ÍIonaBuiHCL me nepeji Khíbcbkoio poMaHTHKOio, poMaHTHHHa noe3ÍH 3axiflHÍx 3eMeJib cKopo BBiöpajia b ce6e hchbí bohh noe3Íi HaHÖijibiHoro noeTa yKpai'HCbKoi poMaHTHKH — HleBnenKa. Ha bíh-míhhíh npjii rajiHĽ[bKoi Ta nioKapnaTCbKOi poMaHTHKH MoaceMO 6a-
*ihth, OCKÍJIbKH nOJlÍTHnHÍ yMOBHHH BnJIHBajIH TaM Ha p03BÍH JlÍTe-
paTypH, JliTepaTypHa TajinnnHa nepe3 KijibKa necHTHJiiTb CTae b pi-BeHb 3 JiiTepaTypoK» HannHinpHHCbKOio; ninKapnaTTH Ha noBri ne-chthjiítth B3arajii Bimanae 3 icTopii yKpaiHCbKoi JiiTepaTypn.
TajiHiibKa poMaHTHKa Mae neBHi pncH, hkí np3BOJiHiOTb HaM 11
36JIH3HTH   3    CneUIKpÍHHO    aBCTpÍHCbKHMH   JlÍTepaTypHHMH TeniHMH
(„ôinepMaep"). Ajie jien.Be hh BapTo bhjj;íjihth ii b oKpeMim HanpHM yKpai'HCbKoi jiiTepaTypH (hhb. EKCKypc V).
JX' KiiiBCbKa poMaHTHKa
1. JJpyrHM ocepenKOM poMaHTHMHoro pyxy 3poÖHBCH b nojio-bhhí 40-x pokíb Khí'b, yHÍBepcHTeT, 3acHOBaHHH 1834 p., nonaB 36h-paTH b cboIx CTiHax yKpai'HCbKy Mojioflb. nepniHH peKTop, (pijioco-
CpÍHHHH pOMaHTHK MaKCHMOBHH  (3 1834 p.)  3yMÍB BHKOpHCTaTH cbog
CTaHOBHme ajih OHtHBjíeHHH fliHJibHocTH Ha nojii yKpa"ÍH03HaBCTBa. MHxaôjio MaKCHMOBHH (1804-73), mp nonaB cboio HayKOBy njajib-
Jf21
híctl y Mockbí hk npHpono3HaBeHb Ta poMaHTHaHHH (piaocotp, npn-oíhhhk poMaHTHHHoi (piaococpii IIIejiJiÍHťa, b Khgbí noKa3aB ce6e HeBTOMHHM flocjiiaHHKOM yKpaíHCbKoi CTapoBHHH Ta nepenycÍM eTHO-rpacpii, Han hkoio bíh CTapaHHO npainoBaB b Mockbí. Horo 36ipKH niceHb 1827, 1834, 1848 p. HaaeaíaTb no Haůjiinuinx Ta m a jih Bean-KHH BnjiHB Ha poMaHTH^Hy jíiTepaTypy. Bíh TpHMaeca, monpaßna, ,,pocÍHCBKo-yKpa*ÍHCE.Koro" norjiany, npHnycKaioan yKpamcbKy MOBy jiHHie rjih. neBHHx jíiTepaTypHHX raTyHKÍB Ta rjik 3axinHBo'i YKpa-
ÍHH,  ne  BJKHTOK  pOCÍHCbKOl  MOBH  H6M0HíaHBHH   HepC3   H63HäHHH íí.
JiHHie nÍ3HÍHie bíh BnnaB yKpamcbKHH nepeKJian „CaoBa o noaKy IropeBÍ" (1857) Ta ncaaMÍB (1859) i KÍabKa BipniiB, KÍabKa 6yao BHflaHo 3Í enaflmHHH. MaKCHMOBHH 3Hae nepeBaacHo nBa noniocH noeTHHHoi MOBH — BHcoKy 3 n;epKOBHocaoB'aHÍ3MaMH Ta Haponny.
ílKOCb OCTOpOHb BÍn pOMEHTHKH CTOlTb H6B€JIHKa Ta He HyJKe HlHHa
noeTHana cnanmHHa uboro (piaococpiHHoro poMaHTHKa. OnHonacHo (b 30-40-x pp.) nepeacHBae neBHHH hobhh po3kbít KniBctKa JJy-xoBHa AKaneMÍa, 3pe<popMOBaHa 3i 3HnmeHHHM CTapnx TpanHuiH, aae Tenep 3axonaeHa cyaacHHM (piaococppiHHM pyxoM (Feťeab Ta nonacTH (piaoco(pia poMaHTHKH 3 HleaamťoM Ha noai).
2. y 40-x poKax y Khgbí 3ÍHiuaHca KocTOMapoB, mp CTaB TaM npocpecopoM yHÍBepcHTeTy, Kyjiiui, LTIeB^eHKo, hkhh yaíe 6yB aBTO-poM ,,KoÔ3apa" (1840) Ta caaBeTHHM noeTOM, Ta KÍabKa CTyneH-tíb, mo ne saaHHiHan BH3HanHoro cainy b iCTopii yKpaiHCbKoi' aÍTe-paTypn, aae čepen hkhx 6yan uiKaBi Ta opHťÍHaabHÍ nocTaTÍ, 30Kpe-Ma M. TyaaK (1822-99) Ta B. Biao3epcbKHH (1825-99). „KniBCbKa MoaoniJK. .. 6yaa ranöoKO npocßi^eHa CßaTHM ÜHCbMOM, — up 6yaa MoaoniHc bhcokoí hhctoth nyxoBHoi", — nncaB nÍ3HÍHie Ky-aini; B. Biao3epcbKHH 3naBaBca aeKOMy „nyTeBOflHOio 3opeio no Bi(paÍGMy": „aHroabCbKHH MHp nynii, coaonKa po3MOBa — o6pa3 acHTTa hhcthh i b HaHBHiHÍH CTenem npaBenHHH, noeTH^He 3axon-aeHHa i ni^abmcTb cyTO-npaKTHaHa, acBaBa i 6e3nepepHBHa, — i Han yciM hhm — naaMeHHa aioöoß no XpncTa!" XpncTHaHCTBo KH3H cnoaynaaoca 3 cpiaoco(přiHoio poMaHTHKoio: Ha HbOMy uiaaxy Ixhím npoßinHHKOM 6yB npocp. AKaneMii, pamnie i yHÍBepcHTeTy pociaHHH n. Abcghgb (1810-53), mo 30KpeMa 3axonjnoBaBca xpnc-THHHCbKOK) mícthkok) Ta poMaHTHHHOK) ncHxoaorieio (LUeaamr, HoBaaic, I\ T. HlyoepT ň íh.). Bíh ^acTo 3ycTpiBaBca 3 Biao3ep-cbKHM, TyaaKOM, O. MapKOBHneM, no3HHaB im khhjkkh, aae Haň-ôiabuie BnaHBaB Ha hhx ocoöhcthmh po3MOBaMH. JJp (piaococpin-
HOl    pOMaHTHKH    npHGnHyBaaOCb    HHTaHHa    pOMaHTHHHOl KpaCHOl
aÍTepaTypH, a 30KpeMa yKpaiHCbKoľ Haponnoi caoßecHocTH (36ipKH MaKCHMOBHHa, Cpe3HeBCbKoro) Ta caoB'aHO(piabCbKo'i aÍTepaTypn. IIpoöaeMa „HauioHaabHoro nyxa" Mycnaa b cBřrai hhx nyxoBHX
422
njKepeji HaÖpaTH HOBoro 3a6apBJieHHíi: TaGMHHi^i nioncbKoi nymi, Te, mp „HaKpecjieHe b cepn,i Bojkhí'm nepcioM", HafiTicmme 3b'h-3aHi 3 nyxoBoio enmcTK) BCboro Hapoay. A uh nyxOBa enmcTb b yKpaÍHrjjiB, a Moace i cjiob'ah B3arajii, HaíŕricHiiHe 3B'H3aHa 3 xpnc-
THHHCTBOM. /JoJIH yKpaiHCbKOro Hapony 3b'S3aHa 3 peJliriÖHHM BÍfl-
ponjKeHHjiM. „XpHCTHHHCbKa i HayKOBa" nponoBiflb čepen, „naHÍB yKpaiHCBKHx" MycHjia npHBecra np po3B'a3aHHa i iiojiíthhhhx i co-u;ÍJiJibHHX npoÖJieM. MaôyTb, g TyT neaKi ßiaryKH i xpncTHHHCbKoro cou;iajiÍ3My KOJinníHtoro (ppaHiiy3bKoro „peaKijioHepa" („TpaniiHio-HajiicTa") JlHMeHe i nonbCbKHx Temň Hboro THny.
B   npOTHJieJKHiCTB   HO   pOMaHTHHHOrO   3aX0njieHH3 CTapOBHHOK)
xapKiB'HH, mo He nyace npHn,hbjihjihch np MaößyTHboro Ta He ßa-HHail b HbOMy HmorO, KpÍM HeflCHOrO yKpaiHCBKO-CJIOB'aHCLKOrO „BÍn,pOn.HCeHHH",   flJIH   KHHH   HKpa3    MaÖßyTHG     CTaG OCHOBHHM
MOTHBOM cßiToraany: „XpucTOßa peairia naaa cbítobí hobhh mo-paatHHH ayx. .. CnacHTenb BinKpHB aioncTBy aioôoB, MHp i cbo-6ony, píbhíctb naa bcíx i ÔpaTepcTBo Haponm — hobí uLni, BKa3am
HapOflaM flJIH 3flÍHCHeHHH B  HHX BeJIHKOl   inei  JHOflCBKOi GflHOCTH",
npöpo yKpaiHH MoacjiHBe annie ,,npn BHnoBHeHHio sanoBÍTy Hainoro ôoacecTBeHHoro CnacHTeaa", yci noßUHHi ctphmíth np „3niäcHeHHH Eoacoi npaBflH, np .. . naHyBaHHH cboôohh, SpaTepcbKoi jiiooobh i HapoHHboro npopoÓyTy" (Bijio3epcbKHÍi). „IIpoKHHyTbCH. . . cjio-B'aHCbKi HapoflH. ..  npaBna i piBHicTb 3anaHyiOTb" (KocTOMapoB).
npnpoaHG 6yjio yTBopeHHa opraHÍ3an,ii 3 uieio naaTcpopMoio — „KHpHao-MeTOfliÍBCbKoro öpaTCTBa", — iflea HaaeacHTb, MaßyTb, Ty-
aaKOBÍ.   TOBapHCTBO   —   pOMaHTHMHO-XpHCTHHHCbKe   3 TaGMHHHHMH
oöpanaMH, aöeTKOio, inoHaMH, oöpyHKaMH, npoicHyBaao Henpßro. Bace Ha nonaiKy 1847 p. naeniB ňoro 3aapeuiTOBaHo. Aae KopoTKHH nepion, ňoro icHyBaHHa npnmc HeMaai jiiTepaTypm Ta inpoaorinm mionn.
KniBCbKa poMaHTHKa me npoaceBpiaa niae npcaTHaiTTH. IIpHT-pOM ľi no 1850 p. 6yB npocp. Teopii* aiTepaTypn M. Kocrap, a b 1850-4 íioro HacTynHHK, A. MeTaHHCbKHH, mp nepeĚuiOB cionii 3 XapKOBa. Aae i'x cayxani, mp KynanaHCb naBÍTb y rypTKH Koao KocTHpa, híhhm ceôe Ha noai yKpamcbKoi aiTepaTypn He BnaBHan.
3. IneojiormHy nporpaiviy KHpHao-MeTon,i'ÍBHÍB nonaB TBip, hkq-ro aBTopoM 6yB KocTOMapoB: „KmirH ôhtíh yicpaiHCbKoro Hapony". „Kaum" HanncaHi b 6i6aÍHHOMy cTHai, hk nncaanca nonlôm ícto-piococpinm TBopH Ha 3axofli Ta b eaoß'aH (Miu;KeBHH, ĽĹlTyp; mp „KHHrn" 6 HacaiflyBaHHaM HaM HeBinoMoi „HanAHicTpaHKH", hk 3a-neBHHB KocTOMapoB acaHflapMÍB, flyace cyMHÍBHo). „Khoth" no-flaiOTb cnepiny KapTHHy cbítoboi icTopii hk HaKpecaenoro BoroM ruaaxy np cnaciHHH: „Bor eo3flaB cbít i nocTäHOBHB, m,oQ KoacHe
423
kojiího i KOJKHe njieMeHO myKajio Bora, KOTpira on. HOJioBÍKa He-najieKO, i noKJiOHajiHea 6h SoMy bcí jnon,e i BipyBajra y floro, i jik>-6hjih 6 floro, i 6yjiH 6 bcí macjiHBi". IcTopia, o^Hane, CTajia 3a-HenaaoM nboro Boacoro 3aKOHy, ajie ,,3MHJiyBaBCb rocnonb, OTenb HeÔecHHÔ HaA ponpM ^iojiobíhhm i nocjiaB Ha 3eMJiio CHHa CBoro, inp6 noKa3aTB jhoaam Bora, H.apa i IlaHa. I npHÖniOB Chh EoacHfi Ha 3eMJiK>, mp6 oakphth jiioahm icTHHy, mp6 Taa icTHHa cuooonnjia pon, tojiobíhhh". Ajie i nicjia XpHCTa nponpBacyeTbca ninynan,: „Kopojii" Ta „nann" 3aMÍHioiOTb BJian,y XpHCTa cbogio BJiacHoio, cppaHH,y3bKa peBOjnon,ia g noMHJiKa, 6o ,,HeMa cboOooh 6e3 XpHCTO-boí Bipn".
Cjiob'hhh 3o6paacyioTbca b Apyriň nojioEin-:i „KHHr", hk cnan,-kogmijí „napcTBa Boacoro"; ajie h bohh He BimpaBAajiH ceóe, oBa-paHHca míhí co6ok> Ta nepeÖMaiOHH Bee 3 3axon.y. Hlnpine 3Majibo-BaHa icTopia yKpa'ÍHH Ta "íl noHeBOJieHHa. Bhxíh, y TOMy, mp „ícthh cjiaß'aHHH" (b ÍHHioMy Micn,i „ícthh yKpa'ÍHei;b") ,,He aioÓHTb hí iíapa, hí naHa, a jiioÖHTb i naaťaTac onHoro Bora — Iicyca XpHCTa". „Kmim" 3aKÍH^iyG poMaHTHHHa KapTHHa „BiAponaíeuHa'', a6o ,,noB-CTaHHH 3 MepTBHx", y KpaÍHH'. „JleacHTb b Mornjii yKpaiHa", ,,I BCTaHC ynpama 3 cbogí* Mornan i 3HOBy 030Berbca so bcíx 6paTÍB CBOIX ..."
He JiHHie ineoJiori^Ho, a h JiiTepaTypHo men TBip KJiane nin,-BäJiHHH ajia HKorocb HOBoro MaôoyTHboro. Bíh nponoBacyc Tpa-
flHIjilO XapKÍBCbKHX pOMäHTHKÍB,  IUOAO yKpaiHCbKOl  MOBH „Kmirn"
po3paxoBaHÍ, 6e3yMOBHo, i Ha *raTa*ia ,,3 Hapony", aJie 3aMÍCTb „npocTanbKoí" mobh Kbít^hhhx jihctíb (VI. JX. 5), öynyiOTbca Ha
„BHCOKOMy"  ÔiÔJlÍHHOMy cthjií.
4. Ajie yKpamcbKa MOBa HOBoro THny Bace icnyBajia i no3a
XapKÍBCbKOK) pOMaHTHKOK). I BJiaCHe noeTHHHÍ TBOPH HHMäJIO CnpHH-
JIH aK He BHpoôaenHK) CBiTorjiany 6paTHHKÍB, to floro yKpinjieHHio, cnpHHjiH i i'x Bipi b MaäöyTHG yKpaiHH. H,e 6yjia noe3Ía remajibHoro noeTa — Tapaca IHeB^eHKa. Kyjiiui nncaB nÍ3HÍuie: „Ha HleB-HeHKa BSHpaao ÔpaTTe, aK Ha aKHHCb HeöecHHÖ cBÍTHJibHHK, i ce 6yB norjiaA npaBHHBHH.. . ", ,,My3a HleB^eHKa po3pHBajia 3aßicy HapoAHboro acHTTa" — imrue KocxoMapoB: ,,I CTpaiuHo, i cojionKO, i Ôojiícho, i HapiBHO ôyjio 3arjiHHyTH Tynn! . . TapacoBa My3a npo-pBajia aKHHCb nin3eMHHH 3aKJien Bace KÍJibKa bíkíb 3aMKHeHHÖ 6a-raTbOMa 3aMKaMH, 3ane^iaTaHHfi 6araTbOMa nenaTaMH".
HleBMeHKo (1814-61) nonaB nHcara Bipmi ine b neTep6yp3Í KOJio p. 1837 Ta 1840 p. BHn,aB 36ipKy 8 noe3iä nin, Ha3BOK> ,,Ko63ap", 1841 noeMy „rafl^aMaKH", oônnBa TBopn pa30M 1844 p., OKpeaii Bipini ApyKOBaHo me no 36ipmncax neTep6yp3bKHX Ta XapKÍBCbKHX. HpoTaroM najibniHX Tpbox pokíb, nepeöyBaio^H Ha yKpa'ÍHi, HleB-
neHKo mnroTOBjíHG pyKonnc „Tpn jíiTa" Ta 1847 p. 36HpaGTí>ca BHnycTHTH npnoBHeHe BHnaHHH ,,Ko63apa". ApeniT noeTa Ta nepnii poKH „coaaaTnHHH" Ha 3acaaHHÍ 740 1850 p., a noTÍM ocTaHHi poKH acHTTa no noBopoTi (1857-61) IIIeBaeHKO „Mepeacac" Bipmi flaai i 1860 p. TaKH BHnac HaHOBO ,,Ko63apa", nonaBími no m>oro Te 3 hobo-HanucaHHX BipniÍB, mp ap3FoaHjra n,eH3ypa. JJJaabini BHnaHHH „Koösapa", 30KpeMa npa3tKe BnnaHHa 1874 p., naßaan 3aBaqiH hobí Bipiui, aae noKH BHnaHHH 1907, 1908, 1910 p. He noaaan noBHHÖ TeKCT yeix noe3iö UleBneHKa. Aae npan,io Han. öoro TeKCTaMH He 3aKÍHaeHO h hhhí.
5. IIoe3Ía IIIeBaeHKa cnpapviaa Ha opaTHHKÍB Ta ö B3araai Ha MHTaaiB Toro nacy (He BHKaionaionH i CTaporo noKoaÍHHa) Bean-ae3He BpaaceHHa. lie 6yao moot n,iaiíOM HOBe, BeaeTeHCbKe, Beanno-pHce — He anuie 3míctom, aae ö cpopMoio. JlenBe nn noeT Miř 6h BHKaHKaTH TäTiHH nepeBopoT, 3HaÖTH Tane 3araatHe BH3HaHHa, hk6h hg Haa3BHHařhí n o e t h n h i BaacTHBocTi BipuiiB IHeBneHKa, hk6h bíh 6yB noeTOM (popMantHo n.pyropan,hhm.
noeTHHHÍ hkoctí noe3ÍH IIIeBaeHKa 6e3 cyMHÍBy nonacTH 3y-MOBaeHi HOrO ÍHTHMHHMH 3B'a3KaMH 3 HapoAHOM noe3ÍGio. Bo bíh He npocTo nepecniByG HaponHi ni hí, a TBopHTt nicHÍ, b gctbí CBOGMy Haponm. Bíh He anme niaaxoM 3ÔHpaHHa HanöaB CKap6 HaponHoi noeTHKH, hí! MoBa HaponHoi noe?ii hí6h öoro npnponHa MOBa.
HacaMnepea naaeacHTt n,e 'Ka3aTH npo pHTMiKy öoro BipiniB. Mh öannan, mp Bace nHCLMemn^H KaacHU,H3My nonacTH Hacainy-lOTb pHTMÍny HaponHoi nicHÍ. IIIeineHKO one aaai. y Htoro g cnpoÖH HHcaTH po3MÍpaMH, inp 3HaooMÍ äoMy 3 nonepenHboi yicpamctKOi Ta pociöcbKoi noeaii. Aae bíh nepexonHTt 30 tihiobhx HaponHHx ni-ceHHHx po3MÍpÍB: KoaoMHHKOBoro: 8a. 86. 8b. 66*:
IlaHByTb co6i cniBaioan; — ' — ' — '--
Mope BÍTep nyG. ' —' — ' —
rionepeny TaMaaia — '----' —
ôannaKOM KepyG ... --' — ' —
Ta KoaanKOBoro: 10a. 10a. 106. 106:
3 Tpy6aöaoM AatTa míhc ocokoio — ' — ' — /---' —
3ÍninaHCB 3'eaHaaHCb, mob 6paT 3 cecTpoio, — ' — ' — / — ' — ' —
i Bee re, Bce xe panyc oni, — ' —' — / '--' —
a cepnp naane, raaHyTt He xone ... — ' —' — / '--' —
*) IJh ň Aajniii ,,(j)opMyjiH" xapaKTepH3yH>Tb cTpcxpH BipniiB: hhcjio BH3Ha-iac KOJKHoro pa3y tciJibKicTb cKJia#ÍB y psflicy, jiiTepn ,,a, 6, b" -— phmh. BejíHKi jiiTepH („A, b, b...") BH3Ha^aioTB tek 3Bam „mojiobí^í phmh" (Harojioc Ha oc-TaHHboiwy cKJia^i), MaJii — „jkího^í phmh" (Harojioc Ha nepeflocTaHHboiwy cKJia-Ai), jiixepH 3 pHCKOio („a', 6', b'...") — „aaKTHjiiqm phmh" (Harojioc Ha TpeTbOMy
CKJiafli BÍ A KÍHU.H pHflKa).
425
IIIeBHeHKo BiflMOBjifleTBCH Bin. iiijiKOM npaBHjiBHoro HepryBaHHH Ha-roJiociB y Bipini (hk ne 3a pociöcbKOio noe3ieio poÔHB KoTJiapeB-cbkhh). BinnoßiaHO no 3äK0HÍB yicpaiHCLKoro HapoflHoro Bipiny y IIIeBHeHKa nepryBaHHH HarojiociB 3HaHHO Biatmine — pnTMiHHy
OflHHHITK) yTBOpiOIOTB He 2 HH 3 CKJiaflH, a IliaHH pHflOK*. Ajie KO-aOMHHKOBHH Ta KOJIflflKOBHH pHTM He GflHHi pHTMH,  HIO  mh IX 3y-
CTpinaeMo b IIIeBHeHKOBHX BipHiax. Bíh 3ajiK)6kh 3MÍHI0G Ta Bapiioe Bipxn b TOMy caMOMy TBopi (nop. öaraTCTßo phtmíb y „raMajiii"), a 30KpeMa poÖHTb cnpoÔH 3 HaiipÍ3HoMaHÍTHÍruHMH pHTMaMH, Hanp., y HynoBHx nicHHX, nio bíh ix nnnie b Ka3eMaTi a6o 3anncyG no ,,3a-
xajiHBHHX KHHHíenoK" Ha 3acjiaHHÍ:
\
Oh oflHa a oflHa, 6a. 76. 6B. 76
ČIk ÔHaHHOHKa b noai, Ta He naß Mem Bor am inacTH, hí noai.. .
rioHafl noaeM ine, 6A, 6A, 86, 86, 5A
He noKocH Kaane, He noKOCH Kaan e — ropn! CTorHe 3eMaa, CTorHe Mope,
CTorae Ta ryne!
Oh, cTpineHKa 30 CTpine^KH —     8a'. 8a'. 86. 86.
Mepeacaio Tpn híhchijKh, MepeacaK), BHuiHBaio, — y Hefliaio noryaaio ...
Hk6h MeHi nepeBHKH, 8a. 8a. 5B. 8b. 8b. 5B.
to nimaa 6 a Ha My3HKH, —
ropeHBKO mog! HepeBHKiß HeMac, a My3HKa rpaG, rpac,
acaaio 3aBH.aG! . .
I 6araTa a, 5A. 5A. 56. 5A
i BpoHJiHBa a, Ta He Maw co 6i napn — 6e3TaaaHHa a! ..
rioponnaa MeHe MaTH        8a. 8a. 5B. 8b. 8b. 5B y BHCOKHX y naaaTax, IHOBKOM noBHaa.
*) 3acjiyra BiflKpHTTH HapoßHoro xapaKTepy Bipmy HleBHeHKa HaJiescHTi.
CT. CliaJIB-CTOIĺbKOMy.
y 30ji0tí, OKCaMHTÍ,
mob Ta KBÍTOHKa yKpHTa, pocjia a, pocaa ...
Oô, He n'iOTBCH nHBa, Mean, 8A. 5B. 8b. 5B
He n'eTbca Bona; npHKJiiOHHJiacb 3 HyMaaeHbKOM y CTeny 6iaa .. .
OS niiHjia a y ap 3a Boapio, 10a. 10a. 66. 66. 7b'. 66 aac TaM Mnanô ryaac 3 npyroio.
A Taa flpyraa,
po3ayaHHu;a 3aaa — ôaraTaa cycin,0HbKa,
BHOBa Moaonaa...
y nepeTHKy xonHaa        8a. 46. 8a. 46. 8b. 8b. 46
no opixH, MiponiHHKa noaioönaa
aaa noTixH MeabHHK Meae, mepeTye, oöepHeTbca, non,iaye —
aaa noTixn .. .
i t. a,. Aae n,e öaraTCTBo phtmíkh me He Bee. BaacHa My3HHHÍCTb BipiniB LĽIeBaeHKa noaarae m,e i b ÍHinoMy.
Phmh IHeBaeHKa ayace naaeno BiaxonaTb Bia, nonepenHboi Tpa-n,Hnii yKpai'HCbKOi phmh, 3a g^hhhm bhhhtkom BipmiB Ckobopohh (n.HB. V. B. 7). Bo i 6apoKKOBe, i KaacHHHe, i poMaHTHHHe yKpam-CbKe BipniyBaHHa cTpnMiao, aK i Bipmi 3axin,HboI noe3ÍI Ta cyciaiB yKpai'hh, aara b o6ox caoBax, mp pHMyiOTbca, noBHy TOToacHÍCTb 3a-KÍHaeHHa: KyHae :: eniBae, rpomi :: míxohouií, hhth :: po6hth, Mara: :naTH, aoacHTb: :cHflHTb i t. a,. IIIeBaeHKo pimyae nopHBae 3 nieio Tpa3HL(,ígk5 Ta, HflyaH 30 neBHo'f Mipn 3a HapoaHoio nicHeio, a no-aacTH i HaB'a3yiOHH cbíh Bipm 30 Tpaa,Hnii öapoKKOBoi noe3ÍI, xoa 6h anme nyxoBHHx niceHb, a Moace h CKOBopoan (,,Ta h cnncyio CKOBopony a6o 'Tpn napic co aapn'..."), naG 3aMÍCTB noBHol to-ToaíHocra TiabKH HenoBHy noniÖHicTb 3aKÍHaeHb — neaKi 3ByKH annie noniöm, aae He tí caMi. nieBaeHKo pHMye: BÍKa:: KaaiKy, híb-aaTa::Mara, KpaiHH: :noMOBHHy, xaTÍ::6paTa, bhobo : :po3MOBy, My-Ko: :pyKH, nycTHHa: :aoMOBHHH, 6poBH: :MOBy, MOBy: :ai6poBH: :caoBO i t. n.. A6oac oflHe 3 3aKÍHaeHb Mae 3afiBHH 3ByK, Mac Ha 3ByK 6iab-nie; TaKi phmh 3pin,Ka 3ycTpÍBaaHCb b 6apoKKOBHX Bipniax: niflKpaancb: ryKpaan, Moanaacb:: Banaa, Mornan: :MaaocHabHHH, py-max: :BKpaÍHa,   po3pySHye: :cyMyem,   KatinaHH: :noraHHH, TeMHH-
h,hx: :Bn,OBHU,e, niracb: tnÍTH, TpacHJio: :bkphjiocb, nin thhom; *.xeith-hh, cxopoHHJia: :HtypHjiacb i t. n,. A6o cnojiy^ye oôhrbí 3míhh, — i oflHH 3ByK íhuihh Ta i onne 3aKÍHHeHHH Mae me 3aÖBHH sByK: YKpaiHo: :rHHern, uiynae: :ninpocTaiOTb, Hanin): :peBÍjin, pynn: :bh-cokhh, HeBOJii: rnojieM. A6o, Hapeiim, bíamíhhoctí míjk oöoMa 3a-KÍHHeHHHMH pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍ, ajie neBHe cniBSBy^HH mh Bce m, *iyeMo: CTorHe: rnpoxojiOHe, njiaTa: :njiaKa,Tb, kopmhjiom : :xbhjihx, cmík> ^hce>: :cKpÍ3L i t. n- iHOfli 3MÍHIOGTLCH Harojioc: Kpáio: :naiÓTi>, o*ie-péT: :BenépaTb i t. p;. I „HenoBHi phmh" He jranie BrnianKOBi, a Han-3BH^aHHo psem b Bipinax IIIeB^eHKa.
Monte 3flaTHCH, nip TaKa „HeTOHHicTb" aôo „HenoBHOTa" phmh 3acjia6jiiOG BpajKeHHH Bin BipuiiB. lie He Tau! üonepine, HenoBHi
PHMH naiOTb UleBHeHKOBi MOJKJIHBÍCTB yHHKHyTH TÍG1 On.HOMaHÍTHO-
CTH phmh, HKa nocTac ^epes *iacTHH yjKHTOK THX caMHx rpaMa-
THHHHX (pOpM, hk pHMH y KoTJIHpeBCBKOTO'.  MOTOpHHH: :npOBOpHHH,
n;aB: :HaKHBaB, tpohhujíb: :jiaHnÍB, a6o — 3 caivroro IIIeB^eHKa: ry-jiHJiH: :cnÍBajiH, 3Hae: :niKaHflH6aG, MJiijia: :HÍMÍjia, TopÔHHa: ^njHTHHa, HÍJKeHHTa: ^ÍBHaTa, CTaporo: :tobcto:to i t, n. Phmh HleBneHKa CTa-K>Tb *iepe3 ne HecnoniBamnii, opHrtHajibHiini, „ßaraTuii". IliícaBo, mp pociöcbKe BipHiyBaHHH 3nÍHCHHJio Taný caMy pedpopMy Bipruy Ha nonaTKy 20 ct., 60 pokíb no IIIeBneHKOBi, a Bnepme TaKHx pHM nonaB ^acTinie BJKHBaTH b npyrio nojiOBHHi 19 Brny A. Tojictoh, mp 3HaB i yKpaÍHCBKy Haponny nicHio i yKpamcbKy noe3ÍK>. — Ajie IlIeB^eHKo hájikom BHBaHcyG Ty BTpaTy cnÍB3By*mocTH, mp npnHO-CHTb Í3 C060K) HenoBHa pnMa, ine ä íhhihmh niJinxaMH. ľlonepme,
BÍH Han3BHHaHHO pHCHO BJKHBaG „BHyTpmiHbOl pHMH", CeÖTO pHMH muk pÍ3HHMH CJIOBaMH TOTO CaMOrO pHHKa  (BHyTpíniHK) pHMy 3HaJia,
30 pe^i, poMaHTH^Ha Sajiana B3arajii).
TaMaJiia! cepnp mjiíg ...
ecTb y MeHe ríth, Ta ne Ix noniTH...
ycronn, ne Jnonn .. •
Toň Mypye, toh pyÖHyG . . .
i n,apHTa, i cTapnaTa ...
míjk HpaMH, Han CTaBaMH,
He nßi nom KaPi OTIi • • •
XTO cnHTaG, npHBÍTaG...
a THM HaCOM chhí bhohí .,.
npojíiTaiOTb, 3a6npaK)Tb Bce noßpo 3 C060K)...
428
i CBflTaH TBOfl cjiaBa hk nHJiHHa jiHHe...
cnn, MnrpHHe, Hexafi rHHyTB y Bopora a,íth! Cnn, reTBMaHe, noKH BCTaHe npaBaa Ha cím cbítí ! . .
6a6yceHBKO, roayöoHBKo, CKaHÍH, 60 TH 3HaeiH, — xoae aaTH MeHe meth 3a CTaporo 3aMiai . . .
I na „BHyTpiiiiHfl pHMa" y IIIeBneHKa He BHnanKOBa pHca oKpeMHX
paflKÍB HH BipiHÍB, - hü   Ufi  CHCTeMaTHHHO  BJKHTHH  3aCÍ6 npHCH-
aHTH Ty cnÍB3ByaHÍCTb, HKy noaacTH BTpaaeHO aepe3 HenoBHy pHMy. Aae IIIeBaeHKo 3Hac i íhiiií sacoön npHcnaHTH noBH03ByaHÍCTB Bipuiy.
Bipni IIIeBaeHKa 3HaaHO 3ByaHiniHH, noBH03ByaHHH Ta „mhjio-
3ByaHÍHIHH", aHÍaí Bipnii BCix yKpaiHCBKHX nHCBMeHHHKiß 30 HBCTO
Ta h no HbOMy. IIoniÖHoi BHyTpiuiHBoi cnÍB3ByaH0i mobh npcaraan annie HeaHcaeHHi noeTH cbítoboí poMaHTHanoi noe3Íi, inp b Tamä Beamtin Mipi 6yaa opicHTOBaHa Ha ,,My3HamcTfc" (Ka. BpeHTaHo).
LUeBaeHKO apcarae Han,3BHaaHH0i noBH03ByaHocTH, nonepnie, npocTHM noBTopeHHHM thx caMHx a6o cnopiHHeHHx caiB. B nyei HapoAHOÍ niem IIIeBaeHKo noBTOpioe caoBa:
y k p a í h o, y k p a 1 h o,
h e h B K o Moa, h e H B k o . . .
I'm 30CTaaacB np6pa caaBa, Mornaa 30CTaaacB...
m h h y b piK, m h h y b apyrmi...
a6o pÍ3HÍ cpopMH Toro caMoro caoBa:
... 60 c n o a h h y,
HK ÖaTBKO CnOHHHyB...
I bcí n o a h a h. Chbhh b xaTy i caM niuioB onoaHBaTH....,
HaKynnye noBTopeHna b TOMy caMOMy HeBeamcoMy Bipnii:
M H h a K) t B   a,hí,   M H h a K) T B HOHÍ, M h h a 6 aÍTO......
.......i He 3Haio,
HH H   HC H b y,   HH   n, O HC H b a K),
A nafi aíHTH, cepneM hchth
A ine ripine — c n a t h, cnaiH, i c n a t h Ha bojií ...
I TaK cyťecTHBHo-HenoMÍTHo bíh oyaye iiíjií BÍprui Ha nocTÍHHHX noBTopeHHHx:
CaflOK   BHUIHeBHH   KOJIO XaTH,
xpymi nan, b h hi h h m h rynyTB, njiyraTapi 3 njiyraMH n n, y t b, cnÍBaiOTB i n y h h mÍB^aTa, a MaTepi Be^epan. acnyTb. Cím'h b e h e p h Koao xain, b e h i p h a 3ÍpoHBKa Bcxae, noHKa Be^epaTb nonae...
3 a t h x a o Bce . . . TiabKH nÍB^aTa Ta coaoBeÖKO ne 3 a t h x.
aôo:
l3-3a r a K) coHU,e e x o n h t b, 3a raň Í3axon,htb; no noamd yBenopi
K03aK CMyTHHH   X O j\ H T b. XopTB   bíh rOHHHy,
x o a h t b bíh i npyry, —
He   BHXOflHTb HOpHOÖpHBa
Í3 TeMHoro ayry,
He BHXOflHTb 3paaanBaa . ..
Aae IIIeBHeHKo w,e 3Ôaranye HncaeHHÍ cnÍB3ByHHH, mo noBCTa-K)Tb nepe3 noBTopeHHfl, cnÍ3By*r<iHMH Miac pÍ3HHMn íhhihmh eao-BaMH, npcaraiOHH Han,3BH*iaHHHx ecpeKTÍB; Hanp.*:
(nOBTOpeHÍ 3ByKH)
Moa nopaflOHBKa CBaTaa, Mo-flo
Moa TH npae Moaonaa... MO-npa-Moaon,
*) IIJ,o5 3BepHyrn yßary ^íHTa^a Ha ije cniB3Byq*iH („eBcpoHho") b Bipinax IlIeBieHKa (flKy iHOfli 3Byxb „ÍHCTpyMeHTaijiGK>"), noflaGMo AäJtí nopyn 3 Bip-
IIiaMH tí CKJiaflH, mO nOBTOpiOK)TBCH b pÍ3HHX CJľOBaX. He M0JK6MO HaneCTH bcíx
noBTopeiii. 3ByKÍB, 6o qacTO b ijíjihx pHflKax noBTopioroTbCH Bce tí caMi tojiochí aöo nparojiocHi. BnnncyEMo TyT MaöJKe tíjibkh qijii cKJia^H a6o rpynu 3ByKiB.
JfSO
Bíh Synye nijii CTpotpH cboix BÍpiuÍB Ha noBH03ByHHHX noB-TopeHHHX yme híjikom pÍ3HHX, ne cnopinneHHX míjk co6ok> cjiíb:
6e3 MHjioro CKpÍ3b Mornjia Hh to HeflOJia Ta HeBOJia,
HH TO JlÍTa TÍ, JieTHHH . . .
a6o:
kopobh ninyTB no fliópoBi, fliBHaTa BHHnyTb Bony 6paTí>..
. . . lHyTb MOJIHTfcCH
neHiii 3a Tyca. 3-3a ropn nepBOHe coHrie aJK ropHTt ...
inp6 a nocTÍJib Becejia cjiajta, y Mope cjiÍ3 He nocHJiajia ...
Ceno! cejio! Becejii xain, Becejii 3flajieKa najiaTH . ..
ninpoKii cejia;
a y cejiax y Becejinx
i jnofle Becejii...
IIo flÍ6pOBÍ BÍT6p bhg,
ryjiae no nojiio,
Kpaíi noporn rae tohojiio
no caMoro noJiy •..
a6o:
HnrpHHe, HnrpHHe! Bce Ha cbítí nrae, i CBHTaH tbos cjiaBa,
HK nHJIHHa, JIHHe
3a BÍTpaMH XOJIOnHHMH . . .
MHJIOr-MOrHJI
HH-TO-He-OJTH-Ta-OJIH HH-TO-JTÍT-TÍ-JieT
poBH-ni-nyTfc-no-ni-6p-oBÍ ni-aT-flyTí>-ay-6p-aTfc
ca
■<ie-iii-3a-ca-3a-ropH Me-OH-oH-iie-ropn
c-Ji-ce-c-jia-jia cji-CH-jia-jia
ce-jio-ce-Jio-Be-cejii-th Be-cejii-aji-aji-th
ce-jia
ce-jia-Be-ce-JiH Be-ce-jii
no-po-BÍ-BÍ-BH jiH-no-no-Jiio pa-no-po-no-JíK) no-no-jiy
HHr-pH-He-HHr-pn-He
Bce-na-CBi-rH-He
cBa-c-Ba
jiH-Ha-jiH-He
bí-mh-hh-mh
HleBHeHKO bmíg BHKJiHKaTH caMHM 3ByK0M BipiiiiB neBHe Bpa JKeHHH, híďh My3HHHOH) MejionÍGio. Oci> npHKJiann noxMypoí „ÍHCTpy MeHTaiíii" BipniiB Ha „p", „y", „op", „oji":
BÍTpe ÓyHHHH, BÍTpe 6yHHHH! TH 3 MOpCM rOBOpHLU, -
36ynn noro, 3arpaH th 3 hhm, cnKTaii chh6 Mope . . .
BÍT-pe-6yH-HHH-BÍT-pe-6yH-HHH
TH-ope-opn
flH-TH-HH
HT-He-ope
y Hen.ijno Bpamn' paHo nojie KpHJiocfl TyMaHOM; y ryivraHi Ha MorHjii, HK TOnOJIH, noxHJiHJiact MOJion.Hn,H MOJionaa. IHoci. np jiOHa npHropTaG Ta 3 TyMaHOM po3MOBjiae: „Oh, TyMaHe, TyMaHe! Míh jiaTaHHÍi TajiaHe! HoMy MeHe He cxoBaem OTyT čepen, jiaHy?"
A6o noxMypa cHivrdponiH panKÍB:
Hí6h cepíne onnonHHe, 3 BoroM 3aroBopHTb .. . A TyMaH, HeHa^e Bopor, 3aKpHBae Mope i xMapoHtKy poHíeByK), i TbMy 3a co6ok) po3CTHJiae TyMaH chbhíi,
i TbMOK) HÍMOIO
onoBHG to6í nymy • • •
pa-H-pa-HO noji-jioc-Ty-MaH-OM TyM-aH-Ha-Mo-Jii noji-no-JiH-jiacb
MO-JIOn-MO-JIOn
ocL-np-jia-Ha
Ty-Ma-HOM-MO
Ty-Ma-He-Ty-Ma-He jia-Ta-HH-Ta-jia-He My-Me-He-He Ty-Jia-Hy
Hi-He
oro-aro-Bopn
TyM-aH-He-Ha-Bopo
3a-pH-Ba-ope
apo-po
Tí>My-3a-oK>
po-TyM
TbMOIO-MOK)
Ufi npHKJiann, ajie He oKpeMi jinuie BHnanKH! TaK „ÍHCTpyMeHTO-Bam" HHCJieHHi mícuh BÍpinÍB 3 ycix nepionJB TBOpHOCTH nieBHeHKa. I kojih n,h ÍHCTpyMeHTaniH b neBHHx BHnanKax naBÍTt npnoMarac
HOeTOBi BHKJIHKaTH B HHTa^a neBHHH HaCTpÍH, TO iHO^i 3ByKÍB yJKHTO
TaK, mo caMi 3ByKH MajiioiOTb neBHy KapTHHy, Hanp., uiejiecT Birpy b ocon,i:
BiTep b rai He ryjine, bhohí cno^HBae;
npOKHHeTbCH, THXeCeHbKO
b ocokh nHTac:
„Xto ce, xto ce no u,ím Sonj
nenie Kocy? xto ce?
Xto ce, xto ce no tím 6on,i
pBe Ha co6i koch?
xto ce, xto ce?" — TnxeceHbKo
cmrraG-noBÍG. ..
a6o:
......niejiecTHTb
nojKOBKJie jraCTa; racHyrb om
m-c-^H
CH-xe-ce
co
xTo-ce-xTO-ce-ni-n,i
ne-nie-cy-XTo-ce
xTO-ce-XTo-ce-ni
CO-CH
xTO-ce-XTO-ce-xe-ce
me-jie-CT
5KO-jra-CT-CHy-HH
432
3acHyjiH nyMH, cepíne ctihtl; CHy-JiH-ce-e i Bee 3acHyjio ... ce-3a-CHy-jio
He 3MeHinye BapTocTH BipniiB HleBneHKa Te, mo b Soro Bipniax iHOfli 3ByK0BHH 6ík, My3HHHÍcTL MOBH, a He nyMKa, KepyG BHÖOpOM cjiíb Ta ôynpBoio peneHHH.
My3HnHHx 3aco6iB IIIeBHeHKo BHCHBae flynce pÍ3HOMaHÍTHo: MaGMO b HBoro, Hanp., THnoBi „cniBoni", „niceHHi" Bipnii (nanp., ÔijibHiicTb niceHb, 3Hanna nacTHHa noeM), a nopyn Toro — Bipnii neKJiHManiHHi, peTopHHHÍ (naTeranHi mícd;h b noeMax, Bipnii 30 noeTiB, nepecniBH cb. IlHCbMa, ,,JJp MepTBHX i jkhbhx .. . "). Ta no-pyn nnx raniß g i íhuií. My3HHHa 6ynoBa Bipuiiß pÍ3Horo Tnny BiflMiHHa. Tpeöa 3BepHyTH yßary Ha Te, mp HaBÍTb y cboí'x pociň-
CbKHX np030BHX TBOpaX IIIeBHeHKO ÍHOní KOpHCTaGTbCH THMH Ca-MHMH   3aC06aMH   3ÔÍJIBniHTH   3ByHHÍCTb   MOBH:   nOBTOpeHHH   CJIÍB Ta
CKJiafliB, inpnpaBna, HaoSijibine b ohhcobhx Ta jiipnnHHX Micnnx.
My3HHHicTb MOBH HleBneHKa caMe TOMy Tan BnjiHBac Ha hh-Tana, mo npH nbOMy HafcynneHHi onHaKOBHX 3ByKÍB MOBa IHeBneHKa He poÖHTb BpajKeHHH niTynHoi. BoHa Han3BHHaHHo tícho Haß'H3y-GTbca np MOBH HapoflHHX niceHb, ajie b toh caMHÖ nac He Koniioe i"i no-pa6cbKOMy, a TBopno nepeTonjiHG. nonHBHMocb, hkhmh pncaMH BHSHanaGTbCH Mosa HleBHeHKa.
6. CxOJKÍCTb 3 HapOHHHMH niCHHMH He G B HleBHeHKa HKHMOCb paÔCbKHM  KOnilOBaHHHM.  BÍH bíjibho  TBOpHTb y CTHJliCTHHHHX (pOp-
Max HapoflHoi nicHi. Ha KijibKa HaiíxapaKTepHCTHHHiiuHx pne mo-
JKeMO  nOflHBHTHCH ÔJIHJKHe.
JIlOÖHTb UleBHeHKO nOflBÍHHÍ CJIOBa, THHOBÍ flJIH HapoflHoi nicHi, 30KpeMa flJIH ,,nyM": CpÍÔJI0-3JI0T0, HEUieKO-BHCOKO, HaHKOK)-Bn,obh-UeiO, maCTH-flOJIH, MHJIHH-nopHOÔpHBHH, HpOM-HOJIOM, THÄKO-BaHCKO,
CMyTHHÖ-HeBecejiHH, Men,-ropijiKa, naHOBe-MOjiomji, jKHB-3nppoB, bíg-noBÍBae, cypMH-niaöJii, njiaKaB-pnaaB i t. n,.; Ta nopyn 3 TpanHnm-HHMH 3HaHj4eMO i TaKÍ, hkí, MaöyTb, yTBopeHi caMHM noeTOM, mp6 nepenaTH fioro  BjiacHi  o6pa3n:   3aryjio-CKa3ajio, cnÍBaTH-po3MOB-
JIHTH,  Híyp6a-MOBa,  CJIb03H-CJIOBa,  CJIb03H-pÍKH i T. 3.
vs* JXo oKpeMHx cjiíb HleBHeHKO, Ha 3pa30K HapoflHoi nicHi, npnaG
nocTÍHHO tí caMi osHaneHHH (eniTeTH): hijihx Ta nppora ,,6htí",
KOHHK   BOpOHeHbKHH,   BÍTep   ÖyHHHH,   CHHG   Mope,   HepBOHa KaJIHHa,
ApiÔHi CJIB03H, TeMHHH raö, 3ejieHHH öafipaK, opjiH ,,cH3Íi" a6o
„CH30KPHJIÍI",   6ÍJie  JIHHKO,  HOpHÍ  6pOBH,   Kapi  OHÍ,   BHCOKÍ MOrHJIH,
CTen niHpoKHH, nopHÍ XMapH, 3opi nepBOHi; MaöyTb, i TyT nacTHHa BHraflaHa HleBneHKOM „b flyci" HaponHoi* noe3Í'i. — HleBneHKO bjkh-BaG, HK HapoflHa nicHH, caMnx enireTiB, m.06 BH3HanHTH npenMer: BopoHeHbKHH (kohhk), OyHHeceHbKHÍi (BÍTep), nopHoöpHBHH (napy-
433
6ok), CH30KpHJIHH  (opejl), CHHG  (MOpe), 6íjiojihuhh   (MÍCíinb), JlIOTe
(rope), K03ane (cepiie) i t. 3.
Bíh 3 oxoTOK) BJKHBae niceHHHx noeTH^HHx 3aco6iB, Hanp., CTa-bhtb napajiejiio 3'flBHnia npnponn 3 noniiiMH Ta no^yBaHHSMH
JIIOflCbKHMH:
BcTaG XMapa 3-3a JlHMairy, a 3pyraH 3 nojia: 3ajKypHjiacb YKpaiHa — Tana 11 Harm ...
3aKpHKajiH Hopni upyKH, BHHMaiOHH oni;
3acnÍBajiH Kosa^eHbKH
niCHK) tí'í ho*lÍ . . .
CyMHo, cyMHo cepen, He6a
CHG oíjiojihijhh.
noHan, ^HinpoM K03an ine,
MOJKe 3 BeTOpHHIli.
Ha ropofli kojio 6pony ÔapBÍHOK He cxohhtb; TOMycb fliB^HHa no 6pon,y no BOfly He xon.HTb ...
Aöojk noeT npoTHCTaBJiHG pÍ3HÍ nonii, inp6 nepe3 npoTHCTäBjíeHHS (aHTHTe3y) 3Po6hth HaoHHiniHM cbog onoBinaHHji, i aHTHTe3a — yjHOÖJieHHH 3aci6 HaponHoi* noeTHKn:
To He Brrep, to He oyimnn. . .
TO He JIHXO, TO He TJDKKe ...
IHacjinBa rojiyÖKa: bhcoko jiiTac, noJiHHe no Bora — MHJioro nHTaxH. Koro JK cnpoTHHa, Koro 3annTaG?
Bace He TpH nHi, He Tpn hohí, ö'gtbch naH Tpncnjio ...
He KHTaHKOK) noKpnjiHCb K03an,i>Kii oni... Opeji bhhhhb Kapi om Ha qyjKOMy nojii! ..
He medene cojioBeinco
B Jiy3Í Han BOflOK),
He cnißae HopnoÔpHBa,
ctoh nin, Bepöoio;
He cniBae — hk cnpoia,
ÖijIHM CB1T0M HynHTb.
HacTo BHpa3 aöo npocTo y3HTo 3 nicHi, HaßiTb 3 cpajibinoßaHHx pyu ■— „peBHyjiH rapMaTn", a6o yTBopeHo b niceHHOMy cthjiI 3 Haöjin-aceHHHM 3,0 HKorocb niceHHoro 3BopoTy: njiHBe HOBeH, Bonn noßeH; 3 BiTpoM MorHJia b CTeny po3mobjihg; Mornjia 3 öyinraM ßiTpoM b CTeny roßopHJia; He KHTaHKoio noKpnjincb K03anbKi'i o*ii; K03anbKeG Öijie Tijio, b KHTaHKy noBHTe; 3aciBajiH TpynoM nojie; chhg Mope BHrpaBae; 3acnnjnoTb nicKOM oni i t. n,.
IIIeB^eHKo BJKHBae He Jimne niceHHoro noeTHHHoro MaTepiajiy, a i „bhcokoi" mobh: ue, Hanp., MOBa fioro jiipn^HHx BipiuiB npo
BJiaCHy nOJIK>,   MOBa  nOJliTH*IHHX  BipHliB   (,,KaBKa3",   „JXO MepTBHX
i jkhbhx..."), a6o nepecniß ncajiMiB, Xoh Bin yjKHBae moai cjio-b'flHi3MiB: „He TBopafi ÖJiar a h" (MHOHaraa), „BCKyio", „BHyniH" i t. a„ ajie b H,ijioMy i TyT fioro MOBa Ta caMa — HHCTa MOBa, HKa npnjiaeTbCH onHaKOBo i ajih BHCJioBy Hapo^Hoi TeMaraKH („KaTe-pHHa" aöo „HaÖMH^Ka") i ajih BHCJioBy nojiiTHHHHx nyMOK i Mpifi,
i RJIH KapTHHH JKHTTH CTapo'i KOSa^HHH i RJIK nepecniBy naTeTHHHOl
mobh cb. ÜHCbMa. He nonyBaeMo TyT hihkoi HiTynHOCTH, HKa Bpa-Hcae cy^acHoro ^HTa^a b Bipuiax KocTOMapoßa a6o MeTjiHHCbKoro.
TJeHKi pHCH MOBH CTapiHHX nHCbMeHHHKiß MaÖJKe 3HHKaK)Tb y HleB-HBHKa,   Hanp.,   -qHCJieHHi   B   KJIHCHKiß   KOpOTKi   aiGCJliBHi   cpopMH y
IHeBMeHKa ayace piaKi: inyöoBCTb, 6yx, ryjibK. nopyn aenranx MicneBHX cjiiß, 3ycTpmeMo i cnenncpiqHHH fljifl IHeBHeHKa bjkh-tok Toro „HJiena", hkhh 3ycTpi*iaeMo nioai b HapoaHiH MOBi (hk toh noniji; KpoBaBii tu' jrira; xpeineHoü Tii' mobh, t i g k» tiaHKOK) i 1. fl.) Ta b cTapiö jiiTepaTypi. — Mafiace 30BciM 3HHKae y Hboro ByjibrapHa „npocTanbKa" MOBa KoTjiapeBCbKoro Ta iHninx. IHpnpaBaa, 3ycTprqaeMO b Hboro TaKi Bnpa3H, hk „yTHH" (3arpaii.
„yTHH,   ÖaTbKy"),   „KOÖ3ap  BUIKBapHB",   „OflHHpaKDTb"   (TaHIHOIOTb),
„HiMHrjiaG" i t. a. AeflKi 3 hhx Tofli, Moace, He MajiH m,e BiaTiHKy ByjibrapHOCTH. A %esmi b iHHinx micijhx bhchtI 6e3yMOBHo 3i „cne-ninjibHHM npH3HaHeHHHM" ((pyracnicio), mp6 KapnKaTypHo 3Majno-BaTH „BHiue" oto^eHHH, — kojih npo yKpaiHCbKHH Hapoa HleB-neHKo roßopHTb mobok) noBaJKHOio, to ByjibrapHi BHpa3H BJKHTO B Hboro fljia napiß, reTbMamB, „caTpaniß", KoHCTaHUbKoro BHCOKoro coöopy, hkhh nocTaHOBHB cnajiHTH Tyca Tomp: MHKOJia I „caTpana b Mopay 3aTonnß", „Ta b nHKy fioro hk 3aTonHTb", „toh Memnoro b ny3o"; „3ßipeM 3apeBijiH", „rypxoM 3apeßijiH" — KoHCTaHObKnii eoöop; „b Sarai eBHHH^iM" •— Eoraan i t. a. HJKaßo, mp HleßneHKo, kojih HOMy aoBoaHTbca noaaTH b Bipini pocificbKe peneHHH, 3aBHCnH
435
KopHCTyeTbca ByjitťapHHMH BHpa3aMH, — 3 tígk) caMow MeToio,
HK   Í   ByjIBťapHHMH   BHpa3aMH   npH   OnHCax   „BHCOKOro OTOHeHHa".
OTHce, po3nofliJi BHCOKoro Ta npocTanbKoro niaKOM íhhihh, 6a npoTH-jicjKHHH amac 6yjio y kjihchu;hctíb !
7. Ajie He bcí cthjiícthhhí 3aco6n IIIeBHeHKa cyTo HapoflHi, Brne bjkhtok HapoflHO-niceHHoI noeTHKH e yaioöaeHHH 3aci6 poMaH-thkíb. IIIeBHeHKO BaaiBae h íhhihx 3aco6ÍB poMaHTHHHoi noe3Íí, 60 6e3 cyMHÍBy ne 6yB toö noeTHHHHÖ HanpaM, hkhh LHeBHeHKO 3HaB, KOxaB, b HKOMy bíh, MaöyTb, 3HafiHioB cnÍB3ByHHÍCTb 3 tígio Hapofl-hok) noe3ÍGK), HKa i 6e3 ôoro CBÍ30Moro Haiwipy 3po6naacB 6h oc-
HOBOK) HOrO  noeTHHHO'í TBOpHOCTH.
Bace nepeíiHaTTa cpopM Hapo^Hoi noe3ÍI, 30 Toro nepeŽHHTHx IIIeB^eHKOM, He b KaacHniicTHHHOMy flyci, He McaabOHÍ30BaHHx" — iiiaKOM y HanpaMi ycTpeMainb poMaHTHKH. lipo ny^oBi Hacai3y-BaHHa niceHB 3 nacy 3acaaHHa Brne 3ra3yBaH0. HleBneHKO BHKopnc-TOByG i cneuHCpiHHO yKpaiHCBKÍ „ayMH" Ta Hacaiaye 3yMy b noeMi „CainHii" („HeBoabHHK"). Aae HleB^eHKo nepeOMac bír poMaH-thkh me h noeTHHHi fpopMH, mo b 3araabHÍo cbíromoctí T03Í 6yan 03HaKaMH poMaHTHHHoro CTHaio ľ 6aaaay Ta poMaHTHHHy (ôaäpo-HÍHHy) noeMy. O6H3BÍ cpopMH g ynapoM no Teopii ťaTyHKÍB Kaacn-HH3My. Baaa^a, onoBiflaHHa npo aKycb, 3ae6iabnia TparinHy nofliio, HaônacTinie cpaHTacTHHHoro Ta icTopnnHoro xapaKTepy, cnoaynye b co6i eniHHi, aipHHHi Ta 3paMaTHHHÍ (po3MOBH) eaeMeHTH, pyfiHyc cyBopHH noflia ťaTyHKÍB y noeTnn,i KaacHU,H3My. B yKpaiHCbKiíi noe3ÍI ôaaaflH IHeBneHKa He g Bace hhmocb hobhm. CnonaTKy bíh nnme aobhií öaaa^H („rípHHHHHa", „Tonoaa", „Jliaea", „PycaaKa", „Horo TH xoDHiH Ha Mornay"). Ilpn nbOMy HleBHeHKo BÍ3 3BHHan-Horo THny 6aaHnH-onoBÍnaHHH nepexo^HTb 30 opnťÍHaabHo 36y30-BaHHX öaaafl, 3e roaoBHa fliöoBa ocoöa po3noBÍflae npo cbohd floaio („JTiaea", „PycaaKa"), a nopyn: Í3 uhm yTBopiOG ny^oBÍ KopoTeHbKi 6aaaflH, mo noMirao Ha6anacaK)TbCH 30 HapoflHoi nicm („XycTHHa"= „Y nefliaio He ryaaaa", „XycTKa", „XycTHHa" = „Hh to Ha Te Boaca Boaa?", „Kojio raw b hhctím noai", „y Tiel KaTepHHH"). BaacHe, 30 öaaan, HaöanacaiOTBca TaKi icTopH*mi Bipmi HleB^eHKa, hk „Ta-pacoBa híh", „raMaaia" i t. 3. riopyn nboro IHeB^eHKo nnme HHCJieHHi „6aiipoHÍHHÍ noeMH", ceÖTo noeMH „BiabHo'i tpopMn", ne Teac 3MÍniyK>Tbca ťaTyHKH, 6a íhosí 30 Bipmy npneflHyGTbca HaBÍTb npo3a — („raH3aMaKH", „Cothhk"), 3e aBTop He annie 3o6paacyc nosil, aae 3ac Micn,e mnpoKOMy BHcaoBy cbo'íx nonyBaHb Ta 3yM0K. „KaTepHHa", „rafiflaMaKH", „HepHHnja Map'aHa", „CoBa", ,,Gpe-thk", „HeBoabHHK", „HaŽMHHKa", „BifltMa", „KHaatHa", „MocKa-jieBa KpHHnna", „BapHaK", „TnTapiBHa", „Mapmia", „y Bhjibhí ro-P03Í npecaaBHÍM", „Cothhk", „neTpycb", — n,e flOBrnä meper Hboro
436
yjnoôJieHoro IHeB^eHKOM poMaHTH^moro raTyHKy, Ta ň 1857 p. bíh noHHHae HaHOBO 3 „MocKaJieBoi kphhhii,í", a oÔiuibí ni3HÍrni noeMH „HeocpiTH" Ta „Mapia" MawTL yci THnoBi pncH „6aHpoHÍHHoI noeMH".
raHHbMo, b HOMy xapaKTepncTHHHi pncn „öanpoHiHHOi noeMH". Yci iii pncn 3HaHp;eMo b IHeBnemca. H,e BH6yn,yBaHHH noeMH 3 ok-peMHX MajHOHKÍB, míhc hkhmh HeMae 6e3nocepenHboro 3b'a3Ky, no-cjiiflOBHoro nepexoay: y IHeBHeHKa Bin. HaoSijitui nocainpBHoro po3BHTKy n,il b „KaTepHHi" (aae h TyT b ochobí — onpeMi cnemi) MaeMo bcí rpanann' 30 noBHoro po3Kaan,y eniHHoro xofly noflifi. rioeMa noHHHaeTBCH 3ne6iabina Biflpa3y, 6e3 noBinoI ninroTOBH (,,He cayxaaa KaTepHHa hí 6aTbKa hí hchlkh ..., ,,Y Hefliaio BpaHiii paHO ... ", „Y OrjiaBi..."), mon,i nonaToK nonepea,acae 3araabHHÖ BCTyn aipHMHoro xapaKTepy („KoxaHTeca, nopHoôpnBi. .. "). CaMe onoBiflaHHH aBTop yBecb nac nepepHBae: cboimh BaacHHMH MipKy-
BaHHHMH  („OTaKe to Ha CÍM CBÍTÍ poÖJlHTb JHOflHM JIIOflH", 40 pan.-
kíb; „CnpoTa eoÔaKa Mac cbok> apaio" — 11 pan,KÍB; „To He Birep, to ne SyHHHH" — 24 panKH). A60 aBTop 3BepTaeTbca ap aíhobhx oci6 („KaTepHHO, cepiie mog!" — 8 paniciB; „He naan, KaTepHHo" — 11 panKiB), 30 HHTana („OraKe to anxo, ôaaHTe, ríbhsltsl" — 9 paflKÍB, „He rarraOTe, qopHoßpHBi"), raiTac b ceöe caMoro uro niGTbca 3 fliôoBHMH ocoôaMH („JXe aí KaTpycio npnropHyao? Hh b noai, HH b xaTi?" — 6 panKÍB, „JJ,e >k KaTpyca 6aynHTb?", „ . .. Hlo ac to 6yao 3 npeBocxonirreabHoio? Hlo th Tenep poöhth-Mem 3 C060K). . . "), a6o nepeÔHBac onoBinaHHH íhihhm hijihxom (,,...A thm nacoM KeTe anni Kpecaao Ta TiOTioHy, 111,06, 3HacTe, flOMa He acypnaHCb"). Ihiuí nepepBH yTBopioioTb posMOBH aíhobhx oci6, iHoni npyropaflHoro 3Ha^eHHa naa po3BHTKy híí („Cothhk", „BiflbMa", „rannaMaKH", „MocnaaeBa kphhhiih"). TnM^acoM oc-hobhí nonií b po3BHTKy cioaceTy aniue KopoTeHbKo HaMi^eHO no6m ninpoKHx KapTHH 3araabHoro xapaKTepy („JXe ac th, JIpeMO? J\e th? noflHBHca! A bíh, MaHflpyíoHH, cnißa", „JIpeMa 3 JIeH6oK> npo-Kpaaneb aac y öynimoK . . . " i t. h-)- nopyn 3araabHHX 3aco-6íb pyfiHyBaHHa eni*moi cpopMH, hkí 3Hac poMaHTH*ma noeMa, HleB^ieHKo BHCHBac m,e h BaacHHX, Hanp., ^nicaeHHHx BCTaBHHx ni-ceHb („raöflaMaKH", „HepHHiia Map'aHa", „MapHHa", „Cothhk"). HI06 n,o6pe co6i yaBHTH pÍ3HHiiio iiíg'í „BiabHoi cpopMH" Ta Tpagn-nľi KaacHHH3My, flocHTb nopiBHHTH 3o6paaceHHa nofliH y HleBneHKa 3 njiHHHHM xoflOM BHKaany HaBÍTb y TpaBecTÍHHiS „EHeifli" KoTaa-peBCbKoro! Ha 3aKÍHHeHHH HleB^eHKo a6o nonac ninpoKHH aipHH-hhh ypHBOK-KÍHiiiBKy, a6o oôpHBae fliio TaK caMo Binpa3y, aK i no-hslb („A MaTH Bace cnaaa!", „,ZlBa Tpynn Ha noai Haönian i Ha
Jf37
Morajii noxoBaan", „I noBOJiiK IleTpycb Kafinaira aac y Cnôip. .. ", „cyMyiOHH, y öyp'am yMepjia 3 rojiony. Amíhb").
Ilío^o cthjiícthkh, to cTHjib „öafipoHrqHoi noeMn" IIIeB^eHKa ne b HOMy THnoBHÍi pjia. äoro BipniÍB B3arajii. IIponycKH Ta nepepBH b 3MajiK)BaHHÍ nonin oniraKOBo THnoBi i naa fioro ôaaan. i naa íh-iuhx BipniÍB, BHKJíHKaiOTb neBHy „noeTHHHy HeacmcTb". Te, npo mp kjihchu;hcth a6o nÍ3HÍnii peajiicTH npKJianHo 6 po3noBÍnaaH (MaH-HpÍBKH KaTepHHH, yiacTb HpeMH-raaaiinH b ycix noniax noBCTaHHH,
MaHflpÍBKH   K03aKÍB   Ha   ^yjKHHÍ,   nepeJKHBaHHíI   OKpeMHX   ociô) —
nonaHe *iacTo jiHHie HaTHKaMH. Ajie, BTpanaiOHH Ha HinpoTi Ma-jiiOHKy (noeMH IHeBneHKa TOMy, mp bohh e ,,6aHpoHÍHHÍ noeMH"
MOHtyTb  MaTH  MÍHÍJITK)pHHH  OÔCHr,   JIHHie   „raSnaMaKH" HaÖJIHHia-
kjtbch np po3MÍpÍB HepoMaHTHHHoi „enone'i"), poMaHTHHHa noeMa Ta poMaHTHHHa noe3Ííi B3araJii 6araTo nepeBHinyc imni HanpaMKH „rjiHÔHHoio" 3MÍCTy. Bo naa poMaHTHKa Bce Mae nonBiíme 3Ha-^eHHa, bchkí nonii (a Hafiöiabine íctophhhí, íkhtth npnponH Ta híht-th Hapony) MaiOTb 3HaHeHHa CHMBOJiinne. LTIeB^eHKo caM oa-
BSpTO BHSHa^HB CBOG CTaBJíeHHH flO CHMBOJIÍKH, HanHCaBHIH „BeJIHKHH
Jlbox", mo bíh 3Be inp ô „MicTepicio". HaBMHCHe Tpoxn HeacHa chm-BOJiiKa „MicTepii" e chmbojiímhhm BHTOBMaMeHHfíM ycboro MHHyjioro Ta cynacHoro YKpamH. Ajie np caMe cnMBoamHe 3HaaeHHa MaiOTb y IIIeBHeHKa HHcaeHHi íhhií Micna, b hkhx CHMBoaiKa (na acaab!) HepoMaHTHHHOMy ^HTa^eBi hc Bnapac b bfü. IHb b „KaTepHHi" chm-bojiíhho 3MaJibOBaHa Aoaa yKpaiHH, lie 3po3yMÍjin HaBÍTb npH3opn Toro nacy, BHKpecjiHBuiH chmbojiíhhhh MajiiOHOK Ha no^aTKy 4-oí nicHi:
IlomA ropOK) apoM-AOaoM,
mob tí nÍHH BHCOKOHOJli,
AyÖH   3    TeTbMaHmHHH    CTOHTb;
b apy rpeôejibKa, BepÖH b pap, CTaBOK nip; Kpnroio  b  h e b o ji i...
TaK caMo cHMBoaiaHHÖ „opeji nopHim" (Pociíi) b 3acnÍBÍ ,,Ko6-3apa". Ajie, He 3ynnHaiOHHCfl Ha Hap,3BHHaHHo HHCJieHHHX chmbo-jiíhhhx MOTHBax noe3ÍI IHeB^eHKa, Hara^acMo anine o6pa3 MaTepi-noKpHTKH, ao aKoro IIIeBHeHKo noBepTaGTbca TaK ^acTo: hh 3 oco-ôhcthx nepeacHBaHb, hh 3 nepeKa3ÍB o6pa3 npä Bnpic, — oafi^yace; aae ne& o6pa3 y HleB^ieHKa 6e3 cyMHÍBy cHMBoaÍ3yc poaio yKpamn, ninMaHeHoi Ta oÔAypeHoi „MOCKaaeM", inp Knaac CHHa; chh — cy-nacHe IIIeB^eHKOBi noKoamna, mo Mac noMCTHTHca 3a Marip. ni3-Hinie n,a CHMBoaiKa 3míhk)GTbca (rhb. psuii E. 2). — Imna chmbo-ai^Ha Teaia IIIeBneHKa — Ko63ap, ôaHaypHCT, yace b noabCbKin yKpai'HCbKiä niKoai Ta b xapKÍBCbKiň poMaHTHn,i — chmboji noeia.
Jf38
Imiii CHMBOJiH noeTa — cojiOBeÖKo Ta opeji (3 „CaoBa o nojiKy IropeBi").
8. Tan mh nin.iiniijiH 30 TeMaraKH noe3ifi UleBneHKa. I BoHa HacKpi3B poMaHTHHHa, i Moace HafiöijiBni poMaHTH^He b Hin Te, mp Bona HacKpi3t Hau;ioHaji&Ha, yKpamcbKa. CTen i Mope, 33e6iabHia CTerr, b HKOMy big BiTep Ta 6yHHe cxBHJibOBaHe Mope, Mornan, b äkhx 3axoßaHe MHHyae yicpalHH, öypaHa ma (,,PeBe Ta CTorae JTmnp mHpoKHH" niaKOM HaB'a3yeTbca 30 Tpan,HH,ii yKpaiHCbKOi poMaHTHKH — AHB. npHKJianH VII. r. 3-4), noaceaca. neÖ3aac 33e-
ÖijIBHia pyXJIHBHH,  „JJHHaMiHHHH";   BiTep - 3H0B pOMaHTHHHHH 06-
pa3. JXo Hiboro npHen.HyiOTbCH jnc-nn: 6aHaypncT — yaioöaeHa Teina yKpaiHCBKHx poMaHTHKiB, — tpiaocotpia noe3ii po3BHH6Ha IIIeBneH-kom aeTajibHO b Horo Bipuiax 30 noeTiß — KoTaapeBCBKoro, Tpe-6iHKH, rorojiH ... JJajii — K03aK hk öopeHB 3a Boaio ; ccjihhhh, b HKOMy ÄHBe b noTeHHji toh caMHÖ Ko3aK; fliBHHHa; Main, mo cyMye Ha^ 3oaeio cboix 3tieii; raoÖHTejiB jiioay (aacTo ayacHHeub), - HP Bce TeMH, y3HTi 3 Hapo^Hoi noe3Ü aöo BjiacHoro acHTTbOBoro AOCBi^y UleBHeHKa, ajie bohh HaöyjiH b Hboro cnMBoaiaHoro xapaK-Tepy, g o6pa3aMH yicpanra, i na cHMBoaiaHa 3B03HaamcTb ycix nocTaTefi Teac THnoBO poMaHTHnHa. UleBaeHKo 3Hae ä 3araabHo-po-ManTHHHi TeMH — cpaHTacTHKy (pycajiKH, atiHKy, mp oöepTaGTbca Ha pocjiHHy, — nop. aecbKi 6aaa3H EpöeHa), ßoacesiaaa („BinBMa", ,,CoBa" i t. 3.). BjiacHe, b cboi'x noeMax HleBaeHKO Mae bhkjiiohho poMaHTHHHy TeMaTHKy „poMaHTHKH acaxy"; maax fiorp repoiß — maax 30 3arHöeai*, — caMoryöcTBO („KaTepHHa"), öoaceBiaaa („Bi^bMa", ,,CoBa", „MapHHa"), po36iHHmxTBo („BapHaK"), Cnöip („BapHaK", „üeTpycb"), niTO3ry6cTB0 („THTapiBHa"), oTpyeHHH ao-aoBiKa („IleTpycb"), 3rBaaTyBaHHH 30hkh („KHaacHa"), caMoraicTb („Cothhk", „MocKaaeßa KpHHHiia"), KaTyBaHHa, noaceaci, böhbctbo BaacHHX AiTeö, CTpaTa („raSaaMaKH", „GpeTHK") i t. 3. noraanHO „h^acaHBHH" Kmenb MaioTb aHHie „HaäMHHKa" Ta ,,HeBoabHHK". Moace b ubOMy yxnai 30 „poMaHTHKH acaxy" Hanöiabina icTO-pHMHa oÖMeaceHieTb noe3Ü LQeBaeHKa. HaüöiabHie mh noayßaGMO hk) oÖMeHcemcTb, aHTaioan Taxi pH3KH, sm:
30 caB03, 30 KpoBH, 30 noacapy — 30 BCBoro, BCboro a npHBHK. Byao, Mob acaßy Ty, Ha ennci cneaeni 3HTHHy Ha orai. ..
*) TyT 3 IIIeBieHKOM MOHCHa IIOpiBHHTH 3 HHM CIIOpi/meHOrO CJIOBan>KOrO
jjoMaHTHKa HHKa KpajiH.
439
aôo:
MapHHa rojia Ha-rojio
nepen öynHHKOM TamnoBaJia
y napi 3 Marip'io, i — CTpax! —
3 HOJKÖM OKpoBJíeHHM b pyKaX
i npncniByBajia:
,,Hh He n,e jk Ta KyinacH, mo niníHKajiacH ? . . "
IIIeBHeHKo He jinnie nepeÔMae 3 yicpaYHCBKoi icTopHHHOi nicHi Ta jiiTepaTypn BejiHHHi o6pa3H MHHyjioro. 3ycTpinaGMo b Htoro
KijIBKa nyMOK, HJIH Hboro CneiíHtpÍHHHX. IIIeB^eHKO,  nO^HHaiOHH 3
nepuiHX CBoix BipniiB, He nypHO, MaÖyTt, HacjiinyiOHH Ha3By Ha-ponHOÍ icTopHHHoi nicHi — ,,nyMa", noHHHac roBopHTH npo cbo'í Bip-uii, hk npo „nyMH", „nyMKH". B hhx flincHo no3a o6pa3aMH SaraTO jjyMOK, ineö, a kjtím My3hhhocth, ajia BipniiB IIIeBneHKa xapaKTe-Phcthhhí i Hafl3BH^aHH0 Bnajii „noeTHHHÍ dpopMyjiH", BipnioBaHi adpopH3MH, b HKHx ^acTC rocTpo 3dpopMyjn>oBaHa nyMKa, me nin,-KpecjieHa cnÍB3BVHHHMH, pHMoK) aôo mníHMH 3aco6aMH „ÍHCTpyMeH-Tan.ii":
6o Bac jiHXo Ha cbít Ha cmíx
[noponHJio ... c-jiH-x-Ha-c-Ha-c-x-HJi
BopiTecH — noôopeTe: 6o-Te-6o-Te
BaM Bor noMarac; Ba-ôo-no
3a Bac CHJia, 3a Bac bojih 3a-Ba-Jia-3a-Ba-jia
i npaBJ^a CBHTaa. aB-b-BH-aa
Ajie „(popMyjiH" i 6e3 ÍHCTpyMeHTan,ii npo3opi, Bpa3JiHBÍ, Hanjiimni npHKJiaan yKpaiHCBKoi adpopHCTHHHOÍ MOBH i noci:
On, MOJinaBaHHHa no dpma
Ha BCiX H3HKaX BCe MOBHHTb . . .
Bo „ÖJiaroneHCTByG" .. .
JIlOnH THyTbCH, HK TÍ JI03H,
Kynn BiTep bíg;
CHpOTHHÍ COHUie CBÍTHTB,
cbíthtb Ta He rpic ...
B cboíh xaTi — cboh npaBna, i cHJia, i BOJia!
Ot ne, jnonn, Hania cjiaBa, cjiaBa yKpaiHH!
Be3 3oJiOTa, 6e3 KaMeHio,
6e3 XHTpOÍ MOBH,
a rojiocHa Ta npaBnirea, hk Focnoaa cjiobo!
Mafiace HeMae Bipiny, ne xaKHX noeTH^hhx cpopMyji HeMae.
3míct noeTHHHHx cpopiwyji IHeBHCHKa Bnpa3Ho KOHEjeHTpyeTtCH KOJio KiJibKox ocHOBHHX flyMOK-noHHTb. „CaoBo", „üpaBiiia", „Caa-Ba" — TpH ochobhí noHHTTa, mo npoHH3yioTb yce noeTHHHe nyMaH-hh nieB^eHKa. „CaaBa" — aaa HleB^ieHKa — lie bch Tpaannia Ha-pony, Bee floro MHHyjie, mp b co6i acHBe i Moace oaiHTH n,aa iiiaoro Hapony. Bo „Bce rHHe — eaaBa He noaaace", lie „cBHTaa caaBa", i nieBHeHKO BÍpHTb:
I 3a6yneTi>ca cpaMOTHa naBHaa ronnHa, i oacHBe npopa caaBa, caaBa yicpaimi! I cbít acHHH, HeBenepHiH, thxo 3aciae!
„CaaBa", mp Moace nip oacHTH, — npo Hei Mpiaan i íhhií ytcpaiH-cbkí poMaHTHKH. Aae b nieBHemca „CaaBa" 3B'a3aHa 3 tígio bíhhok) „ripaBfloK)" (aöo „npaBflOK) i Boaero"), mp aaa Hboro b KoacHOMy pa3i aeacHTb y 6yn,y*iHHÍ. Bo h npo yKpamcbKe MHHyae híxto 3 po-MaHTHKÍB He BinBaacHBca cKa3aTH CTiatKH ripKHX caiß, aK nieB-qeHKO. A b cynacHocTÍ: ,,CKpÍ3b HenpaBp;a, ne He raaHy"; „P036ÍH-HHKH aKJfloiflH npaBfly nooopoan"; HleBneHKO eaM „KapaeTbca" ,,3a npaBay Ha cbítí". I áoro cTpeinaiHHa híhk He 30 MHHyaoro, i Ba<e híhk He 30 cy^acHocTH, a anine no MairoyTHboro:
Hexaá ace cepnp naane, npocHTb CBflTo'i npaBfln Ha 3eMai...
Moace iqe pa3 coHiie npaBflH xoH CKpÍ3b coH noöany . . .
BcTaHe npaB^a, BCTaHe Boaa,
i To6l OflHOMy
noKaoHHTbca bcí h3hkh
BO BÍKH i BÍKH . . .
I caMe ne niaKOBHTe HacTaBaeHHH bcíx ôaacaHb, yeix HaniÄ Ha Maô-6yTHG poÔHTb üleBHeHKa noeTOM-npopoKOM. Bo bíh ôopeTbca 3a 6y-AyHHHy, i 3Hapap;fla noro g „CaoBo":
... opio
cbíh nepeair, yöory HHBy,
Ta cík> c a o b o: flo6pi acHHBa
Koancb to 6ynyTb ...
KoMy at Ii (ayMy. Tj;. H.) noicaacy a,
í XTO TylO MOBy
npHBÍTae, yraflae BejiHKee cjiobo...
„Bejiwi.ee cjiobo", ,,cjn>o3H-cjioBa" noeTOBi xoayit CTara Bor-*tcm, nojiyM'HM:
nouijiH MeHi cBATee cjiobo, cBHTo'i npaBflH rojioc hobhh.
noflaö nyiiii yöoriä CHJiy, inp6 orHeHHo 3aroBopHJia, mp6 cjiobo njiaMeHeM b3hjiocb, mp6 jiioflHM cepne po3TonHJio, i no YKpaiHi noHecaocb, i Ha YKpami cbhthjiocl tg cjiobo ...
CjiOBa noeTa hkoiocl Mipoio Eoaci cjiOBa, 60 noer — Eohchh npo-poK. I „npaBfla i bojih", i ,,cjiaBa" 3aaeacHÍ He jinine Bifl 3aKJiHKy noeTOBoro, ajie 6e3nocepea,Hi>o Bifl Eoaíoro CJiOBa, Bojkoi bojií:
Mh BipyeM Tboih chjií
Í   c ji 0 b y   JKHBOMy . . .
HeHane cpißjio KyTe, ÖHTe i ceMHKpaTH nepejíHTe orHeM b ropHHjii, c ji o b e c a Tboí, o TocnoflH, TaKii...
Cjiobo, ino ohobhtb hchtth Hapofly, m,o noKanae nocHyjinx flo ho-Boro hchtth, inp i'x ,,36yflHTb" — TaK yHBjíHG co6i cbok) noeTHHHy TBopnicTb nieBneHKO. JXo HeacHoro o6pa3y „BocicpeceHHH" YicpaiHH poMaHTHKiß npHGflHyiOTBCH y HleBHeHKa ôíôjiíhhí o6pa3H:
I, o flHBo! Tpynn BCTaJiH
i ohí p03KpHJIH;
i 6paT 3 6paTOM oôhhjihch, i nporoBopnjiH CJIOBa thxoí JIIO60BH
Ha bíkh i bíkh ... — a6o h 30bcím hobí, b nepniHH pa3 b yicpaiHCbKifi JiÍTepaTypi peBOjno-
u;íhhí 3aKJIHKH'.
.. . BCTaBaÖTe, KaöflaHH nopBÍTe,
i BpaJKOKJ 3JIOIO KpOB'lO
BOJíK) oKponiTe . . .
... rpOManpio o6yx cTajiHTb, na floöpe BHrocTpHTb coKHpy,
Ta H 3aXOHHTHCfl ÔyflHTb,
a to npocriHTb co6i Heöora
30 cyny BoíKoro CTpaniHoro . . .
PÍ3H0MaHÍTHe   p03yMÍHHH   BKJianaJIH   Ta   BKJiaflaiOTb   B HIeB*ieHKOBÍ
o6pa3H Ta noHíiTTíi. I ne He hhbo — hk noeT, bíh i ne Miř cna3aTH híjikom HCHO Te, mp MycHTb cKa3aTH nojíiTHKH, ajie oflHo 6yjio 3a-CHOBKOM ycix noro o6pa3ÍB Ta nyMOK, noHHTb npo „ITpaBny", „Bo-jik>", ,,CjiaBy", b ím'h hkhx bíh „CTaB ... Ha po3nyTTÍ... lG3eKÍi'jieM" — yHBJíeHHa npo YKpamy Ta yKpaiHCbKHÖ Hapon., hk npo hchbí m i ji o c t i, KOJieKTHBH, ocoojihboctí b cím'i HapofliB Ta nepacaB; i ,,coh", ajie Bace He ,,CMepTb" YKpaÍHH fljiH Hboro — He BTpaTa 3bh-naiB Ta HaBÍTb mobh (hk chh eejia, bíh npöpe 3HaB, mp Tanoi BTpaTH HeMae, Ta nonyBaB, mp BOHa He 3arpojKyG), a Jinnie nojíiTHHHe noHe-
BOJieHHH PoCÍHCbKOK) nepHíaBOK) Ta napH3M0M. IlH flyMKa, BHCJIOB-
jieHa UleBHeHKOM jinnie KÍJibKa pa3ÍB, ijíjikom nopHBajia 3 yKpaiH-CbKOK) TpanHu;ÍGio pociöcbKoro naTpioTH3My 18-19 ct. i saöesneny-Bajia HleB^eHKOBÍ Micne ne jinine b icTopiľ jiÍTepaTypn, a i b icTopií yKpaiHCbKOÍ nojiÍTH^Hoi nyMKH.
9. rio3a BÍpnioBoio cnaniuHHoio IileB^ieHKa CToÍTb „yKpa'ÍHCbKa fliH" ,,Ha3ap Cto^ojiji", HKy nncaHo b neTep6yp3bKÍ poKH, cnonaTKy no-pocižcbKH, a noTÍM nepeKJianpHO aBTopoM Ha yKpa'ÍHCbKy MoBy. Bin, íhhihx flpaMaiHHHHX cnpoô UleB^eHKa He 3ajiHniHJiocíi cjiipy. /IpaMa na aochtb Tpan,Hn.íhhhh cKOKeT: npnKa, mo 11 6aTbKO-coTHHK xone BHflaTH 3a 6araTÍH-no jikobHHKa, BTÍKaG 3 Ha3apoM; 6aTbKO íx 3axonjnoG, ajie npnaTejii 3BÍJibHHK>Tb Ha3apa Ta xonyTb 3aôHTH coTHHKa; ypHTOBaHHH Ha3apoM cothhk HecnofliBaHo KaeTbCH Ta &j\e b HeHiji , (CnoKyTyBaTH cboi 6e33aKOHÍH", 3a bhhhtkom npopnx cneH, flpaMa Mac xapaKTep poMaHTHHHoi npHMÍTHBHo'i MejioflpaMH. MoBa HeHHCTa. 60 nieB^ieHKO, MaßyTb, me He BnnpaBHB cBoro nepeKJiany: flocHTb 3raflaTH JKaxjiHBe b ycTax yKpamcbKoi aíbhhhh ,,6aTioniKa". /IpaMaTHHHy n,iio nepepHBaiOTb cniBH Ta TaHiji; BCTaBJíeHO eTHO-rpacpi^Hy eupHy CBaTaHHH. ü'Gca He ripuia, ajie h He Jiimna Bin, íhuihx yKpaiHCbKHX MejioflpaM 19 Biny.
10. HanrjiHÖHiHH cjiifl nopyn IIIeB^eHKa 3ajiHHiHB b yKpa-'iHCbKiíí flyxoBiň icTopií IlaHbKO (naHTeJieÖMOH) Kyjiini (1819-97). Ajie b KHiBCbKi *iacH öoro nocTaTb hk nncbMeHHHKa me ne BHCTy-najia hcho. Bíh, inpnpaBna, 6yB yjKe aBTopoM kíjibkox TBopiß po-
CiHCbKOK) MOBOK):  OnOBÍflaHb, flHBOBHJKHO'i  ,,riaM'HTHOÍ khhjkkh flJIH
U3
noMÍin,HKÍB HepHirißCBKoi* ryöepmi", mp Haranye TeHfleHnrnm „JIhcth . ., " Kbítkh Ta nÍ3HÍiny „üepenHCKy" Torojia; icTopnaHoro HapHcy „üoBecTb 06 yKpaHHe", pomehthmhoto icTopnmroro poMaHy „Mnxařbio HapHHineHKo" Ta onHoro yKpamcbKoro TBopy — „Vr-paÍHa" (1843, ekb. aaai). yicpamcbKi ßipuii, onoBÍn,aHHH „Opnca" TaK caMo UK i pÍ3HÍ eTHorpaipiam MaTepiaaH, bcí Bace totobí 30 HpyKy mb naBÍTb BHapyKyBam, He BHxoaHaH me b cbít; 3 yKpam-cbKoro poMaHy „HopHa Pana" BnnaHO 6yao anuie KiatKa po3n,iaiß
pOCÍHCbKOK) MOBOK3.
Bee ac ocoÔhctícti. Kyjiiina hk nncbMeHHHKa b fioro Moaon,i poKH aaa Hac npcHTb acHa 3 äoro HeßeaHKo'i cnan,in,hhh. ni3HÍnie Kyaiiu cnpaBaaB Ha cboix cynacmudB BpaaceHHa aionnmi, mp no-ctíhho míhhg cboí nepeKOHaHHa, nornann, 3aHaTTa, npncTpacTi. Mh rroôa^HMO, iho Bace b tbop^octí noro Moaon,uiHx pokíb aeacaTb ocHOBH noro nÍ3HÍnioro po3BHTKy, b HKOMy 3 noraafly Hauioro nacy Siabuie cTaaocTH, mat 3míh. TJpJia Kyainia — npaa THnoBoi poMaH-
THMHOl aiOnHHH. HorO „MÍHnHBÍCTb" G aHHie BHHBOM pOMEHTHMHOrO
irparHeHHH „hobhoth", BceöimiocTH; bíh e npencTaBHHKOM Toro po-MaHTH^Horo THny, hkhh ctphmhtb npcarHyTH inpaay BceöimiocTH rujiflxoM noCTÍHHoro pyxy, nocTÍiÍHHX 3MÍh .. . Ilea uiaax Bene nacTO no KaTECTpocp, Tparefliö. Aae Kyaiui bhhihob 3 ycix 3míh thm ca-
MHM HeBTOMHHM npaHÍBHHKOM,   eHTy3ÍaCTHHHHM npoBÍnHHKOM CBOIX
inpž, aKoro, npaBn,a, nacTo híxto ne xotíb cayxaTH, npopoKOM, 3a HKHM híxto He hui ob. Aae ani npaniOBaTH, am nponoBinyBaTH, am nncaTH Kyaim micoan He nepecTaBaß.
JJ,atepeaa KyaimeBoi nyMKH pÍ3HoMaHÍTHÍ: nopya 3 ocoÖhcthmh BnaHBaMH HeacHoro yitpaiHOCpiabCTBE Ta cnoB'aHO(pijibCTBa MaKCH-MOBH^a, aKOMy Kyaim npnoMaraB y HayKOBin npain, CToaTb BnaHBH HyacHx kíji: pociäcbKoro caoB'aHocpiaa ILneTHbOBa Ta noabcb-Koro yKpai'HO(piaa M. rpaôoBCbKoro (hhb. VII. B. 3). Aae ronoBHÍ nacepeaa — HeBTOMHi cTynii Ha BaacHOMy Ta nyacoMy noai. Ba-TETO yKpaiHCbKHX poMaHTHKÍB nepnaao 3 BHnaflKOBHx flacepea; natepeaa Kyaima 3aBaca,h nepmi nmepena, i hecto 3obcím Hecno-aÍBam Ta nEaeid bíh yicpamcbKoi TeMaTHKH.
„yKpaÍHa" (1843) nepexonaioe „bhcokhh CTHab" „Kmír 6htíh yKpamcbKoro Hapona". Kyaim poÔHTb cnpoôy, KopncTyiOHHCb Ha-poflHHMH flyMaMH, 3Öyfl;yBaTH BeaHKHÖ yKpamcbKHH icTopnmiHH enoc, hkhh bíh caM nopiBHioe 3 Iaianpio. Te, noro b nyMax naa yKpaiHH ôpaKye, Kyaim ppnoBHioe caM: bíh ,,3aoaíHB oTce CTapHMH caoBecH hobíí flyMH", hkí bíh „nonpHTyaiOBaB" np aíhchhx Hapoa,-HHX. Bíh He (paabinye, a CTapaHHO ßifl3Haaae noxonacemiH cboíx TeKCTÍB. riepma KHHacKa 3 12 nyM aoBeaa onoBÍnaHHa aKpa3 np XMeabHHUjbKoro. Tßip Kyaima btpethb Tenep iHTepec naa anraaa,
aae He MOJKHa ěoro nepe3 ne HenonmiOBaTH. (>HaÍ3anÍH mobh b nyci Ryu npoBeneHa nocainoBHo. 3ycTpmaGMo HopMaabHi niceHHi eniTeTH: ripKi cab03H, iinipii mojihtbh, 6e3ÔOH<HHH EaxHH — a6o ,,bobkh cipoMamji" i t. n- HHCJieHHÍ cpopMyan 3 RyM „cypMH cyp-mhjih", „bíhcbko 3ÖHpaTH, b noxin BHCTynaTH", „K03aKH Tee 3aay-BajiH". TaKOJK i noflBiÖHHX cjiíb, 30KpeMa THnoBHX p,jih nyM, Kyjiiui po3CHnae pacHo: Men-BHHo, nyMae-ranae, BHnHTye-cnoBinaG, nnine-npnnHcye, KypraHH-MornjiH; Resini 3 hex — bhtbíp caMoro Kyjiinia. Ocb, HanpHKaan, THnoBi pa^KH:
Ta no HinpoKOMy Ta no naaeKOMy JXyn&e^iKy 3aaa 6ypa BHxoacaG-BHCTynae, K03aKÍB no 3eiwai ^yacnoi npoBoacae.
A 3 HH3y ÖyHHHH BÍTep BÍG-nOBÍBaG.
KpiM nyM, Kyaiin KopncTycTtca i „CaoBoM o noany IropeBi":
Toni BHíe Ha BKpa'mi pinKO n© nayraTapi Ha BoanKÍB rynaan, a aacTinie BopoHH Ha noaax KpHHaan, Tpyn niJiHHH noMiac co6oio, a raaKH cbok> pin roBopnan, sönpaioHHCB aeTÍTH Ha KpHBaBec noae ...
a caivrii nepeBa on acaaocTH no 3eMjii npHKaomiaHCb. . .
Ha ataab Kyaini He ymiKHyB neaKHX HeBnaanx o6pa3ÍB. y KiabKox Micnax n° AyM noBCTaBaiOBaHO icTopHHHi HaponHi nicm innioro THny. Onna 3 hhx (nicHa npo míthhhofo niBTopa-Koacyxa) HaBiTb He 6e3 TpaBecTiÔHHX hot.
MaaeHbKe onoBinaHHH „Opnca" — no^Ka coTHHKa 3ycTpinaG ynepme CBoro HapeneHoro, BnänioBuiH 3 cayacmmaMH npaTH Ha piany Han TpyöaöaoM, — CHTyania, hk n,e BinMinac caM Kyaiin, e HacainyBaHHHM 3yCTpini Oniccea 3 HaBcinaeio (3 6 nicm ,,Onic-cei"). OnoBinaHHH HanncaHe híôh b craai Kbítkh, aae b npora-aeacHicTb no KBiT^omoro CTnaio, Kyaim nnme niaKOM cepH03Ho, 6e3 ycHKoro npe3HpcTBa Ta 6e3 noraanaHHa Ha cbo'íx repoÍB ,,3ropH". Hie xapaKTepHCTHKa Opnci rinepôoamHo ineaaÍ30BaHa: Opnca „Kpam.a h Han HCHy 3opio b norony, Kpaina Han iiobhhh Micaub cepen hohí, Kpama ň Han caMe coHne..." Aae naai — ycionn tjíjikom cepno3HHH TOH) rapm nopiBHHHHa: ,,mob y 3epKaai, BHnno b Boni i He6o, i Kpyny 3 thmh KynJiaTHMH kopíhhhmh, inp nepenay-TaaHCb Í3 XMeaeM, i KyaepaBi B'a3H, inp noBHÔiraan Ha caivrnn Kpaä i nonpocTaraan 3eaeHi aann Han pi^Koio"; a6o: „l3-3a chboí ôoponn CTaporo FpHBH, Í3-3a 6iaoi 3hmh, nepBOHie aiTo — noBen BÍ3 niBllaT y KBÍTKax Ta b HaMHCTi" .. . Bce ne HaponHe, aae He „npocTo-HaponHe"!
U5
11. ,ZJíhcho BH3Ha^HHH TBip mojiohhx poKiB Kyjiiina — lie noro icTopHHHHfi poMaH „HopHa Pan,a" (bhhhiob iiíjikom 1857 p.). Bíh 36y floß a hhh Ha noBaacHHx íctophhhhx CTynJHX Ta 3a npnoMoroio
MHCTeilbKHX 3aC06ÍB, 3 flKHMH KyjlÍHI 3a3HaH0MHBCfl b TBOpaX OCHOBO-
nojiojKHHKa icTopHHHoro poMaHy Bajibxepa CKOTTa. PoMaH — Be-jiHKOK) MipoK) cnpoöa „CKopefyBaTH" ineajiÍ30BaHHH o6pa3 K03aii-TBa 3 „Tapaca EyjibÔH" ToroJiH, K03aii,TBa hk onHocTaimoí MacH, Hio acHBe eflHHHM ineajioM HaiiioHaJibHOi Ta pejiiriOHoi öopoTbön. Kyjiini poÖHTb cnpoôy 3aMÍHHTH BejiHHHi, ajie HeÍHn,HBÍn,yajn>HÍ 06-pa3H Torojiíi, y HKoro JKHBÍuie 3MajibOBaHo hk jnonHny McoKe jinnie poMaHTHHHoro Amipiíi, KOHKpeTHHMH. A BjiacHe 3aBflaHHfl Kyjiiuia Te caMe, sme BHKOHaB cbogio noe3ÍGK> IUeB^eHKo: 3aMÍcxi> íahjiíh-
HOl HeBHpa3HOÍ nOCTaTÍ yKpa'ÍHH flaTH MOHCe H6 TaKHH MaJIbOBHHHO-
cojiohkhh, npHHaflHHÄ, ajie hchbíhihô, noBHOKpoBHiniHH o6pa3. SIk y cyaacHOMy, TaK i b MHHyjioMy, yicpama 30bcím He e ghhhhm
IlijIHM. PÍ3H0MaHÍTHa, nOHaCTH H HeťaTHBHa aÍHCHiCTb, HKy 3MajIbO-
ByG Kyjiini, g noBHOBapTHima. Kyjiiui xone flaTH He BejinaHim MOHy-MeHT, a o6pa3 6e3nocepe;nHboi híhttgboi hobhoth: 6yjin i b MHHy-jioMy pÍ3HÍ yKpa'ÍHCbKi xapaKTepn, pi3HÍ kjihch, 3 pi3HHMH iHTepe-caMH, CTpeMJiiHHHMH, ineajiaMH. 3MajnoBaTH TaKHH o6pa3, nepeny-cím „jkhbhh", 6yjio Te, 3naeTbCJi, CBinpMe HaiiioHajibHe 3aBflaHHH, HKe nocTaBHB co6i Kyjiini.
,,HopHa Pafla", po3yMÍGTbca, He gocHrac MOBHoro Ta cthjiíc-THHHoro bmíhhh Torojiíi, ajie Mac ^HMaJii MHCTeiibKi BapTocri. JXia. 36yflOBana Ha Baajioaty cnjieTemn icTopii* „HopHoí Pann" 1663 poKy i BHÖopy BpioxoBeiĺbKoro b reTwviaHH 3aMÍCTb CoMKa Ta iCTopi'í rieTpa IIIpaM^eHKa i Jleci HepeBamBHH, HapeneHoi CoMKa, HKa no cMepTi CoMKa oflpyaíyeTbCH 3 ľleTpoM. TojioBHe 3aBnaHHH aBTopa — híôh 3MaJiK)BaTH pÍ3HÍ xapaKTepH, cycnijibHi Ta íHnHBinyajibHi, Ta pÍ3HÍ rpynn yKpamcbKoro HacejieHHH. PoMaH e „poMaHOM ncnxo-jioriHHHx THnÍB Ta cycnijibHHX kohcpjiíktíb" (B. IleTpoB). 3a Tpa-ohiiígío B. CKOTTa, sivrajiBOByiOHH MacoBi cn;eHH, Kyjiini nac Kap-
THHy   pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHX   COIliflJIbHHX   JHTepeCÍB   í   KOH{pJlÍKTÍB,   k\0 Ha
iiHX iHTepecax 6a3yK>TbCH. B ithx KOHcpjiiKTax 6epyTb ynacTb jnonn pÍ3Hoí noBarn, xapaKTepy, Bn,aMÍ. 3aMÍCTb in,eajri30BaHoro o6pa3y
fliCTaGMO 06pa3 HapO^y 3 pÍ3HOMaHÍTHHM,  UIHpOKHM JKHTTHM. ICTO-
Phhhí CHjiH, K03an;TB0 noHH30Be Ta roponoBe, MiniaHn, CTapuiHHa, cejiHHCTBo, 3MajibOBaHÍ KyjiiuieM Ha nincTaBÍ ňoro CTyniö MeTonpio BajibTep C'KOTTa, — 3 oKpeMHX penjiiK, 3aMÍT0K oKpeMHx jnonefi CKJianaeTbCH cyu,ijibHa KapTHHa HapocTaHHH Ta 3míhh HacTpoio Ha-TOBny; Kyjiiru Majiioc, a He BHTOBManye Ta ocbítjiiog — b nbOMy MHCTeiibKa CHjia poMaHy. ricHxojioriMHe 3MajiioBaHHH pÍ3HHx xapaK-TepiB, 3a BHHHTKOM flocHTb ÖJiiflHX jkíhok, xoH Kyjiini i nin,Kpec-
U6
jilOG pojiK) jkíhkh Ha yKpai'Hi, 36ynoBaHe bcjihkok) Mipoio Ha ynacTi repoi'b y nontax: MacMo eroicxiß („ycaKe, hk 3BÍpK>Ka, npo cbok> tíjibkh HiKypy Ta npo cbíh ßepjiir nôac" — Kane npo hhx IIIpaM) Ta jnopeR iaei (Comko, IIIpaM), nopy*i hhx nepexoapBi rann (He-peBEHB, 3ojioTapeHKo). riepnii nepeMaraioxb, aionn in,ei rHHyTb y BHpi 6opoTb6n; ajie n eroicTH xeac 3ne6iabina no nepeM03i He np-caraioxb CBo'ix n,iaeô. HanranÖnie xa ň Hannramine b yKpa'ÍHCi>KOMy jKHTxi ßa^iHXb Kyjiini y xhx aionax, mp B3arajii b non,iax y^iacxH „eepneM" He npnOMaioxb. Up cnißenb — „Bohíhh hojiobík" xa 3ano-poacenb — KnpHJio Typ. Bhcoko CToixb ineaa annapcxBa Ta 60-poxtÔH 3a ,,npaBn,y", hkhh pyxac Comkom, aae me BHine cbíhomíctb, mp Bee g „cyeTa cycxcxBio".
POMaH   MaG   flOCHTB   pOMaHTHHHHX   CXOpÍHOK:   n,Bo6ÍH, KpajliaC
naHHOHKH, HÍHHe nepecainyBaHHH, ecpeicxoBHi MacoBi cnemi, b'h3-hhu;h. Aae Bce ne 3MaabOBaHe, b npoiHaeacmcxb 30 TaKHX caMHX mothbíb y „HapHHUieHKOBi", Haa.3BH*iaHH0 npnpoAHo, TaK inp hh-xa*i 30BCÍM He noMmac i'x xpaa.nn.iHHoro xapanxepy. MoBa Mae ap-CHXb exHorpatpi^HHx xa cxapoBHHHHx caiß, mo i'x Kyjiim 3neóiabina noacmoc a6o exaBHXb i'x y xaicHH KoHxeKCx, inp ix kojkhhh caM
3p03yMÍG     („JKOBHÍpH    KOHCHCXyiOHH    b    rOpOJiax",    onHCH JKHXJia,
BÔpaHHH a6o nocyny), nacxo np BH.aai nepecxapijii BHpa3H (,,Hea,pyr OXHH3HHÜ"). MoBa b niaoMy noBaíKHa; moai hí6h onoBinac xxocb íhuihh, cynacHHK a6o ynacHHK noam: „njp xijibKH b Bíôjiíí npo-nncaHe, yce "qepnenb xon mob hc h b e cnncaB cKpi3b no MaHac-xnpeßi"; „Yci B3aancb 3a c b a x h ň xai6"; Jleca „noBiniHcyBaaa roayßoHbKo, cpiôaoM, 3oaoxoM i öaaKHXHHM uiobkom ycani kbíxkh i MepeacKH", i t. n,. Kyaiin 3Í6paB npôpi HaponHi BHpa3n, inp6 i'x yacHTH, 3pinKa cTapi (nim. bhihp, ine — „HenpaaniKH", „aan-cbkhh", „A3B0HHB caôaeio", „BjiapnaH 3 rapMax"), moai HaBixb uh-xyio^ra aixonnc, — Hanp., y^acHHKH nopHo'i pann „cayacnan xiabKH no öpoBapax, no bhhhhi^hx xa me no aasnax rpyÖHHKaMH..." — (3 ,,CaMOBH3n;a" — nop. IV. G. 2), aae HaäraacTiine hobí (g 3BopoxH 3 TpeôiHKH a6o HleBneHKa), 3ne6iabina Hapoairi, anme He Byabťa-PH3mh: ,,xoro noBinycMOCb", „npcKoaHB CKapôy", ,,cíb xyxopoM", ,,no6paancb racM", ,,a Heio xoniiaa" (6yaa BarixHa), „3aoacHXH pykh'' (yroBopnxHCb) i t. n.. Mosa aíhobhx oci6 np neBHoi Mipn cxapaKxepH30BaHa ÍHnnBÍn,yaabHo, — HepeBaHb, inp He BHMOBaac ,,p", Kaace 3aBacnH ,,6raxe", „ôraxnKy", ohhh pa3 „nraBna" — aae Kyaim He nepeôopnrye 3 nicio mobhok) xapaKTepncxHKOio; po3yMÍ-GXbca, fližoBÍ ocoôh BacHBaioxb ne-He-ne i Byabťapn3MÍB (,,rap6y3a BxeaioniHXb"). Oxate, MacMo Te caMe cxpeMniHHa, mo cniabHe aaa bcíx poMaHTHKÍB — bhtbophth MOBy rjisi „noBHoi aiTepaTypn".  „HopHa Pana"  — HaHBH3HaaHiniHH  nopyq BipniÍB
U7
IIIeBneHKa KpoK pomehthkh ro TaKo'i mobh. Jlniue ccpepa pejiiriö-HHX MipKyBaHB 3ajiHuiäGTbca noaacra no3a MeacaMH yKpa'ÍHCBKOÍ
MOBHOl CCpepH, - 6e3 HepKOBHOCaOB'aHCBKHX TeKCTlB  3  BiÔJlil, fli-
hobí oco6h Kyainia He MoacyTb oôíhthch.
12. CnenHCpiaHe b ineoaorii Kyjiima He ayJKe me acHo BHCTy-nae flaa Hac y fioro paniniHH nepiofl. Ajie flBa mothbh noMÍTHMO 3pa3y: nepniHH — aaa bcíx poManraKÍB xapaKTepncTHHHHH Ta b Kyjiiuia, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, me niflCHaeHHÖ HleBaeHKOM — CTpeMJiiHHH 3po3yMÍTH yKpa'ÍHCBKe eyaacHe ň MHHyjie hk jkhtth nnapoKe, Bce-oxonjiHBe, BceöinHe. He HyTJiHBO-coJioneHbKHH a6o BeanaHO-MOHy-MeHTajibHHH o6pa3 YKpaiHH xoae Mara Kyaiin, a noBHHŽ hchtthm o6pa3 cyniabHoro opram3My. J\o poMaHTHHHoro 3axonaeHHH npn-GflHycTbca (Tern poMaHTHHHe) CTpeMaiHHH no tjihöhhh, iho 6aaHTb GflHicTb He b peaax, a 3a hhmh. Kyjiini He MeHHi „chmbojiíct", híjk
IHeBneHKO - 3a   KapTHHOIO   ÖypXJIHBHX  nonift   Í   ÖOpOTbÖH pÍ3HHX
jnoneíi bíh ôanHTB inpcb ranorne, 3arajiBHe, OopoTtôy ,,npaBHH Ta KpHBflH"; CHMBoaiam hjih HBoro i cniBH Ko63apa: nicHi ôoro „hk aapn", bíh cammí, hk ToMep Ta ,,6aaHTb tc, mo BHflioinHH 3pony He noöaaHTb"; CHMBoaiaHa i nocTaTb TaKoro 3eMHoro lBaHu;a Epio-xoBeqbKoro -— noro 3ryÖHa arrrauifl híôh hkícb „aapn". Chmbo-aiani KpacBHHH — híh, bíh anoí „flyMKa po3aceBpÍG, aK bíh Boatoro caoBa", ,,Khib — GpycaaHM" — TeMa CTapo'i yKpaiHCbKo'i arrepa-Typn. CHMBoaiaHi i nocTaTi sanopoaojiB, inp, npn bcíh Ix peaabHiö MacHBHOCTi, ,,hk toh coh", 6o im ,,yce. .. nypHHua: an acHTb, hh BMepra ..." — HKpa3 3 nieio pncoio 3anopo3bKOÍ ncHxoaorii 3b'h-3aHHH HpyrHH ochobhhh mothb paHHboro Kyainia — CTaBaeHHa ho
iCTOpil,   ho   fliaCHOCTH,   HO   HtHTTH,   3   HKOIOCb   „XpHCTHHHCbKOJO ipO-
hígio" a6o h „poMäHTHHHoio ipoHÍGK)", aK ho rpaniKH, ho flypmnji, HO ,,cyGTH cyGTCTBiä", aK Kaace BoatHH aoaoBÍK. BoaíHO aoaoBÍK i
KnpHao   Typ   G   CHMBOaaMH   UHX   MÍCTHHHO-XpHCTHHHCbKHX MOTH-
bíb ineoaori'i paHHboro Kyainia, mothbíb, aKi — aK bíh TOfli ranaB
- g    npOBiaHHMH    BHyTpiHIHlMH    MOTHBaMH    yKpa"ÍHCbKOrO aíHTTH.
I npaBHHBe xpHcraaHCTBo Boacoro aoaoBÍKa i „lopoacTBo" Knpnaa Typa — BHpa3 Toro caMoro BHyTpiniHboro CTpeMaiHHa ho Bora (mothbh 3 ABťycTHHa, noBTopeHi Bace CKOBoponoro); Ta HäBÍTB 3a-nopiaccBKa „ryabHa" — BHpa3 toto caMoro ,,6e3neaHoro Ta aKO-rocb cMyTHoro" noraany Ha cbít, „ryaaan bohh i ryabHeio hobo-flHjiH, mo Bce Ha cbítí cyGTa", 60 ,,K03anbKoi nyaii i Becb cbít He nonoBHHB 6h ... TiabKH ohhh Bor Moace iľ chobhhth"; acHTia „no-Maace no ryôax MeflOM, th nyMaGin: OTTyr to iibicth! aac raaHeni — yce OHHa oMaHa", — ,,yce" — KpiM Binnpro cyny nan aioacb-
KHMH BHHHKaMH, KpÍM OCTaHHÍX BHpOKÍB Hafl 3aOM Ta flOÖpOM, Hafl
acHBHM Ta MepTBHM, hkí Kyaiui BKaanaG b ycTa BoacoMy aoaoBÍKOBÍ.
„iBaHirH EproxoBeutKoro rocnonb rpixoM yace nonapaB; a npaBen,-HOMy hojiobíkobí akoí Tpe6a HarpanH? . . CaaBH Tpeßa mhpobí, a He TOMy, XTO cjiaBeH. Mnp Hexaö HaBHaeTbCH n,o6py, cjiyxaiOHH, sk oflflaBajiH HÍH3HB 3a jiiOHCBKe ÖJiaro, a cjiaBHOMy cjiaBa y Bora!" TaK ctoítb cnpaBa 3 BapricTio jhohhhh Ta BCBoro jiioncbKoro, ajie TaK eaivre i 3 íx SyrraM: ,,3aBepyxa . . . nojiaMjie CTape nepeBO... a HOMy yKa3aB rocnonb pocTH íí ubícth, Te fi ocTaHeTbca, i Kpacy-GTBCH Becejio Ta nrnmio, mob Í3 pony i xypTOBHHH He 6a*iHJio ... "
TaKHH iCTOpHHHHH 0nTHMÍ3M He 3aJIHHiaB KyjlÍHia Í B HaOTHJKHi iCTOpHHHÍ HaCH.
13. 3 ÍHHIHX „KHpHJI0-MeT03ÍlBIJ,ÍB" B. BÍJI03epCBKHH (1825-99)
BHCTynaB jinnie hk jKypHajiicT (penaKTop „Ochobh" Ta íh.). OnaHa-cobí MapKOBHHeBi (1822-67) neaKHO *iac npmiHcyBajiH aBTopcTBO onoBinaHb Mapna BoB^ma, noKH He ßyjio npBen.eHe, mo bohh nneaHi ôoro flpyjKHHOK). CyieKcaHnep HaBpoi^bkhh (1823-1902) nonaB na-caTH yKpamcBKi Biprai m,e 1847 p. Bíh nepeicjianaB Min,KeBHHa, XoMflKOBa, TeTe, LUijijiepa, EaöpoHa, TaíiHe. TnnoBHH He Jinuie bh-6ip aBTopiB, ajie fi TeM (poMaHTHHHa TeMa uom: ,,3opi" XoMHKOBa), nÍ3HÍme bíh 3BepTaGTbca i no conmjibHoi noe3ii (3HeceHHH Kpinan,-TBä). riHUiyHH nonacTH HaponHHMH po3MÍpaMH, bíh Hacjiinye ô LUeB-HeHKOBi pHMH (rai: :noBÍBae, raio: :cnÍBaGin, Toni: ipnöapiß, i t. n..), ajie He yTpHMyeTbca b Meacax cnpaBJKHix cnÍB3ByH (Hanp., pHMye: tbmí: :3eMJii, xynpßy: :Top6y) Ta SoMy 30bcím He BnaGTbca, He 3Ba-acaionn Ha IHeB^eHKOBi „HenoBHi phmh", 3BÍabHHTHca Bin, phm rpa-
MaTHHHHX.  riopyH IIIeBHeHKiBCbKHX p03MÍpÍB  BÍH  yacHBac no3HHe-
hhx y pociöcbKoro noeTa KoabnpBa:
Iloae MOG, nojie, He opaHe nojie! JXojie MOH, npjie, HenporjiHflHa apae!
rjiHHy h Ha nojie — rycTO 3ejieHÍ6,
He jkhto-nHieHHDjH —
TpaBa nojioBie.
Tofli! noTHXoHBKy b HiHHOK noMaHflpyío, tíg'í anxoi TpoHiKH noKyniTyio.
3 Beaopa no paHKa 6ya,y KyniTyBaTH — b 3ejieHÍM 6aöpau;i
flOJli BHrJIHflaTH.
BanHMo TyT thtiobí npuKpacH HaponHo-niceHHoro cthjik) (non,BÍHHÍ cjiOBa, eniTeTH 6e3 ímchhhkíb: „tígi jihxoi" i t. n;.), nopya ntoro pycHSMH (HenporjiHjjHa, noTHXoHBKy). 3np5yTH codi nonyaapHocTH hk noeT HaBpoB-bKHH He cnpoMÍrca. ITncaB bíh i pociäcbKi Bipmi.
14. KHpHJio-MeTOfliiBCBKe TOBapHCTBo npoicHyBajio JIHHie KO-poTKHÍi aac. 3ycTpia y HBOMy Kyjiima, KocTOMapoBa Ta HleEHeHKa 3 íhhihmh ,,6paTHHKaMH" Monte 3flaBaTHCB jiHuie BHnaflKOBoio. ripo-Te, „KHiBCBKa poMaHTHKa" Mae cboí BHpa3Hi pncH, mp cnoaynyiOTB y enmcTB i reHÍHJiBHi npoponrBa HleBaeHKa, i „Khoth ôhtíh", i nepuii jíiTepaTypHÍ cnpoÖH Kyjiinia. lie poMaHTHaHa ineoaoria, 3a-ôapBaeaa b uBOMy Koai BHpa3HO coniaabHo Ta noaÍTHHHo, Ta — BinnoBinHo po pyxy poMaHTHHHoro CBiToraany — „MeciamcTHHHo". Ha Micn,e nporpaMH, oöepHeHoi po ineaai30BaHoro MHHyaoro „IcTopii Pyciß" Ta HaponHoro noöyiy, CTae noMaay nporpaMa, 3BepHeHa ijiaKOM po yřcpamcBKoI cyaacHOCTH Ta yKpamcBKoro maiíoyTHBoro. H,a nporpaMa BeaHKOH) Mipow oßiaHa flyxoM conjaaBHoro xpncTH-aHCTBa Ta noaiTHaHoro caoB'aHOtpiaBCTBa. Aae roaoBHa noro pnca — yHBaeHHa npo YKpamy, ak aíHBy HaponHy niaicTB, aiHTTGBi CHan aKoi He BTpaaeHi Ta He 3aBMepan. 3emíctb iaHaiaHoro o6pa3y nepea, KHHHaMH CTae nocTaTb YKpaÍHH aK niaicHoro opraHÍ3My 3 peaaBHHMH noTpeöaMH, CTpeMaÍHHHMH, iHTepecaMH — Ta HaBÍTB — y MHHyaoMy Ta b cyaacHOCTi — npoTHpiaaaMH ÍHTepeciB. KpiM po-MaHTHKH, Ha ino nporpaMy BnaHHyan Bace 3Haam nopoMaHTHam cnan: con.iaaBHe xpHcxnaHCTBo Ta eon,iaaBHi i noaÍTHaHi Teai'i Saxony. EHTy3iacTHaHa Ta ecxaToaoriaHa nporpaMa He Moraa BTpn-MaTHca, HK nporpaMa n,iaabH0CTH. Aae BOHa HanoBro 3aaHuiHaaca b CBÍ30MOCTÍ yKpaÍHCBKoro cycniabCTBa aK noaaTOK aKorocB noBo-poTy, aK „ryK BOCKpecHoI Tpyön apxaHreaa". „Koan roBopeHo Koan-He6ynB no npaßni, mp cepnp oacnao, mo oai 3aropianca, mp Hafl aoaoM y aoaoBÍKa 3acBÍTHBca noaoM'aHHH h3hk, to np 6yao Toni y Khgbí", — 3raflyBaB Kyaim nÍ3HÍine.
€.   HÍ3HH pOMaHTHKa
1. JKaxaHBHH aae nÍ3HÍx pokíb MHKoaaiBCBKOi enoxn 3aKÍHHHB-ca 3i cMepTK) iMnepaTopa 1855 p. B acHTTi HaponÍB pocíhcbkoi iMnepií noaaaoca oatHBaeHHa, a Ke Haópaao 3pa3y xapaKTepy pyxy coniaaB-Ho 3a6apBaeHoro. HjaKOM 3po3yMÍao — 60 ochobhhm nnTaHHHM aacy
450
öyjiH niflroTOBa po 3HeceHHH KpinauTBa, a iiotím yci tí hobí cycnijib-hí 3'aBHqa, mp BHHHKajiH 3 u,iel i íhiiihx pecpopM.
3a ocTaimix poKÍB MHKOJiaiBCBKoro pejKHMy ne ôyjio Ha YKpaiHi noBHoro MOB^aHHH. yKpamcbKa JiiTepaTypa 6e3 BHpa3Horo nojiŕwr-i-Horo 3a6apBJieHHH He 3flaBajiacH ypanoßi He6e3ne^HOK). BjKe 1848 p.
Mir   BHHTH    ,,K)jKHO-PyCCKHH    CôopHHK"    MeTJIHHCBKOrO,    1852 p.
„BaÖKH" BopoBHKOBCbKoro, 1855 36ipKa noe3iä AcpaHacbeBa-Hyní-ÖHHCfcKoro i nemo míne. Ajie jiHine nonaToK HOBoro u;apiOBaHHH npn-híc Í3 C060K) HiHpniHH po3BHTOK JiiTepaTypHoi nponyKuii yKpaiHCb-KOK) MOBOK) y po3MÍpax, HKHx yKpa'ÍHCbKa JiiTepaTypa qe He 3HaJia. 1856-7 p. HeBTOMHHH Kyjiini BHnaB 2 tomh ,,3anHCOK o IOjkhoh Py-ch", — onny 3 HaöjiiniHHx yKpamcbKHX 3ÔipoK eTHorpacpi^Horo Ma-Tepiajiy, wo 11 ôyjio npH3Ha*ieHo He TaK njiji cpaxiBUÍB, hk fljifl HinpoKHx kíji ^HTaniB; b ,,3anHCKax" 3'fiBHJiacíi Bnepme aHoniMHO i „HaÖMHHKa" LIJeB^eHKa. 1857 p. Kyjiini BHnaB „HopHy Papy", ne-peBHnaB OKpeMoio 36ipKOio noßicTi Kbítkh, bh^aB onoBÍn,aHHH MapKa BoB^Ka, 1860-2 p. nonaß BHn,aBaTH HeBejíHKi öponiypKH n,jiH Hapon,-Horo HHTaHHH, 1860 BHnycTHB 3ÓipKy ,,XaTa" 3 TBopaMH IIIeB^eHKa, niorojieBa, II. Ky3bMeHKa, MapKa BoBHKa, TaHHH BapBioK. 1857 Ta 1859 p. BHHiHjiH yKpa'ÍHCbKi nepeKJiaflH MaKCHMOBH^a „Cjiobs o nojiKy IropeBi" Ta ncajiMiß, 1858 — 36ipKa BipuiiB C. MeTjiHHCb-Koro, 1859 b CapaTOBi — „MajiopyccKHH JíHTepaTypHbiä côopHHK" TJaHHJia MopnpBHH Ta KocTOMapoBa (ßipini o6ox) i t. n.. Bace 1853 p. „MepHHroBCKHe PyöepHCKHe BenpMOCTn" nonajín apyKyBara yKpa'ÍHCbKi noe3Íi, -— TyT 3'hbhjihch TBopH 3a6ijiH, Ky3bMeHKa, O. IIIh-mau,bKoro-Ijijii*ia, O. KoHHCbKoro, JI. TjiiöoBa i íhhihx.
2. Tojiobhhm JiiTepaTypHHM ocepeflKOM 3po6hbch, xoh i Ha ko-poTKHH *iac, neTep6yp3bKHH naconnc „OcHOBa" (1861-2), HKoro pe-naryBaB KHpHJio-MeTonjeBeub B. Biji03epcbKHÖ, i b HKOMy ynacTb
B3HJIH i nieBHeHKO, i KyjlilH, i KoCTOMapOB, a 3 HOBHX nHCbMeHHH-
kíb — Ky3bMeHK0, MapKo Bob^iok. Mopn,OBenb, Tjiíoob, TaHHa Bap-bíhok, Kohhcbkhh, PynaHCbKHH, CTopoHceHKo. ,,OcHOBa" Bnajia He ctíjibkh Hepe3 po3xon,>KeHHJi jiiTepaTypHHx ho3hu;íh i"i ynacHHKiß, ak
Hepe3   HeMOÍKJIHBiCTb   yTBOpiITH   GflHHy   nOJliTH'qHy   njIHTCpOpMy flJIJI
BCboro yKpa'ÍHCbKoro cycnijibCTBa. Bo nopyn: npen,CTaBHHKÍB cTap-uioro noKOJiiHHH ÔJiHHíny yiacTb y naconnci öpajra npen,cTaBHHKH hobo'í ľeHepauii, hkhx npoHBH hobo'í enoxH, conjajibm pecpopMH, no-naTKH hobo'í npani Ha yKpamcbKOBMy rpyHTi (HenijibHi hikojih, Ha-
pOflHÍ *IHTaHHfl, TeaTpaJIbHÍ BHCTaBH) npHBOflHJIH flO 30BCÍM bí^míh-HHX nOJliTH^HHX HaCTpOÍB Í AKÍ CTaBHJIH nepen, C060K) 30BCÍM HOBÍ
npaKTH^Hi 3aBflaHHfl . . . BinryKH Ha ui hobí Tenií, 30KpeMa npncH-
JieHHH nOJlÍTHHHHX HOT, SyCTpí^aGMO Í b nÍ3HÍX poMaHTHKÍB. Ujo He
451
BnajTOCH npcnrHyTH ennocra — ne 6yao hebítij BÍapaaHHM chmiito-mom, 60 noKa3yBajio, mo b yKpamcbKOMy cycnijiBCTBi noHHHaaaca Bate Ta HH(pepeHU,iím,ÍH, too po3nonia Ha HanpaMH, mp e bhhbom yca-Koro opraHiHHoro HanioHaaBHoro hchtth. Ajie 3aHenaa, ,,Ochobh", Ha jfcajib, 3hhih,hb too ťpyHT naa jiÍTepaTypHOi npaiii, mo noro nocia-
HaB TaKHH IHHpOKO 3aKpOGHHH naconnc . . .
,,JIÍTepaTypHi po3xon>KeHHH" Mine ynacHHKaMH jiiTepaTypHoro pyxy nonaTKÍB 60-x poniB He 6yjiH BHnanKOBHMH. Jlnine CTapmi ynac-hhkh JiiTepaTypH 50-x-60-x pokíb Ta HenncjieHHi MOJionmi 6yjiH me npeflCTaBHHKH arrepaTypHoi poMaHTHKH: II. Ky3BMeHKo, CTopoaceH-ko; poMaHTHHHi Hora g me b nepiHHx nncaHHflx neKoro 3 npencTaB-
HHKÍB hobhx JIlTepaTypHHX HaCTpo'lB. BijIBUliCTb hobhx nHCBMeHHH-KÍB OpiGHTyBaJiaCH Ha HOB! JlÍT€paTypHÍ HanpHMH, mo THM nacoM po3-KBÍTajIH B 3aXÍflHÍX Ta B pOCiÖCBKlH JlÍT6paTypÍ. HoBe nOKOJlÍHHa bhh-
aoca Ha nncaHHax „Moaonpi HiMe^HHHH", MCopjK Cana,, TypťeHCBa Ta HeKpacoBa, a6o inpHanMeHine npHÖMaao ix aiTepaTypm ycTpeiw-aiHHH Ta npoöyßajio nepeHecTH ix Ha yKpaiHCBKHH ťpyHT.
3. JXo CTapmoro noKoaiHHa poMaHTHKÍB HaaeacaB Hacaivmepen, IIIeBMeHKO. Bíh Ha 3acaaHHi KÍabKa pokíb B3araai BipmoM Hmoro He nHcaB (1851-6). CnpoöyBaB bíh nepo Ha pociôcfcKHx noBicTax (ae-B'aTb), hkí HaaeataTb no „yKpai'HCBKoi uiKoan" pociöcBKoI aÍTepaTypn. Bohh HepiBHoi hkocth, aae HaimÍKaBime, mo IHeBneHKo cxHaacTbca b HHx np CTHaK) tígí nepexoapBoi aiTepaTypHoi Tenii, any b pocifi-cbkíh aiTepaTypi 3anoHaTKyßaB Toroab, ana 3HaHinaa BÍaryK y po-cíhcbkhx noBicTax Kyaiina, nncaHHX y 50-x poKax, — TaK 3BaHoro ,,HaTypaaÍ3My". Heivrae cyMHißy, mo Ha LUeB^eHKa MaaH HHMaaHH BnaHB i 3axiflHÍ npeacTaBHHKH cnopiaHeHoro craaio, 30KpeMa JECopac CaHfl Ta, MaöyTb, i JLiKKeHC (hhb. EncKypc V). Aae He öpatcye i ßia,-rynÍB cTHaio ,,6aHpoHÍ*mo'i noeMH". UleB^eHKo 3aaHuiHBca BipmiM cboíh yKpai'HCBKÍH TeMaTHiíi Ta oÖMeacyGTBca, KpiM aBTooiorpacpÍHHoi noßiCTH ,,XyfloaíHHK", Ha MaaiOHKH 3 acHTTa yKpai'HCBKoro ceaaHH-Ha-KpinaKa Ta yKpai'HCBKoro naHCTBa. — KÍHen,b 3acaaHHa noBep-Hyß BeaHKoro noeTa 3HOBy np BÍpinyBaHH.
OcTaHHi Bipmi noeTa npyKyiOTbCH 3a Tpannmeio, hk ocTaHHa nacTHHa ,,Ko63apa". Hh HyeMo mh TyT hobí mothbh, hh 3Haxon,HMo MH TyT hobí cTHaicTHHHi eaeMeHTH? XoTian 3HaÖTH TyT eaeMeHTH hobí, „peaaicTHMHÍ", ÖaacaiOTB BinKpnTH b BÍpniax ocTaHHboro nepiony hobhh „kjihchhhhh" CTHat (po3yMÍGTbca, He rany ,,KaacHnH3My" 18 b., a TaKoro KaacHim3My, hkhh penpe3eHTyioTb TeTe aôo Hlia-jiep). Iii noraann ne 30bcím oôťpyHTOBaHÍ. — IHeB^eHKO noHHHae HaHOBo 1857 p. cbok) noeTHHHy tbophíctb b yKpaiHCBKÍH mobí nepe-poÔKOK) ,,MocKajieBoi kphhhuí" (1847). I Tenep 3-nin, nepa öoro bh-
452
jiHBaGTbca THiroBa ,,6aiipoHiHHa noeMa", hh ainnie pOMaHTHMHa ,,Biab-Ha noeMa". Aae mo me niKaBinie, i hobI noeMH Ha HOBi TeMH — „He-ocpiTH" Ta ,,Mapia", Ta HaniBnapofliHHHH ,,Caya", hIhk He Binxn-aaiOTbca Bi,n cthjik) ,,BijitH0i noeMH", — i bci ni noeMH 36yflo-BaHi 3 oKpeMHX cneH, i Tyx aBTop yBect aae nepepHBae ee6e, 3Bep-TaiOHHCH no fliHOBHx oci6, 740 caMoro ce6e: ,,HeocpiTH": „1 th, i hh onHa th . . ." — 10 paflKiB, ,,0 HepoHe ..." — 11, ,,rope 3 BaMH, koto 6aarara bh npniiuiaH? . ." — 13, „1 bh, naeSei'-rpeaKOcii" — 4, ,,JIk>thh, aiOTHH, Mep3eHHHH CTapae" (Phm) — 8, „JXe th 6yaa? JXe th cxoBaaact?" — 11 i t. 71.; ,,Mapia": ,,0, CBrre Hani He3axo;ra-mhh" — 27, ,,0, cTapae HenpaBeflHHii" — 16, „£{e ac nofliBct flHBoa-hhh rocTb otoh ayKaBHH ?", ,,Mapie, ropeHbKo 3 to6ok) . . ." —5; ,.rope HaM 6yao 6. . ." — 5 i t. 74. Hlo yci mini pncn ,,BiabHoi noeMH" yTpHMaHo b hobhx noeMax, aerKO MoacHa noSaaHTH, 'ix neperaaHyB-niH. JlHuie 6aaaflH 3HHKaiOTB 3 TBopaocTH IHeBaeHKa, y toh aae, hk ,,peaaicTH", nanp. HeKpacoB, yTBopnan hobhh ran „peaaicTHn-hoi 6aaaflH". Aae 740 6aaa,n HaSanataioTbCH Bipuii ,,THTapiBHa-He-MHpiBHa", ,,Hafl ^ImnpoBoio caroio". IIIeBaeHKo 3H0By nnme n morn („Qh, Ha ropi poMeH HBrre", ,,0h, Maio, Maio a oaeHara", „0h, 746poBO, TeMHHH raio", „Teae Bo;n;a", nepecniB cep6cbKoi nicHi) i Ha-eaiflyBaHHa cb. nncbMa (ncaaMH, Ocia, G3eKi*iab). Po3MipHo 6iab-uie Tenep aneao pecpaeKCHBHHX BipiniB, BipniiB-MipKyBaHb, THnoBHX Tjaa ni3Ht.oi' poMaHTHKH. niT^CHaeHHa coniaabHHX Ta noaiTHHHHX (aHTHn,epKOBHHx b TOMy HHcai) BipuiiB — annie BiflSHBaG 3araabni HacTpo'i tj,o6h . . . 4>opMaabHHH 6ik IIIeBaeHKiBCbKoro Bipmy 3aaHina-GTbca Mafiace toh caMnfi: annie aacTimi tohhI phmh — yce HaM 3Ha-SoMe 3 paHiniHx BipuiiB IIIeBaeHKa. He BiflMOBaaGTbca HIeBaeHKO i bir cBoi'x yaio6aeHHX 3aco6iB ,,iHCTpyMeHTann" Bipniy. JJpCHTb 3rajj,aTH:
Oh fliopOBO, TeMHHH raio, Te-raio
Te6e oflarac Te-6e-rac Tpnai Ha piK . .. BaraToro 6a-ra-To
co(5i SaTbKa MaGin. 6i-6a-ac
Pa3 yKpHG Te6e pacHO pa-yK-pn-pa
3eaeHHM nOKpOBOM, oK-po
aac caM co6i ^HByGTbca ca-co-flH-By-ca
Ha cbok) fli6poBy ... fli-po-By
3HaHaeMo i nonrnHHi caoBa: ctohom-tj[3bohom, orHeM-cab030K>, xBa-aHin-BHXBaaHGni. .. HoBe xi6a neBHe 3HHaceHHH aeKCHKH b noaiTHa-hhx Bipmax; pi3Ki BHpa3H, aKi, OTmane, 3Haii;neMo b HIeBaeHKa b noaiTHHHHX Bipmax i nonepeT^Hboi tjoSh. HleBaeHKo HaBiTb, 3flaGTbca,
453
HaBMHCHe „3HHHcye" m o By, Hanp., npn npnoM03i HaponHoro „toř'\ „Taa" i t. a,.: „t o h -chhkjiht", „CBHToro toto anocToaa IleT-pa", „i noBejiH... t o r o anocToaa" i t. n,. Baacna TeinaTHKa IIIeB-aeHKa He 3MÍHnaaca — üpaBna, CaoBo, YiipaiHa.
HoBe b TeMaTHin — BÍn.cyTHÍcTb yKpamcbKHx íctophíhhx TeM, aae 3ip noeTa Tenep 3BepHyBca no cyaacHOCTH Ta oyny^nHn: nopya „ÍIkôh th BornaHe n'aHnn" — npopon,bKHH Bipni „ByBa-jiH bohhh" :
OcTaancb inaniejii, rpn3yTb, acepyTt. i TaaTB CTaporo nina.
A OH, KOpiHHH THXO, aiOÔO
3eaeHi napocri pocTyTb.
I BHpOCTyTt: i 6e3 COKHpH,
aac 3apeBe Ta 3aryae,
K03aK 6e3BepxHH ynaap,
po3TpomHTt TpoH, nopBe nopcpipy,
po3naBHTb Baiuoro tcyMnpa,
aioflCbKii Hiaiueai! ..
.. . a MH noMoaHMOca Bory
i HeôaraTil i HeBöori.
BHpa3Ho noBepTaeTbca 3ip noeTa i ho onpeMoi aionnHn Ta 3ynnHH-GTbca yBaacHo Hafl i'i npaBOM Ha mchtth, Ha macTa: Moace np ň aB-To6iorpa(pÍHHÍ hoth, aae bohh híôh MaiOTb i (piaococpiaHi ninBa-JiHHH („aHTponoaorÍ3M") Ta noxonaTb 3 ranôoKnx po3n,yMyBaHb UleBHeHKa. I, MaôyTb, y 3B'a3Ky 3 nieio 3míhok> nornany cto-íTb i HOBHH BapiaHT crapoi TeMH ,,Heo(pÍTÍB" Ta „Mapii", — i Ty t, hk y paHiuiHx TBopax, MaTH Ta nnTHHa, aae nnTHHa CTae Bace npo-poKOM, nponoBiflHHKOM, anocToaoM, Meciero hobo'í aíhchocth. MaTH cainye 3a hhm a6o npoapBacye noro niao HaBÍTb i no öoro 3a-möeai. I Koan mh öannan b pamninx noeMax HleB^eHKa Hanio-HaabHy cnMBoaiKy, to, po3yMÍGTbca, noBHHHi öannra ií ö TyT: b nnx noeMax npo Marip, npo CHHa-6opna — anocToaa a6o Me-cík). Up biicjiíb hobhx Hanm LLIeBaeHKa Ha MaňSyrae YKpamn. Hanil noro He 36yBaanca. I 3 eyMOM nnme bíh 3a KiabKa TnacHÍB np CMepTH:
I npHb ine, i híh iae ... I, roaoBy cxonnBuin b pyKH, flnByenica: aoMy He önp anocToa npaBnn i HayKH.*
*) JJ,o peii, u,i pHAKH noKa3yK)Ti>, mo IIIeB^eHKo He BBaaiaB t3.khm „ano-ctojiom", am BejiiHCbKoro, aHi HepKHineBCbKoro, am HeicpacoBa, am HaBÍTb-Tepi^eHa, hk ne TBepAHTbcn Tenep b TBopax paflHHCbKHX JiiTepaTypo3HaBU,íb.
4. „AnocToji npaBHH i HayKn" He npHÖniOB i no CMepri Hieß-neHKa. Ajie TpanimÍH yKpaiHCtKoro jiÍTepaTypHoro jkhtth Brne He nepepHBajiacH. Jlnuie toh i cthjib piniyne 3míhhjihch — poMaHTHKa 3aKÍHHHJiacH, nonaBCH nač „peajiÍ3My". I Tyr MeJKa míjk jirrepaTyp-HHMH HanpHMaMH 6yjia TaK caMo Hepi3Ka, hk i míjk íhuihmh yKpa-
lHCbKHMH   JliTepaTypHHMH    HanpHMaMH.    CaMe    toh HaflSBHHaHHHH
BnjiHB, inp noro Maß b yKpamcbKÍH JirrepaTypi IIIeB^eHKO, i hkhh He 3MeHuiyBaBCH, a u;e 3pocTaß 3 naeoM, me 6ijii>nie crapaß Me>KÍ míjk JiiTepaTypoio poMaHTHKH Ta nÍ3HÍiuoro nepiony. I npoTe ßipnii nomeßaeHKiBCbKoi npön 3obcím  íhiuí,  híjk Hleß-
HeHKÍBCbKi.   JlHUie   OHHH  3   nHCLMeHHHKÍB  pOMaHTHMHOl  HOOK CBÍnO-
mo 3ajiHuiHBCH n najii b HleBMeHKOBiH Tpan,Hnii, — n. Kyjiini.
Kyjiini BHCTynae 3HOßy hk noeT jinnie no CMepTi HleBaeHKa. BjKe 1862 p. 3'HBJiHK)TbCH „/Iocbítkh", nepina no „yKpaim" Bipnio-ßaHa 36ipKa Kyjiima. Bíh caM roßopHTb, mo xone nepeÖHHTH enan,-innHy UleBHeHKa, noro „Ko63y":
Oh, MOBHaB h, öpaTTH,
cjiobom He 03BaBCH, nOKH ÖaTbKO yKpaiHCbKHH
nicHeio BnHßaBCH. Hh np BÍKy m., SpaTTH,
öyneMo MOBHaTH? BjiarocjioBÍTb Mem KOÔ3y
HÍMyro y3HTH! ninTHrHy h CTpyHH
Ha rOJIOC BHCOKHH.
He cyMyä, Tapace 6aTbKy,
B MOrHJli rjIHOOKÍH . . .
Bíh xone nponoBJKyBaTH cnpaBy HleBneHKa:
Hh jk Mení no toôí cyMOM cyMyBaTH? Hh tbok) poöoTy
B3HTH flOKÍHMaTH?
JJpKÍHHaio, 6paTe, He 3arHHy MapHe, BTÍmy yKpamy, MaTÍp 6e3TajiaHHy ...
B HacjiiflyBaHHÍ HleßneHKa i CHjia i cjiaOKÍCTb „TJpcbítok".
Kyjiim ßipmye 3ne6ijibina HleBHeHKÍBCbKHMH po3MÍpaMH. Ajie ne e JiHiue caMooMaHa! HacJiinyBaHHH niceHHHX phtmíb bíh 3Emí-
HHG MaöjKe 3aBHíjj;h (bhhhtkh — KijibKa niceHb Ta OKpeMHX Micnb) BBHHaÖHHM tohíhhhm BipineM pociäcbKoro rany 3 híjikom pÍBHO-MipHHM HepryBaHHHM HarojiociB. Bace ne poÖHTb öoro Bipni npo-TH Bipmy IIIeB^ieHKa oflHOMamTHHM, He 3BaacaiOHH Ha Te, mo Ky-jiíhi ^lacTo míhhg po3MÍpn. HeMae b Hboro i CBoepinHocTH LUeBieH-kíbcbkhx pHM, jiHuie 3piaita pHMH HenoBHi (MapHe :: 6e3TajiaHHy, no-xoBajiH :: Majio, ^yno:: Jiyna, öoro :: cpiöpHopornö, npo3HBaio :: cbh-xaa i t. n,.), Hepiaico ne jiHuie xhohí phmh (naHCTBo: imracTBo, Ba-peHHM: :noMepjiHx). EpaKye i He3pÍBHHHoi My3HMHocth IHeBHeHKiB-cbKoi MOBH, xoa BipHe HacainyBaHHa IIIeBHeHKa nacTo Bene Kyjiiuia i no nocHTb BnajiHx cnÍB3Bya b OKpeMHX panKax:
JJ,ÍRH CHBÍ rOBOpjIHBÍ, AÍ-nH-rO-BÍ-aH-BÍ
rojiyßoHbKH 6ypKOTJiHBÍ... ro-6o-6y-KO-jra-BÍ
i t. a.., aöo npHHaÖMHi b OKpeMHX BHpa3ax: y TeMHiö TeMHOTi, aöo (noBTopeHHíi p-p-p): „ÖJiHCHyjia rpiMHHua i3 aopHoi xMapn" Ta „peBHyjiH rapMaTH".
Kyjiiui, hic i íhuií noeTH noon, 3naeTbca, npocTO He noMiTHB HHx pne IIIeB^ieHKOBoro Bipmy. 3aTe Kyjiini HansBH^aAHo KoxaGTtca b HacjiinyBaHHi niceHHoro cthjik», i TyT 6araTo Bnajioro. Ajie xe, m,o y LQeBHeHKa ôyjio b cepni, y Kyjiima 6yao b roaoBi: bíh He e BijibHHH TBopent niceHb, a jinme CTapaHHHH HacjiinyBan öoMy no6-pe BinoMoi niceHHoi' noe3ii*. ToMy 3HaöneMo b Hboro ancaeHHi Ha-ponHi, nieBMeHKÍBCbKi, a iHoni i BjiacHi eniTeTH: Bime cepne, ancre nojie, híobtí nicKH, npiöHi cJib03H, MoaonHK cpiöpHopornö, aaHH He-opaHi, bhcokíí nyMH i t. n-; ajie iHoni m eniTeTH „b*ieHÍ", Bnrana-hí: 6e3xaTHee nTacTBo, ß'aae cepíne i t. n. Kyaini B>KiiBac i nonBiö-HHX cjiíb: naaKaTH-pHnaTH, Gpeny-nepexoacy, BOBKH-cipoMaHui, o^ia-MH-3opaMH, HiHpoKe-raHÖoKe, Ta HacTo npocTO UHTye nicHi:
Thxo ,I{yHaH, thxo Hece ancTy Bony • • •
He no onHÍM KosaneHbKy 3anaaKaaa Mara ...
Hom, ^yHaio, cteb th MyTeH, CTaB th MyTeH, KaaaMyTeH ...
Oh He BCTHr ace K03aK ToaKa
Ha KOHHKa ciCTH, -
CTaan noro naHnepHHKÍB Ha Kanyciy cíkth ...
Xoacy ôeperaMH,
Ta h He Haxoatyca ...
i t. n. IIoeTHKa Haponmix niceHb y Kyainia BHKopHCTaHa HaBÍTb niHpiue, híjk y IIIeB^ieHKa. I Bce >k ôoro Bipnii Bin, niceHb 3HaHHO naabini, híhí IIIeB^ieHKOBi. KpiM niceHb, bíh BHKopHCTOBye i cbog yjnoÔJieHe „Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropesi"; 3bírkh nacTo „CTpyHH jkhbíí", aôo panien:
Hhkjih TpaBH acajiomaMH,
rHyjiocb apeBo 3 Tyrn ...
CnncaMH opaTn, TpynoM 3acÍBaTH ... Oň hkí to 6yneM atHHBa 3 Toro ciBy Mara?
i t. n. PoMaHTHHHi ine fi (popMn: ôaaanH, noeMH („HacTyca", „Be-jihkí npoBOfln") 3 neBHHMH pncaMn poMäHTHHHHx noeM, nicm, ro-jioBHe, — icTopnHHÍ „ayMn". ,11 o tot/o BÍpini Kyainia HacKpÍ3b chm-bojiíhhí (npo ne nHB. m,e naai), Ix CKaanHa KyjibTypHO-cpijiococpiHHa Ta ncnxojioriHHa cHMBOJiiKa Haranye TpanHniK) xapKÍBCbKoi poMan-thkh ôijibme, híhí HleBneHKa. TeMarana HleB^eHica, HaBÍTb K03a-KocpijibCTBo BHpa3He, b toh nac, hk Kyjiiui y cbo'íx noraanax b>Ke cxhjihbch np noBHoi Heťanii no3HTHBHoi pojii K03aHHHHH b yKpai'H-cbKifi icTopi'i. 3ycTpÍHaeMO b Kyjiinia ĽUeB^eHKOBi „rípaBny" i „Cjiobo": „Haina npaBaa, HaponHH ocHOBa", „a mh 6yaeM CBHTy npaB-ay čiara b Haponi",
. . . cnoHHBae Hame caoBo b hímhx rpoôoBHinax . ..
OJKHBHTb JKHBee caoBo
piflHy yKpai'Hy . . . i 3B'ji3aHHH 3 h.hm oôpa3 Ko63apa, iiiío „Bimye":
... ôyne jkhth Hanie caoBo, 6yne!
BjiacHHÔ mothb, akhíí Kyjiiui Aonae 30 IHeBHeHKOBOi chmbojiíkh — KyabTypa:
Orenn moí mHpoKii,
I^ijIHHO OnBÍHHH !
Xto 3ope Bac Ta 3acie —■ caaBa TOMy BiHHa!
JJiacepeao KyabTypH — cepne (npo n.e naai).
I Bce ac ,„2Iocbítkh" Kyainia e, 6e3 cyMHiBy, CBoepinHa, aíHBa noeTHHHa 3ÔipKa, hkhx HeôaraTO b yKpai'HCbKÍH airepaTypi. SHa^HO
457
opHťmaabHinia i He MéHinoI noeTH^HOi BapTOCTH noro npyra 36ip-Ka, mo BHHiujia 20 pokíb ni3Hiuie, „XyTopHa noe3Ía", me nÍ3HÍuie „7Í3bíh" (1893). 3a neií nac Kyaiin nepeacHB 6araTO 3míh y cboih npjii, b HacTpoax, b íctophhhhx norjianax, npnonioB no noBHoI He-ran.il icTopHMHoi poai K03an,TBa, no bhshehhh KyabTypHoi poai rioabini Ta Mockbh Ha YRpaim. BinryKH imx noro nyMOK y 3Öip-Kax MpedpaeKcÍHHHx", KyabTypHo-dpiaocodpiHHHx BipniiB Hanöiabin oÖypHJiH noro cynacHHKiB, Ta ninÖHBaan h nÍ3HÍHiHX nocainnnidB npoTH nce3ii ,,nÍ3Hboro Kyjiima". HiiMaao cnpnaaa HeraTHBHiá on.mn,i 3ÖipoK ix CTHJiicTHHHa 3am3HemcTb — ue pedpjieKCÍHHa ai-pHKa b ayci nÍ3Hboi poMaHTiiKH 3 Han3BHHaimo acKpaBo nintcpecae-hhmh o6pa3aMH Ta nyMKaMH poMaHTHHHoro THny, anine nonacra nepeBeneHHMH b HOBy „cynacHy" (ppa3eoaoriio. Aae nopyn BipmiB Ta nianx ix nimaiB, mp g cnpoöaivra noeraHHoi noaeMi-KH 3 KocTOMapoBHM, MopnoBnein Ta TÍG10 SiabniicTio yKpaiHCbKoro cycniatcTBa, m,o HeraTHBHo CTaBHaaca no pociöcbKoro a6coaioTH3-My neTpa I Ta KaTepHHH II, Ta h 3 IIIeB^eHKOM, anoro K03aK0-(piatCTBo 3aKpHBae Tenep nepen Kyaimeivr HaßiTb 3HaaeHHH öoro „caoBa", Ta fi caMHM coöoio, MaGMo TyT i rapHi neH3aaci i nnipi jií-Phhhí Bipmi.
Hanno3HTHBHÍma (popiwaabHa pnca ni3Hix Bipmiß Kyaima g ix pHTMiKa — bíh, 3aanmaiOHH Tenep niceHHi po3MÍpn Mafiace udikom, ynpoBanncyG 3aTe b yKpamcbKy noe3ÍK) 30bcím HOBe öaraTCTßo to-híhhhx po3MÍpÍB Ta pÍ3HOMaHÍTHicTb CTpodp. IIa nninmcTb phtmíkh BHKynae HaßiTb ôinnicTb pHMH ia HeBnaai HenoBHi phmh: po3niJieH-Ha::naeM'a, noacapiß: :Tep3aaH, noniBCTBo: :anxo"ÍMCTBo i t. n- -3° Tóro Kyjiini nocarayB y cboíx ni3HÍx Bipinax BeaHKoro bmíhhh bhc-aoBy; öoro noe-rmrai cpopMyan nocaraiOTb nacTo HIeB*ieHKÍBCbKOÍ
BHCOTH, XO^ 3MÍCT HOro nyM0K MOHCe HaM HaCTO H HeCHMnaTHHHHH.
Ocb npHKaann, — HaßiTb caaBH03BÍCHe:
Hapone 6e3 nyTTH, 6e3 ^ecTH i noBarn,
6e3 npaBnn y 3aBÍTax npenKÍB nHKHX... —
a6o caMOxapaKTepncTHKa:
51 He noeT i He icTopHK, hí! 51 nioHep 3 coKHpoK) BaacKoio:
TepeH  KOaiOHHH  b  pin,híh CTOpOHi
BHpyöyio Tpynnmoio pyKOio... — aöo riMH „xyTopaM":
riiCHHMH MH TyT 3 BorOM p03MOBaHGM,
BceaeHHa cepino HamoMy BinKpHTa,
458
i o6jiacTÍ mh innpnii flocaraeM,
HÍJK Ta ÓiflHOTa,  30JI0T0M  OKpHTa ... aĎO TaKÍ CTHCJli,  HeMHOrOCJIOBHÍ MajIIOHKH, HK
O74 Bhcjih tj;o  CyjiH  KypHaocb noacapúme, cojionKe KypHBo TypenbKOMy cyjiTaHy . . .
I XJliÓ, MOB 30JIOTO, B CTenax 3aK0JIHXaBCfl,
i KonH npocTarjiHCb aac no caMi IToporn! .. — xa caMHH „3acnÍB" „XyTopHoi noe3Íi":
K0630 moh, HenopoaHa yTixo,
hom TH MOBHHUI, 3afl3BOHH MCHÍ CTHXa,
roaocoM npaBfln cbhtoi tjsbohh, Haniy TicnoTy ripicy cnoM'aHH. Moace hhg me He cninjieHe cepíne BaaíKo 3a6'eTbca, 740 cepna o3BeTbca, 6aHjj,ypi cTpyHa 30 CTpyHH ...
monpaBfla, MOBy nÍ3HÍx 36ipoK Kyainia poóaaTb ;iaa nÍ3HÍninx noKoaiHt He3BnaaHHOio noro ancaeHHi caoB'aHÍ3Mn (6aar, npax, rpajiyme, raaBeHCTBO, Bpar, íctohhhk. 6htíh, BepTorpa^ i t. jel), no-pya nboro e piflKi a6o HaHOBo BHKyBam caoBa (TÍMoxa, nepeSoBK, BaroHHTn — npo BariTny aciHicy, b 6pnTaH = y 6pHTaHn,íb, Moro-Ta; cKaaflHi caoBa. hk: Bnan,bKOBye, BĎe3neayG i t. h.), He3Bnaan~ hí Haroaocn ( npócBÍTi, b icananá, KpoBH, ropoTrainé i t. 71.). ITpo-Te MacMO TyT i ancaeHHi rapHi, a raofli i noflHByriflHi CKaaflHi caoBa: 3eMHonpocTopHÍ, Koca TpaBoacepHa, caMÍTHOflpeMaHBHH, 3oaoToicKpaBHH. TBopaan MOBy Tjaa „bhcokhx TryMoic", 60 Bace b ,,7-íocBÍTKax" bíh HacTpoiOBaB Ko63y „Ha roaoc bhcokhh", Ky-aim He ocTepiraGTbca npo3ai3MÍB: acopcTOKHH aTaBÍ3M TarapcbKOi Moíikbh, caMyM, rypHKaHH, íhcthhkt, npaKTHaHinioí, y3ypnanii, 6e3-naaTHHH ■— y aipHHHnx Bipniax 3aMÍCTb „bhcokocth" TBopaTb 3ob-cím mine BpaaceHHa.
TeMaTHKa BipuiÍB 3aanmaGTbca poivraHTHHHoio, He 3BaacaiOHH Ha 3axonaeHHa Kyainia Teinoio „HayKn":
Hayíco-HeHe! BHKyá th HaM nayra, i hhm caMa opaTH noMoacn...
— aae ueů BnaHB no3HTHBÍ3My (Kyaini roBopnTb HaBÍTb cneniaabHo npo M03HÍ 3a 60-hx poKis „npHpoaHHni HayKH") He nepeMarac ochob-hhx pne noro poivraHTHHHoro b gctbí CBÍToraaTiy; HaBÍTb i Hayíca b Hboro oČMeaceHa:
459
bobík Haynj. ne oöhhth,
BCboro, mo Th (Bor) co3flaB gch . . .
rOJIOBHÍ TeMH - CTapi:  BOCKpeceHHH yKpaÍHH,   CJIOBO   i   HOrO HO-
ciö — noeT-npopoK, npaBfla, cepíne, KyjibTypa,
CyflHTH yKpaiHy piflHe cjiobo 6yne —
GnHHHii CKap6 y Te6e — piflHa MOBa, 3aKJiHTHH fljia cyciflCBKoro xHJKaHTBa:
BOHa TBOrO HCHTTíI MÍI^Ha OCHOBa,
noBHiiue Hap; yci cKapön h ÔaraTCTBa ...
I nopyn CTaporo o6pa3a noeTa-Ko63apa, GflHHoro JKHBoro cepefl Hapofly Mepn;íb, 3ycTpinaeMo Tenep noeTa-npopoKa — thhobo poMaH-thhhhh o6pa3. Ilopy^ CKpoMHoro
... B MOlM HeMyflpÍM cjiobí
öyjia HKacb HeflOBiflOMa cHJia . . .
3ycTpinaGMo o6pa3H, hk „noe3ÍI SojKecTBemie flnxaHHa", „npopoK npopoKoBi npHHOcHTB onpaBflaHHfť' (npo rorojiíi), „th HeBMnpyinnii nap, th h Hafl qapHMH naH", „cbhtoi npaBflH xpaM". IIoe3ÍH — cHJia, mo BiflpoflHTb yKpamy:
Ko630-OpjIHĽT,e!  3aKJIHH-3afl3BOHH 3 bhcokocth,
mp6 Ha tbíh noKjiHK CTapi no3pocTajiHCH koctí
i HenOBHHHO npOJIHTafl KpOB OJKHJia . . .
HapaMH cjiOBa po3Mafi, mob Ty xMapy, Heflojiio, cjiobo HaM Bepne i CHjiy flaBHe3Hy i bojho . . .
Ta noe3Ía — ohobhtb He Jinnie Hapofl i jhoactbo, a h cbít npnpoflH:
OHHCTHJiacB npnpofla, mob BocKpecjia, y o6pa3i noe3ÍI cbhtoí . . .
I noeT-npopoK, hk y poMaHTHui, jKHBe Ta „cnißaG" „b cbhtíh caMo-
THHÍ",  „niCHH) 30pHK)k) npo flaJIBHÍH cbít" -
flyma noro khhhtb, poKonyTB rpo3Ho CTpyHH, i cHnjiioTB Ha 3eMHHx 6orÍB cBoi nepyHH.
Cjiobo noeTOBe — „cjiobo npaBflH", —
. . . HacHnajin bhcokí MornjiH. B thx MorHJiax piflHHM TpynoM npaBfly npHflyuiHJiH . ..
460
.. . npocBineHa npaß^a HiMye.
3aroBopHTt BOHa
i flo caMoro ana nepeßepHe jiyKaBy cnopyny ...
06pa3 Eoaa, — noexa KHH3iBCbKHx naciß. g njia Kyjiima chmbo-jiom BiHHo'i ripoBinHoi pojii noe3ii. lipo ochobh Toro CBiTorjiany, 3 HKoro BHpocTajiH b Kyjiiina ni o6pa3H — me KijibKa cjiiß n,ajii.
Kyjiiui BHflaB caM aöo HanncaB (BHnam 3 fioro cnan,in,hhh) i KijibKa noeM, 3aKiH*ieHHx a6o h He3aKiH^eHHx („Xy-ropm Henp-rapKH"). IcTopHHHi — „Hacryca" Ta „BejiHKi npoBoan" (b „£[c-CBiTKax"), flpyra 3 THnoBHM n,jia Kyjiiuia o6pa3oin injiaxeTHoro „KyjitTypHHKa" ToaKH, iqo TpariiHo rome, He SHaxoflann cniß^yTTa b piflHOMy yKpamcbKOMy oToneHHi, „Mapyca BorycjiaBKa" (He3a-KuraeHa, xoh Kyjiiui nepepoöJiHB 11 moHafiMeHine Tpn pa3H Ta 06-poÖHB aac 13 HOBrnx „niceHb" 11) Ta „MaroMeT Ta Xaa,H3a" — o6h,o,-ßi Ha „opiGHTajibHi" TeMH, 3 BHCOKOK) omiHKOlO cxiflHboi KyjibTypn; y Äpyriö Kyjiiui po3BHBae poMaHra^Hy cpijiococpho jiioöobh. „YaH-Ha KaroniHHUfl", ,,rpHn,bKO CKOBopona" Ta „Kyjiiui y neKJii" — nyö-aiu;HCTHHHi; HesaniHHeHa ,,yjiaHa" mön Majia noflara noeTHHHHii Hapnc „XyTopHoii cpijiococpii". Teac cpparMeHTapHHH „HenprapoK", „CKOBopona" — cHyc TeMy yKpai'HcbKo'i KyjibTypn; „Kyjiiui y neK-jii" — flOTenHo 3anyMaHa, aae He TaK yace npTenHo npoßeneHa ca-Tnpa Ha noaiTHHHO-KyabTypHHX Boporiß Kyjiima. üonaTO ßyjio i flajibmi noeMH.. . Bei noeMH Kyjiima — noeMH pecpaeKciimi, xa-paKTepHCTHHHi aaa ni3Hbo*i poMaHTHKH a6o caMoraix noeriB nopo-MaHTHHHoro ^aey (Hanp. BeaeTeHCbKi He3aKiHHeni „Romanzen vom Rosenkranz" Kji. BpeHTaHO, ,,K)Mop" OrapbOBa aöo ni3Hi, neaKi jiHiue nonaTi noeMH JlaMapTiHa aöo B. Tioro, b ocTaHHboro 30 peni, noMiTHMO i TaKe caMe 3aHTTa poMaHTHHHoro CBiToraa^y 3i CBiTO-rjianoM „npocBineHOCTH" 60-x potdß, hk y Kyjiiina). XapaKTepnc-thhho naa noeM Kyjiiina, mp nonjä y hhx iHonj HeMac, aöo flia, Ta HaßiTb pyxjiHßa, pi3HOMamTHa hk b „Mapyci EorycjiaBui" aöo „CKOBopofli", n,e Maao öyrn nonaHe Bce hchtth cpijiococpa, ijuikom 3HHKaiOTb 3a niHpoKHMH aipHHHHMH o6pa3aMH Ta me niHpiHHMH Mip-KyßaHHaMH noeTa Ha pi3Hi TeMH. 3>opMajibHO bohh He Bin,pi3Hfl-lOTbca Bin, ni3Hix Bipuiiß Kyjriuia; BapTO 3ayßaacHTH bhchtok pi3-
HOMaHiTHHX ßipiHOBäHHX CpOpM.  IIpOTe KOMn03HI^iHHO  BOHH 3aBaH<-
Ki. Ajie b hhx po3CHnaHO ^HMaao oKpeMHX nepjiHH, Moace HaßiTb ßijibnie. aHiac y JiipHn,i Kyjiima. ITpoTe n,i nepjiHHH 3n,e6ijibma ryö-jiHTbca cepen, po3yMyBaHb, hkIm HaßiTb TaKHH 3fliÖHHH 30 rocTpo-ro BHCJioßy aBTop He 3yMiB aöo He 3Mir HaaaTH noeTirraoro ocpopM-aeHHa. IIpOTe Jiinuii Micna MorjiH Ta Moacyrb cnpaBJiHTH ßpaaceHHa
461
i Ha TOfliiHHtoro i Ha cy^acHoro wraqa. Bohh i 3flo6yaH neBHy no-nyjiapHicTb, Ha acaab, BHpBam 3 KOHTeKCTy. Ocb „xyiopHa cpijio-cocpia" Kyainia b „yaam KaroiHHHin":
O thxí xyTOpH, BeaHKi y MaaoMy,
BeaHKi thm, roo e Haůay^ne, Kpame b Hac,
6aHflyaíHe nniuHOMy i ropflOMy CoflOMy ...
Bh, aio6i BTe^HHj;a KOxaHHa i HaflXHeHHfl BÍ3 KaMeHiOK-aiofleH 6e3 cepu,a & 6e3 yina! HJe He fl03Haan bh npHHyKH npocBimeHHH, me Bac He nonaaa aKaneMÍHHa TbMa: noflaíÍTe ac racao HaM HOBoro BocKpeceHHa, cnpaBfliTb oSinaHKy CBameHHoro riHCbina, mo icTHHy Koancb mh cepu,eM 3p03yMÍGM, HeBoaio po3yMOM nepeMorn 3floaieM.
A60 rapm HaTyp(piaoco(pmHÍ paflKH 3 „Mapyci EorycjiaBKH":
Hafl CTenaMH coHue cae,
BÍTep noflHxae, noflHxae, mob Ha K063Í
THxocTpyHHifi rpae.
noHa^inaioBaHO rycTo
CTpyHH 30aOTÍl
Ha CTenn, 6aaKH 3 pinKaMH, 6aíipaKH KpyTii.
Cae coHue, BÍTep bíg,
THpcy Haxnaae: JXo CTpyHH cTpyHa Ha koó3Í
cTHxa npoMOBaae
6aHHui okom, Hyení yxoM,
cepneM po3yMÍeni, a CKa3aTH — 3acniBaTH
roaocHo He bmíghi.
HecKa3aHHe, neBHMOBHe
Ko63a npoMOBaae, i csaTHMH no^yTTaMH
cepne HanoBHae.
I B03H0CHTb noro Bropy
Bifl 3eMHoro aoHa, mob KpnaaTi flyxn-KOHÍ
6ora AnoaaoHa,
mp6 enorjijmyjio 3-nifl He6a Ha ce JKH3HÍ Mope,
He, mob XBHJia apy xbhjiio, Bipa Bipy 6ope,...
i noe3ÍI cnaceHHHM
HaflHXOM CnOBHHJIOCb, flO BCÍX BÍp i BCÍX H3HKÍB pÍBHO npHXHJIHJIOCb.
He 3BaHcaK)HH Ha Tam, b hihpokhx noeivrax Kyjiinia ne TaK Bace piflKi, Micna, noeMH ííoro 3flaK)TbCH Bce ac TBopaMH, rojioBHe npn-3HaneHHa akhx He noeTHHHe, a ny6jiin,HCTH*iHe.
IIofliSHO cToiTb cnpaBa 3 noro apaMaTHHHHMH TBopaMH. H,e „Kojiii", flpaMaTHHHi cneHH (Kyjiim BHflaB anuie oflHH aKT) Ta n,paMaTH*ma TpHjioria: „Eaůfla" (1884), „CaraHflainHHiť', „Ilap Ha-jiHBaň" (oÓHRBa TBopn BHflaHO no CMepri aBTopa). /IpaMa „Ko~ jiíi" ne nocHTb acHBo b cthjií MacoBHx cneH 3 „HopHoi Pafln" no-flám po3MOBH npeflCTaBHHKiB pÍ3HHx rpyn cycniatCTBa. Tpnjio-ria — enpoča bhcokoi flpaMH, fle e Bce, KpiM flpaMaTH3My. .ZJpaMa-TH3M, pyx, Han'aTTa e ji mne bhimkobo b HapoflHHx cn,eHax a6o b cmenax, fle 3'aBjiaioTbca OKpeMi repoi, Hanp., TaHaca AnniiSep y „Banfli", — nocTaTt, b aKy Kyaiui yans yce noMy HecHMnaTHHHe
3 yKpaiHCbKOl iCTOpHHHOl TpaflHU.il, — „xnacaiíTBo", ,,p036HUiamTBO".
iHini cn;eHH — umpoKo po3ropHeHi TeopeTHHHi nHCKycii hh flncnyTH, fle CTHKaiOTbca 3 y m k h, a He bojih i He xapaKTepa repoiB. B „Mophíh Pafli", hk mh oaHHjiH, KyjiinieBi Bflajioca cycnijibHi Ta ifleojiorňiHi npoTHBeHCTBa yitpamcbKoro acnraa btíjihth b hchbhx nocTaTax. B „TpHaorii" bíh He Miř — a6o He xotíb — nboro aocar-nyTH. 3aMÍCTL 6opoTb6H hchbhx chji — TyT jraine flncnyTH. Ili iuh-pom flncnyTH, mofli HaBÍTt 3 nepeBaroio MOHOJiory Hafl fliajioroM, flaiOTb Kyjiinieni 3Mory "e-He-fle SjíHCHyTH cboim yMiHHHM Teope-THHHoro cpopMyaiOBaHHa flyMKH. Manace icjiacH^m pÍ3HÍ cpopMyjno-BaHHa íctophhhhx Ta cycnijibHHx ineajiiB Kyjiinia, Hanp., Eaňfloio.
... y MeHe Bipa — npaBfla,
MoaHTBa — necHi noflBHrn jranapcbiti,
nocTH ň 6flÍHHa — noxoflH, HyacflH, npau,H,
a pan — Hafl 3jiom KpHBaBHH cyfl K03an.bK.HH... —
^h:
He flHBO Kpan ninpoKHH 3B0K»BaTH, nepBOHy KpoB 3 nicKOM nepeMiniaTH,
463
3acnnaxb noneaaMH, cjií3b.mh 3mhxh,
i KÍHbMH BHXOnxaXb MaaeHbKÍ flÍTH.
CnaceHHa pia — yci xaTH íi naaaxn nifl HenoxHSHHÍI cyfl noHaxnjiaTH, noxyacHoro bíjj; Hanaay BnHHHTH, 6e3cnaoro b Hanacxi paTyBaxn ... —
aóo neaepcBKHM nenu^m 3ochmom („CaraHflaniHHH") :
XBaan, Myapareaio, cboio ocBÍxy; mh c e p n, e m, BoroM cepna HCHBeMo. Bifl po3yMy h HayKH xiabKO n,BÍxy, Bifl cepn.a ac naofly BÍHHoro acfleMo.
Aae ni cpopMyan, mp ix cpopMa nocTaaa He 6e3 BnaHBy BiflnoBiflHHx Micnb DJeKcnipa, xa íhoaí rapHi o6pa3n — HepiflKo — BiflryKH 3í ,uCaoBa o noany IropeBi", He MOHcyxb ypaxyBaxn flpaM Kyaiuia aic flpaM. B hhx g fleani acHBi nocxaxi, aae flpyropaflHi; roaoBHÍ repoi noro Manace 6e3 bhhhxkíb g hkhmhcb nepcoHÍcpÍKan,ÍHMH aScxpaKX-hhx noHaTt aóo ix KOMnaeKciB. 3obcím ÍHinoro xapaKxepy abí íhhií ApaMaxHHHi cnpo6n Kyaiuia: „IpofloBa MopoKa" (1879) — aerna cxHaisania BepxenHoi flpaMH npo Ipofla 3 flocHTb rocxpHMH noaixnn-HO-Hau;ioHaai>HHMH floxenaMH, xa ,,XyxopaHKa" (1877) — cxHaÍ3ania 6í6\jiíhhoí ,,nicHÍ niceHb", hk hkoicb BeciabHoi opaxopii: „cniBaHa XBaaa Moaofloi nepefl BeciabHHMH rocibMH" — Kance caM Kyaim. J\o-chxe. npocxa MOBa u,hx abox MeHiunx flpaMaxHMHHX cnpo6 — 30bcím ÍHinoro xapaKxepy, aHiac y íhhihx n'ccax, b hkhx — cxapoBHHHa mo-Ba, BaacKyBaxa, 3 hhcjiěhhhmh piflKHMH xa KOBaHHMH caoBaMH, mp noaacxH 3obcím He 3ai, aae He 3flo6yan co6i nonyaapHocTH i xoiay Bpaacaioxb cyaacHoro HHxaaa. Bpaacaioxb noro i peTopnam npoMOBH aócipaKXHHx repoiB irax n'Gc. Ihoaí ahbhí xhóhí HaroaocH.
Ilopyn 3raAaHHx flpaMaxnHHHX CTnaÍ3airÍH Kyainia HaSSiabm ypiBHOBaaceHo-noexHHHi noro xboph npo30BÍ. Ile KiabKa HeBe-jihkhx onoBiflaHb (yci BHflpyKyBaHo npoxaroM 1860-68 pp.), mo cxHaicxHHHOK) TpaflHHÍGio hkocb HaB'a3yioTL.ca flo onoBiflaHb Kbíxkh. HlonpaBfla, bohh bcí npH3Haaem flaa „Hapofly". TJJhbhhm hhhom ofl-He 3 hhx — ,,Cipa Ko6naa" — onoBiflaHHa SiAaKa, mo caM 3ary6HB, yxonnB cboio Ko6nay, Haraflyc HaBÍxb „xpaBecTiHHHÍí" acaHp Kbíx-HHHoro „CaaAaiibKoro naxpexa" xa nofliÓHnx onooBÍAaHb. ITpoxe íhhií cepňo3HÍ i BÍflpÍ3Haioxbca Bifl TBopÍB Kbíxkh, 3 oflHoro 6ony, cbogio BeaHKoio cxHcaicxK), 3 flpyroro — ncHxoaoriHHOio cKaaflHÍc-tío cioacexy. Kyaini, 111,0 b cboíx pociňcbKHx noBÍcxax cxHaaBca Teac flo 3MaaK>BaHHH ncnxoaoriaHo cKaaflHHx, nonacxH Moace naxoaorin-hhx cHxyanJH, 6yflyc cboí HapoflHi onoBÍAaHHa Ha xaKnx caMHx no-
Wh
nyaapHo nonaHHx cKaaaHHX ncHxojiori^HHx npoôaeMax. lie g TaKHÖ caMHÖ npoTecT npoTH ynpoinpHHa ncnxoaorü, hk npoTecTOM npoTH ynpomeHHa iCTopHHHoro MajiMHKy 6yjia coniajihHa aHTHTera-Ka „HopHo'i Paan". — „lipo 3JioniH b cejii raKÍBHHn,i" — icTopia cnpaBJKHtoro 3aoaiH, inp noKaaBca, Ta aKoro rpoMana, 3aMÍCTt Bia-aara no cyny, noKapaaa caMa Ta npocraaa, — „a b Bac, npöpo-aiio, y ropoaax, mp 6 3 TaKoro HoaoBnca 3po6naH!" — KÍHiae ,,xy-TopaHHH" b iaieHi aKoro BeneTtca onoßinaHHH. — „ropapBHTa napa"
— icTopia KoxaHUiB, mo Hepe3 ropaicTt po3Ínmanca Ha BaacHe hc-macTa: oônaBa KranaiOTb caMoryôcTBOM. — „^iBoae cepíne" — ícto-pia, mp noHHHaGTbca TaKoio caMOK) sipmcTio nÍB^hhh napyÔKOBi, mp nonaB y caanara, hk ne 6yBae b onoBiaaHHax Kbítkh, aae, noixaB-niH 3a HHM np MicTa, noKoxaaa mníoro. ľlapyôoK ií „MOCKaaeM oan-hokhm bík 3BÍKyBaB, mob Toň jxyô cyxoBepxno ..."-„MapTHH TaK"
— icTopia raöaaMaKH. TaK, cTaBinn OTaMaHOM rannaMaKÍB 3 HemiiB, n,iaKOM 3HeßipHBca b niaaxy raHnaMan&KOMy, Ta totobhh 6yB yace spannra CBoix, aae bohh, npBiaaBniHCH npo np, noro 3a6naH. — „Ci-hobí rocTi" — Teac raHnaMan,i>Ka icTopia, mp 11 ne 3 3axonaeHHHM bh-KJiaaae „CTapHH flifl", a 3 cyMHÍBOM Ta cyMOM. — „IIotomkh yKpaÍHct-Koro raHnaMauTBa" — Moace ghhhhh TBip, npH3HaneHHH naa ocbí-aeHoro ^nra^a (hk i no-yKpaiHCBKH He saKiH^eHHÖ poMaH „BpaTH"
— híôh nepepiÖKa pociäcbKoro „OaeKcia OaHopora"). He niKaßi cy-naem aereHnn npo ocTaHHix 3anopoa<nÍB, aeťeHHH, b hkhx nmcHicTb CBaßiaBHo cnaeTeHa 3 (paHTa3Íeio, — TyT 6paK BaacHoro eioaceTy, np HH3Ka HapncÍB.. . Oxace rapMOHiHHi thhh Ta inHJiŕqm o6pa3H Kbítkh Kyaini 3aMÍHK>g poMaHTHHHoio „po3ÍpBaHÍCTio", b h y t-p i in h i m TparÍ3M0M Ta ncHxoaorÍMHOK) ycKaanHeHicTio . . . Horo onoBinaHHH hí6h nonyaapH3yiOTi> ncnxoaorÍ3M öoro cynacHHKa JXo-cTOGBCbKoro. — M0BH0 bcí onoßinaHHH BHTpHMaHo hk „CKa3", np onosinaHHa „xyTopaHHHa", „6a6yci", „cTaporo nina", „npan,i;o;a", hkhxoce. HeBiflOMHx onoBiaaniB, aae jien.Be mi Kyjiiina caMoro. He-pe3 u;e — po3MipHo npocTa, aae rapMomiiHa Moßa, ncHxoaorÍ3M roaoBHe b cioacexi, nepeacHBaHHa repoiß onncaHO me TpoxH cxapo-EunHHM CTHaeM: „I Ha cepn,i to6í thxo i hkocb cMyrao, i 3hhbcb 6h Ta n noaeTÍB, cnißaiOHH noHan, 3eMaeio. . .", moni rapm Kpa-gbhhh, ne-He-ne Tpoxn npocxauBKa MOBa, nocxari ÍHoni Bepxenm: „3anopoaceiifc 3 ycHMa, . . . nopm, nopm Ta noBri Ta po3KÍniHÍ. . . 2Ky-naH Ha HOMy hiobkobhh nepBOHHÖ, aae cbíxhxbch, hk oroHt; inan-Ka nepBOHa noxnaacxa; noac 3oaoxHĚ; 3a noacoM nicToai, npn 6oKy niaöaa; KyatßaKa i cTpeMeHa — Bce Te b innpiM 3oaoTÍ, aae ro-pHTb". G npnnoBinKn a6o 3BopoTn HaponHoro rany: „Hyaía exopo-ho, naaeKa 3eMae xoaonHa, He naonrona, nayroM He opaHa, Kyn'aM 3aciaHa". Kyaiin 3'aBaacTLca TyT nepea HaMH hk rinHHH poMaH-
465
thhhhh HacTyriHHK Kbítkh, Ta k uio acajiKyeni, nio flaB bíh tíjibkh uhx KÍJibKa npHHariflHo HanncaHHx onoBiflaHb.
Mc-JKe HaocHJiBHiiue b Kyjiinia — äoro HayKOBo-nonyjiapHa (ic-TopHHHi HapHcn) Ta nyôjrinncTHHHa npo3a, Ta fleaid jihcth 3 fioro inopoKoro Ta jiHine *iacTKOBo BiflOMoro jihcTy BaHHji. Ejinac^a xa-paKTepncTHKa ix — yace no3a MOKaMH HaniHx 3aBflaHb. B kojk-HOMy pa3i npo3a uhx TBopiB Kyjiima Hafl3BH*iaHHO jierna Ta iijihh-Ha (nop. HaBeflem Bnnie äoro xapaKTepncTHKH Knpnjio-MeTofliiB-cbKoro BpaTCTBa), xok ne  MOJKe  Ha cynacHHH  cMaK i 3aHaflT0
„nifleCeHHH" ajie Bpa3JIHBHH, MHCTeUbKH „noBHOKpOBHHH" CTHJIb.
KojiH 3raaaGMo m,e pociäcbKi noBicn, HaynoBi Ta nyôJiiiiHCTHHHi nncaHHH Kyjiima, to flicTaneMo yflBJíeHHfi npo Han,3BHHaHHy innpo-Ty noro npairi Ta nHCbMeHHHUbKoro TajiaHTy.
Tpe6a me 3ranaTH npo nepeKJiaflH Kyjiinia. TojioBHi 3 noro npaiiL y iiiOMy HanpsMi — nepeKJiafl Cb. IlHCbMa, nepecniBH 3 Cb. ÜHCtMa, 30KpeMa BipmoBaHHH nepecniB ycix ncajiMiB (3 p. 1868-71), nepeKJiaflH 3 UleKcnipa (1882) Ta nijia 3ÔipKa ,,IIo3HHeHa KOÔ3a" (niijijiep, TeTe, raime, BanpoH, 1897). lipany, HacaMnepefl MOBHa, Hafl H.hmh nepeKJiaflaMH — BejieTeHCBKa. Kyjiiui 3poÖHB HaHÖijibuie
31 CBOIX CyqaCHHKÍB flJIÍI  BHpoÖJieHHH yKpaiHCbKOrO  „BHCOKOro" Ta
yKpaiHCLKoro jiipHHHoro cthjiíb. Cbíaomo 3ajiHHiae bíh iiíjikom oc-
TOpOHb TpaBeCTÍHHi  tohh  ,,K0TJ15ipeBH;HHH".   JlHHie  3flpÍOHÍjlÍ CJIOBa,
HKHX Kyjiim He Mir no36yTHcn, 3flaiOTbcfi Haii Tenep HenpHpoflHHMH; ajie, Hanp., iMeHyBaHHa 6í6jiíhhhx oci6 no ôaTbKOBi (,,^aBHfleHKO ABeccajioM") MOJKe BHKJíHKaTH 3flHBOBaHHíi, ajie híhk yace He 3fla-GTE.CH Byjibr/apHHM*. Oct UK bíh nepeflae HaM yace b nepecnÍBÍ Tyjia-Ka-ApTeMoBCE»Koro 3HaSoMi mícu.h „PHOajnoi" TeTe (ahb. VI. T. 3):
Bofla HiyMyG, po3JiHjiacb i noBHÍ noBÍflflio bcí ôepern h 3aT0HH . . .
riífl CnÍB niHpOKHH flÍBOHbOK CHflHTb Hafl pi^KOK) pHÔajIOHKa, nHJIbHyG,
^h njiaBjíe cTHxa nonjiaBOK,
hh B BHpBÍ KpyTHTbCJI, 1h b HypTHHÍ HypTyG.
Ajk Oct Bofla nifl nonjiaBKOM 3aKOjiHxajiacH i b nim po3flijrajiacbt
He cpiÔHa pHÔOHbKa 3 nepoM, BpofljiHBa fliB^HHa-pycajioHKa 3'íiBHjiacb.
*) Ajie BHce b 11 ct. y AMapTOJia yKpa'iHCí>Knň <mTai 3ycTpinaB ,,AJieKcaH#-pa *HJiHnoBH^a" MaKe^oHctKoro i t. n.
If66
CniBae craxa no noro i, mob conijioHKa, npHHaflHo npoMOBjíae:...
KOJIH  6  TH 3HaB,  hk pHÓOHbKaM
Í3 HaMH B HypTHHl ryjiHTH BecejieHbKO,
BinnaBCt 6h h caM yBecb th HaM i rpaBct 6h 3 pHČKaMH íl niB^aTKaMH jiK>6eHbKo.
ropnyjiacb no kojiíh noro, xa pyHeHHTaMH híjkhhmh oóiHMajia
J\o jiOHa BaSnjia CBoro ... PnóajiKa 3hhk ... Bona 6jramajia i MOBnajia.
A ocb nepecniB Toro caMoro ncajiMy (139), hkhh mh 3HaGMo b rap-HOMy nepecniBi ryjiaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro:
Kyna 6 a btík Bin TBoro nyxy, yKpHBca Bin acHoro JiHKy. Ha He6o — Th Ha He6i chgih; yB an — i b ani Th BjianHKa.
BÍ3bMy b 30pÍ H KpHJI HIHpOKHX
Ta nojieny 3a oKeaHH, — i TaM, b nycTHHi TaeMHHHin, Tboh pyna MeHe nocarae ...
He BCionn nepeKJiann Kyjiinia — cnpaBni noera^Hi; Hafi6ÍJibiHe no-eTHHHoro b ,,no3HHeHÍH K063Í"; u,e nonacTH cBinoMa noiíijibHa npa-hh ,,nioHepa 3 coKHpoio Baaaíoio".
5. *Iepe3 yci TBopn Kyjiiuia npoxonaTb MepBOHoio cMyacKoio ne-hkí ochobhí hoth noro CBiTorjinny. OcHOBHa noro inea, — poMan-TH^Ha inea npo nonBiíÍHHH xapaKTep jiionHHH, b hkííí cnoJiyHeni 30BHÍ1HHG, noBepxoBe Ta rjinSoKe, cyrae, 3axoBaHe, 3aKpHTe b „cepuji". HlyKaHHH Kyjiinia Ta noro XHTaHHH 6yjiH BHKJiHKaHi eyMHi-EaMH b TOMy, m,o BJiacHe HajieHíHTb no rjiHÓOKoro ccrsa jnoRmm, a mo g jiHHie noBepxHH. ÍIk y jiionHHi, TaK posniJiawTbca oóhabí ccpepn i b „KOJieKTHBHiH oco6i" YRpaiHK.
Oíi cepneHbKo 3aKpHTeG,
THXHH paK), THXHH paiO . . .
raHÓoKHH Koaona3b, TijibKH n«o 6aHin;HTbca: tboh nyMKa rJIHÓHie y cepui TaÍTbCH ...
467
. . . THXi 30pi
y hhctíh He6a bhcotí noöJiHCKyiOTL y KpacoTi Ha hhbhím npocTopoHi Mopa: TaK chg cepi^a ranÖHHa, mo Bipye ne HaBMaHHa . ..
Ha „ahí Hymn" i „noeranHi pěni", i „Tyra", i „noMHCjra", — HyMKH, i Bipa, i Haflia Ha MaHoyTHe:
Ofi HIHpOKO, oíi rjlHÖOKO
flyMKOK) 3aiiMaK>,
a m,e HiHpmy, a me ranomy
a Hafliro Maro . ..
Oh, Hexan moí Hanil
6ynyTB moí híth:
y cepneHBKy rapanoMy
aiOÔO IX HOCHTH.
ToMy Kyaini 3BepTaeTtca flo „cepn;a" 3 nHTaHHHM npo Mančyrae:
. . . nHByiocb, pafliio, y cepu,a nHTaro: CKaaíH, Bime cepue, hh cKOpo cbít 6yfle?
I Kyaiui CHMBoaÍ3ye Ty aÍHÍK>, mo Bene Bifl ainnioro MHHyjioro no ainuioro ManöyTHboro nepe3 o6pa3 cepna CBoro repoa Tojikh 3 ,,Be-aHKHx npoBofliß":
OS, 6araT0 y CaaByTi 3HBHoro, CBaToro; HaöflHBHiuie — HjjHpe cepíne ToaKH Moaofloro.
Po3Tep3aHe, KpHBaBee, 6'cTBca nifl borok) i b ch) Bony icnoBHHG
flyMOK) CBHTOK) . . .
Bo „3a6yneTbCH ím'h mog, a cepn,e b flaaeKOMy noTOMCTBi 030BeTb-ca". Bo b cepni aroflHHH, b n,BOMy „míkpokocmocí" — bcccbít: „a b cepuj MoäoMy BceaeHHyio Hocnaa", i Bora Ta yci Boacii flapn:
Cepqe HHCTe, MHjiocTHBe, flap HaOKpaundi Bora, HaHneBHiina, HaSnpocTinia flo HeÖec flopora ...
468
Miň xpaM y cepn,i. TaM a B03XBaaaio, KOrO, hk 3BaTH, ň Ha ÍM'a He 3HaK>.
,,Tpe6a yroatnaTH TiaBKH BoroBi, a Bor roBopHTB HaM aepe3 Hauie cepíne. Xto cepn,e cbog ohhcthtb ot ycHKoi CKBepm, Toň 3poöHTB noro xpaMOM Bowchím". „JIion,CBKHň pia. čepen, CBoei tcmhoth Ta no-
MHJIOK,  6e3yCTaHHO HHHHTb OOHíeCTBeHHe fliao npaBflH i HCH3HÍ. ÜK
coHne He nepecTac poönra cbog aijio nocepea, Hoai, nocepea, 6ypi, nocepea, xoaoay i MpaKH, Tan aioncBKa flynia hí Ha xBHaHHy He 3ynn-HHGTbCH b CBOGMy npaBenHOMy 3axofli Koao nopaaKOBaHHH pony jHoncbKoro. IIpHMyBaHHH ii aacoM cKpHBa TeMpaBa, a mp BOHa npa-Myc no Bóra, np Horo po3yMy, no Horo npaBnn, to ce pia neBHa".
I po3KpHTTa cepna, 3niňcHeHHa noro niaa, ycyHeHHa BCBoro BHnaflKOBoro, 30BHÍniHboro — g aiao „BocnpeceHHa yKpaiHH" (Te-Ma, aKOK) noBHi nyMKH Kyainia). Toiny ue BocKpeceHHa g annie no-BopoT po ranÖHH cnpaBacHBoro 6yTTa, po CTapoi „KyaBTypn" (60 ň BOHa y cepni). ,,J\o ceml KyaBTypHHKÍB BepTafica" — Kaace Kyaini CBOGMy HaponoBi:
. . . Hania pinHa ytcpama HenpBinoMa ranÖHHa MopcBKaa
i BOaBHOCTH HapOflHBOÍ 6e30flHa.
Kyaiui Kanae po CTapoi KyaBTypn „CTapopycBKoi", a roaoBHHH i"i eaeMeHT — MOBa — „nepenßiaHHH CKap6" HaponHoro čepila: ,,Be-jiHKa 60 cnaa b npocTOMy HaponHbOMy caoßi i b npocTiň Haponmii nicHi, i TaHHa toí chjih — b aioncBKHx cepnax, a He b aioncBKOMy po3yMÍ. Te caoBo cepnpM aionn bhmobhjih". Hyaca MOBa — MOBa po3yMy, Hapofl He KHnaB pÍHHo"i mobh, 60 „b cepuj.. . 6yB op ycix. . . po3yivmiiHHŮ". TaK MoacHa MOTHByBaTH 3aKaaK Kyainia:
OTaecTBo co6i rpyHTyŮMO b piflHÍM caoßi: BOHO, BOHo opuo Bip noryoH BTeae, ninnepaíHTB Han,iio Ha npen.KÍBCbKÍň ochobí, HaponaM i BÍKaM bck» npaBny npopeae . . .
B n,iů „cpiaococpii cepn,a" i ninßaaHHH „xyTopcBKOi cpiaococpii" Kyainia, 60 „npHpontiH npocTOTa nae aionimi ancTe cepne . .. Hiaica Hayna TaKoro npaBHHBoro cepua He nacTb ..." „CeaaHCBKa tpiaoco-cpia" cepua — „npenmaHa", cTaponaBHa, He3MÍHHa, „npaMiciHBKO 3 GßaHreaia", npaBn,a, any mh „cepn;eM 3po3yMÍGM".
,,<í>iaocotpia cepn,a" Kyaiuia npopHBaexLca i b noro OKpeMHx nyMKax — b caoß'aHocpiaBCBKOMy npoTHCTaßaeHHi xyxopa Eßponi, ß npoTHCTaßaeHHi aoaoßiKa acmn;i („MaTpiapxaa&Hi" ayMKH ni3HBoi
pOMaHTHKH!) -
469
... nyx Harn poÖHTbca b nymi hííhohíh ...
P03KÍIHHO   aíHByHH paHMH-XyTOpaMH,
CTOJiHHHoro BOHH He 3HaiOTB nyinoryócTBa, MOB 30pi, B HHCT0T1 KpyT ÄH3HÍ coBepinaiOTb, nicHHMH BiqHHMH ceprxa HaM npocBiuiaiOTB, -
b ifleajiÍ3aD,ii" crapoBHHH (BJKe He ,,K03anbKoľ', a khhsíbcbkoi, „CTa-popycbKo'í"), b HaM yace 3HanoMHx RyMKax npo noeTa i t. r. Hi
THnOBÍ  pOMaHTH^ÍHÍ  MOTHBH  p03BHHeHÍ  3fle6ÍJIBUia   B   CpOpMÍ CHMBO-
jiíhhíh. He Bee He ap3Boaae HaM oaipBaTH HaBiTb HaonÍ3HÍnioro Kyjiima bír poMaHTHKÍB. PoMaHTHHHHH cBiToraaa., 6e3yMOBHo, Bpa-TyBaB noro npn bcíx ôoro xHTaHHHX Raa y KpaiHH; ajie u,eň po-MaHTH^HHH CBÍToraHfl, nyjKHH qacoßi, yTBopHB Koao Kyairna b oc-TaHHÍ necHTHaiTTH JKHTTH aTMoccpepy He3po3yMÍHHH Ta Bopoaureni, 3poÖHB noro 3a acHTTH caMOTHÍM, a no CMepTi Ha ineíiKHH nac 3a6y-
THM chhom yKpaiHH.
6. Ha CTopiHKax „Ochobh" nonaan 3'aBaaTHca TBopn HOBoro nncLMeHHKa-poMaHTHKa, OaeKCH CropoaceHKa (1805-74), Bace 1863 poKy BHHuiaH b hbox TOMax 23 noro TBopn (flBoe onoBinaHi. cionn He BBiHHiaH), nicaa iíoro cMepra BHÖuiaa He 3aKÍHHeHa hhm npo-30Ba „noeMa" „Mapno npoKaaTHÖ" (1879). TpoxH paHinie (1857) nonaB Ta Tpoxn nÍ3HÍme (1865) nepecTaB OropoaceHKO nncaTH no-pociôciiKH, 3n,e6iabHia Teac Ha yKpaiHCbici TeMH. Tnopn CTopoaceHKa 3p;aBaaHCH HHMajiHM HanôaHHHM yKpamcbKo'i aiTepaTypn: acHBi ono-BÍ,a;aHHa, po3Ka3aHÍ apôpoio HapoflHOK) MOBOK), 3a6apBaeHÍ m'hkhm ryMopoM, BOHH bcí aôo MaiOTb cyTo-poMaHTHaHy TeMarany, tpaHTac-THHHy a6o icTopHHHy, a6o HaöanacaiOTbca n,o He'í, Sepy^H 3a oe-HOBy Haponiry noe3Íio, 3n,e6iabiHa Hapoam aHeKROTH a6o Ka3KH. Cto-poaceHKO caM HaTHKae Ha Ty BeaH^e3Hy poaio, any bíh ôaHHTb y Ha-ponmii noe3ľi Ta Haponirax icTopH^HHx nepeKa3ax: „Oním ny6 30-CTaBCb Ta 6araT0 Ha fioMy atoayaiB", „MaTyea Hanra Bupama He noKHHyaa Hac 6e3 cBoro 6aarocaoBeHHa", — a „OcHOBa" 3po6naa flo oRHoro 3 noro onoßinaHb npHMÍTKy — „Hapia, Ham — BeaHKHH Ta 6araTHH noeT", hkhh, MOBaaB, aae heiiiem noeTaM „bíhho cbíhíí Ta 3flopoBÍ 3epHa naa aaabinoi noeTHHHo! tbop^octh". LHpnpaBfla, CTopoaceHKo nHBHTbCH Ha MaňoyTHe YitpaiHH, 3n.aeTbCH, 6e3HanÍH-Ho — „TiabKH i acHTH HaM cnoMHHKaMH", — nnme bíh. i bíh iihmh cnoMHHKaMH aíHBe. Horo onoBiaaHHH — MaibKe yci — MOHTaaci 3 HapoflHO-noeTH^Horo MaTepiaay, 3araabHo-BÍROMHx a6o h MÍcn,eBHx HH poflHHHHX Ta ocoôhcthx nepeKa3ÍB. Cepea, iioro onoBÍp;aHb 3Haö-fleMo i npocTO „Cnoraira" npo BiapMoro CToaiTHboro 3anopoaaia Kopaca, a ocTaHHi nacH 3anopiacaca Ta nÍ3HÍmy n,oaio 3anopoaciriB MaaiOHjTb TaKi onoBinaHHa, hk „.ZJoponi", — cnoraan aBTOpa npo
CTaporo 3anopoHcna-nacÍHHHKa, anoro tíhb i nicjia noro CMepxn o6epirae Hacan,JKeHHň hhm ran, a6o „KÍHpipaT ByĎHeHKO-IIlBHfl-khh" — cnoraflH 7ji;n;a-opHrÍHaaa npo raHn,aMaaHHHy; „MeacHrop-cbkhh flifl" — cnoranH cTapol 6a6yci npo me cTapnioro flifla-ciaoBH-Ka; „IIpoKin iBaHOBna", HanncaHHH y cpopivri cnorafliB 3anopoacna npo 3pyHHyBaHHH Cini; „roaKa" i t. a. /Jochtb Beamca rpyna <paH-TacTHHHHX onoBÍTat: „3aKoxaHHH aopT" — onoBiflaHHH npo Te, hk repofi HaTpannB Ha nopTa, 3aKoxanoro b BifltMy, hk na BiatMa bh-pininaa „cnacaTHca" Ta ft aíhcho aicTaaa „noMHayBaHHa" rocnofl-iig, TOfli hk MopTa, mo thm nacoM cayacHB, nofliňHO hk b „Hoai nifl PÍ3SBO" roroaa, repoGBi 3a kohh, po3ÍpBaan noro TOBapnini; re-poá oApyaíHBca 3 BiatMoio. ,,}KoHaTHH aopT" — aochtl tohho nepe-Ka3aHa Ka3Ka npo enÍBpo6ÍTHHn,TBo ceaaHHHa 3 aopTOM — aopT Ha-BOflHB Ha aiofleň XBopočn, a ceaaHHH aopTa no 3roHÍ 3 hhm „BHra-hhb"; „Ce 6a6a, in.o aopT iň Ha MaxoBHX BHaax hoóotí oflflaBaB" — nepeKa3 na3KH npo 3ay 6a6y, 740 hkoi HaBÍTt aopT He xotíb 3aHajj;-to Ha6aH3HTHca. „CyaceHa" — Ma6yTt, nepeKa3 npo jjjíhchí noflii, — npo „cyaceHy" npaeio repoeBi npH3HaaeHy, HKy bíh, hk i BOHa noro, Bnepme 6aaaxb hk Mapy, a no tím 3ycTpinaiOTh i aíhcho, — ne po-MaHTHaHa TeMa KOxaHHa 740 HeBiHOMoi, 60 „rocnoflb 3aB im Ha abox oaho TiabKH cepn,e". „HopTOBa KopaMa", — Ha 3míct onoBiAaHHH BKa3ye noro Ha3Ba. ,,MiponiHHK" — nepeflayTTa ayacoi* Ta cbogí CMepTH (nop. Toroaa „CTapocBeTCKHe noMemaKa") TJaai MaGMo ne-pepiĎKH HapoflHHX onoBiflaHb, Ka30K, aHenaoT, npn aoMy CTopoacen-ko nacTo 36npaG pÍ3H0MaHÍTHHří MaTepiaa b oflHe: ,,B^n aiHHBoro He MoaoTOM, a roaofloM" aHeKflOTH npo aiHHBHx; ,,He b floópná tiac", — onoBiflaHHa, b HKOMy 3Í6paHi aHeKAOTH npo aypHa; ,,CKap6" — cnoayneHHH pÍ3Hnx aHeKAOT npo SafióaKÍB Ta CKap6, mo flieTa-GTbca aÍHHBn;eBÍ 6e3 ycaKHx 3ycnab. „JXbsl 6paTn" — nepepiÓKa Kas-kh npo abi aoai; ,,Tpn cecTpn" — flynce 6an3bKo 740 HapoflHoro ne-peKa3y nepeflaHa Ka3Ka, BiflOMa 3 nynmiHCbKoi ,,CKa3KH o n,ape CaaxaHe". HočyTOBHH MaaiOHOK 3 h<hth Bace He ceaaH, a flpiSHoro naHCTBa — bíaomí „Bycn".
JXjih CTopoaceHKa Hapoflm nepeKa3H, mo bíh íx nepepočaac, Moace h He MaiOTb ranóoKoro ceHcy, hk flaa cpiaococpiHHoí poMaH-thkh, aae bohh noBHi Kpacn, npnHaflH, noe3ii Ta g bhhbom yKpa-ÍHCBKOi npnpoflH: „Hama nyflOBa yKpamcbKa Bpofla, HarpiTaa ra-paaHM noayaeHHHM coHu;eM, HaBÍBa Ha ayMH HaciHHa noe3ii" Ta aap. Hk nmeHHii;a 3pic Ha hhbí i cKaa^acTtca y Konn i ckhpah, TaK i bo-ho, Te HaciHHa, 3anaBmn y cepne Ř RyuKy, 3pie caoBecHHM Koao-com, i cKaaflaGTbca y HapoTmi onoBÍ7j;aHHa i aeťeH7j;h". OTace, hk He cBiToraa^Hy, to npHHaiíMHi  HaiíioHaabHO-ecTeTHaHy (pyHKuiio
kil
Mae Hapon^ia noe3ifl n,na CTopoaceHKa, utoro 3ani3HeHoro poMaH-
THKa.
JJpBro npanioBaB CTopoaceHKo Han ,,noeMOK>" b npo3i, hk i Fo-rojieBi „MepTBbie nynin", — „Mapito npoKJíHTHÔ". Hp icTopia Be-aHKoro rpiuiHHKa, mp 3rpiniHB 3 Maiip'io Ta cecTpoio xa b6hb o6ox, flKoro 3eMJia He npnOMae Ta hkhh XHHaextcfl no cbítí Ta 3axon,HTb Haßixb y nenao. JXiio CxopoaceHKo nepeHocnxb no naciß XMenbHH^-1HHH. Hi oflHoro innioro TBopy CxopoaceHKo Tan innpoKo He Bn6y-ayBaB Ta xaK mnpoKo He po3noBinae. Aae saKÍH^HTH xBopy fioMy He Bn,aaoca. CxopoaceHKO xoxíb 3Po6hth 3 Hboro Beanny ynpaiHCbKy enoneio, aae cioacex aen.Be hh HaponHHÔ, aK ran,aB aBTop, 316-paTH Ta 3rpynyBaTH KOao Hboro Haponm nepeKa3H (ix Mafiace h HeMae b „noeivri") 6yao 6 He aerno, a naa icxopnaHoro o6pa3y y CTopoaceHKa He BHCTa^aao 3HaxTa. Tenep np Beanne Topco Mae MeHni iHTepecy, amac npiom onoBÍnaHHa CropoaceHKa.
„MapKo npoKaaTHH" HaaeacHTb no HeÖaraTbOX TBopiß Cropo-aceHKa, HanncaHHX eniHHHM cxnaeivr. 3ne6inbina aBxop He po3noBi-n.ae caM, a BKaanae onoßinaHHa b ycxa hkíhci> íhuiíh ocoöi — ,,hh ^yan bh, naHOBe . . ." („CKa3"); po3noBÍnaa Mae 6yxn 3ne6iabnia 3 Hapoay — npo ne cBin,aaTb xaici caoBa, hk „xpoHx", „niKanpoH" i x. n. iHoaj CxopoaíeHKO cnoayaye nBoe xyapacmx 3aBnaHb, —- Hanp., cxapa „6a6yca", ana Bee 3a6yBae xa nayxae, po3noBÍnac npo „Me-HíHropcbKoro flina", aôo npo ,,3aKoxaHoro nopxa" po3noBÍnae 3a onoBiaaHHHM CBoro njna BHyK, — xaK yxBopioexbca CBoepinHa noflBÍHHa nepcneKXHBa, b kkíř Haßixb i Ka3KOBe Moace 3naBaxHca fliňcHHM. CxopoaceHKO KopncxyeTbca nyace CKnanHHM MaTepiaaoM, cnoayayiOHH Ta nepepoôaaiOMn pÍ3HÍ Haponm onoßinaHHa, bíh np-nae np hhx aiTepaTypHoro MaTepiaay, nyace aacii cnorann 3 Toro-aa, HaBÍTb Mafiace npcaÍBHi ipiTaTH. B tohhoctí cnocnaaHb aBTopa Ha fioro flacepeaa MoacHa nacTo cyMHißaTHca (Ta b onoBÍnaHHi Taní cno-cnaaHHa ň He niaKOM neBHi). ByabťapH3Mn b mobí He pinid, aae 3np6iabina noacHioioTbca poaeK) onoBÍn,a*ia. 3aTe He pinid h Byab-rapm npTenn Ta ecpeKTH 3aHanxo npnMixHBHoro xapaKTepy (6íhkh toiuo) ; He yTpHMyeTbca CxopoaceHKo i Bin, HenpncxoHHOCieH, He ny-ace noTpiÖHHx naa xony onoBÍn,aHHH. BapBH ryMopy íioro, 3fle6iab-nia Bnaaoro, moni Bace 3aHan,To rycTo HaKaanem, Ta bíh He 3ynn-HaeTbca HaBÍTb nepen, ryMopncxHHHHMH xoHaMH npn onoBÍnaHHi npo acaxaHBi nonii, MoxHByiOHH up, mpnpaBn.a, xhm, qo yiípamni ,,He cMiioxbca 3 ayacoro anxa, anine 3 CBoro". B nopiBHaHHi 3 ToroaeM, HKoro CxopoaíeHKo Hacainye, bíh, 3 OHHoro 6oKy, 3aHanro nepeoö-Taacye cboi onoBi^aHHa MaxepiaaoM, 3 npyroro, He nocnxb piniyie noro nepeTonaioe b cbo'íh TBop^iö aaôopaTopii, a 3fle6iabnia annie
472
1
noBepxoBo 3uiHBaG, 3'eaHye pi3H0MaHÍTHÍ mothbh. BpaKye Cropo-HceHKOBi i rjiHÖnioro ineojioriHHoro ninxony TorojiH, xom bíh i He nyjKHH „ineojiorii", ajie npncnHyG cboi 3aMÍTKH 3ne6ijibina 3aHan,TO
BJKe MexaHÍHHO HanpHKÍHB,Í CBOÍ'x TBOpÍB aÖO   He   MeHHI MexaHÍHHO
BCTaBjiHG Ix b onoBinaHHH. lipo BinryKH poMaHTHHHo'i oijíhkh Ha-ponHoi noe3ii mh BJKe roBopHJin. 3ycTpinaGMo b QropoHceHKa i ok-peMi pejiiriOHi 3ayBarn: „BejiHKa n,yina .. . pa30M xoTijia jkhtb Ha He-6i i Ha 3eMJii"; „XpecTOM, hk Kjno^eM, oniMKHyB co6i BpaTa b nap-CTBo HeôecHe" i t. r., — a6o MopajiicTHHHi hphmíthbhí: „He cnpoTa Ton, Koro Bor HanijiHB nyjiHM cepn,eM i Tenjioio nynieio", „Hlo TaKe Ha cbítí macTH?" — noBre MipKyBaHHH Ha kíhijí „Cicapôy" i t. n.. Aue no „ineojiorii" CTopoaceHKa HajieacHTb i noro Han3BHHaifflo inn-
Jlňme  CnpHHMaHHH  BCLOrO, - i   naHIHHHH,   i  JKOpCTOKHX TÍJieCHHX
Kap y MocKajiflx, i nHKoro CBaBijiJiH noMiinHKa (nop. „üpomn Ißa-hobhh", „MiponiHHK") — yce bíh npnOMac, hk m,ocb HopMajibHe, Ta a6o jiHuie nocMixacTbcn aöo ine fi BHXBajiHG cboíx rhkhx repo'ÍB; nboro BCboro öyjio 3a 60-x poKiß nan HHTa^iß y»ce 3aHan,to. Ajie 6e3yMOBHO, me BatfuiHBiiny pojiio rpajio, qo cthjiícthhho poMaHTHH-hí onoBinaHHH 3flaBajiHCH cynacHHKaM nepecTapijiHMH. B 3po3yMÍH-hí MHHyjioro YKpaiHH CTopomeHKO noBepTacTbCH Bin. „HopHOi Pann" Ho „Tapaca ByjibôH", b KapTHHax eiJibCbKoro jkhtth Bin IIIeBHeHKa 30 Kbítkh . . . iHoni npoÖHBaiOTbCH b Hboro ejieMeHTH HOBoro cth-jik) („HaTypajiÍ3My", — MaôyTb, He 6e3 BnjiHBy Torojin), Hanp., y nopiBHHHHHx jnoneťi 3 penaiviH Ta TBapHHaMH; jnonHHa cyxa, „hk cnjnon;eHHH HopHoöpHBHHK míjk jiHCTaMH ncaJiTHpa", a6o „rnnta ... hk hobhh n'HTaK" i t. r. Ajie BHce po3MipHo 6inHa MOBa CTopoHceH-Ka, 6inHa na cjiOBa 3 bhihoi cdpepn nyMKH Ta h nonyBaHHH, Mycnjia HyjKe oÔMeJKHTH Soro TBopni mojkjihboctí, 30KpeMa mojkjihboctí hko-rocb pyxy Hanepen, ho 36araHeHHH cthjiio, no yTBopeHH hobhx dpopM.
HaÔHeBHajiiniHH TBip CTopojKeHKa — Soro „npaMaTHHHi Kap-thhh" „rapKyma". íle — HcaxjiHBHH 3pa30K ni3HÍuioi yKpaiHCbKOÍ MejioflpaMH. JIíííobí ocoöh nepexonaTb 3a xBHjiHHy Bin, HaMipy no-kíhhhth jkhtth caMoryöcTBOM 30 cniBiB Ta TaHKÍB! JliBnaTa, mo Ix
3aX0nHJIH P03ÔÍHHHKH, BHKOpHCTaHÍ aBTOpOM nepen. ix 3BÍJIbHeHHHM
hk xop Ta 6aJieT. He 6paKyc i npHMÍTHBHHx edpeKTÍB. „ncHxojiorin-
HHŽ" 6ík HÍÍ H1JIKOM CpaHTaCTHHHHH'.  HÍHOBÍ OCOÖH 3aKOXyK)TbCH OH."
He b onHoro 3apa3, kojih ne noTpiÔHe aBTopoBi; TapKynia — Ta Ha-bítb i yen ňoro 6aHna 3pa3y „nojiinmyGTbCH" nin, BnjiHBOM kíjibkox cjiíb 18-JiÍTHboI cothhhhxh. Hk ,,pe30Hepnia", npeflCTaBHHiíH Myfl-pocTH aBTopa, BHCTynaG 16-th hh 17-jiíthh niBHHHa. /íhbho, mo toh caMHÔ aBTop, HKOMy HajieHcaTb onoBi^aHHH, Mir HanHcara TaKy n'ecy!
473
CaM   CTOpOHCeHKO,   p03BHHyBIIIH   HansBHaafiHy npOflyKTHBHiCTB.
npoTaroM hkhxocb 2-3-x pokíb, 3äMOBK. PoMaHTHui BJKe He 6yao míc-na. KpHTHKa 3ycTpiaa ůoro HenpnxHaBHO. HacH poMaHTHKH nicaa 1862 p. oniHiHJiH b MHHyjie.
7. JlHHie Ha oKpa'i aiTepaTypn 3'hbhbch IleTpo Ky3BMeHKO (1831-67), mo BHflpyKyBaB nicaa 1859 p. KijiBKa BipniiB, „aereHny" „IIoraHe noae" Ta HaponHe onoßinaHHH „He TaK aíaaaoca, Ta TaK CKaaaoca". Bipuii noro 6aH3bKi i ayTaHBHM neTpeHKOBHM poMancaM, aae ßanacai no HapoflHoi" nicHi. Hh 3 HapoflHoi nicHi, hh 3 HIeBaeHKa Mac Ky3BMeHK0 cboi mothbh („Tpn apporn", „nponaaTa Mornaa"), eniTeTH (MicanB „öiaoaHUHH" i t. n-) He 3HaTH. 3a poMaHTHKa mohc-Ha öoro BBaacaTH annie TOMy, mo bíh He bctht nepeitra no Bnpa3HO „peaaicTHHHHx" tcm.
8. HeMaao OKpeMHx poMaHTHHHHx eaeMeHTÍB y noaaTKax no-e3ií PynaHCBKoro. He anme ßaaanHa cpopMa iioro „HeÔHannB" Ta CHMBoaiKa caoB'aHocpiaBCBKoi noeMH „Ilap CoaoBeň" Mae n^epeaa b poMaHTHaHiö Tpannnii, aae fi caoß'aHocpiaBCTBo PynaHCBKoro Ta, Hanp., fioro flHBOBHHCHi nepeTOBMaaeHHa noeTHHHHx TepMmiB Ha yK-pamcBKy MOBy. Aae i CTHaB, i MOBa, i KOMno3Hnia nepeBaacHoi 6iaB-HiocTH TBopiB PynaHCBKoro, HäBÍTB i äoro ôaaafl, y nyci hoboí aiTe-paTypHoi* Teaii — „peaai3My". Jlnnie He3Haam BinryKH poMaHTHHHoi noe3ii 3ycTpÍHeMo y nepniHx Bipniax raannBKHX noeTÍB nopoMan-THHHOl nOÖH (K. KaHMKeBHH, B. IHaniKeBna).
G. Ihhií noeTH yKpaiHCMíoi poMaHTHKH
1. JXjih. poMaHTHHHoi noe3ii i b íhhihx KpaiHax xapaKTepncTHH-hí rypTKH i cniaKH, b hkhx BHKpHCTaaÍ30ByBaaaca nyMKa Ta 3 hkhx oKpeMi noeTH aepnaan cbog noeranHe HanxHeHHH. Aae aaa poMaHTHKH xapaKTepHCTHHHi i ycaMOTHem noonHHOKi noera Ta MHcaeHHH-KH, mp ônyTB CB01MH BJiäCHHMH HiaaxaMH, He oraanaioaHca Ha aiTepaTypHHH 3araa. B yKpamcBKÍH poMaHTHHHin aÍTepaTypi noeTÍB ocTaHHBoro rany BaacHe HeMae, npnHaÖMHi HeMae caMoraix noeTÍB BH3HaaHoro ManiTaôy. B nÍ3HÍmi poKH TaKoro rany 6yB Kyaini, aae h bíh paHÍme npHHHHB HHMaao cnoHyK Bin KHÍBCBKoro Koaa. „Ca-mothí" noera-poMaHTHKH Ha YKpami — npyropanHoro 3HaneHHa.
2. CnpaBni niaKOM caMOTHHM noeTOM g noaaK Thmko (BaacHe XoMa) nanypa (1801-70). .HoBriiH aac (ßifl 1825 p.) ňoro nicHi po3xonnaHCH b pyKonneax Ta ycmn nepenaai, BHflpyKyBaHO aacTHHy ix anine 1844 p. Horo poMaHTHKa — poMaHTHKa K03an.TBa, mp 3Ma-aBOBaHe b craai „poMaHTHKH acaxy":
m
Ko3aK naHa He 3HäB 3BÍKa, 60 3ponHBCH Ha CTenax, CTaBCH nraxoM 3 HOJioBÍKa, 60 pic b kíhcbkhx cTpeMeHax.
Horo cjit03a He cnHHHG, bíh He jiioÖhtb jiecHHx cjiob; ih,o TaM b He6i — bíh He 3Hae, a Ha 3eMJii 3Hae KpoB.
CaM, HK ÄHKHH chh npHponH,
ne noKance MCTHBy TBap,
KpaCHTB 3eMJHO, KpaCHTB booh KpOBH pÍHKH Í nOJKap . . .
HaM HaHMHJIBHie TaK kíhhhth,
hk6h nyiny nopT cxBaTHB!
Ko3an,BKe MHHyjie b KOHCHOMy pa3i hjih HBoro BejiHKe: „cjiob'ähcb-khh MaparoH": Cíh —
O Mara Hama! th enHHe BijiBHe
b ITÍJIÍH CJIOB'hHÍB pOflHHi
^anp po3KÍuiHe, ropne, cBaBŮiBHe ... Ajie K03aKa nanypa Majiioe b íhhjií^hhx BinnocHHax 3 nojiHKOM:
O^Ha MaTH, OflHÍ xaTH,
pa3oM b nojii cTaBaB kíih;
pa30M HÍHJIOCB, pa30M ÖHJIOCB,
b ohhím ropiHKy npiß Kyjiim ...
3BÍKa BÍJIBHÍ i CBaBÍJIBHÍ,
He nycKajiH inaÖejiB 3 pyn; pa30M b panax, pa30M b 3Banax,
HJ^O Hi ypHnHJIH JJJIH BHyK?
Hanypa HacJiinyG nonacTH Haponm nicm, HaBÍTB nyMH, xoh ranoBi niceHHi BHpa3ii i pinKi: „Ha MorHJii BopoH KpHHe", ,,b tím cypMH
03BajIHCB" i T. 3. BHpa3HÍHie y HBOrO HOTH pOMaHTHHHÍ, BÍfl o6pa3ÍB
K03aKa 30 KpaGBHniB: „Bnce Mpa^mi TyMaHH nyHyjiHCB 3 bítpom 3a jvrorHJiH . . .":
3-nin. xMap míchub, hk nTax Ha MorHJii, TyHCHTB 6e3COHHHH b He6ecHÍH nycTHHi...
415
3aK0THBCfl míchub b xMapax, cBHine 6ypa no ropax ...
CyMHO, cyjvmo, míchub tjihooko 3a xMapy b He6o 3a6ir .. .
Hia ôyjia TeMHa, BÍTep 3 hhb nrapoKHx
3 JIHCTHM 3 flOJIHHH KOTHB HOpHÍ XMapH . . .
i t. n,. rieBHHH BnjiHB MäB naaypa, oaeBHaHO, Ha noaaTKH xapKÍB-
CBKOl pOMaHTHKH. Xoa MOBa HOro He 3aBJKflH HHCTa  („cjiob", „naa
BHyK", Taní cjioBa, hk. „njanKH", „noicymnö" i t. n,.), ajie noMHji-KH jiHnie piflKi. JXo Toro po3MÍpn ôoro BipiniB 3ne6ijiBHia He tohíhhí, ajie HaôJitiHíaiOTBCH np HapoaHHx, yacHTHx nÍ3HÍuie HleBaeHKOM.
3. HaOBH3HaHHÍHiHH yKpaiHCbKHH caMOTHiä noeT e GßreH Tpe-6ÍHKa (1812-48). Ajie npHTp ňoro aiTepaiypHoi Barn — üoro pociö-cbkí TBopH, 30KpeMa tí, mo HajieHcaTB HO „yKpaiHCBKoľ uikojih". 3eMjiHK Ta MOJioflniHH cniByaeHB TorojiH y HiaceHi, bíh cthjiícthh-ho aacTo Baaao HacainyBaB CBoro BejíHKoro 3eMjiHKa 6e3 fioro tjih-
ÖHHH Ta ÔjIHCKy. P03BHT0K HOľO B HOrO pOCÍHCBKHX TBOpaX - p03-
BHTOK Bin. poMaHTHKH np ,,HaTypajiÍ3My".  Po3BHTOK  Toro caMoro
Tpe6ÍHKH b yKpaiHCBKHX TBOpaX — P03BHTOK BÍfl „KOTaapeBIUHHH" HO HeCMÍJIHBHX nOHaTKÍB pOMaHTH3My. Ha yKpaiHCBKOMy ťpyHTi BÍH hí6h 3ajiHniHBCH no3any cboí'x BJiacHHX pociScBKHx TBopiB. Tpo-XH HH He HaHÖijiBuie 3acjiyjKHBca TpeoinKa nepen, yitpamcBKOio jiÍTepaTypoK) BHnaHHHM aa&MaHaxy „JlacTÍBKa" (1841) Ta thmh iHtpopManiaMH npo poivraHTHKy, roaoBHe pociöcBKy, ani bíh nocTaaaB UleBaeHKOBi.
noaaB cbíh noeTHHHHÖ niJiax TpeôiHKa nepecniBOM „noaTaBH" nyniKma (1831), neaKoio Mipoio TpaBecTiÖHHM. Ilea nepecniß —
HKIUp H He nijIKOM y TOHÍ „EHeíflH", to B KOHíHOMy pa3i TpaBecTÍH-HHX MÍCU.B HOCHTB, ino6  UjíaKOM 3HHIUHTH yci MOTHBH  ÔOpOTBÔH 3a
eojiío, mo noayBaKJTBCa b nyniKÍHCBKÍH noeivri, Ta npnrayniHTH Tpa-riHHO-BejiHHHi HOTH nocTan Ma3enn (Ta h neTpa I). JJpchtb npo-HHTaTH Tani paaKH, an: ,,36HpaaacB . .. necHrojioBn,ÍB aepena"; kojih b nyniKÍHa 3aKoxaHHÔ b Mapiio K03aK „ecan kto, xoth cayaaÖHo npen, hhm Ma3eny Ha3BiBaa, to oh ôaenHea, Tep3aacB TaÖHo h B3opBi b 3eMaio onycicaa", to y TpeöiHKH noro nepeacHBaHHa 3MaaBOBaHo Tan:
HaÖKpamaH 6yB Miac K03anaMH
OflHH me MOaOflHH K03aK,
i i^eü 3 flpyrHMH napyÖicaMH
476
rap6y3 icxpyMaB, He6opaK ... Im'h npecynoro reTbMaHa
KycaBiiiH HopHHÍí yc, BopnaB ...
3aMÍCTL ,,Ha njiaxe múner Henejib cMejibiň", rpe6ÍHKa nnine „i 3rn-HyB Henejib, hk ÓJioxa";' KoHy6e'íxa bííhxhjihg CBaTaHHa Ma3enn flo ii aohkh cjiOBaMH: „Epnaiura, Mep3eHHHH! rjiHHb, noraHemb! Hh MoiKHa? hí, nacKyflHHÍi jiaHeub!" i t. a,. Ajie nopy^í Tannx Tpa-BecTifl — mích,h, KOTpi akiuo i He nppiBHioioTb tbopobí IIyniKÍHa, to b KoaíHOMy pa3i ap6pe nepen,aK>Tb poMaHTHHHHH cTmib ííoro no-cmh. „IIpocTaubKHH" CTHJib naHye i b yKpamcbKHx jiHCTax a6o He-BeaHKHx npo3aÍHHHx nHcaHHax (nepen,MOBa i nicjiaMOBa 30 „Jlac-tíbkh") Fpe6ÍHKH.
3HaneHHa noro b yKpai'HCbKÍH jíiTepaTypi b noro 6aňKax („npn-Ka3Kn") Ta íhihhx Bipiuax. — BaftKH TpeĎiHKH (BCboro Tpn necaT-kh) neBHOK) MipoK) npoTHaeaíHicTb 6aftKaM BopoBHKOBCbKoro. Bohh flocHTb SaaaKy^i, BHKJian, —- uihpokhh, 3 non,po6HHHMH, íhohí ne
nOTpiOHHMH.
}Khbí i npTenm 6aiÍKH TpeóiHKH xo*i i HaaeacaTb n,o uboro ra-TyHKy, yjno6jieHoro b kjihchh,h3mí, aae Tpe6ÍHKa pyimye Tpan,HH,íh-Hy cpopMy. BiflxoflHTb bíh y 6aH.ni i Bin, tmioboí ajia yicpaiHCbKoro KaacHB;H3My TpaBecTií; acHBa i HHCTa MOBa, Mae jiHine He6araTo ByjibťapH3MÍB, xona Ppe6ÍHKa nnine pn cejiaHHHa a6o BKJia^as onoBÍflaHHa b ycTa ceaaHHHOBi.  Ocb npHKJian, KopoTHioi 6afiKH
,,HHMÍHb" :
Chh
CKaacH MeHi, 6ya,b nacKaB, TaTy!
noro H^MÍHb Haní TaK nopic,
wo kojiockíb npaMHX a 6any TyT 6araTo,
a neani 30bcím cxHjrajraca yHH3.
Mob mh, HerpaMOTHi, nepen, BejiHKHM naHOM,
mob nepen, cyn,oBHM Ha ctíííhí K03aKH.
B a t b k o Otí npHMii KOaOCKH
3obcím nycTicÍHbKi. pocTyTb Ha hhbí napoM, KOTpi ac noKJiHKHyjiH — to 6oaca 6jiaroa,aTb: Ix me 3epHo, bohh Hac MycaTb roflyBaTb.
Chh
Toro at to rojiOBy 30 He6a 3B0JiHTb flpaTb
HaHI nHCap BOJIOCHHH, OHHCbKO XapMOBHTHJl!
Aa< bíh, 6any . . .
477
E a t b k o Mob^h! no^yiOTi — ôyaem ôhthh.
rionacTH ciojKeTH 6aäoK nepeHHjiTi 3 *iyacHx jiiTepaTyp. (KpacHU,b-Koro, KpHJioBa). HncTOTa mobh Ta 3pa3K0Ba KOMno3Hniji poÔjiflTb öaiJKH TpeôiHKH BajKJiHBHMH npencTäBHHKaMH nboro ťaTyHKy b yK-paÍHctKiH jiiTepaTypi.
KijibKa oKpeMHx aipHHHHx BipmÍB — 3ne6iabina niem, 3 rano-
bhmh 3JIH ApyropHflHHX noeTlB yKpaiHCbKOl pOMaHTHKH CeHTHMeH-TajTBHHMH  HaCTpOHMH  JKypÔH.   HaHBÍj\OMÍina   3   hhx   „Hi,   MaMO, He
MOJKHa Hejiioöa jikdöhtl" 3po6naaca MiinaHCbKoio nicHeio, hk ap peni i KijiBKa pociöcbKHX BÍpniÍB-niceHb TpeöiHKH.
4. OcHn BoflJiHCbKHH (1808-77), Han3BH*iaHH0 3acjiyroBaHHŽ AK BHflaBeiíb yicpai'HCbKHx naM'íixoK, mp 'Mafiace njae jkhtts npo-jkhb y Mockbí, b pamnii poKH híhttíi BHCTynHB hk yKpamcBKHH no-er. 3na.GTBca, nin, bhjihbom MaKCHMOBH^a b MocKOBCBKOMy ymBep-CHTeTi bíh 3BepHyBCH np CTynin Haponnol noe3ÍI, fioro niicepTania „O HapoHHOH no93HH cjiaBHHCKHx njieMeH'" (1837) HajieaíHTB np nepniHx poMaHTHHHHX po3BÍnpK Ha rno TeMy b pocíhcbkíh JiiTepaTypi. 1833-5 pp. bíh npyícye KijiBKa Bipuiiß Ta OKpeMoio khhjkkoio (nceBnpmM „Icbko MaTepHHKa") „HacbKi yicparncbid Ka3KH". Po-MaHTHHHi mothbh (HanionaabHi — „eniTacpia" EornaHy XMeab-HHHbKOMy Ta Bipui „Knpnay Po3yMy" Ta Ka3K0BÍ — Tpn Ka3KH) o6po6jieHo nyace npHMÍTHBHo, ^hctoio Ta npocToio, aae Maao no-eTHHHOK) MOBOK). „Ka3KH" — Ha'ÍBHa cnpoôa „eTHorpacpiHHoi* po-
MaHTHKH".
Hí6h HaB'íi3yG cbo'í onoBinaHHa np HapoaHHx nepeKa3ÍB Í3 cbo-ro ceaa XoMa KynpieHKO, mp BnnaB 1840 p. „MaaopoccnncKHe noBecTH h paccKa3Bi". Cthjiícthhho Ta TeMaTHHHo bohh nyace 6e3-nopanHo HacainyiOTb roroaa: „Henoopnä BinryH" — icTopia BinbMH-ynnpHnj, „BTonaeHnna" — Haranye „MaöcKyio HOHb" roroaa. YTon-jieHHiía-naHHo^Ka npnoMarae on,pyaceHHK> hbox KoxaHniB ceaaH, „H.K HaacHTo, TaK i npoaarro" — BapiHHT ,,Hohí nin, IßaHa Kynajia" roroaa, np icTopia ceaaHHHa, mp 3a CKapö nponaB nyniy aopTO-bí ,„Hi! He BTenem. . ." — onoBinaHHH npo BinbMaKa, mp no CMepri xohhtb 3 Mornan 30 cbogí atÍHKH. JIÍTepaTypHo n,a (paHTacTHHHo-eTHorpacprma poMaHTHKa nytfte npeMÍTHBHa.
TaK caMo eTHorpaopiHHHH xapaKTep MaioTB i (paabinoBam nyMH O. HlninanBKoro-IaaHHa (1828-59), mp g TaK caMo nponyKTOM po-MaHTH^Hoí aÍTepaTypn, aK i (paaBinoBam ny&ra, BHnaHi Cpe3HeBCBKHM. BaacHi Bipuii i noeMH IIlHinanbKoro, Bnnam b HepmroBi HBOMa 36ipKaMH 1856-7 pp., hcbhcokoi hkocth.
478
5. J\b& noeTH 3 noaTaBnraHH, mo jkhtth ix o6ox npoxonnao MaHÍBi^ííMH no3a tíchhmh 3B'ji3KaMH 3 yKpaÍHCBKHMH aiTeparypHH-MH KOJiaMH, oÖnnBa naioTL 3pa3KH tígi poMaHTHKH cMyTKy Ta atyp-6h, hkoi HaÔBHpasHiniHM npencTaBHHKOM Oys M. IleTpeHKo. He BÍKTop 3a6ijia (1808-69) Ta OaeKcaHnep AcpaHacbeB-HyacÖHHCbKHH (1817-75).
3a6ijia BapiioG Ha pi3Hi aann Ty caMy TeMy „Cornje cxohhtb — h Hyacyca, a 3axon.HTt — naany", „nimm bík cbíh yce njia^y Ha
JIHXy rOJXHHy", MOTHByiOHH CBÍH CMyTOK HemaCHHM KOXaHHHM: riOBijIJIH BÍTpH 5yOHÍ
3 xojionHoro Kpaio,
p03Jiy^ihjih 3 nJBHHHOK),
KOTpy a Koxaio ...
. . . KOTpy JHOÖJHO niB^HHOHBKy,
tígi He 6any,
noBro h HyTKH h He Maio npo MHJiy fliBHHHy . . .
3aiaicTb cojiOBeHKa noer xo*ie cjiyxaTH nyrana:
Ilyran Mem TaK roaHTbca: cTorae — He cnißac ... HexaS CTorae kojio MeHe Ta cMepTb B03Bim;aG . ..
OflHo MeHi Tenep b cbítí
TÍJIIjKH BJKe 30CTajI0CL
inp6 cKopime cepn,e mog 3 cbítom nonpoiHa-Jiocb.
IIlnpicTb no^iyTTH He BHKynac onHOTOHHOCTH Haciporo, 6paKy opn-ťiHajibHHX o6pa3ÍB Ta ôíhhocth no^iacTH He nynce *ihctoi mobh.
HyjKÔHHCbKHH, mo nHcaB i ^ncaemri npo3amHÍ pocincbKi TBopn, TpHMaeTbca TOHy nyTjiHBoro poMaHTH^moro poMaHcy-nicHi, Horo BipiH:
CuaacH Mem npaBny, míh noopnii K03a^e, iho nmTH eepuio, Koan 3a6oaHTb? čík cepiie 3acTorHe i ripKO 3anaa^e, i nyace 6e3 ruacTH boho 3aKBHjiHTb?
3flo6yB Hap;3BHHaHHoi nonyaapHocTH. nopyn Hboro HyacÔHHCbKHH HOCHTb Baajio Hacaiaye naponm nicHi:
.. . K03aKa 3raaaÖTe, KOTpHÍí necb to Ha ^yaorai,
479
cepaera yôorHH,
nine uiyKaTb noMbK jnontMH
CBoei nppora,
KOTpHH BÍK cbíh npOMaHflpyG
3 nycTHMH pynaMH, BCTaBaiOHH h jiaraiOHH,
BMHGTbCfl CJIB03aMH ...
... TpaBKa 3B*HHe, TpaBKa 3coxHe
KOHK) BOpOHOMy,
OTpyToio Bona CTaHe
MeHi, MOJIOnOMy.
Ha tíh hiobkobíh TpaBHui 6araTO OTpyTH,
a 3 TÍG1 KpHHHMeHbKH
n hb Mio Bopor jiiothh.
A6o MajiiOG yKpaiHCbKi neÖ3a»ü:
Mob CHHHfl cTpiHKa, J-loHenb nin, ropoio, Kpyr floro jiích Ta iunpoKi Jiyrn;
MOB KHJIHM 3ejieHHH 3HaK)TI>CH BeCHOBD
y KBÍTax naxynnx öoro Öepern. . .
A TaM 3ejieHÍG ropa 3a nicicaMH,
Hepe3 ropy cTeHcenKa reTt npocTHrjiact,
ninijia no öaüpanax, ropaMH, CTenaMH. ..
PoMaHTHKa HyncÖHHCLKoro 3Hac h MHHyjie, ajie Jinnie ,,He3a6yTHG, CTapoflaBHG" i t. n,. HaBÍTb noe3ÍH HleBneHKa nan Htoro jiHine cniBH „Ha pyiHax Cini..."
J_lo6pe 3MajibOBaHi o6pa3H HywcOHHCbKoro ncyc öoro nacTO HeBnajia MOBa: ,,h a tíh TpaBHUji.. . öaraTo OTpyTH", ,,mob khjihm . . . 3flaiOTbCH. .. ôepern", „nepe3 ropy" i t. n,.
PoMaHTHK g & CeMeH MeTJiHHCbKHH, 6paT Ambpocíh. Horo 3öip-KH („MoBa 3 yKpai'HH" 1858, 2-ra nacTHHa 1864) Mannte ihjikom Ha-cjiinyBaHHH HaponHoi" noe3Íi, Bipniiß Ambpocíh MeTjiHHCbKoro, nym-KÍHa Ta JlepMOHTOBa. nepeBara cyMHHx mothbÍb 3ajieHCHTb Bifl B3ip-ijíb aBTopa, ajie jj;o3bojihg HaM 3ranaTH öoro pa30M 3 BH3HaHHÍuiHMH
yKpa'ÍHCBKHMH MeJIHHXOJliÖHHMH pOMaHTHKaMH.
HliKaBO, inp njpyropHnm noeTH yicpaiHCbKoi poMaHTHKH, nacjii-ByiOHH HIeBHeHKa He noTpanjiHioTt íth 3a hhm aHi b áoro BipnioBOMy Phtmí, am b ííoro pHMax.
6. XapaKTepHCTHnHi hjih yKpamcbKOi jíiTepaTypn nonHByrinm TBopn MiniaHoro cthjiio, He 6e3 BnjiHBy poMaHTHHHoi' cpopMH 6aö-
480
pOHÍHHOÍ noeMH nHCaHÍ nO€MH   (bIIJIHB pOCÍHCBKHX nHCbMeHHHKÍB Ta
IIIeBHeHKa), mp He ninHOCHTBca Han, piBHeia TpaBecTii (iHoni 6es HaMipy aBTopa). Tpeóa 3rana.Tn „BeHopHHU,i" II. KopennirbKoro (1841), ne enojiyHaKJTBCH cthjib „EHeiniť' 3 3ano3HneHHHMH 3 Ilyni-KÍHa, ,,BoBKyjiaKy" Ct. OaencaHflpoBa (1841) 3 poMaHTHHHHM ck>-HceTOM, iflHJíÍHHy noeMy „HaTaaa" (1844) Ta aBaHTropHy „rapacb-ko" (1845) — HaejiiflyBaHHH ,,KaBKa3CKoro njieHHHKa" üyniKiHa — M. ManapoBCbKoro (1783-1846) Ta me 1855 p. „J_Io nyMaKiß" Ta ,,rannaMaKÍB" U. MopanescbKoro (Hapon,, 1806). ük mh oannan,. i rpeôiHKa He yTpnMaBca bíh. ejieMeHTÍB TpaBecTiimnx, nepecnißy-k»hh poMaHTHHHy „IIoaTaBy". G Tani ejieMeHTH i b (HeBHCoKoi Bap-tocth) ôaaanax (cepen, hhx „iBra" — nepecnÍB caaBH03BÍCHoii „Jle-Hopn" Biopťepa) Ta íhihhx nepeKaan,ax Eiaen,bKoro-HoceHKa. Kiab-Ka aHOHÍMHHX TBopiB, flpyKOBaHHX Ta pyKonHCHHX, aJHiuao np Hac (cepen, hhx naBÍTb (ppaťMeHT BeaHKo'i noeMH „KoMyÖen" 3 p. 1828), — Maöace bcí bohh penpe3eHTyioTb toö caMHÜ MiniaHHÔ CTHjib — BnaHB ,,KOTaapeBin;HHH" HeaerKo 6yao nepeôopoTH. Aae „poMaH-thhhí" noeMH 3 panicaMH hk:
A a KOÔ3y aHHi Hacipoio, Ty, in,o b Opcpia yKpaB, nin, riapHacbKoio ropoio hk b niHHKy Í3 HHM ryaaB. ..
A rpeK, HaÖHBuin npöpe niayHOK, cmíhbch Ta anraB nHBije ...
. .. Haina K0Ö3a b IleTeHÔypci KoancB to 6yne rpara b aan,
i t. n.. mohoihbí anuie TaM, ne HeMae híhkoi niicaBOCTH np npoßjieM jiiTepaTypHoro cTHaio,
7. nopyH üanypH mp KiabKa noabCbKHx nncbMeHHHKÍB yacn-Baan yicparncBKOi mobh. Bipnii AHTOHa HIaniKeBH*ia, „KOpoaa oaaaryaiß" — anine acapra. CnnpHnoH OcTameBCbKHH (1797-1875) BnnaB 1850 p. ,,IIíb Kónu Ka30K flaa Beceaoro MHpa", a 1869 „IIíb cothí Ka30K aaa Beceanx aionen" — np nepeKa3H Haponirax aeiPHn. He 6e3 TpaBecTÍHHHx hot. Mafiace iiiaKOM 3a6yTÍ íhuií noabCbKi no-• •.esii yKpai'HCbKOio mobohd K. IleHtaeBH^a, Hna IIo3HaKa, JI. BeH-ťaHHCbKoro.
JK. 3HaHenHa yKpaÍHCBKoi po>ianľHKH
1. BnanB poMaHTHKH Ha ni3HÍiny yKpamcbKy aiTepaiypy hk-MajiHH: Te, mo poMaHTHKa naaa yKpaiHCbKiíí jirrepaTypi Hanôijib-
moro noeTa HOBoro nacy, 3HaHHOK> Mipoio cnpH^HHHJioca no Han.-
3BHMaÖH01 CTajIOCTH pOMaHTHHHOro BIIJIHBy. iHHia, HenieBHeHKÍBCBKa
poMaHTHHHa TpanHiiiji, rn;o nepeTpHBajia nacn poMaHTHKH, g Tpa-jmnia nyTjiHBoro Ta cyMHoro poMaHcy, mp HaB'a3yG no HaponHOi nicHi. BnjiHBH poMaHTHKH — no^acTH cpopMajibHi, nonacTH TeMa-thhhí. HacJiiflyioHH IIIeBHeHKOBi Bipnii, monpaBfla, hkhmocb hhhom yce nepeBOflHjiH ix Ha pHTMÍKy, 3HaöoMy 3 pociňcbKo'í a6o HÍMeubKoi noe3i'í Ta 3 ßipuiy íhhihx poMaHTHKÍB. Ha HopMajibHi tohímhí pHT-
mh, HHM CBOGpiflHy Kpacy IIIeBHeHKOBHX BipiHÍB HiaKOM 3hhhj,yBaJIHt
hk MH ßa^HjiH ue b Kyjiinia. JJ,o Toro 3obcím He 3BepTajra ysarn Ha íhiuí BJiacTHBOcTÍ HleBHeHKOBHX BipuiiB, Hanp., Ix „iHCTpyívieH-Tauiio" (hhb. BHqe JX. 5). Oxace, npn bcíô 30bhíihhíh Ha nepuiHH norjian, cxojkoctí Bipiny nouieBHeHKÍBCbKHx naciß 3 HleBHeHKOBHM, Bipui HanoÄOÔHTejiiB IIIeB^eHKa 3aBHcn,H 3aaHinaeTbCH cyxHM, on,-HoMaHÍTHHM Ta rapMomiÍHO 6iflHHM. ■— .HajieKo ßijibuie BnjiHBy Ma-jia TeMaTHKa yKpaiHCbKoi poMaHTHKH — i nepenyciM 3hob IHeBneH-Ka — Ha JiiTepaTypy yKpamcbKoro ,,peajiÍ3My": 3 onHoro 6oKy, — ÍHeajiÍ3au;ifl K03auTBa, 3 npyroro — Tparmm TeMH 3 cejiHHCbKoro jkhtth MÍHHO BXCflHTb y Tpannuiio npo3H Ta HpaMH yKpaiHCbKHX. .Hkiho TeMaTHKa cejiHHCbKoro ropa — híjikom npnponHa b „peajiie-
THHHÍÍl"  3paMÍ,   TO  pOMaHTHKa  K03aHTBa,   BJiaCHe,   HÁJIKOM BHXOnHTb
no3a Meaci „peajiicTirmoi" TeMaTHKH, cKopme Bace Mir 6h peaaÍ3M niTH cjiinpM ,,HopHo'í Pafln", 3 i'i coujiajibHoio npoöaeMaTHKoio, ajie poMaH Kyainia Tpannuil He yTBopHB. BejíHKOio Mipoio bhjihbobí caMe poMaHTHHHoľ aiTepaTypHoi Ta HayKOBoi Tpannun Tpe6a npn-nncaTH bcí K03aHbKÍ TeMH npBrnx necHTHjrirb. He 6e3 BnjiHBy po-MaHTH^Ho'i, a caMe HleB^eHKOBoi TeMaTHKH, g i Tparř-me 3a6apBaeH-Ha TaKHx ^HcaeHHHx npaM 3 ceaaHCbKoro noôyxy. I b KponHBHHHb-Koro, i b KapneHKa-Kaporo, i b CTapni^bKoro 3HafineMo He jiHuie mo TeMaTHKy, a HaBÍTb i neBHi OKpeMi mothbh Ta nocTari 6aopoHÍH-HHx noeM HleB^eHKa. Ta 6e3 *iHCJia — OKpeMi HaTHKH, BinryKH, mothbh 3 poMaHTHHHo'í noe3Í'i b nÍ3HÍHiiň yKpaiHCbKÍH JiiTepaTypi.
2. npoTe, xoH hkí 3HaHHÍ bhjihbh jirrepaTypHoro MaTepiaay poMaHTHKH b nÍ3HÍinÍH JiiTepaTypi, Ta ix me ,,peaai3M" Mir MHMa-jioK) Mipoio ,,nepeTpaBHTH'', HanaxH im cBoro BJiacHoro xapaKTepy, CBoro BaacHoro ocpopMjieHHH: 6opoTb6a K03aubKa — aK 6opoTb6a 3a cou,ÍHJibHy cnpaBeajiHBicTb, ÍHTepnpeTau,ia TpoxH He bcíg'í poMaH-THHHoi aiTepaxypH, hk „HaponpjnoÖCTBa'' neBHoro peaaicTaM 6jiH3b-Koro rany toiho. íHaKine CTo'ÍTb cnpaBa 3 poMaHTHHHoio inpojioriGio. 3 Hei peaaÍ3M nepeiraHB KiabKa mothbíb, híjikom 3míhhbhih thm caMHM CBOG „peajiicTHMHe" oÔjih^h. nonepuie, BÍn,KpHTÍ poMaHTH-KOK) hk BHCOKOBapTHHH eaeMeHT HaponHoro acHTTa 3BHHa"í, noôyT, BipyBaHHa Hapoflm Ta HaponHa noe3Ía 3aaHiHHaHca b Meacax mhc-
TeujbKoi yBarH yicpaiHCbKoro peajiÍ3My. Bohh HaßiTb nacTo 3aKpn-BäJiH Bifl peajiicTiB Te, mo Ix BjiacHe n,ÍKaBnao a6o Majio 6 niKaBHTH: coiiijiJibHi   yMOBHHH HapoflHoro JKHTTH. „ETHorpacpřmHH pe-
ajIÍ3M" G HKHMOCb CnoayHeHHaM peaJliCTHHHHX HaMipiB 3 pOMaHTHH-
hok> TpaflHH,iGK). TaK caMo He 3hhkjio b nepiofl yKpai'HCBKoro pe-
ajlÍ3My pOMaHTHHHe 3aXOnJieHHH   MHHyjIHM,   30KpeMa K03aHHHHOK),
any, monpaBfla, peajii3M ,,cTHJii3yBaB" Ha cbíh KuiTajiT. I eTHorpa-(pi3M, i 3axonjieHHH MHHyjiHM 6yjiH, na acaab, b hopíbhhhhí 3 poMaH-THKOK) niflynaflOM: b eTHorpacpinHOMy MaTepiHJii ôa^HjiH Bate He rjiHöoKe GCTBo HapoflHoro flyxy — rnaax, hkhm MoacHa öyjio npHHTH flo nÍ3HaHHa xapaKTepy Hapofly, a oa^Hjin Jiinue, b HaojiinmoMy BnnaflKy, „HapoflHy MyflpicTb", flocHTb npHMÍTHBHy Mopajib, a b ripmoMy — npocTo MaTepiaa, 6e3 ranöinoro 3Ha-HeHHH. B iCTOpHHHOMy MHHyjIOMy He HiyKajiH cneiíHĺpiHHHx pne neBHo'i flo6n Ta icTopnnHoro MOMeHTy, a 3fle6ijibuia jinuie bhtob-ManyBajiH äoro b flyci noTpeö cynacHocTH, hájikom 3aKpHBaK»HH flocHTb ôapBHCTe Ta noBHOKpoBHe yKpaiHCbKe MHHyjie cyMHHM Ta 3aHenajiHM yKpaiHCbKHM híhtthm 19-ro Brny. Be3 poMaHTHHHoI cnaflUíHHH yKpaiHCbKHH peajii3M HaneBHe 6yB on me 6iflHÍiunn Ha TeMH Ta me MeHui ifleoaorimran, amac bíh 6ys y aíhchocth.
HoBHM 6yjio i po3yMÍHHH poMaHTHKOK) GCTBa Hanu Ta nponecy 11 JKHTTH. Hania HK niaicHHH opraHÍ3M a6o ,,oco6a Bninpro CTyne-hh", hchtth hkoi BHnjiHBaG 3 oflHoro flJKepejia („cepn,e" Kyjiiuia), po3yMÍGTbCH, fljiH nacy peajii3My — yaßaeHHa 3aHaflTo „MicTrnme". Aae, 6e3 cyivraiBy, floöa ,,peaai3My" He fliňinaa 6 i flo cBoro aochtb noBepxoBoro po3yMÍHHa Han.il, hk6h He Te BHxoBaHHH, mo ňoro fla-Baaa hokojiíhhíim yKpamcbKoI mTeaireHnn poMaHTHHHa jiiTepaiypa. Ajie me BaacaHBinia Ta 3MÍHa, mo II BHecjia poMaHTHKa b po3yMÍHHa npoqecy jkhtth yKpaiHCBKoi Han.ii. B nacn flopoMaHTHHHi 3arajibHHM yaBaeHHHM 6yao, mo yKpamcbKa Han,ia a6o BMepjia, a6o BMHpae; me nÍ3HÍnie TyjiaK-ApTeMOBCBKHH Mir BHCMiiOBaTH Kyjiiuia, mo ro-BopHB npo „K03au;bKy MaTKy" (yKpamy), mo Bace BOHa BMepaa, i nopyn HecManHnx flOTeniB Ha anpecy Kyaiina, mo, MOBaaB, ,,caHHHTb" 3 uboro npHBOfly, bíh Mir Jinuie nonpomaTnca 3 Heio no naHaxHfli caoBaMH „n,apcTBo in HeöecHe". PoMaHTHKa npnHecaa yaBaeHHH npo „HanioHaabHe BiflpoflaceHHa", npo „BocKpeeeHHa" Hain;!, i ne caoBo Ta ne yaßaeHHa 3aaHHiHaHca, ne 3BaacaiOHH Ha 3MÍHy ochobhhx totok noraafly Ha gctbo Hanťi, b yci nopoMaHTHHHi nepio-fln! A caMe, hk i poMaHTHKH, mo HaflaBaan TaKoro Hafl3BHHaäH0ro 3HaMeHHa ,,caoBy" Ta aiTepaTypi, nÍ3HÍmi yKpamcbKi ifleoaorii yci 3B'a3yBaan BiflpoflHíeHHa Hanjí 3 aÍTepaTypHo-MOBHOK> petpopMOio KoTaapeBCbKoro, xoh nicaa Hel HankmaaBHe hchtth me flOBro huijio uiaaxoM flaabinoro niflynany.
m
Ilopya cyro jíiTepaTypHHx Ta Han,ioHaaBHHx ejieMeHTÍB po-MaHTHHHoro cBÍTorjiafly 3ajiHuiHjioca b „cepeflHBoro yKpa*mcbKO-ro ÍHTejiiťeHTa" b nÍ3HÍiHHH aac 6araTo i oKpeMHx, xoa 6h h He-3HaaHHX ejieMeHTÍB poMaHTHaHoro noraafly Ha cbít Ta hchtth. Ajie np HajiejKHTB yate flo nHTaHB icxopii KyjitTypn.
3. HaHBaHCJiHBiuia pnca Ta 3acjiyra yKpamcBKoi poMaHTHKH — np Te, mp BOHa cBÍnpMo nocTaBHJia co6i 3aBflaHHH yTBopHTH „noBHy arrepaTypy", mp Moraa 6 3aflOBoaBHHTH flyxoßi norpeÖH bcíx Kia Ta HiapiB yKpaÍHCBKCTo cycniaBCTBa. OrpeMamHa flo „noBHoi aiTe-paTypn" 3HaHinao cBoe 3flÍHCHeHHa roaoBHe b yTBopeHHÍ „noBHoi" mobh", mobh BceöiaHoi, npHaaTHoi flaa BHcaoBy b ycix ccpepax ai-TepaTypn Ta híhtth. mpnpaBfla, noaacTH aepe3 noairaam yMOBH, noaacTH aepe3 3HaaHHH po3Kaaa, HanioHaatHoro oöanaaa yKpam-cbKoro Hapoay, mh ainnie — noro bhiuhx BepcTB, cBoro npaKTna-Horo 3aÍHCHeHHH CTpeMaiHHa poMaHTHKH He flocaniyao: 6yaa Moace neBHa iaK)3Ía „noBHoi aiTepaTypn" — aae b ríhchoctí MaSate He 6yao flpaMH, oahh poMaH Ta KiaBKa onoBÍflaHB He MoatyTB yTBopHTH npo3H. .. Koan nopÍBHaeMo BipnionncaHHa pomehthkíb 3 ancaeH-HHMH BipniaMH öapoKKa, to nopiBHHHHa BHnafle KiaBKicHO Teat He Ha KopncTB poMaHTHKH. Aae b ifleajii Bca aÍTepaTypa 3HaHinaa coôi neBHy MeTy, flo aKoi Moraa npaMyBaTH flaai! Ilicaa nepepBH n'aT-flecHTHX pokíb poMaHTHKH MoraH flaai npaqiOBaTH Hafl 3aBflaHHaM, aKe BOHH pamine coöi nocTaBnan. JJp ix npaiiii Hafl yTBopeHHaM „noBHoi aiTepaTypn" Tenep, y 60-tí poKH, npneflHaaHca npeflCTaB-HHKH HOBoro noKoaÍHHH, „peaaicTH". /_Jíhcho, im yflaaoca KyflH ôanacae nifliäTH flo ifleaay „noBHoi aiTepaTypn", Bace KÍatKicTio Ta pÍ3HOMaHÍTHÍcTK) ťaTyHKÍB TBopÍB. Aae uiHpoTa Ta noBHOTa aiTepaTypn peaaÍ3My cnaBHo 3MeHinyeTBca aepe3 nparHeHHH „peaaicTÍB" BiflÔHBaTH b cBoix TBopax „flincHe" c y a a c h e hchtth yKpai'HCB-Koro Hapony; a nocKijiBKH Hapofl cKaaflaBca nepeBaatHo 3 ceaaH-CTBa, to ceaaHCBKa TeMaTHKa flOMmye b Hafl3BHaařÍHHx po3MÍpax„ Kyaini, npn BCbOMy po3yMÍHHÍ noTpeÔH noBHo'i aiTepaTypn, aacTHHy cboIx TBopÍB HanncaB no-pociHCBKH, 6e3 cyMHÍBy, noaacTH aepes 6paK BHflaBi^íb, aHTaaiß Ta aepe3 npH3ypm yMOBH. Aae i b ,,Hop-Hiii Pafli" i b nÍ3HÍninx noeMax bíh He aanaBca fi HafiBiiiuHx ifle-oaoriaHHx TeM. Bíh ne öoaBca nHcara flaa „HeöaraTBox" a6o flaa „MažôyTHBoro aHTaaa", HKoro caMi TBopn „BHCOKoro craaio" MycHan niflroTyBaTH, bhtbophth. „PeaaicTH" cbíaomo yxnaaiOTBca Bifl ,,BHCOKoi" TeMaTHKH, noaacTH, po3yMÍGTBca, Teat aepe3 neH3yp-hí yMOBH, aae noaacTH i aepe3 Te, inp ix B3araai na TeMaTHKa He nJKaBHTB, Ta bohh Bate híhk He naMaraiOTBca niflroTyBaTH HOBoro HHTaaa 3 bhiuhx Kaac. Jlinnia CHTyania ôyaa annie b TaanaHHi,
m,o HHMajio cnpHHHHHJiocH ni3Hiine 30 npoBinjaoi pojii raanHHHH b yKpaiHctKOMy pyci.
4. IIoe3ia yKpamcbKoi poMaHTHKH 3aniKaBHJia n nyacy, po3y-MiGTbca, b 3B'H3Ky 3 yciGio iAeoaoriGio poMaHTHKH — nepeBajKHo cjiOB'flHctKy poMEHTHKy. Bee jk nepeKJiaAH noraaAHo HenncaeHHi. KpiM nectKHx, nepmnx y naci, rojioBHe nepeKJiaflH 3 IIIeBHeHKa HHCJieHHi b niBneHHOcjioB'iiHct.KHX aiTeparypax — y 6oarapiB Ta cepGiB, Tan mo Moaceino tobophth npo biijiiib UleBHeHKa Ha niB-AeHHoejioB'aHCbKi aiTepaTypn. JJpSpi nepeKJiann PxIeB^eHKa MaiOTb i nojiHKH (rojioBHe nepeiuiaAn CoBiHCLKoro Ta KoHApaTOBHHa-Cn-poKOMjii). y pocincbKin JiiTepaTypi, g ancaeHHi, aae, 3a MajiHMH BHHHTKaMH, caa6iu nepeKaaAH.
Ta BajKJiHBinii, 3AaeTbca, BinryKH yKpamcbKoi HapoAHoi noe3ii, BiAKpHToi poMaHTHKaMH. TaKi BiAryKH, HacjiiAyBaHHH K03an,bK0i TeivraTHKH, HanpnitaaA, 3ycTpmeMo b nexiB, a rojioBHe b cjioBaKiB. HaBiTt y HiMeubKiii JiiTepaTypi nicaa 1840 p. 3HanAeMO HeBejiHKy rpyny TBopiB 3 yKpamcbKOK) TeMaTHKOio: nopy^ BHAaHHx 1845 p. BoAeHuiTeATOM („rioeTHHHa yKpaina") Ta 1848 p. BaabAopioaeM („EaaananKa") yKpamcLKnx niceHb, 1841 p. Bnninaa opnriHaab-Ha 36ipKa BipniiB Ha yKpamcbid TeMH ,,yKpai'HCbKi nicHi" A. M. Hox-Myca-MaBpiiuioca, noeMH „Ma3ena" T. E. niTeSiina 1844 p., „roH-Ta" P. (poH FoTinaaaa 1850; poMaHTn^Ho 3a6apBjieHi TpareAii K: K). LQTapKa ,,Bifl niA IIojiTaBOK)" (1855), P. (poH roTiuaaaa ,,Ma-senna" (Taic! 1865 p., nepeKJiaAeHa Ha yKpamcbKy MOBy <3>eABK0-BH^eM), Ta icTopn^HHH poMaH ,,Ma3ena" A. Mioijejiboypfa (1860). Bate 1831 p. UlaMicco nepepoSnB, Ha msljib, jinuie aacTHHy, ,,Bon-HapoBCbKoro" PnjreeBa y aynoBi mMenbiu Tepunnn; ripinnn, ajie noBHHn HiMen;bKHH nepeKaaA ,,BonHapoBCbKoro" BHAaB I. FojioBiH 1847 p. Kojio 1840 p. 3'aBaaiOTbCH mMeiibKoio mobok) nepeKJiaAH nojibCbKHX ,,yKpamcbKix noBicTeii" M. HanicoBCbKoro. BHyTpimmii 3b'h3ok y po3BHTKy inei" yKpai'HCbKO-HiMenbKoi poMaHTHHHo'i aiTe-paTypn me 30Bciin He AocaiAJKeHnn.
5. IcTopn^Ha cBiTOBa 3acayra poMaHTHKH — „BiAKpnTTa" Ha-poAHOi noe3i"i Ta 3Ha^Ha ynacTb y BnpoSaeHHi HOBiTHboro „icT0pn3-My". IJi 3acayrn Mae i yjcpaiHCbKa poMaHTHica. Bace ^ncaeHm 36ip-kh yKpaHicbKnx HapoAHHX niceHb nocTaan 3 poMaHTHHHoro 3axon-aeHHa HapoAHOio noe3ieio. HaBiTb i KiabKa 36ipoK, mo BniiniaH ihohho ni3Hime, 3o6oB'a3aHi cboim nocTaHHaM poMaHTH^HOMy 3a-xonaeHHio. ToaoBHe — HayKOBi 36ipKn caMi, 6e3 poMaHTHMHo'i Bipn, mo b HapoAHiii noe3ii" 3axoBaHnn ranSoKnn iAenHnn 3mict, mo b hih CKOHneHTpoBaHe gctbo HapoAHoro Ayxa> HiKoan He Moran 6 npnBec-th AO pOSnOBCIOAJKeHHH TeMaTHKH HapoAHo'i nicHi, ao BacHTKy ii 3a-co6iB y niTynmn nce3ii. nopoMaHTH^Hnn nepioA Aaai npanroe HaA
485
HapoHHoio noe3ÍGH), íí 3ÔHpaHHa Ta npcainaceHHa nocyHyanca 3HaHHO Hanepejj;. 3miKao ineaaÍ3yBaHHH HaponHoi noe3ii, Ha any no^aan nHBHTHca anine hk Ha exHorpacpmHHH, íctophhhhh Ta aixepaxypHHH MaTepiaa.
3BHiairao He 3BepxaGTbca yßara Ha xe, m,o yKpamcbKa poMaH-THKa Biairpajia BeaHne3Hy poaio b npcaia,aceHHÍ yKpa'mebKOi icxo-pii, 60 Bi^KpHXTa Ta BHn,aHHa roaoBHHX nacepea rexbMaHCbKoro nepiony g 6e3cyMHÍBHoio 3acayroK> poMaHXHKÍB. Xoh aKe HeKpHTHnne 6yao cno^iaxKy 3axonaeHHa ,,Icxopieio PyciB" xa h íhhihmh aixonnc-HHMH xa niceHHHMH MaxepiaaaMH, aae He MoaíHa 3a6yBaxii ô xoro, mo poMaHXHKH 3 im BaacxHBHM nparHeHHHM 3HaöxH b MHHyaoMy xe, mo Bin cynacHocxH BÍnpÍ3HHGTbea, mo naa MHHyaoro xapaKTepnc-XH*me, SoMy xa annie noiny BaaexHBe, 3po6Han HHMaao, mo6 nepe-öopoxH HeKpHXH^He ip;eaaÍ3yBaHHH yKpamctKoi cxapoBHHH. HayKOBa cnaflmHHa KocxoMapoBa i Kyainia BeaHKow Mipoio noß'a3aHa 3 ix poMaHXHHHHM CBixoraanoM. I KOan naabniHÖ po3BHXOK icxopHHHo'i HayKH naaeKO 3aaHuiHB 3a co6ok) cxapi poMaHXH^mi npcainaceHHa, xo 30BCÍM ÍHaKHie cxoaaa cnpaBa 3 aixepaxypnnM BHKopncxaHHHM icxopn^iHoro MaTepiaay. HleB^ieHKo a6o Kyaim naan cnpoÖH ocbít-jieHHH MHHyaoro YKpaiHH b öoro Bean^Hocxi, aae 3yMian niniňxH Ho MHHyaoro YKpaiHH aK 740 acHBoro acHxxa, pÍ3HOMaHÍxHoro xa pi3-HOBapxHoro; b nacH ,,peaai3My" noHHHaG HaxoMicxt naHyBaxn b ic-TopHMHOMy poMaHi xa flpaMi ineaaisaijia MHHyaoro, niaKOM HeKpn-xHHHe BHcaaBaeHHa iioro; niaKOM BxpaneHo BcaKy 3ni6mcxb kphxh^i-ho noexaBHXHca aKmo He no MHHyaoro b njaocxi, xo xona 6 no OKpe-MHX iioro 3'hbhih;.
6. HanÔiabini 3acayrn yKpamcbKoi poMaHXHKH b (popMajibHHx nocarHeHHHX i"i aixepaTypHo'i nponyKU,ii. Hi npcarHeHHa He anme 3acayra ocoönexoro reHia IHeBHeHKa. Bo Siabiuicxb xhx ochobhhx GpopMaabHHx pne, mo ix saBna^yc yKpamcbKa aiTepaxypa HleBnen-kobí, Bace no IIIeBHeHKa BHCxynac b noexiß yKpamcbKoi poMaHXHKH. ToaoBHa pnca — nepexin. Bin. mobhoí xpanniiii KoxaapeBctKoro, ce6-To xpaBecxii, 3 ojj;ho6íhhhm npôopoM caiß 3 3a6apBaeHHHM hkoícb He-3bh*iaHHocxH: ByabťapH3My, komíhhocxh. pinKOCXH i x. 3., no yxBo-peHHH HOBoi mobh, HopMaaÍ30BaHoi xa npnnaxHoi naa cepíio3HHx noexH^íHHx ťaxyHKÍB, naa BHcaoBy nonyBaHb i nyMOK „noBHoi HanTi". BnxBopeHHa hobhx cpopM, aK poMaHXH*mi öaaann a6o ,,BÍabHa no-eMa" i x. h. xa ix CTnaicxHHHa yKpaÍHÍ3aH,ia — xaK caMo npoKonHHHb-Ka npaua p o m a h xhkí b, Mysn^mcxb noexHHHoi mobh — ocHOBHa bh-Mora poMaHTH^Hoi noexHKH — 3o6oB'a3aHa cboímh HaööiabiHHMH ycnixaMH HleB^eHKOBi. <í>opMa Bipiuy poÔHXb naabim ycnixn, ocxa-TOHHO bíamobhbiiihCíi Bin. cxaporo CHaaßimioro Bipuiy;   aae nopyn
po3BHTK.y nepeÔHaToro Bin. pocíhh „TOHÍHHoro" (Ha Harojiocax 36y-aoBanoro) Bipuiy, 3ycTpiHaeMo opHfiHajiBHe HacjiinyBaHHH HaponHO-niceHHoro Bipnry b IIIeB^eHKa, — HIeBqeHKÍB Bipín,  hk 3ran,aHo, AHBHHM hhhom He 3Haxon,HTLi y Me>Kax poMaHTHKH HacjiinyBaHHH! HanöijiBine BpaaceHHH Bin, (popMajiBHnx ycnixiß poMaHTHKH jiic-
TaHeMO TOfli, KOJIH npHHHBHMOCH ÖJIHJK^e AO TOTO HeXTyBaHHH (pop-
MajibHoi CTopoHH TBopy, HKe 3ycxpÍHaeMo aacTo b nepion „peajrisMy".
7. KmeuB yKpaiHCBKoi poMaHTHKH He 6yB TaKoro npnponHoio CMepTK), HKy 3HaHHijia poMaHTHKa Ha 3axoRÍ a6o b Haninx 6jih3bkhx cycifliB, ne neBHo nepecn^eHHH poMaHTH^HHM crajieM npHBejio no pÍ3K0'i 3MÍHH JiÍTepaTypHoro HanpHMy. BamKo ôyjio „nepecHTHTHca" thmh po3MÍpHo HeaHCJieHHHMH TBopaMH, Hni najia yKpamc&Ka pOMaH-THKa. KmenB yKpai'HCBKo'i poMaHTHKH Ta nepeMora HOBoro cthjiio 6yjiH 3yMOBJieHÍ BejíHKOK) Mipoio npn^HHaMH no3ajiÍTepaTypHHMH — coh;íhjibhhm po3BHTKOM, inp BHMaraB HOBoi jiiTepaTypHoi npoöneMa-THKH, a m;e oijiBine po3bhtkom 3axip;HÍx Ta cycinmx jiiTepaTyp, 30K-peMa pocificBKOi, HKa b neö ^ac 3np6yjia xaKoro pimynoro BnjiHBy Ha yKpa'ÍHCBKy, hk híkojih 30 Toro. Po3yMÍeTBCH, mh ne MomeMo eoôi yHBHTH, m,o6 pOMaHTHHHa jiiTepaTypa TpHMajiacH Ha YKpami me pp-chthjiítth nicjiH 11 3aHenany b híjiíh Eßponi, — yKpamcBKa JiiTepaTypa, hk i BCHKa mnía, JKHBe b nnJif>HOMy 3B'n3Ky 3 jiiTepaxypaMH íhihhx Hapofliß. Ajie nponec JirrepaTypHoro po3BHTKy cTaB Ha YKpa-ihí b upŘ Mac npon,ecoM „HeopramHHHM", Mariace bhkjiiohho Hacjii-jHyBäHHHM nyíKoro po3BHTKy. rieBHy cßoepinmcTB yKpamcBKHH ,,pe-ajiÍ3M'\ inpnpaßna, Mae, ajie nn CBoepinmcTB e MaÖHce iujikom He-ťaTHBHoro xapaKTepy, HacaMnepen piiny^ia nepeBara cejiHHCBKoí Te-MaTHKH; íhhií HanpHMH po3BHTKy ,,peajiÍ3My", Hanp., ncHxojioriHHnfi poMaH, mp flaB ycioan Hafijiinini kbíth peajiicTHHHoi JiiTepaTypn, Ha YKpami 3ajiHniHjiHCH b 3aponKax. Bjih3bkíctb no hchtth, hko'í BHMarajia peajiicTHHHa noeTHKa, 3Haninjia co6i napanoKcajiB-
HHM CnOCOÔOM BHpa3 y 3By>KeHHÍ TeMaTHKH JlÍTepaTypHHX TBOpÍB no
TeM „cejiHHCBKHx". JJocHrHeHHH poMaHTHHHo'i JiiTepaTypn Ha mjiHxy no ,,noBHo*i JiiTepaTypn" ôyjiH 3HOBy 3arpoaceHÍ, He 3BaHcaiOHH Ha Haa3BHHaHHHH 3picT jiÍTepaTypHoi nponyKnii Ta Ha 11 noaacTH np6py hkíctb.
E K C K y FC V
„EI,HEPMA€P" TA „HATyPAJILHA HIKOJIA" HA YKPAiHI
1. B ocTaHHi necaTHjiiTTa b HiMenbKiä icTopii jiiTepaTypH 06-poÖJieHo HOBe noHHTTH. ßanosiraeHe 3 o6pa30TBopHoro MHCTeuTBa — „öiaepMaep''. /JncKycia npo up noHHTTa m,e ne 3aKÍHHena, i nepe3 up, neaKi íioro phch me ctohtb nin, 3HaK0M nHTäHHs Ta He hájikom 3'acoBaHo, ani caMe nncbMeHHHKH HaaeacaTb n,o n,ieií Tenii. B kohího-My pa3i — ochobhí phch — „6in,epMaGpy", penpe3eHTOBaHoro tojiob-He b aBCTpiöcbKiH jirrepaTypi, g phch „nÍ3HbopoMaHTHMHÍ", ue neBHa cpopMa poMaHTHKH, any BH3HaHaiOTb, a6o hk „MÍinaHCbKy poMaHTH-Ky", a6o hk „poivraHTHKy cTape^y". ToaoBHi ifleojiorr-mi mothbh poMäHTHKH b aiTepaTypHOMy 6in,epMaepi cjiaôinaiOTb Ta 3HHKaioTb. 3aMÍcTb ÍHnHBÍnyaaÍ3My Ta peBoaioniHHoro nopHBy MaGMo Ty t no-Bary n,o ,,HanÍHHHBÍnyaabHoro nopanKy" b nepacaßi, peairil, 3BHHa-ax, yxHji n,o Tpa^Hnií; 3aMÍcib acHBoi cnpara, any Moace 3anpBOjib-HHTH jiHHie Beet cbít, — cnoKiirae 3ÖHpaHHa, KoaeKn;ioHyBaHHa.
3aMÍCTb pÍ3KOCTH, nopHB^iaCTOCTH pOMaHTHKH, — M'aKÍCTb,  cnoKiň;
3aMÍCTb CTpeMJiiHHH np KpaÖHboro, HaBÍTb no3a Meaú HopMaabHoro Ta 303BoaeHoro, — noinaHy, noKopy, CMnpeHHa hk ochobhí necHOTH aio^hhh; MOBa CTac cnoKiimimoio, npaBHJibHiuioK), noRiipKOBamnioio,
CTaTHHHÍHIOK). KpÍM U.HX OCHOBHHX pHC, npCJlinHHKH Ha3HBaJIH h ÍH-Hli -        flO TOrO TaKÍ, mo CTOHTb b neBHOMy npOTHpÍHHi OnHÍ 3 OflHHMH:
iflHaiHHHH xapaKTep Ta „po3ÍpBamcTb", necHMÍ3M, cyM Ta nparHeHHH cnoKiÖHoi, m'hkoí* KpacH. Ha3HBajiH neaKi phch, xapaKTepncTHHHi jiHine HJiH oKpeMHX nHCbMeHHHKÍB, hk Hanp., noBary np aHTH^HocTH, mp neBHOK) Mipoío ôyjia BTpaneHa poMaHTHKoio i t. 3,. TnnoBi npen,-cTaBHHKH cranio ôinppMaep g yaaHfl, IUTÍcpTep, A. /JpocTe-riojibc-rocp, rpijibnapnep, r\ KejiJiep, O. JIion.Bir'. BKa3aH0 Ha icHyBamiH cnopiaHeHHx 3'aBHin; y necbKiö Ta cjioBanbKÍH jiixepaTypax.
2. Eyjia cnpoöa (I. naHbKeBHq) BBecTH po3niji „ôinppMaGp" i np icTopií yKpai'HCbKo'í JiiTepaTypH. KoHKpeTHo BKa3aHo Ha neBHi m'hkí tohh M. HlaniKeBH^a Ta na onHe (!) onoBinaHHH M. ycTH-aHOBH^a. JiHHie 6e3nin,cTaBHHH 3npran,, BHCJiOBjíeHHH npo cnopin,He-HHH xapaKTep tbop^octh Kbítkh, TyaaKa-ApTeMOBCbKoro, MeTjiHH-cbKoro.
H BBaHcaio 3a HenoTpiÖHHÄ cnen,ÍHJiBHHH po3niji npo „6inepMaep" b icTopľi yKpaiHCBKoi jiiTepaTypn. He jiHiue TOMy, mp sp Htoro no-TpanjiaTB HeaHCJieHHi Ta HeBH3HanHÍ nHCBMeHHHKH, ajie rojioBHe TOMy, m,o h ni nHCBMeHHHKH He nyace fljiH „óinepMaepy" xapaKTe-Phcthhhí. B too aac, HK Ha 3axoni (y hímd-íb) „ßinepMaep" g peaK-ijieio Ha poMaHTHKy, 3'HBHmeM „npoTBepe3ÍHHJi" nicjifl 3axonjieHHfl
pOMaHTHHHHMH ineHMH, BiflXOfly BÍH, HHX, — Ha yKpaim He ôyjio msKoro ťpyHTy nan TaKo'i peaKuii npoTH poMaHTHKH, a 30KpeMa He öyjio TaKoro ťpyHTy b ocoÔHCTOMy po3BHTKy OKpeMHx noeTÍB. BaacKO roBopHTH hjih YKpaiHH i npo „oÖMiinaHeHHa'' poMaHTHKÍB. O k p e m i KOHKpeTHÍ pněn noe3ÍI ôinepMaepy 3ycTpmeM0, inpnpaBna y noonn-HOKHx noeTÍB: He jinnie b HlaniKeBHaa, ajie h b MejiHHxojiÍHHHX jiipHKÍB — neTpeHKa, 3a6ijin, HyacôiracBKoro, C. MeTjiHHCBKoro, b nonaTKax HJoroJieBa, y noBicTHpÍB M. ycTHHHOBHaa Ta noaacTH h O. CTopoaceHKa. TyjiaK-ApTeMOBCBKHH Ta Kßiraa — B3arajii He poMaHTHKH,  A.  MeTJIHHCBKHH - nOCJliflOBHHH  pOMaHTHK,  ycí  TpOG 3
ôiflepMacpoM He MaiOTB mnoro cnijiBHoro. JXo Toro pncn cthjiio 6inep-Maep nocTajiH y ynpamcBKHx noeTÍB He uijihxom opramaHoro po3-BHTKy, a niJiflxoM npocToro 3ano3HaeHHfi — y HlaniKeBHaa 3 aB-CTpÍHCBKoi JiiTepaTypn; y íhiuhx 3i cnopinHeHHx 3 6inepMaepoM po-cificBKHx noeTÍB, ajie tojioehc 3 — flJiH oinepMacpy 3obcím He rano-Boro aHTHTpanHnioHajiicTa Ta ,,6aiípoHÍcTa" — JlepMOHTOBa. Ajie nopya cthjiícthhhhx 3ano3HaeHB 3 JiiTepaTypn öinepMaepy Ma-GMO b 3ranaHHx yKpai'HCBKHX noeTÍB 3HanHÍ BnjiHBH 30bcím He ,,6iflepMaGpÍBCbKoi" poMaHTHHHoi noe3ÍI, HacaMnepen,, HleBaeHKa. On,-ate, cTHJib „SinepMaep", cthjib BejíHKOK) Mipoio oGmokchhh Ha hí-Mei^BKy jiiTepaTypy Ta JiiTepaTypn, m,o nepeôyBajiH nia. Ti 6e3noce-peflHÍM BnjiHBOM, sajiHniHB b yKpai*HCBKÍo jiiTepaTypi jinuie   h e-
3 h a H H H H CJlifl.
3. J-IajieKo Ôanacae po yKpai'HCBKoi JiiTepaTypn CToaaa mnía, pociňcbKa cpopMa po3Kaany poMaHTHKH — t. 3B. „HaTypajiBHa ihko-jia", OflHa 3 ocHOBHHx ipeií poMaHTHKH — HyMKa npo jma cbíth, míhc hkhmh ctoítb aioainm. PoMaHTHKa cnonaTKy MajiKie oônaBa cbíth ohhh nopya oaHoro aöo anine ,,bhii;hh", „HeseMHHÖ" cbít. HaTypajibHa niKOjia noaaaaca 3i cnpoö MajiiOBaTH jinnie ohhh hhhí-hhh, „3eMHHH" cbít. 3MajibOByBajiH öoro poMaHTHKH 3 pHcaMH ne-peBaaoio bíh'gmhhmh, íik KapmcaTypy, ťpoTecK. Ochobhí pncn UBoro HaTypajiicTHHHoro cthjiio hk cthjiio nÍ3HBopoMaHTHHHoro Ta nepe-xoapBoro po peajiÍ3My (Ha3BH „HaTypajiÍ3My" nÍ3HÍine BJKHBajiH naa BH3HaneHHfl 30bcím íhuihx Team) g nepeôijiBineHHii b 3MajnoBaHHÍ HeťaTHBHHx pne híhchocth, pne, mo xapaKTepH3yioTB 30KpeMa ii no-poatHeay, HÍKaeMHÍCTB; MeTacpopn, nopÍBHHHHH HaTypaaÍ3My cnpa-
489
MOBam 3ae6ijibuia „flo HH3y", — Hanp., jho^h 3ne6ijibma Herapm, nopÍBHioiOTíjCíi 3 TBapHHäMH, a to o MepTBHMH pinaMH j neŕÍ3a;KÍ ^lacTo noxMypi, cyMHi Ta npo3ai'hhí — npiii, MpaKa i t. n,., MicTa cipi, 6pynHÍ; onar cTapnä, nojiaTaHHH, posnepTHÍí; HaTypajiicTH oxone oriHcyiOTb neTajibHO ,,HH3bKe" — hk jho^h IflHTb, n'ioTb, moxaioTb TaÔaKy. MoBa nifioBHx ociô 6e3nopan,Ha, npHMÍTHBHa. 3 HaTypajiic-th^ihoí jiŕrepaTypH cpaHTacTHKa 3HHKae a6o 3'aBjiaGTbca Ha tjií Hafl-
3BHaaHH0 CipOl np03H HíHTTíI. XoH HaTypajiÍ3M He npOXOHHTb i nOB3 cepH03HÍ xpareflii, ajie Tpareni'i ni 3ne6ijibina JKHTTbOßi, repo'í iihx Tpareaio — jiionH ÖyneHHi, cipi, SBHHaôm, oíhhí, Heniacm. HaTypa-jiícth 3ajno6KH nHuiyTb TBopH 6e3 „repoi'b", noôyTOBi, „cpÍ3ÍojiorÍH-
hí"   HapHCH.   OCHOBOnOJIOHCHHKOM   pOCÍHCbKOÍ"   HaTypaJIbHOl UIKOJIH
6yB yKpaiHeiib M. Torojib, rojiOBHe b cboíx ,,neTep6yp3bKHx" ono-BiaaHHHx, a cepen, öoro HaHBHn,aTHmiHx hocjiíaobhhkíb — i yKpamni, Hanp., y cboíx pociôcbKHx TBopax rpeôíHKa Ta Kyjiini. Ha 3axoni cnopinHem 3 HaTypajiÍ3M0M neam ocTaHHi onoBÍn,aHHH E. T. A. Tocp-MaHa (,,BepjiÍHCbKÍ onoBiflaHHíi"), cTaTTi Ta noBicri jK. ^KaHeHa, no-mcTH Bajib3aKa, a HaHÖijibine nepuii poMaHH H. /JiKKeHca. HinaBo, Hio ni 5K cthjiícthhhí pněn e b noBÍČTÍ Ha yKpai'HCbKy TeMy nOJIbCb-Koro HHCbMeHHHKa KpameBCbKoro („yjiíma" 1843), mp ctohb míjk pOMaHTHKOIO Ta peajiÍ3M0M.
4. HaTypajiÍ3M yKpamcbKHx nncbMemiHKiB oÖMeacyeTbca bhk-jiktcho Ha ix TBopax pociöcbKoio MOBOK). 3 nboro norjiíniy nÍKaBO, nio He JiHuie Kyjiim (y 50-tí pokh) nncaB pociöcbKi „HaTypajiicTHHHi" onoBiflaHHH, a ň pocificbKi noBicri HleB^eHKa MaiOTb ^HMajio pne CTHJiK) „HaTypajibHoí hikojih". lien CTHjib, nio no3Ha^HBCH i Ha nep-niHX TBopax TypťeHSBa Ta ,HpcToeBCbKoro, ManjKe He 3HaiiniOB Bn,ajiHX BinryKÍB y BÍpmoBaHÍH noe3Íí, 3a bhhhhtkom noe3ÍH HeKpacoBa. .Hcjikí pněn nÍ3HÍx noe3ÍH HleBHeHKa MOJKHa nie noíicHHTH BnjiHBOM ,,Ha-TypajibHoí hikojih"; ppsmi BinryKH íi, a caMe, no^iacTH nin. BnjiHBOM HeKpacoBa, 3ycTpmeMO i b Bipmax Ct. PynaHCbKoro. Ajie e nie MeH-nie niflCTaB bh^íjiíith „HaTypajibHy uiKOJiy" b oKpeMHH po3fliji ynpa-ÍHCbKo'i icTopií jiiTepaTypH, am?K ne e 3 ,,6in,epMaepoM".
y
JIITEP ATyP A
H,eä noKajKHHK jiiTepaTypn He npeTeHAye Ha noBHOTy. Ro koskhoto Binflijiy 3a3Hanyio BH^aHHH tgkctIb Ta npaui, 3 hkhx MHTan flOBiAaeTbCH npo CTaH nHTaHHH. Kojih icHye ni3Hiina npana, #e 3pecpepoBaHe ciapine HOCJiiAJKeHHH, to Ha3B CTapuiHx npa«b He noaaio. B achkhx BHnaflKax flOBejioca no^aTH, nepe3 Spate cHHTexHHHHX onpaubosaHb, Ha3BH cnei;mjibHHX posBiflOK. JXjib. aeaKHx po3Äijiiß, nepe3 6paK npHCTynmniHx npaub, SiGjiio-rpacpii He nonaHo: HHTaa Moace ÖJiHJKHe 3a3HaäoMHTHCa 3 nnraHHaM 3 3a-rajitHHx KypciB. 3raayK)HH HKycb npanro, a 30BciM ijhm He bhcjiobjiiok)
CBOGl 3rOflH 3 BHCJIOBJieHHMH B Hiä flyMKaMH. -— ÜKOpOHeHHH -        HHB. b KiHIji
cnncKy.
3arajibHi tboph
C. GcppeMOB: Ict. yicp. nncbMeHCTBa. I-H. K.-JIafinijif. 1919-1924 (Beet oSear yKp. jiiTepaTypn). — M. Bo3hhk: Ict. ynp. jiiTepaTypn. I, II, 1-2. JI. 1920-1 (ao KiHijH 18 ct.). — M. rpyineBCbKHH: Ict. yKp. jiiTepaTypn. I-V. K.-JI. 1923-5 (740 no^aTKy 17 ct.). — Hct. pyccKOM JiH/repaTypbi AKaneMHH HayK CCCP. I, II, 1 Ta 2. M. 1940-50. — A. IlbinHH: Hct. pyccKoä jraiepa-Typti. I-IV, BH3. CII6. 19 (08) (yKp. Jinnie ao 18 ct.). — D. Cizevsky: Outline of Comparative Slavic Literatures. Eoctoh 1935.
CTapa JliTepaTypa (nepesaiKHo nepion. 11-13 cTOJiiTB)
II. BjiaAHMHpoB: ^pesHaa pyectcaa jiHTepaTypa KneBCKoro nepnoAa XI-XIII BeKOB. K. 1901. — M. CnepaHCKHÜ: Hct. APeBHeft pyccKofi jiHTepa-xypbi. t. I. M. 1921. — B. Hctphh: O^epK hct. APeBHepyecKofi jiHTepaxypbi AOMonrojibCKoro nepHOAa (11-13 bb.). n. 1922. — H. ryA3HH: Hct. ApeBHeä pyccKoä JiHTepaTypbi (öaraTO bhab.hb, ocTaHHG 1955 p.). — A. OpjioB: Kypc jieKHHH no flpeBHefi pyccKofi jiHTepaType. M.-JI. 1939. — D. Tschizew-skij: Geschichte der altrussischen Literatur im 11., 12. und 13. Jahrhundert. Prankfurt/Main, 1948.
36ipKH TeKCTiB
O. EijieubKHH: XpecTOMaTia naBHboi ynp. jiiTepaTypH. K. 1949. — H. ryA3Hii: XpecTOMa-thh no APeBHepyecKofi JiHTepaType (öaraxo BHAaHb, oc-TaHHG 1953). — Ad. Stender-Petersen: Anthology of Old Russian Literature. New York. 1954. — <J>. BycJiaeB: HcTopnaecKaa xpHCTOMaxHa... M. 1861. — r. KyniejieB-Ee36opoAKo (pen.. KocTOMapoBa Ta IlbmHHa): IlaMaTHHKH CTapofi pyccKoä jiHTeparypbi. I.-1V. CU.6. 1861. -— noHOMapeB: naMHTHHKH Ap.-pyc. i^epKOBHO-yHHTejibHOH JiHTepaTypbi. I-IV. CTI6. 1894-8. — H. Hh-kojibckhh COPfl 82 (1907).
m
ZJoicTopHTHa j\oöa
B. — 3>. BycJiaeB: HcTopn^ecKHe onepKH pyccKoii HapoflHoä wioBec-HOCTH h HCKyccTBa. I-II. M. 1861. — Moflepue HayKOBe ocbItjighhh y Tpy-ineBCbKora, tt. I Ta IV. — E. Mahler: Die russische Totenklage. Jlnäniiir. 1936. — B. Ahhhkob: H3binecTBo h jjpeBHHa Pycb. CII6. 1914. — V. Man-sikka: Die Religion der Ostslaven. L, TejitciHKi. 1922. —■ P. Altkirch. Af sPh. 30 (1909). — H. IlaBJiOB-CHjibBaHCKHH iKMffll. 1905, 6. — A. JlameHKO. y. 1926, 4.
B. — A. Stender-Petersen: Die Varaegersage als Quelle der altrussischen Chronik. Opryc. 1934.
r. — rpymeBCbKHH: I. — G. Baesecke: Die indogermanische Verwandschaft des Hildebrandliedes. reiriHreH. 1940. — A. JlameHKo 1X3,11, 190 (1921). — B. Hpxo HOPfl 22 (1917), 2. — HnjKeBCbKHH ZfsPh. XXII (1954), 2. — 3acTapijie ocBiTjieHHa: G. Krek: Einleitung in die Geschichte der slavischen Literatur. 2. bhjj. Tpan. 1887.
EKCKyPC I.
A. — OrjiflflH b niflpyMHHKax. — Ilop. Ict. BisaHTiäebKoi jiixepaTypH KpyM6axepa (1893) Ta M. MypKo: Geschichte der aelteren suedslavischen Literaturen. Jlsmimit. 1908 (oöhabI khhth 3acrapiaa).
B. a. — C. CeßepbHHOB: CynpacabCKaa pyKonHCb. CIT6. 1904 (Mmen 3a 6epe3eHb). — B. MaJiHHHH: 10 cjiob ,,3jiaTocTpyji" 12 BeKa. CI16. 1910. — ypHBKH „Ilpoaory" y IIoHOMapeBa: üaMflTHHKH, tom III Ta IV.
B. 6. — KynieaeB-EesöoponKo t. III. — H. THxoHpaBOB: ITaMHTHHKH OTpeneHHofi jiHTepaTypbi. I.-Il. Cnö. 1863. — nopcpHpbeB COPH. 17 (1877) Ta 42 (1888). — I. 3>paHKo: AnoKpHcpH i jiereHflH I-V. Jl. 1896-1910 (Ila-m'htkh ynp. mobh i jiiTepaTypn). — TnxoHpaBOB: ConnHeHm. I. M. 1898.
r. a. — Majiajia — Hctphh b COPfl, 89-91 (1903-5), ße BKa3ißKH Ha paHinie bh^pyKOBaHi IcTpiHHM TeKCTH. — AMapTOJi: Hctphh: KHHrbi Bpe-MeHbHbiH... reoprna Mmixa. I-III. CII6. 1920-30. — <J>jiaBHit: V. Istrin: La Prise de Jerusalem... I-II. napn>k 1934. — LLIecTOflHeB—HOH/I 1879. — <l>i3iojior: A. KapHeeß: <r>H3HOJior. M. 1890. — T. PaftHOB: Hayna b Pocchh. 1940.
r. 6. — TeKCTH: nbinim, b „naMHTHHKax" KyniejieBa-Ee36opoaKO. — nbinnn: OnepK jiHxepaTypHoä hct. CTap. noBecTeä h CKa30K pyccKHx. cnö. 1858. —- A. OpjiOB: nepeBOflHbie noßecTH (peoAajibHofi Pycn... Jl. 1934. -— B. BeceaoBCKHii COPfl. 40 (1886). — I. «fcpaHKO. 3HTHI. 8, 10, 18, 20. — .ZJeBremH (J-IireHic): CnepaHCKHÄ COPH 99 (1922). -— B. Hctphh: AjieK-caHflpna pyccKHx xpoHorpadpoB. M. 1898. — decpaHiT Ta IxmjiaT: UJJXl 16, 27 (1877-8) Ta 64, 78 (1880-1). — BapjiaaM Ta IocacpaT: n^n 88 (1887).
I\ — CoöojieBCbKHH COPfl. 88 (1910). — P. Akoöcoh HOPfl 24 (1919). — H. TpyöenKOH ZfsPh. XI (1934).
JX — MypKo (hht. BHme) — 3acTapiae. — JJ^onoBHeHHa: CoSoaescKHÄ P<E>B. 1900, COPH. 88 (1910). — Olaf Jensen (P. £ko6coh) : Co daly nase zeme Evrope a lidstvu? npara. 1940. — H. HnKOJibCKHä: noBecxb BpeMeH-hhx JieT. CAH 2 (1930), 1.
492
I. JJo6a MOHyMeHTaJibHoro cthjiio
A. — CoöojieBCKHH: HecKOJibKo Mbicjiefi o flp.-pyc. jiHTepaType. CII6. 1903.—A. OpjiOB „IlaMaTH CaKyjiHHa", M. 1931. — R. Jagoditsch, Jahr-buecher f. Kultur u. Geschichte der Slaven. NF. XI (1935). — daTTi A. HiKOJibCbKoI b 36ipHHKax Ha nomany CoöojieBCbKoro (1925) ra A. Opjioßa (1930). — CeAeJii.hhkob. S. VIII (1929-30). — ^HjKeBCbKHfi, HSS. II (1954) Ta Festschrift Ha noiuaHy M. Vasmer'a 1955.
B. — B. HaroBeu.: Upen. <J>eoaocHfi nenepcKHH. K. 1901 (tjukojk KYH).
— H. EpeMHH TO/JPJI V (1947). — H. MCaaHOB: ConHHeHHH. I. CII6. 1904.
— IIoHOMapeB: II&mhthhkh... I. — TyHnuKHH „B naMHTb cmneTHH..." II. — BjianHMHpoß: JlHiepaTypa KHeBCKoro nepnofla. — JX- HatfieBCbioni: ZfsPh. XXIV (1955), 1.
B. — TeKCTii aHB. nia G Ta V. — Hhkojii>ckhh COPH 82, HOPS 8 (1903), BJI III (1917). — neTyxoB HOPH 9 (1904), 4. ct. 129 Ta flajii. — Co6o-jieBCKHft HOPH 6 (1901). — Apx. JleoHHß: 2KHTHe h lyfleca cb. HaKOJiaa... IiJ\U. 1881. — A. BarpHfi HOPH 19 (1914).
r. — r. 4>eflOTOB: CßaTMe flpeBHeä Pycn. X-XVII ct. IlapniK. 1931. —Russische Heiligenlegenden, BHa. E. Benz. Hiopix. 1953. — H. CepeöpHHC-khh : TlpeBHe-pyccKHe KHfDKecKHe jkhthh. M. 1915 (TaKoac HOH/J), — TeKCTH — Bopnc Ta Tniß: J\. A6paMOBH*i: ,,IIcimhthhkh npeBHe-pyc. jih-Teparapti" II. II. 1916. — C. EyrocjiaBCbKHH: üaM'htkh XI-XVIH bb.. npo khh31b Bopnca ra Tjii6a. K. 1928 ra HOPH 29 (1924). — 4>eoAoeiä: HOH/J, 1858, 1879, 1899. — A. HIaxMaTOB COPH 64 (1899) Ta HOPH 1 (1896). — /X AöpaMOBHM HOPH 3 (1898).
f. — BnnaHHH C. HlHMaHOBCKHH, BapiuaBa. 1894. — darri: A. no-noß RES. 14-15 (1934-52). — y. BynpBHHU, TO£PJI X (1954).
Jl. — BHflaHHH: JlaBp.-jiiTonHC (sajii ni^ G). — H. Hbekhh: Kh. Bjiaa. MoHOMax. I. M. 1901. — A. OpjiOB: Bjia^HMnp MoHOMax. 1946. — M. AjieK-cees TOZJPJI II (1935). — Y. BynpBHHu; TO^PJI X (1954).
E. — BH^aHHa: M. BeHeBHTHHOB „npaBocjiaBHbifi najiecTHHCKHÜ Cöophhk", 3, 9 (1885). — KoMeHrap: A. C. HopoB: XojKneHHe hi\ /JaHHHJia. Cn6. 1864. — n. 3a6oji0TcKHÖ P3>B. 1899.
G. —- BHAaHHH: „JlaBpeHTbeBCKaH jieTonHCb" nCPJI I, Ta OKpeMo Kijit-Ka BHflaHt „noßtcTb BpeMeHHtix jt&tt." (30KpeMa b 2-x TOMax 1950, ko-MeHTap HecnojierjiHBHH!). — A. IHaxMaTOB: Pa3bicKaHHH o npeBHeäniHX pyccKHx jieTonncHbix CBonax. Cn6. 1908. — Bm caMe: noßecTb BpeMeHHbix jiei. I. Cn6. 1916. — BiH caMe b TO/JPJI. IV (1939). — M. npncejiKOB: Hct. pyccKoro jieTonHcaHHa. Cn6. 1940; JleTonHceu. HecTop. 1923. — E. nep-dpeujKHH; PyccKHe JieTonncHbie cbohm h hx B3aHMOOTHomeHHH. EpaTHCJia-Ba. 1922. — JX. JlHxaaeB: PyccKHe JieTonHCH. 1947. — H. EpeMHH: üoBecii» BpeMeHHbix jier. JI. 1947.
2K. — BanaHHa: Pmöhhkob, FnjibdiepnHHr, OHHyKOB, MapKOB, rpnropb-eß, Bc MHJijiep, TnxoHpaBOB Ta B. Mnjijiep. OrjiHß hobhx TeKciiß Etapanid-Hoi b ZfsPh. 16 (1939). /loöpaä BHßip TeKcxiß M. CnepaHCKHÄ: Pyccnaa ycTHaa cJioBecHOCTb. I-II. M. 1916-19 Ta MHB 1953 fi iH. — T^ocjiiflJKeHHa — Bc MmiJiep: OnepKH pyccKoä HaponHofi cjioßecHocTH. I.-III. M. 1897-1925.
— CKacpTMMOB: no3THKa h reHe3Hc öbijihh. M.-CapaTOB. 1924. — R. Trautmann: Die Volksdichtung der Grossrussen. I. Das Heldenlied, raäflejiböepr. 1935. — A. BecejioBCKHä: k)>KHO-pyccKHe 6mjihhm CHö. 1884 (3 COPH 36).
493
— B. Ilponn: PyccKHft repoHHecKHÖ 3noc. 1955. — CTaTri: B. Cokojiob P3>B 1916. — B. flpxo HOPH 1917. — A. JlameHKc „Sertum Bibliologieum" II. 1922. — H. TpyßeHKOH „Z zagadnien poetyki". VI. BmibHa. 1937.
3. — TeKCTH: OpaHBHK 1888. — HOHJI. 14 (1900). — Tökcth Ta no-cjiiffJKeHHH: A. IIonoB: OÖ3op xpoHorpacpOB pyccKOH penaKBHH. I-II. M. 1886. — Hctphh „BH3aHTHHCKHH BpeMeHHHK". 1898. — „PyccKan IIpaBaa", SaraTo BHnaHb, Hanp. KapcbKoro, JT. 1930 Ta FpeKOBa 1940.
II. JJooa opHaMeHTaJibHoro cthjiio
A. — IIop. jiiTepaTypy, BaBeAeHy nifl I. B. — CyniHntKHH 3HTK. IV. — KajiaHnpBHH: IlaMaTHHKH pyccKoft cjioBecHocra XII. b. M. 1821.
E. ■— BnflaHHH nponoBineä KnpHjia TypiBCbicoro y KajiaänoBHHa, IIo-HoMapeßa. I. — Jlinnie BHnaHHH M. CyxoMjiHHOBa: PyKonncH rp. YBapoBa. II. M. 1858. — TJocjiinJKeHHH: M. CyxoMjiHHOB: HccjienoBaHHa (bht. BHnie).
— BacHjiHit BHHorpaflOB b ,,B naMHTb cTOJieTHa". II. — H. HHKOJibCKHH: O aHTepaTypHoä seaTejibHocTH... KjiHMeHia CMoaaTHHa. CII6. 1892. — E. Ile-TyxoB: CepannoH BaanHMHpcKHH. CII6. 1888. — /Ipiömmi tokcth: Bmhkob BJI. Ill (1917). — X. JIonapeB imn 98 (1894). — BaaaHMapoB HOHJI. 4. — CoöojieBCKHH HOPÜ, 6 (1901) Ta 14 (1915), 1. — M. OöoaeHCKHH „KneB-jib:hhh" 1855.
B. — JXub. jiit. nifl B. Ta P. — CepeQpHHCKHH hht. same. —- EpeMHH HOPÜ 30 (1925). — H. Hhkojibckhh HOPH 8 (1903), 1 (No. II). — J\. Hh-HteBCbKHH: ZfsPh. XXIV (1955), 1.
r. -        TeKCTI JI. ASpaMOBHH b „IlaMHTHHKH CJiaBJIHOpyCCKOH nHCbMeH-
hocth", II (1911) a6o „KHGBO-IIeHepcbKHH IlaTepHK". K. 1931. — B. ükob-jreB: ,H,peBHHe KHeBCKHe pejmrHosHbie CKa3aHHH. BapinaBa. 1875. — A. LUaxMaTOs: JKMHII. 1898, 3 Ta HOPH 2 (1897). — AöpaMOBHH HOPH. 6-7, (1901-2). — <l>enpTOB (hht. nin I. T.).
F. -— „HnaTteBCKaji atronncb" onpeMo 1871 Ta IICPJI. II. — A. OpjioB: HOPS. XXXI (1926) Ta TO£PJI V (1947). — FpynieBCbicHa: 3HTIU. 8, 41, 52. — EpeMHH: TOJXPJl VII (1949). — IIpan.i IlepcbeHbKoro Ta ITpHceJiKOBa u;ht. b II. G. — B. IlainyTo: OnepKH no hctophh TaaHi^ko-BoabiHCKOH PycH. 1950. — JI. HHHceBCbKHfi: Suedost-Forschungen. XII (1953).
71. — JliT. itHTOBaHa nin. I. 6. — BaauiHBe y TpynieBCbKoro, t. IV. E. — E. BapcoB: Cjiobo... Fill. M. 1887-90 Ta b HHO^. 1883-9. — B. IlepeTD;: K H3yqeHHio „CjioBa..." HOPH. 28-30 (1924-6) Ta OKpeMo. JI. 1926.
— BiH caMe: Cjiobo... naivr'aTKa cpeoHajibHoi YicpaiHH-PycH. K. 1926. — CTaTTi B. Paoira, y. 1926, 4; S. 4 (1925), 6 (1927) Ta 12 (1933). — M. neTepcoH S. 14 (1934). — B. BipnaK: 3HTTII 95-6. — H. Gregoire, R, Jakobson et M. Szeftel: La Geste du Prince Igor. New York. 1948. — R. Jakobson "Speculum" 1952.
G. — ZIhb. jirreparypy no F. ra JX.
5K. — BHffaHHa H. 3apyÖHHa: „IlaMOTHHKH ap.-pyc. jiht.", Ill (1932),
— JXocmjj,yKeB\HH TL. MHHnajieB: MoaeHHe... KasaHb. 1914. — IIIypaT, 3HTIII 9. — B. PoMaHOB: Jlioan h apaBbi npeBHefi Pycu. 1947. — I. <3?paHKo, 3H-TLU 35-6. — neTyxoB COPH 42 (1887). — IIoHOMapeB, t. III.
3. — Mojihtbh KnpHJia TypißCbKoro „IIpaBocjiaBHbift CoöecenHHK". 1856. — Kjihm Cmojihthh — uht. nifl B. npaua HHKOJibCKoro. — IciopHHHa
jirreparypa — hht. nia; II. 3 npani. ■—■ ,,TojiKOBaa Ilajiefl" ahb. M. Mh-xafljioB b ZfsPh. IV (1927). — BHnaHHH „Tojikoboi IlaJiei": „naJiea Toji-KOBaa". Tpyn. yneHHKOB THxoHpaBOBa. II. 1892.
III. JliiepaTypa 14-15 BhciB
A. CoSojieBCKHH COPH. 74 (1903). — A. .Suhmhpckhh: rpnropHH UaM-BJiaK. CII6. 1904. — /J,ocH(peft: Hhkojibckhh b COPS. 82. — BoroMHjibCKi tokcth H. HBaHOB: EoroMHjicKH KHHrn h JiereHAH. Codpui. 1925. — Dobro-wolski „Reformacja w Polsce" III (1924). — BecejioBCKHH: 3KMHII. 1876, 3-4. — IIpo rycHTCTBo — FpynieBCbKHH IV. — IIpo ,,3a>KHflOBiJiHx" HeMae npSporo orjiHfly po3KH^aHHX npant. HeaocraTHbo: Ojihhhhh: ,,Kyrios" I (1936) Ta Fr. Erlenbusch (JJm. HHjKeBCbKHft): ,,Co daly nase zeme Evrope a lidstvu?" npara. 1940. — TeKCTH — HesepoB: KYH. 1909. — CnepaH-ckhh: il^n. 171 (1908), HOH/X 1907. — B. 3y6oB: HcTopHKO-MaTeMaTHHec-KHe Hccjie^oBaHHH III (1950). — JliionHCH IICPJI. XVII. — T. CyniHUbKHii: 3ax.-pyc. jiiTonncH hk naM'axKH jiiTepaTypHi. I-II. K. 1922-24. — K). Th-xobclkhh: KC. 1893, 9.
IV. PeHecanc Ta ped>opiviania
A. — K. XapjiaMnoBHH: 3an.-pyc. npaBocjiaBHtie uikojibi. Ka3aHb. 1898. — M. rpynieBCbKHH: KyjibTypHo-Hau;ioHajibHHH pyx Ha YKpaiHi b 16 Ta 17 bb. K. 1912.
B. — KyineJieB-Be36opoaKO: IlaMHTHHKH apeBHe-pyccKoii JiHTepaTypn. I-n. CU6. 1860. — CTaTTi G. KapcbKoro b HOPfl. 1897, 4 Ta BYH. 1894, 2 Ta 1898, 2. — A. BecejioBCKHH: H3 hctophh ponaHa h noBecxn. II. CII6. 1888, — B. THariOK b 3HTIII. 16.
B. — II. IIonoB: IIoHaTKH spyicapcTBa y cjiob'hh. K. 1924. — II. Bjia-flHMHpos: JJ-p <3>p. CKOpHHa. 1888. — I. OrieHKo: IcTopia yKpai'HCbKoro apy-KapcTsa. I. Jl. 1925. — BiH caMe: Ahoctoji 1574 p. H3 YBAH II (1953). — R. Jakobson: Ivan Fedorov's Primer of 1574. Cambridge, Mass. 1955. —
H. EsceeB b ,,XpHcTHaHCKOM HTeiiHH" 1912-13 (npo OcTpo3bKy Bi6jiiio). —-
I. OrieHKo: yKp. jiiTep. Mosa 16 ct. I-II. BapmaBa. 1930. — n. HCHTeutKHH HQPfl X (1905), 4.
r. — TeKCTH: IlaMHTHHKH nojieMHMecKOH jiHTepaTypbi", PHB: 4, 7, 19, (1876-1903), I-III. — A103P. I. 7. — „Aktli 3ana«HOH Pocchh", 4. — ,,IIaMflTKH ynp-pyc. mobh i jiiTepaTypn", 5. — JlocjiiaHteHHH: K. CTynHHCb-khh: nepecTopora. Jl. 1895. — H. neTpos: TK/JA. 1894, 2-4. — K. Ko-nepjKHHCbKHH: 3YHT 21 (1926). — I. Tretiak: P. Skarga. KpaKiB. 1912. — lOBijieiiHa KHHra b 300-jiiTHi pokobhhh cMepra Inaxia noria. Jl. 1914. — M. Bo3hhk: iBaH EopeubKHH. Jl. 1954.
I\ — Tboph : KC. 1889, 4 Ta 1890, 6; A03P. I, 7; Aktm roro-3an. Pocchh, 2; — rojiy6eB: IleTp Morajra. I. 1883. — Monumenta Confraternitatis Stauropig. Leopoliensis. I. Jl. 1895. — Tenep Jiinnie BHnaHHH: H. EpeMHH. M. 1955 (KOMeHTap HeaocTaTHiii). — JJoejiiajJceHHa:: I. <E>paHKo: I. Bh-HieHCbKHH. Jl. 1895. — M. rpyuieBCbKHii b Ict. jiit. V. — D. Cizevsky, Annals 1951, 2.
JJ. — 3. I. JlayraJia: 3 SejiapycKara nicbMeHCTBa XVII cxaji. IIpauM BejiapycKara J^3apjKayHara YHiBepcbiTaTy y MeHCKy, 16 (1927) : tckcth Ta aocjiirt>KeHHH. — Aktm K>. h 3. Pyca II (1865), No. 158.
495
E. — A. CoôojíéBctKHH MOHJI. 12 (1898). — C. njerjiOBa: Bupunr npa3HHHHHi>ie h oÖJinHHxejibHbie... M. 1913 (Il/jn). — npauj IlepeTua — flHB. V. B. — BnnaHHH nyM Yxp. AKaneMii HayK, JiHine I tom. — <í>. Ko-jiecca: Ykp. Haponm ayMH. JI. 1920. Horo jk cxaxxi b 3HTIII. 49, 71-4, 76, 130-2. — ÍKHTeHbKHH íl,: Mbicjih o HapoflHtix yKp. ayMax. K. 1893, ynp. nepeKJian K. 1919. — IlepeKjianH hím. nyxoBHHx nicem. HOHJX 1849..
V. B a p o k k o
A. Ta B. — 74m. HiDKeBCbKHM: Ilo3a MeacaMH Kpacn. Htio-HopK. 1952.— Bíh caMe — cxaTii: Apita 4-5 (1947), 3arpaBa 4 (1947). — Bíh caMe: Ynpa-íHCbKHH jiiTepaTypHHH 6apoK. HapncH. I-III. npara. 1941-4 (tskojk „Ilpauj ynp. icxop.-cpijioji. ToBapHCTBa b ITpa3Í" III-V). — C. roJiyßes: IleTp Mo-THjia. K. I-II. 1883-97. — I. <3?paHKo: KapnaTO-pyctKe nncbMeHCTBo 17-18 bb. JI. 1900, — M. IIonoB: 3aMÍXKu ao icxopii yKp. rracfeMeHCTBa 17-18 bb. I-III. K. 1823.
B. — neperu, B.: Hctophko-jiht. HccjienoBaHua h MaTepnajiti. I-II.CII6. 1900. — M. Boshhk: Maxepiajiu 30 icTopií yKpamcbKoi nicm i Bipini. I-III. JI. 1913-25. — K). ílBopcbKHä: MaTepnaJibi n.Jia Hcxopmi cTapuHHofi neceH-HOH Jiuxepaxypbi. Ilpara. 1934. — B. neperu,: HccjieaoBaHna h MaxepHaJi&i no HCTopuH cTapHHHoä yKp. jiHTeparypBi. JleHHHxpaa. I. 1926, III. 1929. — JX HujKeBCbKHH: JXo AJKepeJi chmbojiíkh Ckobopohh. npara. 1931. — darri: nepeTu, b 3HTUI. 86, 101, ÍKMHn. 1905-7, HOPfl. IV, 3-4; VI, 2; VII, 1; Boshjik: 3HTm. 108-9, 133; <í>paHKo KCt. 24, 34; 3HTIQ. 41, 70, 113, B. TuaTioK: 3HTUI. 91. — nop. nuc-neum t6kcth b KCt.
r. — nepeTu,: HccjieflOBaHHji h MaxepHajibi... II, 1928. — B. Cpe3HeB-CKHÖ: „Tpyati Komhchh XIII apxeoji. Cbe3fla b XaptKoBe" i oKpeMo (1905, KjiHMOBCbKHH), — B. TopjieHKO ^OHJI 6 (1892, I. TopjieHKo).
T. — nepeTu,: HccjieflOBaHHa. I. — BjianuMupoB: BejíHKoe 3epuajio. M. 1884. — C. nTauiHu,kíh: CpeaHeBeKOBhie noBecra... CnS. I. 1897. — GraTxi: M. ryfl3iií HOJIH. 23, 2, C. nieB^eHKo P3>B. 1909, 3-4 xa B. HayMeHKo b KC. XII, — OnoBiflaHHa n. Mormra npo Hyaeea, BunaHi b A103P. I, 7.
JJ. — TeKCTH: JIpaMa yKpai'HCbKa, Bua.. YKp. AKan. Hayn (He3aKÍH-neHo) TT. 1, 3-6. — B. PesaHOB: naMHTHHKH pyc. npaiwaTimecKOH jíHTepa-Typbi. HijKeH. 1907. — B. Ahtohobhh Ta M. JJparoMaHOB: HcTopimecKHe necHH... t. n. („MujiocTb Bonda"). — JIocjiiaJKeHHH: B. Pe3aHoB: H3 hcto-pHH pyccKoft npaMbi. M. 1910, K HcxopHH pyccKoft apaivibi. HimeH. 1910. — h. neTpoB: o^epK yKpauHcKoä jiuTepaTypti 17-18 bb., npeuMymecTBeHHo apaMaranecKoň. K. 1911. — 5i. ropflHHCbKHÔ, 3HTLQ. 130-1. — M. Bo3hhk: noiaTKH yKpaÍLHCbKoI KOMesil. JI- 1920. 2 bh^. H. HopK. 1954. — B. neperu,: „yKpaiHa", 1926, I. — Klepex HSS 2 (1954).
E. — BHnaHHfl: nponoBiai JI. KapnoBuna TOHJI. 1878, 1., M. CMOTpHUb-Koro BHfl. C. MacjiOB, HOHJI. 20, 2-3; ob. JJmhtpo Tynxajio (Poctobckkhíí) : TßopeHia, ÔaraTo BHnaHb (3-5 tomíb) ; Ct. Hbopcbkhh: nponoBeau. I-III. M. 1804-5; npoKonoBHH: CjiOBa h ptnu. Cn6. I-III. 1760-3, T. KoHHCbKHÜ: Co-aHHema. Cn6. 1835. B opuriHajibHOMy (yKp.) TeKcxi BHaaHo nponoBiflH JIm. PocTOBCbKoro b HMOH 1884, 2; A. Thtob: nponoBenii cb. JJ,hmhtphh... Ha yKp. HaptniH. M. 1909; F. ByacHHcbKHH: nponoBe^H. IOp'gb. 1901; F. CKOBopoaa: Cohhhchhh., bh^. Barajiia. 1894 xa BoHH-EpyeBHHa (JiHine I-hh tom), 1912. — npo ôapoKKOBy nponoBÍa>: M. Neumayr: Die Schrift-
496
predigt im Barok. üaaepöopH. 1938. — j. Langsch: Die Predigten... von Simeon Polockij. JlaŘimir 1940. — lipo CTaspoBeubKoro KojiTOHOBCbKa b „JleTonnci B5KK JKeKyjiHHofi". I. K. 1914. — lipo TajíHTOBCbKoro: I. Ori-GHKO P<E>B. 1910, 1914; CöopHHK Xapn. hct.-cohji. 06m;ecTBa. 19 (1913), JleTonncb EKaTepHHOcjiaBCKoü Apxhbhoh Komhcchh, 10. — M. MapKOBCt-khh: A. PaflHBHjioBCKHH... K. 1894 Ta KYH. — H. IIIjianKHH: Cb. ^1h-
MHTPHH PoCTOBCKHH... C1I6. 1891. - M. IIoiIOB: Cß. ,H,HMHTpHH... M. 1910.
— K). CaMapHH: Ct. Hbopckhh h <J>. upoKonoBira, KaK nponoBe^HHKH (Co-HiiHeHHH, t. 5.). — H. Hhctobhh: HeH3,naHHbia nponoBenH Ct. HBopcKoro. M. 1867. — II. Mopo3os: <i>. IIpoKonoBHa KaK nncaTejib. CII6. 1880 (Ta }KMHII). Šerech: Stefan Yavorsky... Slavonie Review (London) 30-74. 1951.
e. — BtinaHHH „KaeBcKoa BpeM. Komhcchh aaa pa36opa apeBHHx aic-tob": CaMOBH^a. K. 1878, rpaÖHHKH. K. 1854, Beanina. I-IV. K. 1848-54 (Ta I. BHfl. BYAH, K. 1929), „HcTopia Pyciß" b HOH^. I, 1-4. — £m. flo-ponieHKo: Orana yKp. icTopiorpacpii. Ilpara. 1925. — C. HapijKHHii b „lipani ynp. icT.-cpiji. TOBapncTBa b IIpa3i", II (1939). — IcTopin Pyciß — yKp. nepeKJia,o; B. T^aBHoeHita, pea. O. OrjioÖJiHHa. H. HopK. 1956.
3K. — TeKcm: IlajiiHOAia b ,fDľaM. nojieM. jiít." I (PHB); .LUajiorH IIpoKonoBHHa — II. BepxoBCbKHÔ (,n;hb. naai) II Ta Mopo30B (hht. b V, E); CKOBopoaa — ahb. BHme E. — .H.ocjiia.JKeHHH: B. 3aBHTHeBHn: IlajiHHOflHa. BapmaBa. 1883. — II. BepxoBCKHŘ: /JyxoBHtiň perjiaiweHT. Poctob. I-II. 1916. — J3,m. HHHíeBCbKHH: «inaoeoepia T. C. Ckobopoah. BapmaBa. 1934. — .ZJoMeubKHH — BHfl,. C. BpaäaoBCbKHH HOPÍI IX (1904), 4.
3. — JXm. HnjKeBCbKHH: «rijiococpia Ha YRpami. Cnpoôa icTopiorpacpii. Ilpara. 1926, I nacTHHa, 2 BHfl. 1929; bíh caMe HapacH 3 icTopii (pijioeoepií Ha YRpami. Ilpara. 1931; bíh caMe: <í>ijioco<pÍH F. C. CKOBopoaH (uht. nia 2K.). — C. MacjiOB b MOHJI. 24, 2. — F. «^jiopobckhh: Cyaböbi pyccKoro öorocaoBHH. IlapHJK. 1937. — K. XapjiaMnoBHi: MajiopoccHŘcKoe bjih-HHHe Ha BeaHKopyccKyio uepKOBHyio jkh3hb. I. Ka3aHb. 1914. — A. Brueck-ner: Dzieje kultury polskiej. II-III. KpaKÍB. 1931, 2 bh^. 1945, nepeapyn — Paris. 1955-6 (Tysiac lat kultury polskiej, II). — HHHíeBCBKHH: EiôaioTeKa npoKonoBHHa H3 YBAH II (1953).
E K C K y P C II.
n. 4>eaeHKo: Ukraina latina, ľlpara. 1937. IIop. TaKosc KHHry BpiOK-Hepa, hht. b V. 3.
VI Ta VII.  3ara.ibHi TBopn
M. IlerpoB: OnepKH hctophh yKpaHHCKoií jíHTepaTypbi XDC cTOJieTHa. K. 1884 Ta peueH3ÍH Ha ino KHHry b ,,29 othct o npHcy.Hca.eHHH npeMHÔ hměhh rp. YBapoBa", CTop. 37-301 (CII6. 1888) M. ,HaiHKeBHHa. — O. Tpy-meBCbKHŮ: 3 icTopii yKp. aiTepaTypn. K. 1918. — J\. ^.opomeHKo: IIoKa3HHK jiít. ynp. mobohd b Pociií 3a pp. 1798-1897 (36íphhk YKp. Yhíb. b Ilpa3i 1925 Ta oKpeMo). — XpecTOMaTia hobo'í yKp. aiT. M. üaeßaKO. I-II. X. 1928.
VI. KaacHini3M
A. — M. 3epoB: Hose yKp. nHCbMeHCTso. I. K. 1924. — M. 3epoB: J\o flacepea (nepeapyn). KpaKÍB. 1943. — D. Cizevsky: Outline (hht. BHme). ■—
497
F. Neubert: Der franzoesische Klassizismus und Europa. IUTvrťapT-Eep-jiíh. 1941.
B. — M. Bo3HaK: IcTopia jiiTepaTypH. II, 2. — JXw. HajKeBCbKHä: YKp. jiiTepaTypHHH 6apoK. Hapncn. III. Ilpara. 1943.
B. Ta r. — „HpoHKOMH^ecKaa noasia", bhr. B. ToMaineBCbKHH. CI16. 1933, — KoTJiapeBCbKHŽ, bh«. GcppeMOBa. K. 1909, 1918. PoMaHHyKa PII. I.
— flaniKeBHH KCt. 1898, X. — I. 2KüTeu.bKHH: „Snenna" K-ro. K. 1900 aöo KCt. 1899-1900, ynp. nepeKJiaji 1919. — K. CTynHHCbKHH: KoTjmpeBCbKHä i ApTeMOBCbKHH. JI. 1901. — M. MapKOBCbKH.it: HaöcTapniHH cnncoK EHe-inH... K. 1927 (36YAH. 44). — MysnnKa Hill. 1925, 1-2. — Jensen, 3HTUI 107-8. — yKpa'ÍHCí>KÍ nponijie'i. I. KoTJiapeBiuHHa. CraTTa H. AÄ3eH-niTOKa. X. 1928. — II. ILniom, 3anncKH iHCTHTyry MoB03HaBCTBa AH YCCP, II-V (1946-7). ■— IIIeBejibOB: TpanHula i HOßaTopcTBo b JieKcnuj i cthjiíc-THiri KoTjiapeBCbKoro. 3anticKH XapKÍB. Yhíb. 20 (1940).
T. — BHflaHHH — KoTJiapeBCbKHH ■— hhb. B. — B. Torojib — „OcHOBa" 1862, II. — KßixKa — nijj; JX. — JX. Ahtohobhh: TpacTa pokíb yKp. Teaipy. Ilpara, 1925. — PaHHH yKp. apaivia. 36ipHHK. K. 1928, rüp; pea. Ta i3 CTarreio n. PyjiiHa. K. 1928. — JI. EijieubKHH, 3HTIII 99 Ta 149. — II. üerpeHKo: T. KeirKa, X. 1931.
JX. — BHnaHHa TBopiß Kbítkh: TIoTeÖHi 5 tt. X. 1887-94 Ta ni3Hinie Pn. II, 1-2; K. 1918, tt. 1 Ta 3 (cTaTTH B. EoÄKa), X. 1-2. 1927-8 (cTaTTa
A. IIIaMpaa). — M. ÜJieBaKo: O CTHJie h H3biKe noBecra K-h „Mapyca". X. 1916. — O. <í>ÍHKejib „njiyr", 1928, XI. — 3epoB JKP. 1928, 12. — O. Kojiecca: PanHa ynp. noßicTb. Ilpara. 1927 („YKp. yHiß. b IIpa3i 1921-6" —
3BÍT). — K.. 36ÍPHHK. X. 1929.
E. — B. CinoBCbKHÄ: yKpaiHa b poc nHCbivreHCTBi, I. (pb. nifl VII. B).
E K C K y P C IV.
lipani U.HT. BHme — M. 3epoßa, O. Kojieccn — VI. JX-, — F. TyKOBc-khíí: PyccKaa jiHTepaTypa 18 b. M. 1939.
VII. - POMaHTHKa
A. Ta B. — P. Kluckhohn: Das Ideengut der deutschen Romantik. Tajijie 1942, 2. 1954. — A. Beguin: L'äme romantique. Mapcejib. 1937, 2. BHfl. 1945. — JX. HHJKeBCbKHH, Die Welt der Slaven. I. 1955.
B. — <i>HjiHnoBHH y. 1924, 3. — THaTHinaK (öajiana) HK 1935-6. — JX. "HHJKeBCbKHÄ: HapncH 3 icTopii cpijiococpii na yKpami (u;ht. V, 3), cbí-
TOrjIHA yKp. pOMaHTHKÍB.
B. — Ykp. niKOJia „pociňcbKa" — B. CinoBCbKHfi: YKpaiHa b poc nHCbMeHCTBi. I. K. 1928 (36yAH, 58), peH,eH3ÍH B. .zj-cbKoro Hill. 1929, I.
— Phjiggb — B. MacjioB: JIht. neaTejibHocTb PnjieeBa. K. 1912 Ta KyH. — Comob — JJJamjiOB Ta EpafijioBCbKHH P<i»B. 60-61 (1908-9) — M. Torojib —
B. rnnnHyc: F. CU6. 1924. — lipo TpeöiHKy ahb. Vn. G. — npo Kyjib-
HtHHCbKOrO -       M. CnepaHCKHH ,,H3BeCTHJI HCT.-(pHJI. HHCTHTyTa B HeacHHe"
23 (1910). — lipo HapiJKHoro — H. Eiji03epcbKa H. 1896. Ta KD. Cojiobhob „Eecenbi" 36ipHHK. M. 1915. — ETHorpacpinHa npaijH — übinHH: Hct. pyc-cKoii aTHorpacpHH. III. CTI6. 1894. — IcTopn^Ha npaiia — JXm. JJjopoineHKO: Orjiaa yKp. icxopiorpacpii. Ilpara. 1925. — YKp. niKOJia „nojibCbKa" — K.
498
H. Meyer: Die Ukraine in der polnischen Romantik. BepjiiH. 1932. — J. Tretiak: B. Zaleski. I-III. KpaKÍB. 1911-14. — B. TiiaTioK HUI. 1927, 6. — M. MoHyjibCfaKHÍí y. 1917, 1-2, HK. 1936, 5-12. — lipo CjioBan>Koro — G. Phxjihk b „3anHCKax HijKeHCbKoro IHO". 8-9 (1928-9).
T. — BHflaHHH — A. UlaMpan: XapniBCbKa niKOJia poMaHTHKÍB. I-III. X. 1930. — MeTjiHHCbKHH Ta KocToiaapoB PH. IV. — KocTOMapoBa HayKOBÍ tboph, 36yAH. 96 (1928). — MexjiHHCLKHH b bha. CxyfliracbKoro. JI. 1897. — ^locjii^JKeHHH: — A. IIIaMpaň b hht. BHnaHHi, TaKOJK CTarri 3 n>oro bh^aH-hh OKpeMo X. 1930 (ra cajvta Ha3Ba). — Bopobhkobci>khh — O. <í>ÍHKejib JIA. 1931, 6. — M. Boshhk, 3HTIII. 1936-7. — lipo KocTOMapoBa — R. JJopo-uieHKo: K. K. 1920. — B. rierpoB: K. i Ajima. X. 1928.
T. — Tboph UlainKeBHHa Pli, III, 1 Ta JI. 1912 (Boshhk). — ycxHa-hobh^a Pli. III, 2. — Bar-HjieBHHa Pil. III, 1. — rojioBantKoro Pli. III, 1. — MorHjifeHimbKoro Pn. III, 2. — O. TepaeiibKHH JIHB. 1903, 6-12. — K. Ciy-aHHCbKHÔ: TeHe3a noerHHHHx tbopíb M. UlainKeBHHa. JI. 1901. — fl. HpeMa: III., HK jiipHHHHH noeT. TepHonijib. 1911. — B. JleB (MoBa) 3HTUI. 161 (Hbio HopK-IIapHJK 1953). —• IliaKapnaTTH: B, BipnaK: JlHTepaTypHt CTpeMJľBHH IIoAKapnaTcKcfe Pycn. yairopoa.. 1921. — K). Hbopci>khh b Ilpanax 1-ro KOHťpecy cjiaBicTÍB b Ilpa3i (1925). — lipo J-IyxHOBHHa — I. Co3aHct-khä 3HTIII. 86.
Jí,. — M. Bo3hhk: KHpHjio-MeToaiiBcbKe ÔpaTCTBO. JI. 1921. — J. Go-labek: Bractwo sw. Cyryla i Metodego w Kijowie. BapniaBa. 1935, (Tyt CTapnia jiiiepaTypa). — Míhkobci.khh CJI. I Ta II. — IIIeBHeHKO — bh-3aHHH: BapmaBCbKe 1932 Ta aajii (He3aKÍHMeHe). — Jlniínniť 5 tt. 1918-20. — HHcaeHHi pa^íiHCbKi, — n. 3aHneB: }Khtth IHeBHeHKa. H. HopK. 1955. — O. Kohhcbkhh: T. III. 1-2. JI. 1898-1901. — M. JJ.paroMaH.ob: III., yicpaiHo-cpijin i coirÍHJiÍ3M. JI. 1906. — Ct&ttí b 36ipHHKax: TIII. K. 1921. — III. Ta äoro aoôa I-II (1928-30 36yAH). — IlaM'flTH Ill-a. K. 1939. — „IHeBneHKo" Pímhhkh yBAH 1-5 (Hbio HopK 1950-5). — Oard II. 3aHueBa, JI. ELnenb-Koro ň íh. b BapniaBCbKOMy BHp,aHHÍ. — y. 1925, 1-2. — A. Barpiä: III. b jíHTepaTypHoii oöcraHOBKe. Eany. 1925. — Bíh caMe: T. III. 1-2. X. 1930-1. —■ B. HaBpon>KHÍí: rafiaaMaKH. K. 1928. — Bíh caMe: HleBHeHKOBa TBop-híctb. K. 1931. — O. JJjoponiKeBHH: Enoan 3 IIIeBHeHK03HaBCTBa. X. - K. 1930. — C CMajib-CTonbKHH: III. iHTepnpeTanťi. BapniaBa. 1934. — M. IiIaruHHH: III. 1945 xa 1950. — III. i nysKi jiiTepaTypH: O. KoJiecca. 3H-TLU. 3. — fl. TopaHHCbKHH Ta B. mypax. 3HTIIJ. 119-20. — III. i Hapo^Híi caoBecHicTb: <3>paHKO. 3HTIII. 6, 119-20. — B. IleTpoB: EcTeranHa ^OKTpn-Ha IIIeBHeHKa. ApKa X, 3-4 (1943).
E. —- Tboph O. CTopo>KeHKa — Pil. — BepjiiH. 1922, 1-2 (He3aKÍHHeHe). K.-X. 1927-8 (cTaTTH A. UlaMpan). — I. CTemeHKo. 3HTHI. 43. — I. JKnie-iĺbKHÔ. KCt. 1905, 9. — Kyjiini — BHnaHHH — 5 tomíb K. 1908-10 (He3a-KÍHHeHe). — Pil. 6 tomíb (HenoBHe), — EepjiiH. 1-4.1922-3 (He3aKÍaeHe). — -* K. 3. tt. 1930 (HesaKiHieHe). — K. 36íphhk. 1927 (36yAH). — B. IlexpoB: K. b naaecHTi poKH. I. K. 1929 (36yAH). — Pen;. B. IlepeTna b „HayKO-BOMy 36ipHHKy JleHiHrpaflCbKoro TOBapncTBa", III (35yAH). 1931. ■— B. HeTpoB: PoMaHH K-a. K. 1930. — O. JJopouiKeBHH: K. i MHJiopaHpBHHiBHa. K. 1927. — JJ>r. HHHíeBCbKHÔ: Hapncn (uht. Biinie) Ta „Orient und Occident" 13 (1932). — M. 3epoB: BCTyrma CTaTTH so BHnaHHH „rioe3Íi" II. Kyjiima. K. Be3 pony (nepeapyK JI. 1939). — 3 CTapuioii JirrepaT.: B. HleH-poK: K. Biorp. onepK. K. 1901 (KCt 1900-1). — J\, /JoponieHKO: K., floro
499
jkhtth i jiiT.-rpoMaflCbKa flifljibHicTB. K. 1918. — O. PpynieBCBKHH JIHB. 1909, 9-12. — IIlypaT: <I>ijiococbÍHHa ocHOBa tbophocth K-a. JI. 1922.
G. — Ilanypa — TBopn PIL I. — B. rHanoK: n. X. 1931. — TpeoiHKa: PII. I, —- A. KynMHHCKHH: }Kh3hí h aeaTejibHocTb r. K. 1900. — JleceBH^: PyccKaa Mbicjib. 1904, 1, 2. — A. Earpifi. JIA. 1931, 1-2. — 3a6ijia — 4>paHKO. JIHB. 1906, 3. — OcianieBCbKHH — THanoK. JIB. 1903, 1-6. — A. IIIaniKeBHq — THaTiOK, 36ipHHK na nomaHy M. TpynieBCBKoro II (1928).
3K. — YKp. jiiTepaTypa Ha Hyaurai. — B. CinoBCbKHfi (ohb. VII. B.). — Pocíhcbkí nepeKJia^h A. Barpifi: III. b pyc. nepesonax. BaKy. 1925; — nojibCBKi: II. 3aňn,eB, BapniaBCbKe BHfl. IIIeBHeHKa, t. 14; biuihbh b Eoji-rapi'i — I. IIlHiiiMaHOB: Pojih Yitp. b 6oJir. BiflpoflaceHHi. 1916. — Híjiíh-ripoB 3HTIII. 119-20. — M. MaHßpnKa. 3I4>B. 5. — R. UlejiynBKO. 3I4>B. 18 Ta 23; — b CjiOBaHHimi — Wl. Bobek: Slovensko a slovanstvo. Bpa-Ticjiasa. 1936. — B Hexi'i — II. BoraubKHH, 1928. — HiMeu>Ki 3b'ä3Kh: D. Doroschenko: Ukraine und das Reich. Jlaňimiť. 1942.
EKCKyPC V.
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fuer Literatur- und Geistesgeschichte. CraTTi: W. Brecht, W. Bietak, P. Kluckhohn, G. Weydt, LX (1931), XII (1934), 13 (1935) — I. IlaHBKeBHH „upaiň ynp. icT.-cpiji. TOBapHCTsa b Ilpasi", III (1941). — lípo HaTypajii3M: B. BHHorpa^oB: rorojit h Hary-pajibHaH niKOJia. 1925; Snoubí o CTHJie Torojia. 1926; 9bojik>u,hh pyccKoro HaTypajiH3Ma. 1929 (aeaKHÄ Maxepiaji 3 „yiq>. uikojih" b pocíhcbkíh jií-TepaTypi). — D. Cizevsky: Outline, to. 94-97.
CKOPOHEHHH HA3B HACOUHCIB, 3EIPHHKIB TA CEPIH
Aktm H) e 3 Pycn — Aktm iojkhoh h 3anaflHoii Pycn. AiosP — ApxHB k)ro-3anaflHoft Pocchh. BJI — BHSjiHorpacpHHecKaa JIeTonncb.
B naM'HTi cTOJieraa — B naMaTb CTOJieTHa Mockobckoh IJyx. AKaneMHH. M. 1915.
BYAH — BceyKpai'HCbKa AKaaeMia HayK.
BYH — BapniaBCKHe yHHBepcHTercKHe H3BecTHa.
2KMHn — 2KypHaa MnHHCTepcTBa HaponHoro npocBemeHHH.
3KP — 3Khtth ft PeBoaronia.
36yAH — 36ipHHK yKpaiHcbKo'i AKaaeMii HayK.
3I<r>B — 3anncKn icTopHHHO-cpijioaoriHHoro Bijuuay YKp. AKaaeMii HayK. 3HTUI — 3anncKH HayKOBoro ToBapncTBa iM. HIeBHeHKa y JIbBOBi. 3HTK a6o 3YHT — 3anncKH YKpaiHCBKoro HayKOBoro ToBapncrBa b KhgbL HAH -— H3BecTHfl no pyccKOMy a3bmy h caoBecHocra AKaneMHH HayK. HOPS — H3BecTHH OT^eaeHHa pyccKoro A3biKa h cjiosecHOCTH AKaaeMHH HayK.
KC a6o KCt — KneBCKaa CTapHHa.
KYH -— KneBCKHe yHHBepcHTercKHe H3BecTHfl.
JIA — JliTeparypHHH ApxiB.
JIHB — JlirepaTypHO-HayKOBHH Bichhk.
MBn -— Maaaa EndjiHoreKa noaTa.
HK —Hania KyjibTypa.
H3 YBAH — HayKOBHH 36ipHHK YKp. BijibHo'i AKaaeMi'i HayK y CHIA. HJXH — naMaTHHKH ApesHeH nncbMeHHocTH h HcKyccTBa. nCPJT — nojiHoe CoSpaHHe PyccKHx JleTonHceft. PHE — PyccKaa HcTopHHecKaa EHSjiHOTeKa. Pn — PycbKa nncbMeHHicTb.
P<E>B - PyCCKHH <T>HJIOJIOrHHeCKHH BeCTHHK.
CAH — C6opHHK no pyccKOMy H3biKy h caoBecHoexH AKaaeMHH HayK. COPH — 06opHHK OxfleaeHHa pyccKoro a3biKa h caoBecHocra AKaneMHH HayK.
TK74A — Tpyabi KneBCKOH TJyxoBHoii AKaneanra.
T07J.PJI — Tpyflbi Oxfleaa apeBHe-pyccKoii jiHTepaxypbi AKaaeMHH HayK
CCCP. y — YKpaiHa.
YBAH — YKpaiHCbKa BiabHa AKaneMia HayK y CHIA.
HOHJJ -        ^TeHHH B MOCKOBCKOM OSmeCTBe HCTOPHH H flpeBHOCTeH.
HOHJI — HTeHHH b oSmecTBe HecTopa JleTonncna.
HHI — HepBOHHfl HIjihx.
AfsPH — Archiv fuer slavische Philologie.
Annals —- The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S.
501
HSS —■ Harvard Slavic Studies. RES — Revue des Etudes Slaves. S — Slavia.
ZfsPh — Zeitschrift fuer slavische Philologie.
CKoponeHHH mícuh BH^aHHa
K — KhIb; Jl — JTbbíb; M — MocKBa; II a6o CTI6 — neTepSypr; X. — XapniB. BnnaHHH panaHCfcKoro nacy, npn hkhx He noaaio mícuh bh-naHHa, nosHaneHo „MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaa." a6o „rocHsaaT" hh ,„3;ep5KBiiflaB" (6e3 míchh).
*
3 orjiany Ha HenpHCTynHicTt b ueň nac aeaKHx BHnaHt Mem nose-jioca ÍHOfli noflaBaxH jinuie hhcjio TOMy 6e3 pony BHnaHHH a6o pin BHn.aHHH 6e3 HHCJia TOMy aaconncy hh cepii.
BIOrPA^IHHI RATH IIPO II HCBMEIIIIIIKIB 16-18 bb.
BapaHOBHi , JTa3ap: 1620-1693. EepHHfla, ITaMBo: f 1632. ByacHHCbKHH, raBpHiji: f 1731. BejiHHKo, CaMiíijio: f 1728.
BejIHHKOBCbKHli, IßaH.  f 1726.
BejiHHKOBCtKHH, nai'cifi: 1722-1794. BnineHCbKHH, IßaH: * kojio 1550 — f nicjia 1621. TopjieHKO, cb. Ioacacp: 1708-1754. TpaÖHMKa, TpHropiS: f 1737. rpHropoBH^-BapcbKHH, BacHjii. +1747. TajiJiTOBCbKHH, HoaHÍKÍä: f 1688 (3 1657 p. peKTop
KniBCbKoi AKap;eMÍI). ri3ejib, iHHOKeHTiä: f 1683 (3 1656 p. apxHMaHflpHT
IleHepcbKoi Jla-BpM). ZtoMeDjbKHH, TaBpHJio: f nicjia 1708. KoHHCbKHH, Teopriä: 1718-1795. KonHCTeHCBKHH, 3axapia: f 1626/7. MaKCHMOBHH, IoaH: f1715. MorHjia, IleTpo: 1596-1647. IIotíh, AflaM-InaTiů: 1541-1613. IIpoKonoBH^i, TeodpaH: 1681-1736. PaaHBHJiOBCbKHH, Ahtohíh : f 1688. CKOBopofla, rpHropifi: 1722-1794. CMOTpHxjfeKHH, MejieTiä: 1577-1633. CraBpoBei^tKHH, KHpHji-TpaHKBÍJiioH: fnicJiH 1646. ToAopcbKHH, Chmoh: 1701/3-1753. Tynrajio, cb. J^MHTpo: 1651-1709. HßopcbKHH, decpaH: 1655-1722.
II O K A 3 H II K
IMEH, nOIIHTB TA HA3B TBOPIB
Hefi noKa3HHK He e iiobhhm „iHneiccoM" ycix mícub, ae 3ran.aHO Te a6o ÍHnie ím'h aôo cjiobo. BKa3aHo b HLOMy Jinnie r o ji o b h i míchh, nepeBajKHO
TaKÍ, mO IX He MOHÍHa 3HäHTH 3a nOKa3HHKOM 3MÍCTy. 3 aBTOpÍB Ta TBOpÍB
noaam MaibKe bhkjiiohho yKpamcBKi (Ta ôljiopycbid); jinnie HaÄBHS-HaHHiini nepetíjianem aBTopn Ta TBopn 3ranam b iibOMy noKa3HHKy.
Ha3BH TBopiB nojj;aHo b jianKax („ "). IIoHHHaioHH 3 16 b. Ha nepnioMV Mieni no^aSTbca npÍ3BHme aBTopa (TaKOjk i ayxoBHHx oci6), Ha flpyroaiy xpecHe ím'h (Hanp. cb. JJ^MHTpa TynTajia xpeôa uiyKaTH nin. racjioM „TynTajio").
,,AKÍp IlpeMyflpHH" 61-2 Ajirrepainji 35-8, 127-8, 144-5 AjiBoma ITonoBHM 125, 246 AMapToji 53-4, 175-6 AHflpejiJi(a) Mnxafijio 307 AH^piô BorojiKiöcbKHM 157-8 „AnoKpHdpH" 49-53, 74, 107, 109-10, 112
AcpaHacbeB - HyacÔHHcbKHH 391, 479-80
„BaĚpoHiHHa noeMa" — ohb. HleB-
HeHKO
BapaHOBHH JTa3ap 297, 313
„BfljKOJia" 56
BepHH^a riaMBO 283, 306
„Biöjim" 43-7, 227-9
Bi ji enb kh h -Hoc e hko 349-50, 356, 481
„BororjiacHHK" 258
EoroMHjibCTBo 52, 215
BoflHHCbKHä 386, 478
BopHc (Ta rjiiô) 51, 81-4, 91-4, 114
BopOBHKOBCbKHH 391, 395-9
Bojih 127-8
ByjKHHCbKHH TaBpHJIO 300 ByMHHCbKHH-HCKOJIbfl 274
BarHJieBHH iBaH 410-11 „BapjiaaM i Hoacacb" 62-3, 156, 280 BacHjibKO, KHH3b 87-9, 120 Bauglas HecbKHÔ—^hb. B'HHecjiaB „BejíHKoe 3epnajio" 278-9
BejiHHKO CaMiôjio 8, 268, 274, 302-4 BejiH^KOBCbKHÔ IßaH   57, 254, 266, 270-2, 303, 311
BHHieHcbKHH IßaH 80, 232-41, 252-3 BipniyBaHHH  (ochobh)    64, 243-5,
255-6, 272-3, — hhb. TaKoac
HleBHeHKo Bobkobhi IoaHÍKÍž 283 BojiOAHMHp BejíHKHÍi 51, 75-7, 98-9,
122, 125 Bojixbh 86-7 Bojibra 41, 124-5 BcecjiaB, khh3b 40-1 B'jľqecjiaB Hecbiorfi, khhsb 47, 66,
84, 93, 97
„rajiHUbKo-BojiHHCbKHH jiítoiihc" 59
61, 78, 123 rapajib,n; Cmíjihbhh 127 resixasM 215
TjliÖ  cb.   KHH3B - h.hb.  EopHC (Ta
rjiiô)
Torojib BacHjib 360-1 Torojib MHKOJia 9, 290, 389-90 TojioBaTHH Ahtíh 265 rojioBairbKHH Hkíb 386 rojiociHHH 25-7 TopjieHKo, cb. Ioacacp 275-6 Tpa6'aHKa 8, 302, 305, 386 Tpe6ÍHKa 370-1, 390, 476-8 rpHropiä, en. BijiropoflcbKHH 79
505
TpHropiH HaM6jiaK 213 rpHropoBHM-BapcbKHH BacHjib 301 ryjiaK-ApTeMOBCBKHH IleTpo 351-6,
370, 394, TycHTCTBo 216 „ryCTHHCbKHii jiiionHc" 301
TaBaTOBHH Hkib 289 rajiaTOBCbKHH IoamKiii 277, 295 Fi3ejib IhhoKeHTin 158, 304, 307
JJaHHJio IlajioMHHK 109-112 AaHHjio „3aTo^iHHK" 199-203 /JeBreHifi 59-61 JtireHic — flHB- T^eBreHiii JJjoSpHHH Mhkhthh 41, 125 JloBrajieBCbKHil MnxpocpaH 289 ^OBroBH^i BacHJib 357-8, 420 7-JyHan 179 JXywK 245-6
JloMeijbKHH TaBpHjio 307-8 JlyMHTpaniKo 350 jHyxHOBHH OjieKcannep 420-2 Rk>k CrenaHOBHH 63, 178
GpjiHH 8, 264, 268, 305, 313
Enoc 27, 40, 116, 122-30, 178-81 Enoc MHCTenbKHii 273-6, 335-350 hhb. me IIIeBieHKo, Kyjiini.
3a6ijia 479
3epHiKaB AnaM 306, 316, 319 ,,3jiaTocTpyH" 48
Irop, HepmriBCbKHH khh3b 156-7 „I36ophhk 1073 p." 49, 55-6, 65 „I36ophhk 1076 p." 99-103,107 IsocHMa (Chmoh?) 207 IjiapioH Mhtpoiiojiht 73-9 Ijijih Myposenb (MypoMenb) 40-1, 124, 127
„lHAiiicbKe qapcTBo", noBicrb 63 ..InariiBCbKHH JiiTonHc" 163-78, 301 IcaaKift ileiepcbKHH, HepHeijb 84-6, 114
„IcTopia PyciB" 304-5, 324, 331
KBiTKa-OcHOB'aHeHKO    356, 361-70, 372
KeHHiHr 35, 184
„KHlBCbKHH jiiTonnc" 78, 163-71
KanpiaH, MHTponojiHT 213-4 KnpHjio-MeTOHiiBCbKe BpaTCTBo
422-3, 450 Khphjio TypiBCbKHfi   136-46, 155-6,
205-6, 283 Kjihm Cmojihthh 57, 58, 146-7, 206-7 KjiHMeHTift, iepoMoHax 266-7, 271
K jihmob (CbKHH ) ,  „K03aK" 274-5
,,KHara o CMepTi" 310 Ko3aHHHCbKHH MnxaSjio 286, 313 Ko3Ma iH^HKonjiOB 55 KoHHCbKHft TeopriS 273, 300, 331 KonHCTeHCbKHft 3axapia 307 Kopcyn OjieKcaHnep 408-9 KocTOMapoB MHKojia 9, 391, 394-5,
403-8, 423-4 KoTjiapeBCbKHH IsaH 335-49, 350-1,
358-60 Ky3bMeHKo IleTpo 474 Kyjiini naHbKo   10, 330, 386, 391,
443-9, 451, 455-70 KynpieHKo XoMa 478 KyxapeHKO Bk\b 350, 362
JlameBCbKHft BapjiaaM 286 JleBHi^BKHH O. 356-7
JlHCHHeUbKHH  C. 356
„JTiTonHCH" (30KpeMa t. 3B. „Hec-TopiB") 84, 104, 113-22, 163-78, 218-9, 301
JIoSnceBKM 350
JIochubkhh Mnxafijio 301
Jly^Kaii 358
„JIio6Ka a6o CBaTaHHa b cejii Phx-Max" 362
Masena iBaH 264-5
MaKCHMOBHi IoaH 171-5, 265, 274
MaKCHMOBHM Mnxaftjio 9, 386, 421-2
Majiajia 53, 175-6
MaHacia 54
MapKeBHH MnKOJia 386, 389 MapKo Bobmok 451 „MejieniKa   (npoMOBa)" 241-3 MeTJiHHCbKHH AMBpo3ic 9, 386, 394-
5, 399-403, 423 MeTJiHHCbKHH CeMeH 480 MnKOJia cb. 80, 89 Mnxafijio IIotok 40, 41, 179 MoBa 65-7, 99, 108-9, 116-7,129, 174,
194, 197, 255
506
MorHjia Ilerpo 253, 277-8, 295 Moficefi, BHay6ei;bKHH iryMeH 148-9 MoKpiGBHH CeMeH 274 „MojieHie AaHHijia" 43, 199-203 „Mojihtbh" 71, 77, 107, 130, 205-6 MoHOMax Bojiohhmhp, khh3ď 103-9,
125-6, 130-2 MopaHeBCbKHH IlHjiHn 481 MopaoBeub (MopaoBneß) /Jamuio
391
HaBpoHBKHH OjieKcaH^ep 449-50 HapijKHHH BacHjib 372 HeKpanieBHi IsaH 289, 334 HecTip „JTiTonHceub" 90-8, 117, 119-20
HHKHCpOp  MHTpOnOJIHT 131-2
Hhkoh rienepcbKHH iryMeH 118 Homhc 386
OjKHflOBlJli 216-7
Ojier, KHH3B 31-2, 36, 124-5 „OjieKcaHApia" 58-9, 226 Ojibra cb., KHHrHHH 35, 98-9, 124-5 206
Ilanypa Thmko (XoMa) 474-6 „üaTepHK ITeiepebKHH" 81, 84, 158-163
„üaTepHKH" 46-7, 57 „riepecTopora" 231 JJeTpeHKo m. 409 ÜHcapeBCbKHH IleTpo 356 ÜHcapeBCbKHH CTenaH 356, 362
ilOKaflHHHIITBO 215-6
IIojiiKapn IleMepcbKHH, nepHenb
158-63 uojiidpeivi 39
IIOJIOnbKHH CHMeOH 312
IIotíh InaTiä 231-2 IIotok Mnxaajio — nHB. Mnxafijio IIotok
„üoxBajia CB. KjiHMeHTOBi" 149-50 npHCJiiB'ji 27-9, 35, 56-7, 61-2, 103,
115, 119, 295-7 IIpoKoooBH*i TeocpaH   286-8, 292,
299-300, 306, 309, 311, 313,
319
„npojior" 46, 67, 89 JJy3HHa k. 356
PaaHBHJIOBCbKHH Ahtohíh 295-7 „PHMCbKi icTopil" 278-9 PoMaH raJIHIĺbKHH, KHH3b 180, 181 PyflHKOBCbKHH 356
„PycbKa IlpaBna" 132
CaťH (b JiÍTonHci) 31-35 CaKOBHH KaciaH 78, 307 CaMOBHaenb 8, 302, 386 CacboHOBH«! 304
CBHTOnOJIK „OKaHHHHH" 82-4, 92
CepanioH BojionHMHpctKKH 150-4 CnjibBecTep BHflvSeiibKHH, iryMeH
113, 120 Chmoh, enncKon 158-163, 207 CnHKeji Teo prifl 54 „Chhoiichc" 304
CuoBopona 55, 57, 253, 25S, 261-2, 264, 267-8, 272-3, 276, 300-1, 308-9, 311, 316, 31&-20, 360, 385
C/KopHHa ^paHuimeK 44, 123 „Cjiobo AnaMa bo ani ko JIa3apio" 203-4
„Cjiobo o nojiKy Iropeßi" 51, 61, 123, 127-8, 169, 181-198
„CJIOBO npo KHH3ÍB" 147-8
Cmotphubkhh TepacHM 230, 243 Cmotphiibkhm Mejierifi   253, 294-4,
306-7, 316 CojioBefi EynHMnpoBHi 124, 127 Comob OpecT 389
CTaBpOBeUbKHH KnpHJIO-TpaHKBÍJIÍOH
253, 284, 294, 307, 311 „CTecpaHÍT Ta IxmjiaT" 62 CTopoHíeHKO OjieKca 391, 470-4
TaTapcbKa Haßajia 180, 198-9 ToAopcbKHÖ Chmoh 300, 314 „TojiKOBaa IlajieH" 208 Tonojia Khphjio 362 „TpoHHCbKa icTopifl" 59, 226 TynTajio, cb. A^HTpo Poctobcbkhh
8, 266, 269, 271, 277, 284-5,
288, 292, 297-8, 311
yCTHHHOBHM   MuKOJia 415-9
«refloc TpeK 208
«reoAociä cb. ITeHepcbKHH 71-3, 81, 94-8, 109, 114
507
«rHjiHnOBHn AiaHaciä 301 „í>Í3Íojior" 55, 107 <£jiaBÍH HocHdp 54, 175-6
XopoöocK Teopriä 55-6
XpHCTOJIKjßeiib (-ni) 79
„XpoHorpacpH" 58-9, 132, 207-8 „HeTfei - Minei" 45-6, 277
HyjKÖHHCBKHÜ-HHB. AcpaHaCbSB
Hypajio 63, 124, 179 mauiKeBHi MapKHÄH 410-5
UleBHeHKo 272,-3, 364, 387, 408-11,
424-43, 452-4, 482, 485-7 „IIIecTosHeBH" 54-5, 65, 74,107
IIlHUiaiibKHH-IjIJliH 478
mnHrouBKHH OnaHac 409-10
mep6an,bKHH TnMO<piä 286
lOpiä 3apy5cbKHÔ 148 K>piň CB. 106, 128
HBOpcbKHÄ CTecpaH, 294, 297-9, 311, 319
HpocJiaB MynpHÖ, KHHSb 33-5, 54-5, 76, 82-3, 107, 114, 128
3 M I C T
Ct.
B c t y n................ T
^oicTopHHHa floôa
A. JJiJKepejia............... 23
B. dapa HapoaHa cjiOBecmcTb.......... 24
B.   CKaHfliHaBCbKi ejieMeHTH........... 31
T.  iHHoeBpaneäcbKi peuiTKH........... 38
EKCKyPC I. — nepeKJiaoaHa Ta no3iiHeHa JiiTepaTypa
A. 3arajifcHi 3ayBarH............. 42
B. BorocjiyjKeÔHa   JiiTepaTypa.......... 43
B.  PejiiriäHa JiiTepaTypa:
a) ripaBOBipHa............ 43
6) AnoKpucpH............ 49
T.  JiiTepaTypa CBÍTCBKa:
a) HayKOBa............. 53
6) IIOBiCTflpCTBO............ 58
T.  Bipmi................ 64
JX JJ^Hcepejia nepeKJiaflHOÍ Ta no3HHeHoí JiiTepaTypn..... 65
I. JJ,o6a, MOHy>ieHTajiBHoro cthjtio (KrnscbKa JJ^epacasa)
A. XapaKTepncTHKa............. 68
B. nponoBÍn.HHi;TBo............. 71
B.    IIOBÍCTHpCTBO.............. 81
r. acHTia............... 90
T.   „I360PHHK"  1076 pony........... 99
JX.   BoJIOflHMHp MoHOMax............ 103
E. JJ.aHHJio najiOMHHK............ 109
G.  JliTonnc............... 113
M. Enoc................ 122
3.  JiiTepaTypa npaKTHHHoro npH3HaneHHa....... 130
II. ,3,o6a opHameHTajibHoro crajno
A. XapaKTepncTHKa ............ 134
B. üponoBiaHHUTBO............. 136
B.   OnoBiH.aH.Ha.............. 155
509
Ct.
T.  KHGBo-rieHepcbKHH üarepHK .    .    ...    .    .    .    . .158
T.  JliTonncH .............. 163
JX, Enoc................ 178
E.  Cjiobo o IIojiKy IropeßiM........... 181
G. TaiapcbKa   Hasajia............ 198
}K. JXbs. TBOpH cyMHiBHoro noxofl>KeHHa........ 199
3.  JliTepaTypa npaKTHHHoro npH3HaHenHfl....... 205
H. 3HaieHHa jirrepaTypH CTapoKHH3ÍBCbKOÍ apÔH...... 208
III. JliTepaTypa 14-15 bíkíb 212 IV. PeHecanc Ta pe<popMau,ia
A. PeHecaHc Ta pedpopMauia b jiireparypi........ 220
B. noBicTb............... 225
B.   CßHTe nncBMo.............. 227
T.  IIoJieMiHHa   JliTepaTypa........... 229
T.   IßaH BHineHCbKHÔ............. 232
JS. Carapa............... 241
E.  BipniyBaHHH.............. 243
G.   IcTopn^iHe Micue jirrepaTypH 16 ctojiítth....... 247
V. E a p o k k o
A. Ujo Tane jiiTepaTypHe ÔapoKKo......... 248
B. JiiTepaTypHe öapoKKO Ha YicpaiHi......... 251
B.  BipuioBaHa noe3ÍH............. 255
T.   Enoc................ 273
T.   noBÍCTb............... 276
R. TeaTp............... 283
E.  nponoBinB.............. 293
G.   IcTopHHHa JliTepaTypa............ 301
3K. TpaKTaT............... 306
3.   yicparncbKa öapoKKOBa JliTepaTypa Ha tjií jiiTepaTypn cbítoboi .     . 310
EKCKyPC II. — JliTepaTypa JiaTHHCbKOK) mobok» 318
EKCKyPC III. — JliTepaTypa HaiiioHaJibHoro Biapo^sKeHiiH 321
VI. ICiJiciiHH.Jivr
A. JliTepaTypHHH   kjiíichhh3m.......... 325
B. IIoHaTKH............... 331
B.  reporqHo-KOMÍHHa noeMa........... 335
P.  BipnioBa noe3Ía............. 350
T.  JJpaMaTHHHa jiiTepaiypa........... 358
R. nposa...............362
E.  XapaKTep i 3Ha^eHHa yicpaiHCbKoro JiiTepaTypHoro KJiacHHH3My . 371
510
Ct.
EKCKyPC IV. — yKpaiHCbKHH ceHTHMeirrajiÍ3M 374
VII. PoMaHTHKa
A. JIiTeparypHa poMaHTHKa........... 376
B. yiipaiHcbKa poMaHTHKa........... 383
B.   „yKpaiHcbKi hikojih" b hvjkhx poMaHTHHHHx jiiTepaTypax .    .    . 388
T.  XapmBC&Ka poMaHTHKa........... 393
F. 3axiaHH YKpaiHa............. 410
J\. KniBCbKa poMaHTHKa............ 421
E. ITÍ3HJI poMaHTHKa............. 450
G. Ihluí noexH yKpaiHCbKOi poMaHTHKH........ 474
)K. 3HaneHHii yKpaiHCbKOi poMaHTHKH......... 481
EKCKyPC V. — „Bi^epMaep" Ta „HaTypaJibHa imioJia" Ha yicpaüri 488
IIoKajKHHK jiirepaxypH............ 491
Eiorpa(pniHi aara npo HHCbMeHHHKiß 16-18 bb....... 502
ÍIOKaSHHK   ÍMeH   i   Ha3B............ 505